第一篇：002-名詞性從句中的主語從句和賓語從句的用法(2018-08-02)

名詞性從句中的主語從句和賓語從句的用法，今天接著跟大家分享表語從句的用法。

一、何謂“表語”？

說到表語從句，就不得不先說說什么是“表語”。

表語是英語區(qū)別于漢語所特有的一種詞類，是起表述作用的句子成分： 從形式上講，它是位于系動詞之后的成分；

從含義上講，它是用來描述主語“是什么或是怎么樣”的成分。

表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質(zhì)、品性、特征和狀態(tài)的。表語必須和系動詞一起構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作為句子的復(fù)合謂語。表語通常由名詞、形容詞、介詞短語、不定式、形容詞化的現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞以及從句來充當(dāng)。

二、何謂“表語從句”？

當(dāng)句子的表語由從句來充當(dāng)時，這個從句就叫做表語從句。表語從句一般都是位于系動詞之后的。

三、表語從句的連接詞

常用來引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞主要有：

That whether what/who/whom/whose/which when/where/why/how及其短語

（一）that: 當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)表語從句時，只起連接作用，不在表語從句中充當(dāng)任何句子成分。如： His advice is that we should leave for Shanghai before dawn.Her plan is that she will call the police first and then try to stop the thief from running away.【注意】當(dāng)名詞主語是表示建議、命令、要求等含義（如advice、order、idea、notion、proposal、suggestion、request等）時，其表語從句中的謂語動詞一般要采用“should+do”的形式，should可以省略。如：

The officer's order was that all the soldiers(should)never surrender to the enemy.（二）whether 當(dāng)表語從句要表達(dá)“是否”的含義時，連接詞要用whether。如： His question is whether they can arrive in London on time.需要注意的是，盡管if也可以表示“是否”的含義，但在表語從句中只能用whether，不能用if。

這些疑問代詞如果用來連接表語從句，既起著連接作用，同時又在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，可以作主語、賓語、定語等。如： My concern is what he really expects to get from us.Her question is who has broken the glass.Our dilemma is which side we should take.Their worry is whom she can rely on.His puzzle is whose money it belongs to.（四）when/where/why/how及其短語

這些疑問副詞如果用來連接表語從句，既起著連接作用，同時又在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，一般作狀語。如：

The question is when he will show up at the party tomorrow.He remains where I was last night.That's why he was late for school this morning.Her concern is how he managed to climb into her kitchen yesterday.【注意】當(dāng)主語是reason時，表語從句要用that連接，而不是because。如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the first morning bus.四、表語從句的特殊連接詞

除了以上常見的連接詞外，還有一些特殊的連接詞可以用來連接表語從句。

（一）(just)as 表示“正如”，經(jīng)常與表象系動詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如： She looks just as she was ten years ago.（二）as if/though 表示“好像”，也常與表象系動詞look/seem/appear搭配使用。如： It looks as if/though it's going to rain soon.【注意】

這種情況下，as if/though后面的表語從句中的謂語動詞一般采用虛擬語氣形式，其用法是：該謂語動詞的時態(tài)要采用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。如：

She acts as if/though she were the hostess of this house.They looked as if/though they had lived here for a long time.（三）because 前面講到why可以用來連接表語從句，其實(shí)because也可以用來連接表語從句。如： She is very familiar with the film.This is because she has already seen the film.【注意】

在這種情況下，盡管since/for/as都可以表示原因，但這三個詞不能用來連接表語從句。

一、何謂“同位語”？ 當(dāng)一個名詞（或其它形式）用來限定或說明另一個名詞或代詞時，這個名詞（或其它形式）就是同位語。

同位語與被它修飾的詞在格式上要保持一致，而且同位語一般都是緊跟所修飾的詞語的。同位語與所修飾的詞語關(guān)系緊密時，不用逗號隔開；同位語對其所修飾的詞語只作補(bǔ)充解釋時，可用逗號隔開。如：

1)My sister Mary will visit me tomorrow morning.2)Last Saturday, I met my old friend, James Brown.第1)句中的Mary就是my sister的同位語，第2)句中的James Brown就是my old friend的同位語，指的都是同一個人。

二、同位語的分類

（一）名詞或名詞短語作同位語

Jack, the mayor, will attend the meeting next Friday.句中的the mayor作Jack的同位語。

Jerry, our beloved pet dog, has lived with us for eight years.句中的our beloved pet dog作Jerry的同位語。

（二）直接引語作同位語

Now let's get down to the girl's question, “Who will take over the job?” 句中引號的直接引語就作為question的同位語。

（三）句子作同位語

I don't believe the fact that she is a spy.句中的she is a spy作the fact的同位語。

三、何謂“同位語從句”？

當(dāng)一個句子用來充當(dāng)某個名詞或代詞的同位語時，這個句子就是該名詞或代詞的同位語從句。同位語從句主要用來對其前面的抽象名詞進(jìn)行解釋說明，被解釋說明的詞和同位語在邏輯上是主表關(guān)系。如：

The idea that we will visit Paris next week excites every one of us.句中的同位語從句we will visit Paris next week與the idea之間就是主表關(guān)系，即同位語從句和它所修飾的成分之間其實(shí)可以用系動詞連接起來。如：

The idea is that we will visit Paris next week.四、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞 引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that、whether、連接代詞和連接副詞等。

（一）that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句

They are very excited to hear the news that they have won the game.The fact that he stole the money yesterday shocks us all.【注意】

1、當(dāng)同位語從句所修飾的名詞為表建議、命令、要求等的時，同位語從句的謂語動詞呀采用“should+do”的虛擬語氣形式。其中，should可以省略。如 They were faced with the demand that this tax(should)be abolished.They expressed the wish that he(should)leave the country as soon as possible.2、引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。如： He picked up his luggage and gave the impression he was boarding the waiting train.句中的impression后面就省略了that。

（二）whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句

當(dāng)whether用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，其所修飾的名詞往往是表問題或疑惑的名詞。如： There is some doubt whether he will come.The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.注意：if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

（三）連接代詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句

常用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接代詞有what、who、whom、whose、which等。如： I'm wondering the puzzle who has taken away my umbrella.He has no idea what time he should leave tomorrow.（四）連接副詞引導(dǎo)的同位語從句

常用來引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接副詞有when、where、why、how及其-ever結(jié)構(gòu)。如： She has no idea when the plane will arrive.It is a question how he managed to solve the mystery.He had no idea why she had left without saying goodbye to anyone.五、同位語從句的分隔

有時同位語從句會與其所修飾的名詞分開。如：

The story goes that she has won the race many times.The rumour spread that a new governor would be appointed here.Report has it that many citizens died in the earthquake last night.The order soon came that all soldiers(should)retreat under no circumstances.由以上例句可以看出，當(dāng)同位語從句與其所修飾的名詞分開時，往往是因?yàn)檫@個名詞是主句的主語，其后緊跟的是主句的謂語動詞。

三、定語從句

定語從句根據(jù)從句與先行詞之間的關(guān)系，可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，具體內(nèi)容請點(diǎn)擊下面藍(lán)色的標(biāo)題鏈接瀏覽：

一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（一）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（二）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（三）一、定義

用來修飾句子中的名詞或代詞或其短語的從句，就叫做定語從句。其實(shí)，就是拿句子來做名詞、代詞或是其短語的定語。如： It's a book.I bought the book yesterday.以上兩句話中，都有book一詞，所以可以用定語從句把兩句話連起來。即： It's the book that I bought yesterday.這句話中that引導(dǎo)的I bought yesterday就是一個定語從句，用來修飾the book。

二、兩個概念

要想學(xué)好定語從句，得先弄清楚兩個基本概念，即：先行詞和關(guān)系詞。

（一）先行詞

所謂先行詞，就是指定語從句所修飾的成分。這個名稱倒是挺形象的，為什么？因?yàn)橄刃性~永遠(yuǎn)出現(xiàn)在定語從句的前面，總是先走一步的，呵呵！

（二）關(guān)系詞 所謂關(guān)系詞，就是指用來連接定語從句的詞語。關(guān)系詞可以分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。需要注意的是，關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞都要在從句中充當(dāng)成分的，所以是不可或缺的，盡管當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語時，經(jīng)常可以省略（本文會繼續(xù)講到這個情況）。

我們在來看一下在第一節(jié)里出現(xiàn)的句子：

It's the book that I bought yesterday.句中的the book就是先行詞，被后面的從句I bought yesterday所修飾。而that就是關(guān)系代詞，用來連接I bought yesterday，同時又在從句作bought的賓語，而且可以省略。

定語從句的學(xué)習(xí)，其實(shí)就是有關(guān)根據(jù)先行詞的特點(diǎn)選擇合適的關(guān)系詞的學(xué)習(xí)。

三、分類

按照定語從句與先行詞的關(guān)系緊密與否，可以分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句。

（一）限定性定語從句

限定性定語從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用，是不可或缺的。如：

These are the apples that/which they sent us two days ago.（二）非限定性定語從句

非限定性定語從句對先行詞起著補(bǔ)充說明作用，可要可不要。非限定性定語從句都會被逗號與先行詞隔開。如：

They have to walk to the South Pole, which is out of a plane's reach.【注意】

1、當(dāng)先行詞具有唯一性的時候，就只能采用非限定性定語從句，否則就會產(chǎn)生歧義或誤解。如：

限定性定語從句：His wife who is now in Paris is one of my old classmates.非限定性定語從句：His wife, who is now in Paris, is one of my old classmates.因?yàn)橄薅ㄐ远ㄕZ從句對先行詞起著修飾限定作用，所以具有特指功能，所以第一句中的限定性定語從句意味著是特指他在巴黎的妻子，其潛臺詞就是他不只一個妻子，也許在上?；蛘咴诩~約等其他地方還有妻子。

而非限定性定語從句只對先行詞起著補(bǔ)充說明作用，沒有特指功能，所以第二句中的非限定性定語從句只是用來補(bǔ)充說明他的妻子現(xiàn)在人在巴黎這個事實(shí)。

2、that和why不能用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句

that不能用來連接非限定性定語從句，具體的請看下一節(jié)的內(nèi)容。

而why因?yàn)榭偸蔷o跟先行詞reason，所以也不能用于引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。如： That's the reason why he was late for school this morning.在reason和why之間，不能插入逗號。

四、關(guān)系代詞 英語里能夠用來連接定語從句的關(guān)系代詞主要有： that：表人或物 which：表物

who：表人（主格或賓格）whom：表人（賓格）whose：表人或物（所有格）

（一）that引導(dǎo)的定語從句

that引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其先行詞既可能是人，也可能是物。如： This is the photo that I took during the trip in France.He is the man that will visit our school next week.【注意】

1、當(dāng)that的先行詞表物時，可以用which來替換。此外，當(dāng)that在從句中作賓語時，可以省略。如： This is the photo that/which I took during the trip in France.This is the photo I took during the trip in France.句中的先行詞the photo在從句I took during the trip in France中作took的賓語，所以可以省略。

2、不能用that的情況

1）當(dāng)定語從句以介詞開頭時，一般不用that，而要用which或whom。如： This is the pet dog for which I paid five hundred pounds.She is the girl to whom I talked just now.兩句話的定語從句分別以介詞for和to開頭，所以后面不能再用that，而要采用which和whom。

2）當(dāng)先行詞是that時，往往用which來替換。如： We have that which we need.此時，that which往往可以用what來替換，因此我們可以把上面的句子改為： We have what we need.3）在非限定性定語從句中。如：

錯誤：His aunt, that is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.正確：His aunt, who is our maths teacher, often gives us candies as gifts.3、只能用that的情況

1）當(dāng)先行詞為everything、all，little、much等不定代詞時。如： All that glitters is not gold.2）當(dāng)先行詞被all、every、no、any、some、little、much、one修飾時。如： Don't waste any water that is reusable.3）當(dāng)先行詞被the only、the very、the same、the last修飾時。如： They are the only students that will attend the meeting.4）當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時。如：

This is the first time that I have ever heard about a ghost.5）當(dāng)先行詞是be的表語或there be 的主語時。如： There are five pens that will be on display tomorrow.6）當(dāng)先行詞有人又有物時。如：

We don't like the teacher and his lessons that are not interesting at all.7）當(dāng)主句是以who或which及其-ever結(jié)構(gòu)開頭的特殊疑問句時。如： Whoever that breaks the law will be punished.4、多用who、不用that的情況

1）當(dāng)先行詞為anyone、one、ones時。如：He is the one who will teach us English.2）當(dāng)先行詞為those、he和people時。如：

Those who want to ask questions need to write them down first.繼續(xù)分享其他關(guān)系代詞的用法，即which、who、whom和whose的用法。

四、關(guān)系代詞

（二）which的用法

which用來引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其先行詞都是表物的。如：

非限定性定語從句：He sent me five books, which helped me a lot in my English exam.限定性定語從句：This is the ship which I travelled on two months ago.第一句中的which helped me a lot in my Englsh exam作為five books的非限定性定語從句，補(bǔ)充說明了這五本書對我英語考試的幫助。

第二句中的which I travelled on two months ago作為the ship的限定性定語從句，特指這艘輪船是我兩個月前乘坐的那艘?！咀⒁狻?/p>

1、當(dāng)which在從句中作賓語時，往往可以省略。比如上面的限定性定語從句中的which就可以省略，即：

This is the ship I travelled on two months ago.但是，當(dāng)which前面有介詞時，就不能省略。比如上面這句話就可以改為： This is the ship on which I travelled two months ago.2、as與which的區(qū)別

as和which都可以用來引導(dǎo)定語從句，而且可以指代整個主句。但是，兩者在用法上存在一定差別。

1）兩者都可以在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，代表前面整個句子。如： They love each other, as/which is natural.He doesn't like it, as/which we can see.2）as有“正如或正像”的意思，其引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，位置可在句首、句末或句中。which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。如：

As is known to all, man cannot live without air./ Man cannot live without air, as is known to all./ Man, as is known to all, cannot live without air.It is said that he can type 200 words within one minute, which I don't believe.3）當(dāng)主從句是因果關(guān)系時，一般都用which。如：

He is always complaining about everyting, which annoys everyone around him.4）如果先行詞中含有such或the same時，則用as。如： He is not such a fool as he looks.This is the same book as she lost yesterday.需要注意的是：當(dāng)先行詞含有the same時，偶爾也用that來引導(dǎo)定語從句，這時與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思是不一樣的。如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary's wedding.（她穿著她在Mary婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。）

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.（她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。）

（三）who who主要用在當(dāng)先行詞表人的情況下，一般在從句中充當(dāng)主語，但有時也可以作賓語，相當(dāng)于whom。如：

He's the man who bought these books just now.The man who I served was wearing a hat.第一句中的who在從句中作bought的主語，而第二句中的who則作served的賓語。需要注意的是，當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句的句首時，就不能用who，而要用whom。如： She is the girl about whom the man talked at the meeting an hour ago.who也可以用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。如：

The manager, who comes from Japan, told me to help you with your project.（四）whom whom主要用在當(dāng)先行詞表人的情況下，在從句中充當(dāng)動詞或介詞的賓語。如： The boy whom you met on the street just now is one of cousins.He is the man from whom you ought to ask for help.whom也可以用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。如：

The soldiers, some of whom come from Alaska, will be sent to Iraq next week.（五）whose whose是所有格形式，所以在引導(dǎo)定語從句時，后面會緊跟一個名詞。其先行詞既可能是人，也可能是物。如：

The boy whose father is a professor studies very hard.Are there any rooms whose windows face the sea? whose也可以用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。如：

I decided to write about Chaplin, whose films are still very popular among a large audience.五、關(guān)系副詞

英語里常見的關(guān)系副詞有when、where、why。

（一）when when用作關(guān)系副詞時，先行詞都是表時間的，此時when在定語從句中作時間狀語。如 I will never forget the days when we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.此時的when相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”的用法。如上句可以改為：

I will never forget the days during which we spent our summer holiday in the mountainous village.【注意】

1、盡管先行詞是表時間的，但有的時候也會使用關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，此時關(guān)系代詞往往在從句中充當(dāng)賓語。如：

I will never forget the days that/which we spent together in the mountainous village.關(guān)系代詞that/which，用作從句中的謂語動詞spent的賓語。

2、when有時也會用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，但有時也會使用“介詞+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如： He was born in 1976, when some of China's great leaders passed away.I just can't forget my childhood days, some of which have already had their longlasting influence upon my present life.（二）where where用作關(guān)系副詞時，先行詞都是表地點(diǎn)的，此時where在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。如： This is the house where the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.與when的用法相似的是，此時的where相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”的用法。如上句可以改為： This is the house in which the soldiers once took shelter from the enemies.【注意】

1、與when的用法相似的是，盡管先行詞是表地點(diǎn)的，但有的時候也會使用關(guān)系代詞來引導(dǎo)定語從句，此時關(guān)系代詞往往在從句中充當(dāng)賓語。如： This is the house that/which we visited last year.關(guān)系代詞that/which，用作從句中的謂語動詞visited的賓語。

2、同樣與when的用法相似的是，where有時也會用來引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。此時的where也?？梢杂谩敖樵~+which”的結(jié)構(gòu)來替換。如：

My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, where he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.句中的where就可以替換為from which，即：

My brother works in a faraway mountainous town, from which he can always enjoy a stunning view of the beautiful mountains.（三）why 與when和where不同的是，why用作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其先行詞一定是reason，而且只能用在限定性定語從句中，即中間不能用逗號隔開。如 That is the reason why he has left for Shanghai.【注意】在現(xiàn)代英語中，why也經(jīng)?？梢允÷?。如：

This is the reason I opened the window at this time of the day.六、定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換為短語

有時出于結(jié)構(gòu)簡潔的需要，定語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化為短語結(jié)構(gòu)。

不過，不是所有的定語從句都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為短語結(jié)構(gòu)的，一般只有當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語的時候才可以轉(zhuǎn)化為短語。如：

定語從句1：The woman who is standing behind the counter served me just now.短語結(jié)構(gòu)1：The woman standing behind the counter served me just now.定語從句2：The woman who served me just now is standing behind the counter.短語結(jié)構(gòu)2：The woman serving me just now is standing behind the counter.定語從句3：The woman who has already left served me just now.短語結(jié)構(gòu)3：The woman having already left served me just now.【注意】當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中充當(dāng)主語時，也有的情況下是不能轉(zhuǎn)化為短語的，一般是當(dāng)從句的謂語動詞中含有情態(tài)動詞或will或would等助動詞時。如以下兩句話中的定語從句就不能轉(zhuǎn)化為短語結(jié)構(gòu)：

The woman who can dance is Jack's mother.The woman who will visit her is her aunt.四、狀語從句

英語里總共有三大類從句，即名詞性從句、定語從句和狀語從句。我們之前已經(jīng)分享過名詞性從句和定語從句的內(nèi)容：

名詞性從句

主要包括四類（請戳下面的標(biāo)題回顧相關(guān)的具體內(nèi)容）：

主語從句 賓語從句 表語從句 同位語從句 定語從句

分為限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句，具體可參看（請戳下面的標(biāo)題回顧相關(guān)的具體內(nèi)容）：

一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（一）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（二）一站式掌握英語定語從句的用法

（三）狀語從句主要包括時間、地點(diǎn)、目的、原因、結(jié)果、比較、方式、條件和讓步九種，具體內(nèi)容：

一、定義:顧名思義，狀語從句就是指句子中的狀語原本是由單詞或短語來充當(dāng)?shù)模?dāng)狀語是由句子來充當(dāng)時，這個充當(dāng)狀語的句子就叫狀語從句。如： He left the party at eight.He left the party when it was eight.第一句中的at eight是時間狀語，是由短語來充當(dāng)?shù)摹?/p>

第二句中的when it was eight也是時間狀語，但是由句子來充當(dāng)?shù)?，這個句子就叫（時間）狀語從句。

二、分類:英語里的狀語總共有九種，即：時間、地點(diǎn)、原因、結(jié)果、目的、條件、比較、方式、讓步。而英語里的狀語從句也因此包括這九種，接下去我們就一一來梳理這九種從句的用法。需要注意的是，狀語從句的學(xué)習(xí)其實(shí)就是有關(guān)連接這些狀語從句的連接副詞的學(xué)習(xí)。

三、時間狀語從句: 常連接時間狀語從句的連接詞有：

when, while, as;before, after;as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...;till, until;since;by, by the time, by the end of。

（一）when、while和as的用法

三者都表示“當(dāng)...時候”，需要注意的是：

1、當(dāng)所要描述的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間是現(xiàn)在時間時

1）when要采用“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則，即：主句謂語動詞采用一般將來時，從句謂語動詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時。如：

When he comes, I will tell him the good news.需要注意的是，此時的從句謂語動詞雖然采用的是一般現(xiàn)在時，但其實(shí)是表將來的。如上句中的he comes，他其實(shí)還沒來。

此外，主句也有可能是祈使句或是含有情態(tài)動詞的句子。如： When he comes, please tell him the good news.When he comes, you can tell him the good news.2）as的用法跟when差不多，但其主句謂語動詞也可以使用一般現(xiàn)在時。如： A sudden chill of horror sweeps over her as she feels the drip of saliva upon her hand.（當(dāng)她感覺到滴到她雙手上的唾液時，恐怖的寒栗突然遍布了她全身。）

3）while所在的句子主從句的謂語動詞一般都采用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。如：

While my mother is cooking in the kitchen, my father is working in the garden.2、當(dāng)所要描述的動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生的時間是過去時間時

1）when所在的從句謂語動詞一般采用一般過去時，主句謂語動詞采用過去進(jìn)行時或是一般過去時。如：

When he entered the room, she was playing the piano.But when I returned the door was open.需要注意的是，when也有可能表示“正在這時”。如：

I was walking in the park, when a little child bumped into me.（我正在公園里散步，這時一個小孩撞到了我懷里。）

2）as與while的用法差不多，即：as和while所在的句子的謂語動詞一般用過去進(jìn)行時，而另外一個句子的謂語動詞則采用過去進(jìn)行時或一般過去時。如： As/While the royal visitors were passing by, the crowd burst into cheers.As/While she was reading in the study, he was watching TV in the living room.（二）before和after的用法 before表示“在...之前”，after表示“在...之后”。使用時要注意要描述的動作或狀態(tài)時基于現(xiàn)在時間還是過去時間。

1、基于現(xiàn)在時間

這時，其用法基本遵循時間狀語從句的“主將從現(xiàn)原則”，即before或after所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般現(xiàn)在時，其主句謂語動詞采用一般將來時。如： Before the guests come, we will have to clean the house.After he comes, we will set out for Shanghai.2、基于過去時間

這時，before所在的從句謂語動詞要采用一般過去時，其主句謂語動詞要采用過去完成時，而after所在的從句謂語動詞要采用過去完成時，其主句謂語動詞要采用一般過去時。如：

Before it began to rain, she had already arrived home.After she had arrived home, it began to rain.（三）“一...就...”的表達(dá)

英語里常用來表“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)主要有：as soon as, hardly...when..., no sooner...than...。、1、as soon as as soon as既可以用在現(xiàn)在時間中，也可以用在過去時間中。當(dāng)用在現(xiàn)在時間中時，遵循“主將從現(xiàn)”的原則；當(dāng)用在過去時間中時，as soon as所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般過去時，其主句謂語動詞采用一般過去時或過去完成時（如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)主從句謂語動作的連續(xù)性很強(qiáng)，則采用一般過去時）。如： 現(xiàn)在時間：As soon as she comes to the party, we will give her a big surprise.過去時間：As soon as he got to the station, the train left/had left.2、hardly...when...和no sooner...than...這兩個句型都表示“一...就...”，而且用法都差不多，即when和than所在的從句謂語動詞采用一般過去時，其主句謂語動詞采用過去完成時。如： He had hardly arrived at school when the class began.He had no sooner arrived at school than the class began.需要注意的是，hardly有時可以換成scarcely或rarely或barely。

3、特殊表達(dá)

英語中用來表達(dá)“一...就...”的結(jié)構(gòu)還有：the moment/instant/minute/second...；immediately/instantly/directly...；at/on等。如： He came directly I called.The moment she gets off the bus, we will give her a big hug.On hearing the news, he burst into cries.（四）till和until 都表示“直到...時候”，兩者一般可以相互替換，但till多用于肯定句，until多用于否定句。如：

She will stay in the office till he comes back.She won't leave the office until he comes back.需要注意的是，until常與not搭配使用，而且會用在強(qiáng)調(diào)句中。如： He didn't arrive until the film had already begun.It was not until the film had already begun that he arrived.（五）since 當(dāng)since用來引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句時，意思是“自從...以來”，其往往被當(dāng)作是主句謂語動詞要采用完成時的標(biāo)志性時間狀語。如：

Since he was born, he has lived here for over eighty years.Since we last met, we haven't seen each other for more than ten years.（六）by、by the time和by the end of 這組結(jié)構(gòu)都表示“到...時候?yàn)橹埂?，其主句謂語動詞一般都要采用完成時。需要注意的是，這些結(jié)構(gòu)后面所接的時間不同，主句謂語動詞就要采用不同的完成時態(tài)。

1、后接將來時間

這時，主句謂語動詞一般要采用將來完成時或?qū)硗瓿蛇M(jìn)行時。如： He will have read ten books by next Friday this month.She will have been learning English for ten years by the end of this term.They will have already left by the time she comes.2、后接過去時間

這時，主句謂語動詞一般要采用過去完成時。如：

They had learned English for ten years by last Saturday.The students had already left the party by the time she arrived.We had worked on the bridge for two years by the end of last month.

第二篇：名詞性從句的用法

名詞性從句的用法

在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句(Noun Clauses）。名詞從句的功能相當(dāng)于名詞詞組, 它在復(fù)合句中能擔(dān)任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。

一、引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：連詞：that（無任何詞意）；whether, if（均表示“是否”表明從句內(nèi)容的不確定性）；as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）。以上在從句中均不充當(dāng)任何成分

連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.Whichever, whomever 連接副詞：when, where, how, why 不可省略的連詞： 1.介詞后的連詞

2.引導(dǎo)主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比較：

Whether與if 均為“是否”的意思。但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1.Whether引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首； 2.引導(dǎo)表語從句

3.Whether從句作介詞賓語； 4.從句后有“or not”

Whether he will come is not clear.大部分連接詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當(dāng)形式主語。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.二、具體分類 1．主語從句

作句子主語的從句叫主語從句。主語從句通常由從屬連詞that，whether，if和連接代詞what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及連接副詞how，when，where，why等詞引導(dǎo)。that在句中無詞義，只起連接作用；連接代詞和連接副詞在句中既保留自己的疑問含義、又起連接作用，在從句中充當(dāng)從句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么，還不清楚。Who will win the match is still unknown.誰能贏得這場比賽還不得而知。It is known to us how he became a writer.我們都知道他是如何成為一名作家的。Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語晚會將在哪里舉行，還沒有宣布。

【典例1】(2009·上海卷)It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over.A.since B.what C.when D.whether 【答案】D

【解析】考查主語從句的用法。該句的意思時：經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)是否會很快結(jié)束是很明顯的事情?！笆?1 否”用whether表示，不能選when是因?yàn)閺木渲杏蓅oon這一實(shí)踐狀語。

【典例2】(2008·山東卷)_____ was most important to her, she told me, was her family.A.It B.This C.What D.As 【答案】C

【解析】she told me是插入語，可刪除。what引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中充當(dāng)主語。有時為避免句子頭重腳輕，常用形式主語it代替主語從句作形式主語放于句首，而把主語從句置于句末。主語從句后的謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名詞 + that從句（2）It + be + 形容詞 + that從句（3）It + be + 動詞的過去分詞 + that從句（4）It + 不及物動詞 + that 從句

另注意在主語從句中用來表示驚奇、不相信、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等語氣時，謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：

It is necessary(important, natural, strange, etc.)that … It is a pity(a shame, no wonder, etc.)that…

It is suggested(requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…

【典例】(2009·天津卷)It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future.A.as B.which C.whether D.that 【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞性從句。本空格處應(yīng)是一個主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，因該主語從句不缺成分，且句意完整，故應(yīng)用不作任何成分的連詞that。2．賓語從句

名詞句用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，在句中可以作謂語動詞或介詞及非謂語動詞的賓語。（1）由連接詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句

由連接詞that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，that在句中不擔(dān)任任何成分，在口語或非正式的文體中常被省去，但如從句是并列句時,第二個分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已經(jīng)告訴我他明天要去上海。We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我們決不能認(rèn)為自己什么都好，別人什么都不好。

注意：在demand，order，suggest，decide，insist，desire，request，command等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，賓語從句常用“（should）+ 動詞原形”。例如： I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我堅(jiān)持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令員命令部隊(duì)馬上出發(fā)。（2）用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句相當(dāng)于特殊疑問句，應(yīng)注意句子語序要用陳述語序。例如： I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告訴了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well.她總是在想怎樣能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要幫助的人，她都會給予熱情的支 2 持。

【典例1】(2008·北京卷)The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.A.which B.that C.what D.who 【答案】C

【解析】create后為賓語從句，從句中they hope是插入語，可刪除。因?yàn)閺木渲腥鄙僦髡Z，所以用what引導(dǎo)該從句。

【典例2】(2009· 全國卷Ⅰ)Could I speak tois in charge of International Sales please? A.who B.what C.whoever D.whatever 【答案】C

【解析】 考查名詞性從句。題干中介詞to后面為賓語從句，從句中缺少主語，因此填whoever。（3）用whether或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其主語和謂語的順序也不能顛倒，仍保持陳述句語序。此外，whether與if 在作“是否”的意思講時在下列情況下一般只能用whether，不用if： a.引導(dǎo)主語從句并在句首時；b.引導(dǎo)表語從句時；c.引導(dǎo)從句作介詞賓語時；d.從句后有“or not”時；e.后接動詞不定式時。例如：

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有沒有生命是個有趣的問題。

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?

Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我們是否有足夠的錢。I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他來還是不來。Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告訴我是去還是留？

（4）注意賓語從句中的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)，當(dāng)主句動詞是現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)自身的句子情況，而使用 不同時態(tài)。例如：

he studies English every day.（從句用一般現(xiàn)在時）he studied English last term.（從句用一般過去時）

I know(that)he will study English next year.（從句用一般將來時）he has studied English since 1998.（從句用現(xiàn)在完成時）

當(dāng)主句動詞是過去時態(tài)（could, would除外），從句則要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)，如一般過去時，過去進(jìn)行時，過去將來時等；當(dāng)從句表示的是客觀真理，科學(xué)原理，自然現(xiàn)象，則從句仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。例如：

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．

（5）think, believe, imagine, suppose等等動詞引起的否定性賓語從句中，要把上述主句中的動詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄊ?。即將從句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如?We don’t think you are here.我們認(rèn)為你不在這。I don’t believe he will do so.我相信他不會這樣做。3．表語從句

在句中作表語的從句叫表語從句。引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞與引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞大致一樣，表語從句位于連系動詞后，有時用as if引導(dǎo)。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 + 系動詞 + that從句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game.事實(shí)是我們已經(jīng)輸了這場比賽。

That’s just what I want.這正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies.這就是我們的問題所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.那就是他為什么不到會的原因。It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，當(dāng)主語是reason時，表語從句要用that引導(dǎo)而不是because。例如： The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.【點(diǎn)撥】whether 可引導(dǎo)表語從句，但與之同義的if卻通常不用于引導(dǎo)表語從句。

【典例1】(2009·山東卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother.A.where B.what C.how D.who 【答案】A

【解析】remain是系動詞，后加表語從句，由句意可知，從句缺地點(diǎn)狀語，所以選A?！镜淅?】(2008·天津卷)The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park.A.where B.how C.when D.why 【答案】C

【解析】was后為表語從句，此處when與the last time相呼應(yīng)，根據(jù)句意可排除其他選項(xiàng)。4． 同位語從句

同位語從句說明其前面的名詞的具體內(nèi)容。同位語從句通常由that引導(dǎo)，可用于同位語從句的名詞有advice，demand，doubt，fact，hope，idea，information，message，news，order，problem，promise，question，request，suggestion，truth，wish，word等。例如：

The news that we won the game is exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么時候回來。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能瑪麗生病了。【典例】(2009· 重慶卷)We should consider the students’ request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science.A.that B.when C.which D.where 【答案】A

【解析】考查名詞性從句。根據(jù)題意知，空格處是同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞，修飾中心名詞request，且在句子中不充當(dāng)成分，故用that。這句話的意思是我們應(yīng)該考慮學(xué)生的這個要求，即學(xué)校圖書館應(yīng)該多提供一些大眾科學(xué)方面的書籍。

三、對比與用法

1．同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別：

that作為關(guān)系代詞，可以引導(dǎo)定語從句，充當(dāng)句子成分，在從句中作賓語時可以省略； that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，起連詞的作用，沒有實(shí)際意義，不充當(dāng)句子成分，一般不能省略。試比較下面兩個例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引導(dǎo)同位語從句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引導(dǎo)定語從句，作賓語，可以省略）

2．that-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末。

用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關(guān)系： a.It + be +形容詞+ that-從句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明顯…… b.It + be +-ed 分詞+ that-從句 It is believed that… 人們相信…… It is known to all that… 從所周知…… It has been decided that… 已決定…… c.It + be +名詞+ that-從句

It is common knowledge that… ……是常識 It is a surprise that… 令人驚奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事實(shí)是…… d.It +不及物動詞+ that-分句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧……

It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整個計(jì)劃注定要失敗。

It's a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。3．否定轉(zhuǎn)移

（1）將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。I don't think I know you.我想我并不認(rèn)識你。I don' t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。I hope you weren't ill.我想你沒有生病吧。

（2）將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。It doesn't seem that they know where to go.看來他們不知道往哪去。

It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣?！緜淇疾呗浴?/p>

考生對于名詞性從句的復(fù)習(xí)和應(yīng)試關(guān)鍵要把握每個引導(dǎo)詞的意義，因?yàn)樵趯τ诿~性從句的考查中，引導(dǎo)詞在句子中都起作用，有意義，因此在分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，對比辨別名詞性從句、狀語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句式后，最后還是要選擇引導(dǎo)詞；另外還要注意以下幾點(diǎn)：

1．what 引導(dǎo)詞的考查，尤其位于介詞后引導(dǎo)的賓語從句以及引導(dǎo)名詞性從句時的雙重作用。2．Whether和if 的區(qū)別，尤其注意他們的不同之處。

3．名詞性從句和其它從句的兼容結(jié)構(gòu)測試。4.句子語序和時態(tài)。具體說：

1.掌握名詞性從句的分類功能

名詞性從句根據(jù)其在主句的功能作用又可分為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。(1)若從句在句中作主語為主語從句(2)若從句在句中作賓語為賓語從句(3)若從句在句中作表語為表語從句(4)若從句在句中作同位語為同位語從句 2.掌握連詞的含義及分類

絕大多數(shù)名詞性從句的連詞都有其實(shí)在意義，稱為有義連詞，如what表“……的內(nèi)容”，when表“……的時間”，where表“……的地點(diǎn)”，why表“……的原因”，how表“如何；怎樣”，who表“誰”，if, whether表“是否”；沒有實(shí)在意義的連詞叫無義連詞，無義連詞只有that一個。

3.掌握名詞性從句的語序 名詞性從句用陳述語序。

4.掌握名詞性從句和其它從句之間的關(guān)系

有些連詞除引導(dǎo)名詞性從句外還可引導(dǎo)其它從句，應(yīng)掌握它們之間的關(guān)系。

(1)if ,whether表“是否”時引導(dǎo)名詞性從句；if表“如果”時引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句；whether表“無論是否；不管是否”時引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。

(2)when表“……的時間”，where表“……的地方”時引導(dǎo)名詞從句；when表“當(dāng)……的時候”引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，where表“……的地方”，且修飾行為動詞時，引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語從句；when, where從句作定語修飾先行詞時引導(dǎo)定語從句?！緦ｎ}突破】

高考中考查名詞性從句時，經(jīng)?？疾檫B接詞的選用。解題時應(yīng)先判斷從句的類型，然后判斷從句是否缺少成分以及意義是否完整，最后根據(jù)引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連詞的特點(diǎn)確定特定的連接詞。要求學(xué)生在做題中要注意如下幾點(diǎn)： 1.分析結(jié)構(gòu)，辨析名詞性從句和狀語從句； 2.理解句意，正確區(qū)別引導(dǎo)詞；

3.按照句意，出現(xiàn)那個引導(dǎo)詞意思，便選擇那個引導(dǎo)詞?！緦ｎ}鞏固】

1.A warm thought suddenly came to me _______I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.A.if B.when C.that D.which

2.See the flag on top of the building ? That was _______ we did this morning.A when B.which C.where D.what

3． The government has announced that a modern city will be set up in _______is still a wasteland now.A.what B.which C.that D.where

4．Many people wrote articles on _______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.6 A.why B.what C.who D.that

5．The couple are spending their holiday on _______is described as one of the most beautiful islands.A.that B.what C.which D.where 6．The book is meant to _______needs it.A.who B.whoever C.whomever D.whom

7.In his speech, Premier Wen Jiabao points out that creativity is_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.A.how B.what C.which D.that

8．The experience of the Chinese nation attests to a truth_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress.A.that what B.what C.that D.what that

9．_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people ,a shortage of public vehicles remains a serious problem.A.That B.What C.In spite of what D.Though what

10._______is certain is _______prevention is more important than treatment.A.It;that B.What;that C.As;what D.What;what

11.Nobody would stand out admitting the fact, for some reason, _______they lost the game.A.that B.which C.what D.why

12.—The patient looks much better._______is it that has made him_______he is today? —Perhaps the special medicine and his family’s patient care.A．What;that B．That;that C．What;what D．What;which

13.After three hours’ climbing , they reached _______ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.A．what B．which C．where D．that

14.A plan has been put forward _______more graduates should go to work in the country

A.when B.that C.whether D.how

15.It is pretty well understood _______controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today.A.that B.when C.what D.how

16.(2009· 湖南卷)She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do _______it takes to save her life.A.whichever B.however C.whatever D.whoever

17.(2009·陜西卷)The how-to book can be of help to _______wants to do the job.A.who B.whomever C.no matter who D.whoever

18.(2009· 安徽卷)A good friend of mine from I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing.A.how B.whom C.when D.which

19.(2009·江蘇卷)Many young people in the West are expected to leave_______could be life’s most important decision—marriage—almost entirely up to luck.A.as B.that C.which D.what

20.(2009·浙江卷)—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport? —No problem.A.when B.that C.whether D.what 【參考答案及解析】

1.C 句意：我腦海中突然出現(xiàn)一個溫情的念頭，用我的零花錢給媽媽買些鮮花作為她的生日禮物。本題考察名詞性從句用法。I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.做A warm thought 的同位語從句。中間被suddenly came to me隔開，增加了試題難度。此外，部分考生由于對同位語從句和定語從句不分，故錯選D為答案。2.D 表語從句中缺did的賓語。

3.A “_______is still a wasteland now.”做介詞in的賓語從句，從句中缺主語句意為：政府已經(jīng)宣布一座現(xiàn)代化的城市將在這片現(xiàn)在仍是廢墟的地方建成。

4.A“_______Liu Xiang had failed to compete in the event.”做介詞on的賓語，賓語從句中不缺主干，故排除B和C。另外that不引導(dǎo)介詞的賓語從句（固定搭配除外），所以排除D。5.B “_______is described as one of the most beautiful islands.”賓語從句，從句中缺少主語，6.B whoever在賓語從句中做主語，部分學(xué)生，因?yàn)橹豢吹浇樵~to，誤認(rèn)為要添whomever做介詞的賓語。

7.B “_______it takes to keep a nation highly competitive.”做表語從句，從句中缺少takes的賓語，構(gòu)成 it takes sth to do sth 結(jié)構(gòu)。

8.A本題句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，“_______ a nation loses in times of disaster will be made up for by her progress”做a truth的同位語從句，同位語從句中_______ a nation loses in times of disaster為主語從句。本句共有兩個從句，故有兩個引導(dǎo)詞。句意為“中華民族的經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明了一個真理，即，一個民族在災(zāi)難中失去的，必將從民族的進(jìn)步中得到補(bǔ)償。

9.C “_______has recently been done to provide more buses for the people”在句中做讓步狀語,而D.Though what錯誤, 因?yàn)? 一個單一的從句不能用兩個連詞引導(dǎo).句意: 盡管在為人們提供更多公交車這件事上, 投入了很多, 但是公交工具的缺乏, 仍然是個問題.10.B “_______is certain”在句中做主語,主語從句缺少一個主語,需要用What;“_______prevention is more important than treatment.”系表語從句,句意與結(jié)構(gòu)完整,只有that,可以這樣用。

11.A“_______ they lost the game.”在句子中做the fact 的同位語從句,從句意思結(jié)構(gòu)完整,結(jié)構(gòu)完整。

12.C先將句子結(jié)構(gòu)理清楚，it is _______that has made him _______he is today 就可以判斷，第一個空是考察強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問形式；第二個空則是表語從句，表語從句中缺少he is的表語。句意：病人好多了，是什么使得他成為現(xiàn)在這個樣子。

13.A考生誤以為是地點(diǎn)狀語從句，誤選C．where。而reached是及物動詞，后邊接的是賓語從句，賓語從句除去插入語they thought，應(yīng)該缺主語。

14.B 考察同位語從句，表達(dá)A plan的具體內(nèi)容，has been put forward將名詞與從句隔開，8 加大了難度。

15.C 主要測試主語從句。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知：句子屬于形式主語格式；另外主句中缺少主語。雙重作用的引導(dǎo)詞只能是what。例如：It is still doubtful what he said at the meeting yesterday。昨天他在會上說的話仍然值得懷疑。

16.C 名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞。句意為：她對我們來說是非常寶貴，我們已經(jīng)準(zhǔn)備好做一切來拯救她的生命。

17.D 此處從句作介詞to的賓語，是名詞性從句，引導(dǎo)詞作從句的主語，指人，意思是：無論是誰，選D。

18.C 考查名詞性從句，介詞from后除了接代詞或名詞作賓語外，還可接介詞短語或副詞短語作賓語；由后面“I was born”可以推測from后面可以指時間，也可以指地點(diǎn)，再由所給的選項(xiàng)可得出答案。

19.D 考查名詞性從句。賓語從句中缺少主語，因此選what。

20.B考查同位語從句。此處是由what引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，表示“你有沒有可能來機(jī)場接我？”。所以選B項(xiàng)。

第三篇：名詞性從句

2007年高考試題單項(xiàng)選擇語法分類匯編

十二.名詞性從句

1.____ matters most in learning English is enough practice.[2007 全國卷II]

A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which

2.______ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader.[2007 上海卷]

A.That B.What C.WhetherD.Where

3.The traditional view is ______ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.[2007 上海卷]

A.when B.why C.whetherD.that

4.Could I speak to---------is in charge of International Sales ,please? [2007 山東卷]

A．a(chǎn)nyoneB．someoneC．whoeverD．nomatter who

5.You can only be sure of_________ you have at present;you cannot be sure of something _____ you might getin the future.[2007 安徽卷]

A.that;whatB.what;/C.which;thatD./;that

6.—Where’s that report?

—I brought it to you ____you were in Mr.Black’s office yesterday.[2007 北京卷]

A.ifB.whenC.becauseD.befor

7.It is none of your businessother people think about you.Believe yourself.[2007 福建卷]

A.howB.whatC.whichD.when

8.Having checked the doors were closed , and _________ all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.[2007 湖南卷]

A.whyB.that

[2007 江蘇卷]

A.what B.why C.how10.parents say and do has a life-long effect on their children.[2007 陜西卷]

A.ThatB.WhichC.WhatD.As

you read．[2007 上海春]

A．that B．what C．which D．whether

12.The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer.Warm sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is.[2007 天津卷]

A.whatB.whichC.howD.where

13.Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? That’s ______ the best jobs are.[2007 浙江卷]

A.whereB.whatC.whenD.why

第四篇：名詞性從句

名詞性從句

名詞性從句相當(dāng)于名詞，可分別作主句的主語、表語、賓語和同位語。因此，名詞性從句廳分為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句和同位從句。一．引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的連接詞

1、連接代詞：who, whose, whom, what, which。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，如主語、表語、賓語、或定語等。

2、連接副詞：when, where, why, how。有詞義，在從句中擔(dān)任成分，作狀語。

3、連接詞：that, whether, if, as if。that 無詞義，在從句中不擔(dān)任成分，有時可省略；if(whether), as if雖有詞義，但在從句中不擔(dān)任成分。

注意：連接代詞與連接副詞在句中不再是疑問句，因而從句中謂語不用疑問式。連接代詞與連接副詞在從句充當(dāng)句子成分，連接詞whether 和if（是否），as if（好象）在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分，只起連接作用。根據(jù)句義，如果連接代詞與連接副詞，whether、if 和as if都用不上時，才用that作連接詞（that本身無任何含義）。二.名詞性從句的分類如下

（一）主語從句

主語從句的句型.引導(dǎo)詞有疑問詞wh-及whether/if及that.1、主語從句在復(fù)合句作主語。疑問詞引導(dǎo)e.g.Who will go is not important.2、用it作形式主語，主語從句放在句末。

3、If/whether 引導(dǎo)e.g.It doesn’t matter so much whether you will come or not.4．It+be+adj(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,likely,certain,probable,etc)/名詞詞組（no wonder,an honor , a good thing,a pity,etc)+that從句 e.g.It’s certain that she will do well in the exam/It’s no surprise that our team has won the game.5．It+be+過去分詞（said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,etc)+that從句

e.g.It’s said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.Note:that引導(dǎo)主語從句時，在口語和非正式文體中可以省略，但that從句置于開頭時不能省略。e.g.That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.（二）表語從句

表語從句的句型及要點(diǎn)。引導(dǎo)詞疑問詞wh-及whether及that.1、表語從句在復(fù)合句中作表語，位于系動詞之后。疑問詞引導(dǎo)的： e.g.The question was who could go there.Note: 引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞that一般不可省去。

e.g.My idea is that we can get more comrades to help in the work.連接詞that一般不能省略，但當(dāng)主句中含動詞do的某種形式時，that可以省略。如： What I want to do is(that)I can go up to him and thank him.我想做的事是走到身邊去感謝他

（三）賓語從句

賓語從句在復(fù)合句中作賓語。引導(dǎo)詞有疑問詞wh-及whether、if(if 和whether 有區(qū)別）及that.引導(dǎo)賓語從句的連詞that一般可省略。e.g.I hope(that)everything is all right.Note:以下情況that不可省略：(不考查）

1.當(dāng)賓語從句的主語是that時。2.2.當(dāng)賓語從句中含有主從復(fù)合句時 Father promised that I studied harder he would take me to Beijing.3.當(dāng)兩個或多個賓語從句由并列連詞連接時，除第一個從句中的that可以省略外，其余從句中的that都不可以省略。

4當(dāng)that偶爾作except和in的賓語時。This book is unsatisfactory in that it lacks a good index.中，that it lacks a good index就是介詞 in 的賓語從句，這當(dāng)中的that就不能省略。

（四）同位語從句。引導(dǎo)詞wh-及whether及that.同位語從句引導(dǎo)詞有疑問詞wh-及whether及that.同位語從句在句中作某一名詞的同位語，一般位于該名詞（如：news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等）之后，說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。e.g.I have no idea when he will be back.The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.名詞性從句易混知識歸納

易混點(diǎn)一 ：同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

that引導(dǎo)的從句，是定語從句還是同位語從句，我們我們采用“試加 法”，來判斷。The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.This is the fact that you must know clearly.1.when、where、why引導(dǎo)的從句

引導(dǎo)定語從句時，其意義與先行詞有關(guān)，與先行詞的意義基本相同，沒有疑問意義；但引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，其意義完全與疑問詞相同，即when表示什么時候，where表示哪兒，引導(dǎo)兩種從句時，都在從句中做狀語。如： I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.句中的when相當(dāng)于“on the day”它沒有疑問詞“什么時候”的意義，因此是定語從句。

I have no idea when she will be back.when與idea毫無意義上的關(guān)聯(lián)，其意思是“什么時候”,因而是同位語從句。易混點(diǎn)二：reason后面的名詞性從句

reason做主語時，后面的表語從句表示原因是要用that引導(dǎo)，一般不用because或why，而用it，this或that做主語時，后面的表語從句可用because或why引導(dǎo)。

1.“The reason +連系動詞+that“引導(dǎo)的表語從句。本句型的意思是：理由是：。。。The reason was that he fell ill.2.It（或This、That）+連系動詞+the reason+why引導(dǎo)的定語從句。本句型意為：這就是。。。的原因（理由）That is the reason why he failed in the contest, 3.It（或This、That）+連系動詞+the reason+because引導(dǎo)的表語從句。本句型意為：這是因?yàn)?。。。；這是由于。。。的緣故。That was because he fell ill.4.It（或This、That）+連系動詞+why引導(dǎo)的表語從句。本句型意為：這就是。。。的原因。

That was why he fell ill.易混點(diǎn)三：what、whatever、who、whoever等引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句 我們可以通過與定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)化知道兩組在意義上的差別。Whatever=anything that（無論什么）Whoever=anyone who（無論誰）

Whenever=any time=no matter when（無論何時）Wherever=any place=no matter where（無論何地）這都是泛指。而what、who、when、where則是特指。如： Who spoke at the meeting is unknown The person that spoke at the meeting is unknown.Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Anyone who breaks the law will be punished.注意：1.whatever、whoever、whenever、wherever等常引導(dǎo)主語從句、賓語或表語從句，也可以引導(dǎo)狀語從句，等于“no matter +疑問詞”。而no matter +疑問詞只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。Eg：Whatever I said/No matter what I said, he wouldn’t listen to me..2whoever的賓格還是whoever，一般不用whomever。易混點(diǎn) whether與if（不做考查）

二者都可以作“是否”講，能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，都不能省略。1.在及物動詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以互換；

注意：在某些動詞后（如:discuss）只能接whether，不能跟if。如： We discussed whether we should close the shop.2.引導(dǎo)主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句時都用whether，不用if。如：

The question whether he should come himself or send another man hasn’t been decided.Whether he will win is all the same to me.The question is whether you can go there yourself.但如果主語從句是有It用作形式主語，if和whether都可以 It is unknown whetherif she is ill.3賓語從句中，如果whether后緊跟or not，不用換做if；若whether與or not分開使用，則可以換作if。如： I wonder whether or not he has arrived at the destination.I don’t know whetherif I can come or not.4.若賓語從句為否定結(jié)構(gòu)，則多用if，而不用whether。如： I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.（炫耀）

5.在介詞后引導(dǎo)賓語從句或與帶to的動詞不定式結(jié)合而構(gòu)成不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時，只能用whether，而不用if。如：

I haven’t settled the question of whether I will go back home.She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait.練習(xí)：名詞性從句

1.Do you see _____ I mean? 2.Tell me_____ is on your mind.3.We must stick to _____ we have agreed on.4.Let me see _____I can repair the radio or not.5.Keep in mind _____ the teacher said 6.Could you advise me _____ book I should read first? 7.He was criticized for _____ he had done.8.Would you kindly tell me _____ I can get to the Beijing Railway Station? 9.Mrs.Smith was very much impressed by _____ she had seen in China.10.We took it for granted ___ they were not coming.11.I really don't know _____ I should do next.12.I'm afraid _____ the little girl will have to be operated on.13.She walked up to _____ I stood.14.Can you tell me _____ that gentleman is? 15.We'll give you _____ you need.16.They want us to know _____ they can do to help us.17.We must put _____ we have learned into practice.18.Did she say anything about _____ the work was to be done yesterday? 19.He was never satisfied with _____ she had achieved in her work.20.These photographs will show you _____ our village looks like.21.Peter insisted _____ he pay the bill for the dinner.22.They urged _____ the library open during the vacation.23.We wish we could have learned _____ you did when we were at high school.24.1 will describe to you _____ I saw when I go there.25.From _____ 1 know of him I should say he is a good worker.26.I will give this dictionary to __ wants to have it.27._____ they will come here hasn' t been decided yet.28._____ was said here must be kept secret.29.It is still a question _____ we shall have our sports meet.30.It is strange _____ she have left without saying a word.31.It is very clear _____ our policy is a correct one.32._____ Mr Zhang said is quite right.33.It's a great pity _____ we won’t be able to finish the task on time.34._____ you have done might do harm to other people.35._____ leaves the room last ought to turn oft the lights.36._____ the 2008 Olympic Games were held in Beijing is known to all.37._____ fails to see this will make a big mistake.38.__ we need more equipment is quite obvious.39.Has it been announced _____ the planes are to take off? 40._____ is troubling me is _____ I don’t understand _____ he said 41.Things were not _____ they seemed to be.42.They are just _____ I want to have.43.That is _____ we decided to put the discussion off.44.My suggestion is _____ we should send a few comrades to help them.45.The idea _____ all people are selfish is wrong.46.We heard the news _____ our team had won.47.The fact _____ he hadn’t said anything surprised us all.48.We must keep in mind the fact _____ China is still a developing country.高考真題 2011--2013年高考

1._______ Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.2.The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of _____ others actually understand.3.I’m afraid he’s more of a talker than a doer, which is _____ he never finishes anything.4.We’ve offered her the job, but I don’t know _____ she’ll accept it.5.It was never clear _____ the man hadn’t reported the accident sooner.6.Modern science has given clear evidence _____ smoking can lead to many diseases.7.When the news came ____ the war broke out, he decided to serve in the army.8.Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious ____ the problem is.9.I’d like to start my own business—that’s _____ I’d do if I had the money.10.The villagers have already known ____ we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.11.It is still under discussion _____ the old bus station should be replaced with a modern hotel or not.12.To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off _____ we are to shake hands with.13.Our teachers always tell us to belive in _____ we do and who we are if we want to succeed.14.There is clear evidence_____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret（表達(dá)）is bodily pain.2012年高考

1.We can not clear ____ the president can do to end the strike.2.The notice came around two in the afternoon _____ the meeting would be postponed.3.I made a promise to myself _____ this year, my first year in high school, would be different.4.We promise _____ attends the party a chance to have a phone taken with the movie star.5.The limits of a person’s intelligence, generally speaking, are fixed at birth, but ____ he reaches the limits will depend on his environment.6.It doesn’t matter____ you turn right or left at the crossing-both roads lead to the park.7.The newcomer went to the library the other day and searched for ____ he could find about Mark Twain.8.As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose _____ suits you best.9._____ he had left keys in the office was known to us..10.Evidence has been found through years of study ___ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.2013年高考

1.I have no idea ____ the cell phone isn’t working, so could you fix it for me? 2.____ you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.3.____ struck me most in the movie was the father’s deep love for his son.4.From space, the earth looks blue.This is ____ about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.5.____ I want to tell you is the deep love and respect I have for my parents.6.______ one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.7.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ___ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.8.It’s good to know___ the dog will be well cared for while we’re away.9._____ makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.10.Police have found ____ appears to be the lost ancient statue.名詞性從句翻譯練習(xí)

1.你不喜歡他與我無關(guān) 2.湯姆已經(jīng)回來了這很清楚 3.紙是中國首先造出來的這是事實(shí)。4.你要的是兩個蘋果嗎？ 5.老師問我們是否知道王芳在那里。6.我叔叔說他很快就會回來 7.他說的話沒有一句是真的。8.這取決于你是否想做這件事。9.我為什么遲到的原因是我在半路上遇到塞車了。10.她的頭發(fā)變白了使她有點(diǎn)擔(dān)心。11.他們就何時何地舉行這次多國會議達(dá)成了一致意見。

12.你們的任務(wù)是在六點(diǎn)鐘以前想盡一切辦法找些吃的回來,否則，今晚我們就得挨餓。13.我對你們學(xué)英語的建議就是多讀，多聽，多寫。14.我們必須面對這個事實(shí)即我們已經(jīng)花光了所有的錢。

15.他要醫(yī)院給他做出解釋的要求是合理的 16.他問我買小提琴花了多少錢。17.你想象不到他們在收到這份精美的禮物時有多么激動。

18.問題是我們應(yīng)該做什么來幫助他。19.你同意我們后天去旅行的計(jì)劃嗎？20.什么時候，怎樣回家那是他自己的決定。21.哪一只球隊(duì)會取勝還不一定。22.三天后，我們聽到了這樣的消息我國有發(fā)射一顆人造衛(wèi)星。23.任何對此事視而不見的（ignore / fail to do）人將回鑄成大錯。

24.運(yùn)動會這個星期或是下星期開都沒有關(guān)系。25.我們現(xiàn)在做的以前從來沒有做過。36.你能告訴我這本字典是屬于誰的嗎？

高中名詞性從句講解與練習(xí)

參考答案 名詞性從句

1~5 DBABD 6~10 DBBCA 11~15 CABCC 16~20 BADAB 21~25 CDAAA 26~30 CCCDB 31~35 ABCDB 36~40 BDACD 41~45 BCDBB 46~50 ADBAC 51~55 CCBDA 56~60 ADABB 61~65 ACDBA 高考題：2011：BDDCACCADCABDD 2012：DBCCB ADADD 2013: BCCCD CBDBD 1.That you don’t like her has nothing to do with me..2.It was very clear that Tom had returned 3.It is the fact that paper was first made in China 4 4.Are what you want two apples

第五篇：名詞性從句 同位語從句用法詳解

名詞性從句 同位語從句用法詳解(例句豐富)

一、同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞語通常有連詞that，whether，連接代詞和連接副詞等。

1.由that引導(dǎo)

We heard the news that our team had won.我們聽到消息說我們隊(duì)贏了。

They were worried over the fact that you were sick.他們?yōu)槟闵“l(fā)愁。

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.明天放假的消息不實(shí)。

I’ve come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that.我得出結(jié)論這樣做是不明智的。

The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen.那筆錢不見了這一事實(shí)并不意味著是被偷了。

He referred to Copernicus’ statement that the earth moves round the sun.他提到了哥白尼關(guān)于地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的說法。

【注意1】在某些名詞(如demand, wish, suggestion, resolution等)后面的同位語從句要用虛擬語氣。如：

They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished.他們面對廢除這個稅的要求。

They expressed the wish that she accept the award.他們表示希望她接受這筆獎金。

There was a suggestion that Brown should be dropped from the team.有一項(xiàng)建議是布朗應(yīng)該離隊(duì)。

The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried.允許婦女參加這個協(xié)會的決議通過了。

I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.我理解他們希望你作主要發(fā)言人的殷切心情。

【注意2】引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連詞that通常不省略，但在非正式文體中也可以省去。如：

He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane.他拿起了手提箱，給人的印象是他要登上飛往東京的飛機(jī)了。

2.由whether引導(dǎo)

There is some doubt whether he will come.他是否會來還不一定。

Answer my question whether you are coming.你回答我的問題：你來不來。

The question whether it is right or wrong depends on the result.這個是對還是錯要看結(jié)果。

We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.我們不是在調(diào)查他是否可以信任的問題。

【注意】whether 可引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

3.由連接代詞引導(dǎo)

Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么時候開始嗎?

From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters.After that I went back to work in a factory.Then I had no idea what a casino was.從1985年到1990年我是地方黨部的教員。隨后我回到一家工廠工作。當(dāng)時我不知道賭場是什么樣的地方。

4.由連接副詞引導(dǎo)

I have no idea when he will come back.我不知道他什么時候回來。It is a question how he did it.那是一個他如何做的問題。

He had no idea why she left.他不知道她為什么離開。

You have no idea how worried I was!你不知道我多著急!

二、關(guān)于分離同位語從句

有時同位語從句可以和同位的名詞分開。如：

The story goes that he beats his wife.傳說他打老婆。

The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery.消息傳開說他中彩得了一輛汽車。

The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.謠傳這里要蓋一所新學(xué)校。

Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town.有傳言說史密斯一家要離開這座城市。

The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他想到可能敵人已逃離這座城市。

The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village.不久命令下來，所有居民都必須撤出村子。(G31)

二、同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別

1．意義的不同

同位語從句是用于說明所修飾名詞的具體內(nèi)容的，它與被修飾詞語通?？梢詣澋忍?；而定語從句是限制所修飾名詞的，它的作用是將所修飾的名詞與其他類似的東西區(qū)別開來：

We are glad at the news that he will come.聽到他要來這個消息我們很高興。(news的內(nèi)容就是that he will come，故that引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句)

We are glad at the news that he told us.聽到他告訴我們的這個消息我們很高興。(that從句是限制the news的內(nèi)容的，即我們高興只是因?yàn)樗嬖V的這個news而不是其他的news，故that從句為定語從句)2.引導(dǎo)詞的不同

what, how, if, whatever 等可引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，但不引導(dǎo)定語從句。

3.引導(dǎo)詞的功能上的不同

that引導(dǎo)同位語從句時，它不充當(dāng)句子成分，而引導(dǎo)定語從句時，它作為關(guān)系代詞，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的主語，要么充當(dāng)定語從句的賓語。如上例 that he told us中的that就充當(dāng)told的賓語。

4.被修飾詞語的區(qū)別

同位語從句所修飾的名詞比較有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定語從句所修飾的名詞則非常廣泛。另外，when和where 引導(dǎo)定語從句時，通常只修飾表示時間和地點(diǎn)的名詞，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語從句時卻不一定；又如why引導(dǎo)定語從句，它通常只修飾名詞the reason，而它引導(dǎo)同位語從句時則不一定：

I have no idea when they will come.我不知道他們什么時候來。(同位語從句)

I’ll never forget the days when I lived there..我永遠(yuǎn)不會忘記我住在那兒的日子。(定語從句)

We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我們不明白這個問題，為什么這是最好的選擇。(同位語從句)

The reason why he didn’t come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能來開會，原因是他生病了。(定語從句)