第一篇:總理高翻的經(jīng)典英文翻譯
全文句子:
1.我們應(yīng)該記住這樣一條古訓:行百里者半九十。
We should always remember this important thing, that is half of the people who have embarked on a one hundred mile journey may fall by the wayside.2.同時我們要堅定信心,華山再高,頂有過路。
We must reinforce our confidence no matter how high the mountain is, one can always ascend to its top.3.我深深愛著我的國家,沒有一片土地讓我這樣深情和激動,沒有一條河流讓我這樣沉思和起伏。亦余心之所向兮,雖九死其尤未悔。我將以此明志,做好今后三年的工作。
I have deep love for this country.I love every inch of its land.I love every river that flows on this piece of earth with deep passion and deep affection.For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart, I will not regret a thousand deaths to die.With this strong commitment, I will continue to devote myself to my work in the next three years.4.中國有一句古語,人或加訕,心無疵兮。(總理回應(yīng)記者“為何中國缺席哥本哈根某次重要會議”的提問)
As a Chinese proverb goes: My conscience stays untainted in spite of rumors and slanders from the outside.5.我知道商簽協(xié)議是一個復雜的過程,但是正因為我們是兄弟,兄弟雖有小忿,不廢懿親,問題總會可以解決的。(總理答臺灣記者問)
I understand the negotiation may be a complex process, but differences between brothers cannot sever their blood ties, and I believe that problems will eventually be solved.1.行百里者半九十。
張璐譯文:Half of the people who have embarked on a one hundred mile journey may fall by the way side.譯文直譯:在百里的旅途中,有一半人會在途中放棄。
點評:“fall by the way side”在英語中是半途而廢的意思,用英語中的成語來翻譯中國古語,對接得很巧妙。
2.華山再高,頂有過路。
張璐譯文:No matter how high the mountain is,one can always ascend to its top.譯文直譯:無論山有多高,我們都能登到頂峰。
3.亦余心之所向兮,雖九死其尤未悔。
張璐譯文:For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart,I'd not regret a thousand times to die.譯文直譯:我遵從我內(nèi)心的想法,即使要死千萬次我也不會后悔。
點評:“九死”翻譯成thousand times(上千次),很地道。
4.人或加訕,心無疵兮。
張璐譯文:My conscience stays untainted inspite of rumors and slanders from the outside.譯文直譯:我的良知純潔沒有污點,不管外界的流言飛語和造謠中傷。
點評:如果把my改成one's會更客觀一些,總體來說用詞非常好,把握得恰到好處。
5.兄弟雖有小忿,不廢懿親。
張璐譯文:Differences between brothers can not sever their bloodties.譯文直譯:兄弟之間的分歧,是無法割斷他們的血脈親情的。
點評:“小忿”有憤恨的意思,在極短的時間內(nèi),能想到用differents(分歧),而不是用angry等表示憤怒的詞,非常有急智,比較得體。
第二篇:英文翻譯
英語原文:
The computer application development application significance and the prospect
of development
Computer science and technology combining of each subject, improved the research tools and methods, to promote the development of the discipline.In the past, people mainly through experiment and theoretical two ways for science and technology research.Now, calculation and simulation has become the third approach research work.The computer and the relevant experimental observations can be combined, instrument field experimental data record, sorting, processing, analysis and draw a diagram, significantly improve the quality and efficiency of experimental work.Computer aided design has become the engineering design of the important means combination, automation.In the aspect of theory, the human brain computer is outspread, can replace the human brain function and strengthened the number.Ancient mathematical rely on paper and pen computing, now computer became the new tools, such as math theorem proving the heavy mental work already may, by computer to complete or partial completed.Calculation and simulation, as a new research method, often makes some disciplines derive new branch discipline.For example, air dynamics, meteorology, elastic structural mechanics and application analysis etc faced by the “dyscalculia”, in a high-speed computer and relevant calculation method, and a breakthrough started after derive calculation aerodynamics, meteorological numerical prediction edge branch discipline.Use computer quantitative research, not only in natural science plays a significant role in the social science and humanities subjects also is such.For example, in the census, social investigation and natural language research aspects, computer is a very effective tool.Computer wide application in all walks of life, often produce remarkable economic and social benefits, which led to the industrial structure, product structure, management and service pattern, etc of the revolution.In the industrial structure in the computer industry has a view, and knowledge and computer services industries new industry.Computer application, have computer hardware technical ability, software technology ability, 8 bits embedded microcontroller, 32-bit computer system application ability and good engineering technical ability compound talents.Main
course: C series language program design, foundation of computer network, circuit and electronic technology and single-chip microcomputer principle and application, the sensor technology, control engineering foundation, visual programming technology, Linux operating system, answer the art, etc.After graduating in industry measurement device manufacturing enterprise, the civil electronic manufacture of various types of enterprises are engaged in the embedded system software and hardware development work, also can be engaged in industry measurement and control device, the civil all kinds of intelligent electrical repairs.The computer or people learning tools and life tools.With home computer, personal computer, computer network, database systems and all kinds of terminal equipment, people can learn all kinds of classes, get all sorts of intelligence and knowledge, processing various kinds of life issues(such as booking tickets, shopping, different etc), can even home office.More and more people work, study and life with computer will occur directly or indirectly touch.Popularization of computer education has become an important problem.In short, the development of the computer and application has is not only a scientific technology phenomenon and is a kind of politics, economy, military and social phenomenon.Our computer application problems existing in the development of computer application in China and low level of enterprise informatization level is low, Internet enterprises and Internet families still less, information technology application in enterprise and family enough for popularity.With the developed countries and developing countries have very big gap, according to the state statistical center research, our infomationization ability not only lagging far behind Japan and other developed countries, also behind Singapore, South Korea, the Philippines, Egypt, India and other developing countries;Netizens percentage of the population of 67%, Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, China 60% to 49% only 3.5%.Domestic computer application development is not balanced, regions informatization index 20 times vary, Internet users and computer size in the eastern and western regions, and Taiwan region difference, Taiwan Internet users have 5.4 million, the netizen percentage of the population of 26%, networking host 85 million, the enterprise has a 50% yourself in developing electronic commerce for e-commerce enterprise less than 10%.China's information industry is not completely satisfy informatization development and computer application on the hardware and software product demand, product
technical level and localized market penetration, major application engineering and large application system USES software and hardware product mainly rely on foreign companies, transformation of scientific and technological achievements slow, system integration, information service level should be further enhanced, computer application related standards, norms, and neither need to be unified.Computer application, information of the market economy and policy legal environment remains to be perfect, there is lack of effective technology economics policies promote information technology is widely applied, the information organization, leadership and management system is yet to be perfected and strengthen the market management, the relevant laws and regulations, social credit system has not been fully set up, electronic commerce development need market environment still is not perfected.Enterprise management system, mechanism, management concept and organization of still can not adapt to the requirements of market economy, game lack of knowledge, some leadership to information technology application to the importance and urgency of inadequate understanding.Enterprise using information technology, high and new technology is still lack of internal drive, human, financial and material resources.Basic work is weak, information technology talents especially know both of information technology and understand industry business technology compound talents more lack, broad worker information consciousness and information technology application knowledge lack, worker presses for improving cultural quality.The computer in the popularization and application of social fields will be rapid development area informationization, city information, community information will accelerate development.Beijing, Shanghai, guangdong pilot experience will further promote informatization in the scientific concept of development, will be built, led by some informatization demonstration provinces, cities, and areas, urban communities and villages and towns, the 2010 national regions, small and medium-sized city information will be rapid development.Social utility, public service and other public domain informationization been accelerated.Cultural and educational health, social insurance, social security, public transport, water heating power supply system, community service and other public domain will widely applied information technology, key application engineering and gold-lettered series digital Olympic victory completion, public domain informationization level will have a new stage, feed, clothe and shelter for the people provide good environment and service
information technology in the home, and promote the development of family information.Intelligent building, the village promotes gradually, the telephone, mobile phone, information home appliances, home computer further popularization, make information technology entered the family and personal life, promote the development of informationization family information appliances digital, intelligent, home theater, home office will gradually popularizing, family the development of informationization will greatly improve the quality of life.中文譯文:
計算機應(yīng)用的發(fā)展應(yīng)用意義及其發(fā)展前景
計算機科學與技術(shù)的各門學科相結(jié)合,改進了研究工具和研究方法,促進了各門學科的發(fā)展。過去,人們主要通過實驗和理論兩種途徑進行科學技術(shù)研究?,F(xiàn)在,計算和模擬已成為研究工作的第三條途徑。
計算機與有關(guān)的實驗觀測儀器相結(jié)合,可對實驗數(shù)據(jù)進行現(xiàn)場記錄、整理、加工、分析和繪制圖表,顯著地提高實驗工作的質(zhì)量和效率。計算機輔助設(shè)計已成為工程設(shè)計優(yōu)質(zhì)化、自動化的重要手段。在理論研究方面,計算機是人類大腦的延伸,可代替人腦的若干功能并加以強化。古老的數(shù)學靠紙和筆運算,現(xiàn)在計算機成了新的工具,數(shù)學定理證明之類的繁重腦力勞動,已可能由計算機來完成或部分完成。
計算和模擬作為一種新的研究手段,常使一些學科衍生出新的分支學科。例如,空氣動力學、氣象學、彈性結(jié)構(gòu)力學和應(yīng)用分析等所面臨的“計算障礙”,在有了高速計算機和有關(guān)的計算方法之后開始有所突破,并衍生出計算空氣動力學、氣象數(shù)值預報等邊緣分支學科。利用計算機進行定量研究,不僅在自然科學中發(fā)揮了重大的作用,在社會科學和人文學科中也是如此。例如,在人口普查、社會調(diào)查和自然語言研究方面,計算機就是一種很得力的工具。
計算機在各行各業(yè)中的廣泛應(yīng)用,常常產(chǎn)生顯著的經(jīng)濟效益和社會效益,從而引起產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)、經(jīng)營管理和服務(wù)方式等方面的重大變革。在產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)中已出觀了計算機制造業(yè)和計算機服務(wù)業(yè),以及知識產(chǎn)業(yè)等新的行業(yè)。
計算機應(yīng)用,具備計算機硬件技術(shù)能力、軟件技術(shù)能力、8位、32位嵌入式微計算機系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用能力以及良好的工程技術(shù)能力的復合型人才。主要課程: C系列語言程序設(shè)計、計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)基礎(chǔ)、電路與電子技術(shù)、單片機原理與應(yīng)用、傳感器技術(shù)、控制工程基礎(chǔ)、可視化編程技術(shù)、Linux操作系統(tǒng)接術(shù)等。學生畢業(yè)后可在工業(yè)測控裝置制造企業(yè),民用電子制造各類企業(yè)從事嵌入式系統(tǒng)的軟、硬件開發(fā)工作,也可以從事工業(yè)測控裝置,民用各類智能電器的維修工作。
計算機還是人們的學習工具和生活工具。借助家用計算機、個人計算機、計算機網(wǎng)、數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)和各種終端設(shè)備,人們可以學習各種課程,獲取各種情報和知識,處理各種生活事務(wù)(如訂票、購物、存取款等),甚至可以居家辦公。越來越多的人的工作、學習和生活中將與計算機發(fā)生直接的或間接的聯(lián)系。普及計算機教育已成為一個重要的問題。
總之,計算機的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用已不僅是一種科學的技術(shù)現(xiàn)象而且是一種政治、經(jīng)濟、軍事和社會現(xiàn)象。
我國計算機應(yīng)用發(fā)展中存在的問題我國計算機應(yīng)用水平低,企業(yè)信息化水平低,上網(wǎng)企業(yè)與上網(wǎng)家庭數(shù)量還較少,信息技術(shù)在企業(yè)與家庭中應(yīng)用尚不夠普及。
與發(fā)達國家及發(fā)展中國家相比都有很大差距,據(jù)國家統(tǒng)計中心研究,我國信息化能力不僅遠落后于美日等發(fā)達國家,也落后于新加坡、韓國、菲律賓、埃及、印度等發(fā)展中國家;網(wǎng)民占人口比例瑞典達67%,瑞士60%,德國49%,我國僅3.5%。國內(nèi)計算機應(yīng)用發(fā)展很不平衡,各地區(qū)信息化指數(shù)高低相差20多倍,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶及計算機擁有量在東西部地區(qū)、與臺灣地區(qū)差距很大,臺灣互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶有540萬,網(wǎng)民占人口比例達26%,連網(wǎng)主機85萬臺,企業(yè)有50%己開展電子商務(wù),開展電子商務(wù)企業(yè)不到10%。我國信息產(chǎn)業(yè)尚不能完全滿足信息化發(fā)展與計算機應(yīng)用對軟硬件產(chǎn)品的需求,國產(chǎn)化產(chǎn)品技術(shù)水平與市場占有率低,重大應(yīng)用工程與大型應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)所用的軟硬件產(chǎn)品主要依靠國外公司,科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化速度慢,系統(tǒng)集成,信息服務(wù)水平有待提高,計算機應(yīng)用有關(guān)標準、規(guī)范既缺乏又不統(tǒng)一,急需加強。
計算機應(yīng)用、信息化的市場經(jīng)濟和政策法律環(huán)境尚待完善,目前還缺乏有力的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟學政策推動信息技術(shù)廣泛應(yīng)用,信息化的組織領(lǐng)導與管理體制尚待完善與加強,有關(guān)市場管理的法律法規(guī)、社會信用體系尚未完全建立,電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展所需要的市場環(huán)境尚不完善。企業(yè)管理體制、機制、管理理念與組織機構(gòu)尚不能適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟的要求,博弈知識的缺乏,部分領(lǐng)導對信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用的重要性、緊迫性認識不足。企業(yè)采用信息技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)尚缺少內(nèi)在的動力、人力、財力與物力?;A(chǔ)工作薄弱,信息技術(shù)人才特別是既懂信息技術(shù)又懂行業(yè)業(yè)務(wù)技術(shù)的復合型人才更為缺少,廣大職工信息意識與信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用知識欠缺,職工文化素質(zhì)急待提高。
計算機在社會各領(lǐng)域的普及應(yīng)用將有快速的發(fā)展地區(qū)信息化,城市信息化,社區(qū)信息化會加速發(fā)展。北京,上海,廣東等地信息化試點經(jīng)驗將進一步推廣,在科學發(fā)展觀的引領(lǐng)下,將建成若干信息化示范省市、地區(qū)、城市社區(qū)及鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn),2010年全國各地區(qū)、中小城市信息化將會快速發(fā)展。社會公用事業(yè),公共服務(wù)等公共領(lǐng)域信息化步伐加快。文教衛(wèi)生,社會保險,社會治安,公共交通,供水供暖供電系統(tǒng),社區(qū)服務(wù)等公共領(lǐng)域?qū)V泛應(yīng)用信息技術(shù),金字系列重點應(yīng)用工程與數(shù)字奧運會勝利完成,社會公共領(lǐng)域信息化水平將上一個新臺階,為人民群眾衣食住行提供良好的環(huán)境和服務(wù)信息技術(shù)進入家庭,推進家庭信息化的發(fā)展。智能建筑、小區(qū)逐步推廣,電話、手機、信息家電、家用電腦進一步普及,使信息技術(shù)大量進入家庭及個人生活,推動了家庭信息化的發(fā)展信息家電數(shù)字化、智能化、家庭影院、居家辦公將逐步普及,家庭信息化的發(fā)展將大大提高生活質(zhì)量。
第三篇:英文翻譯
9.駕駛室:人機工程學方面
博士J.Mark Porter 博士C.Samantha Porter 章節(jié)目標: ? 根據(jù)前面的概念明確人機工程學因素和設(shè)計過程相聯(lián)系的那部分的需要;? 當嘗試為人民大眾設(shè)計汽車時指出常見的錯誤思想;? 證明那種可以將人機工程分析并且并入設(shè)計過程的方法;? 舉例說明怎樣實現(xiàn)這個設(shè)計過程以及它的發(fā)展前景.9.1 介紹
盡管在整個設(shè)計過程中將人機工程學投入到一輛汽車或者一件產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)中很必要,但是最重要的是概念和前期設(shè)計的發(fā)展階段?;A(chǔ)的人機工程學標準,比如當在不引起過多的成本,在設(shè)計過程后期,修改得范圍受到限制的時候,駕駛室的設(shè)計在將來的一定時間內(nèi)要在利于健康和舒適性方面使早期的使用者滿意.但是,汽車的設(shè)計總是注重于外形和性能.結(jié)果,汽車的這些方面代表性的設(shè)計比內(nèi)部的人機工程學方面重要,如果不可能,就將這些使購買者舒適的責任成為留給購買者的一個艱巨的任務(wù).例如,座椅的設(shè)計者通過簡短的介紹去確保那些潛在汽車的擁有者或者使用者坐在試駕車的駕駛室內(nèi)和長途駕駛時稱贊車子很舒服。許多因素可以被設(shè)計來防止這一點,包括
? 潛在的擁有者和使用者或許沒有精確地預測他們體型的大小和身體的比例或者他們的操控能力這些方面;
? 座位的設(shè)計者在驅(qū)動機構(gòu)的設(shè)計上花很少的心思。結(jié)果導致使用者或許忍受少許長期的不舒適和嚴重的健康問題,比如腰椎間盤突出和發(fā)生碰撞事故時受不必要的傷害。
那么他們中的很多人將決定決定去購買或者使用一個更合適的可供選擇的汽車。一種汽車的成功與失敗可以從很多方面衡量,但是對汽車制造商來說,一個最重要的衡量是它市場份額的百分比。怎樣去保證早期外形的概念設(shè)計的決定令人費解,比如駕駛座的高度和頂部線條的輪廓決定車內(nèi)頭上空間,頭上的空間可以被允許高出男性駕駛者百分之十到百分之二十。特別的,因為設(shè)計隊不明白各種方法和工具去幫助他們預測和量化這些問題,經(jīng)常通過違約而不是決定來做這個妥協(xié)。因此,這個章節(jié)的目的之一是介紹關(guān)于這些方法和工具的信息。記住一個配備低級駕駛座的汽車產(chǎn)品比在汽車的設(shè)計中阻止超出潛在購買者的百分比更昂貴是重要的。
在開發(fā)一種新型汽車的過程中,許多制造商采取傳統(tǒng)的程序是連續(xù)的并且可以簡單地描述為由內(nèi)而外的設(shè)計。一直以來認為外部款式首先服從在車內(nèi)適合工程要求(Tovey 1992)。設(shè)計一款新型汽車一種可替代的方法是由外而內(nèi)的設(shè)計(Porter&Porter 1998)。這種方法將促進開發(fā)汽車時更加明確的集中在購買者駕駛室內(nèi)的問題。例如,所設(shè)計汽車乘坐者的體型,數(shù)目和年紀,還有他們最舒服的姿勢的細節(jié),視線和表皮觸感,這些將幫助定義駕駛者們將會對汽車內(nèi)空間內(nèi)的要求。不要忘記像比如購物、高爾夫用品、寶寶椅和寵物這些物品對空間的要求??刂蒲b置和顯示器將被設(shè)計圍繞在這些人知道的在他們手、腳、和視線可觸及的范圍內(nèi)。汽車的外觀需要同時適應(yīng)人體和工程。成功的設(shè)計和在形成過程中強加約束(代表性的有時間、花費和法律)還有取得無論在哪兒都可以行得通的最佳折中有很大聯(lián)系。如果基礎(chǔ)的人體工程學問題影響駕駛室還有從設(shè)計的一開始舒適沒有被建立,不會取得這樣的折中。
章節(jié)以對人體工程學常見錯誤的和它在設(shè)計中的作用這兩點的討論開篇。這些錯誤需要被這樣暴露并且希望許多讀者可以提出他們自己過去有的相似的錯誤的想法的例子。這些問題在描述生物工程如何在汽車工業(yè)中應(yīng)用以及讀者怎樣和何時與設(shè)計者和工程師在汽車駕駛室的設(shè)計和開發(fā)的過程中進行交流之后。下一個章節(jié)陳述關(guān)于可預測的和可估價的方法和工具幫助提高高水平的駕駛室的實際細節(jié),這些細節(jié)范圍從基礎(chǔ)人體測量學工具比如人體模型和人體模擬CAD系統(tǒng)到道路使用者和擁有者的調(diào)查問卷。從內(nèi)到外的主題然后被汽車人體工程學團隊從兩個方面研究進行插圖,它們是回潮CAD和考文垂藝術(shù)和設(shè)計學校。關(guān)于將來趨勢的一個討論和章節(jié)關(guān)于更深一步閱讀的建議的結(jié)論。9.2八個基本錯誤
直到最近,許多汽車公司沒有一個正規(guī)的機構(gòu)在設(shè)計和開發(fā)汽車的過程中去識別和解決人體工程學的問題。正如下面插圖描述的八個基本的錯誤,這種情況的原因可能包括幾個關(guān)于人體工程學的使用和價值的錯誤概念。Pheasant在1996年提出前五條錯誤,Porter and Porter在1997年提出后三條錯誤。實例來自于作者自己的經(jīng)歷。
1.令我滿意的設(shè)計,因此也將令每個人滿意。
從這方面講,最終的設(shè)計可能同時滿足設(shè)計者和上層領(lǐng)導者的要求。汽車人體工程學小組已經(jīng)代表主要的汽車制造商進行了幾次大型的調(diào)查。這些調(diào)查的一項結(jié)果表明有一半的男性駕駛者抱怨汽車駕駛過程中,座位太狹窄。這種感覺明顯錯誤的理由是董事長已經(jīng)在這個模型上投入了大量的興趣并且駕駛座是按照他腦海中的需要設(shè)計。當他被測量時發(fā)現(xiàn)他的臀部寬度和百分之五十的男性相同,這很精確地解釋了為什么百分之五十的男性汽車擁有者有問題:他們的臀部比董事長的更寬。
2.令普通人滿意的設(shè)計,因此也將令每個人滿意。
不幸的是,對汽車設(shè)計者來說,沒有像普通男性或女性或孩童這樣的東西來提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。Daniels在1952年進行的一項經(jīng)典的研究中證明了這一點。對4000名飛行員進行不同規(guī)模的測量并且因為計算平均值有正負0.5的標準偏差,所以每一次的平均值范圍計算非常粗糙。分析顯示沒有一個飛行員在10個規(guī)模的測量中都是平均值,有少于百分之二的飛行員在4種規(guī)模的測試中是平均值。這個實驗在歷史上聞名為‘普通人謬論’因為他或她不存在。因此,在設(shè)計中人類的差異性經(jīng)常是一個問題。一定尺寸或重量的樣本的統(tǒng)計平均值完全不能給任何有關(guān)那個樣本內(nèi)的差異性的信息。兩個駕駛員的身高可以被測量,他們的身高平均值可以被計算。這兩個人的身高都不可能恰好是平均身高,有可能他們的身高分別在這個虛構(gòu)的平均身高的上面和下面許多厘米。如果車門根據(jù)這個平均身高設(shè)計,那么兩個駕駛者中的一個將通不過設(shè)計的車門;一種完全不可接受的半數(shù)成功率。但是,從工程學的視角看,平均值在產(chǎn)線上的每個條目的尺寸和重量是一個非常有用的預測?,F(xiàn)代汽車設(shè)計的簡介
因為通過對制造材料和方法的仔細選擇,駕駛者的變化沒有考慮在設(shè)計中。因為可讀存儲器都按照同一規(guī)格來制造,所以它們在適應(yīng)電腦時有百分百的成功率。這種方法對人不適用,而且,為了賣出盡可能多的汽車,理解人的多樣性是必要的。設(shè)計者和工程師對用人體工程學的方法去描述和解決駕駛者多樣性的問題的方法不太了解,這導致低效的交流,并且,在很多情況下,導致差的設(shè)計。
關(guān)于差的設(shè)計的一個例子是,在美國和加拿大,汽車上安全氣囊去適應(yīng)方向盤。在一系列由于安全氣囊的爆炸力問題引起而不是汽車的影響引起的死亡事件發(fā)生之后,瘦小的女性駕駛者被建議在事故中去主動激起安全氣囊。安全氣囊被設(shè)計去適應(yīng)適合一半的男性駕駛者的模型被撞碎,又因為瘦小的女性坐得離方向盤更近,所以這個決定將小個子的女性置于危險中。結(jié)果,這些女性在安全氣囊彭起的過程中撞到安全氣囊。平均值或者百分之五十的價值理論應(yīng)該從不被用到說明間隙,最小接觸距離或者最大控制力量。為了制造出成功的產(chǎn)品,在一種產(chǎn)品制造的過程中,它的可變的特征通常不被考慮在設(shè)計之內(nèi)??勺冃詮倪z傳學角度被考慮在設(shè)計之內(nèi),這一點可以應(yīng)用在人身體上和那些不適應(yīng)這種可變性,會導致人被考慮在設(shè)計之外或者使人在某些方面受傷的產(chǎn)品。
3.人類的多樣性是如此豐富,以至于它不可能適應(yīng)任何設(shè)計。但是因為人類出色的適應(yīng)性,所以它不是個問題。
人類具有可適應(yīng)性,但是最終的調(diào)查顯示人類的適應(yīng)性還不夠。作者進行了幾項研究去調(diào)查曝光出的駕車和因為身體不適和生病而請假的報告之間的聯(lián)系。調(diào)查結(jié)果清楚的顯示高里程(小于25000英里每年)駕駛者(大約有百分之六十到百分之八十的人經(jīng)常經(jīng)歷輕微的背部不舒服的問題)主要抱怨輕微的背部問題。在Gvi and Porter于1995年對600名英國普通大眾進行的調(diào)查中發(fā)現(xiàn)和在過去12個月內(nèi)行駛少于5000英里的低里程駕駛員由于靠墊問題而請假,且請假的平均天數(shù)只有3.3天相比,高里程駕駛員因為背部不舒服問題而請假的平均天數(shù)是22.4天。在把駕駛車當做工作的一部分的人中,與那些一周駕車時間少于10個小時,由于背部問題而請假的平均天數(shù)是8.1天相比,那些一周駕駛時間超過20小時的人,因為輕微的背部問題而請假的平均天數(shù)是51.3天。因為輕微背部不適而請假的量是因為生病而請假的量的六倍還多。
幾項其他的研究也證明長時間駕駛和出現(xiàn)輕微的背部疼痛有著清楚的關(guān)聯(lián)。這一點在幾項具有代表性的調(diào)查中都有體現(xiàn),它們是Frymoyer于1983年,Damkot于1984年對美國男性做的調(diào)查,Walsh于1989年對英國男性做的調(diào)查和Pietri于1992年對法國職業(yè)駕駛者做的調(diào)查。Kelsey and Hardy 于1975年進行的一個美國成年人的個案對照研究也表明一個曾經(jīng)有一份花費他一半或是更多他的工作時間來駕駛的人,這個人比平常人多三倍的可能性得腰椎間盤突出。依據(jù)由輕微背部問題到惡化成腰椎間盤突出所引起的從身體不適到病假的標準,長時間駕駛和逐漸流行的輕微背部問題之間的聯(lián)系已經(jīng)被建立。有趣的是,這些研究中的幾個研究已經(jīng)報道了,當長時間駕駛車比有一半的工作時間駕車更好,這兩者之間的聯(lián)系最強烈(Porter and Gyi,1995)。Porter在1992年發(fā)現(xiàn),在駕駛里程內(nèi)和汽車提供自動變速箱時(自動變速箱的好處來自于姿勢的約束性和固定性的減少),對于那些高水平適應(yīng)性的車,很少有輕微的背部問題或者因病請假的報道。這一點證明那個設(shè)計在滿足人的差異性方面真正取得了很好的效果。4.人體工程學是昂貴的,因為商品實際上憑借外觀和款式被購買,人體工程學的因素容易被忽略。
如果后來才想到,用于人體工程學的費用可能很昂貴,導致在發(fā)展的過程中改正檢測遲了的問題。制造形狀和尺寸精良的東西不需要比制造形狀和尺寸不良的東西更昂貴。在產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)過程中,人體工程學必須早一點被考慮在內(nèi),這也要求人體工程學者積極主動的做出貢獻。
人體CAD模型系統(tǒng)可以在產(chǎn)品的早期設(shè)計階段為這個功能提供必要的支持(見下面9.4.6章節(jié))。公眾逐漸意識到像安全性,可用性和健康性這類消費者問題。作者們認為,一些汽車的銷售說明書中應(yīng)該顯示安全警告。例如,伴隨著菲亞特汽車座位的發(fā)展工作(Porter 1995),在150分鐘的菲亞特體驗駕駛結(jié)束時,發(fā)現(xiàn)報告在駕駛者后背的上部,中部,下部和臀部不舒服的百分比分別為5%,5%,5%,15%。菲亞特的競爭對手之一,在歐洲非常流行的一款車,在駕駛者如上所述的身體部位報告不適的百分比表現(xiàn)更糟,它們分別是20%,35%,40%和30%。很可能許多這款車的擁有者在得到車時就已經(jīng)有后背問題。牽涉其中的法律問題已經(jīng)引起了人們的注意。第一作者充當最近在英國發(fā)生的一起案例的目擊專家,案例中法院判決是由于公司車子的駕駛室問題導致一個高里程銷售員遭受腰椎間盤突出癥。
5.人體工程學是一個出色的主意。在設(shè)計時我總是想著人體工程學,但是著手做時,我很直觀并且依賴常識,因此我不需要數(shù)據(jù)分析。
只使用直覺獲得最舒適的折中是不可能一直成功的,特別是當汽車設(shè)計者和工程師的個人偏見和喜好與那些廣泛而多樣的消費者不完全適合時。女性駕駛者會遇到的問題,例如方向盤太近,當把座位往前調(diào)時容易觸及踏板。同樣的,踏板的設(shè)計或許沒有考慮到女的喜歡穿高跟鞋駕駛的事實;安全帶沒有調(diào)節(jié)充分,引起脖子或者胸部的皮膚磨損;操控把手的設(shè)計沒有考慮長的手指甲(Thompson 1995).為了去量化這些問題,最近一個關(guān)于小的家庭尺寸的車的調(diào)查顯示,有42%的女性認為踏板不舒服,25%的女性抱怨安全帶的位置(Petherick and Porter,1996)。這些數(shù)據(jù)為證明反復改正設(shè)計直到最終滿意的需要提供了清楚的必要的反饋。
6.我對設(shè)計不滿意,因此每個人都不滿意(誤區(qū)一的變化)。
腿長的駕駛汽車的男性記者一個典型的抱怨是駕駛座的坐墊沒有為大腿提供足夠的支持。他們后來對車的回顧表明駕駛座的坐墊太短。為大腿提供額外的支持是否可以令記者更舒服是不清楚的,但是一個較長的駕駛座坐墊對于大部分其他的短腿的駕駛者來說或許是災難性的?;蛘叨掏鹊鸟{駛者們將發(fā)現(xiàn)踩到踏板很困難或不可能,或者結(jié)果他們將向前滑去并且向下下垂導致后背疼痛。7.百分數(shù)是一種非常清楚而簡單地展現(xiàn)和使用與身體尺寸相關(guān)信息的方式。
百分數(shù)值的概念很好理解(如果你對這個概念不熟悉,參照9.4.2章節(jié)),但是謬誤上升了,因為假定這樣的數(shù)據(jù)的使用是同樣的容易。甚至對百分數(shù)有更好了解的人體工程學家,在談及虛擬人時也會掉入陷阱,例如一個第五個百分比女性或者一個第95個百分比男性。測量出的尺寸之間聯(lián)系不密切,這意味著有著相同體型的人可能在腿長,胳膊長等身體尺寸上有顯著地不同。百分數(shù)是單變量的,一次只能涉及事物的一個方面。一個沒有得到原始調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)中年齡范圍,國籍和職業(yè)這些細節(jié)的百分數(shù)值,不應(yīng)該被使用。
調(diào)查的日期也很重要,由于生物進化的問題,在北美洲,代與代之間有平均增長速度,在英國,人類每10年的增長速度大約10mm。一個人或者人體模型身體所有部分的垂直距離和凈身高是5或者95百分比在數(shù)學上是不可能的(McConville,1978)。不幸的是,在沒有如此問題的情況下,構(gòu)建50百分比的人體模型是可能的——因為只用統(tǒng)計方法將每一段的長度加起來等同于所有長度的平均值,所以這兩種方法本質(zhì)上一致。令人遺憾的是,這樣的人體模型大概容易為上面的錯誤二制作增加了豐富的虛擬支持。因為有五個百分比的女性使用者和95個百分比的男性使用者模型(但是,他們或許被構(gòu)建,具體見上面的評論)表明一個固定的位置可以適合所有的駕駛者,所以有很少的制造商可能提供一個由內(nèi)而外的可調(diào)節(jié)的方向盤。一個更精致的分析需要考慮一個有著長腿短胳膊體型的高個子男性駕駛者和一個有著短腿長胳膊體型的小個子女性駕駛者。這樣的一個分析令人信服的證明為了讓所有的駕駛者舒服需要由內(nèi)而外的調(diào)節(jié)方向盤。8.從5個百分比的女性到95個百分比的男性調(diào)查范圍得到的設(shè)計將適應(yīng)95%的人。
如果只有一個尺寸與設(shè)計解決方案相關(guān),這個結(jié)論是正確的(例如駕駛室的單變量,豎直凈空高度)。但是一些汽車工作站同時要求一個大范圍的駕駛室(例如多變量的駕駛室)。這一點特別適合戰(zhàn)斗機,戰(zhàn)斗機的駕駛員被捆綁在座位上,防止他們身體前傾不容易控制,或者因為凈空高度而滑動。因為在調(diào)查所遵循的身體范圍之間有很少的聯(lián)系,因為有限的凈空高度,這些男性將不被考慮在設(shè)計之內(nèi)(在隨機取樣中理論上有5%的男性),這些數(shù)據(jù)不必與5%的胳膊太長而沒被考慮在設(shè)計之內(nèi)或者5%腿太長,臀部太寬等等因素。
同樣的,那些因為她們的腿,胳膊,坐著時視線的高度等因素被考慮在設(shè)計之外的女性。那些因素太小了,緊緊占女性的5%。Roebuck于1995年對空乘人員選擇標準的檢查而進行的經(jīng)典調(diào)查證明了這個問題的嚴重性。如果駕駛艙使用范圍從5到95個百分比的男性規(guī)模(因此謬誤會為90%的男性詳細說明駕駛艙)的人體測量數(shù)據(jù)進行設(shè)計,他們發(fā)現(xiàn)或許不是期待中的10%,這將導致50%的飛行員被考慮在設(shè)計之外。幸運的是,這種情況在汽車工業(yè)不嚴格,不需要考慮平視顯示,彈射座椅和經(jīng)常處在非常高的超重力狀態(tài)。另一方面,由于駕駛者坐著時的視線高度太高或太矮,太向前或太往后,汽車很可能出現(xiàn)視物模糊,多年來導致了許多事故。相同的,安全帶安裝不好和膝蓋接觸儀表板將加重任何持續(xù)事故的嚴重性。
9.3 汽車制造業(yè)的人體工程學
傳統(tǒng)上,在汽車設(shè)計中的式樣設(shè)計的最后,提供大多數(shù)人體工程學投入。源自包裹中設(shè)計師必須遵守的難點(見9.4.2章節(jié))將使用非常粗糙的駕駛艙數(shù)據(jù)。但是在最近過去的幾年里,許多因素已經(jīng)戲劇性的人為的改善了這一狀況。大多數(shù)制造商正在生產(chǎn)設(shè)計精良,可靠的汽車,人體工程學是一個現(xiàn)今他們競爭,尋求市場挑戰(zhàn)的競技場之一。在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計的每一個領(lǐng)域,以使用者為中心的設(shè)計正在增長,采購人員變得更加意識到工程學問題并且對他們所買的產(chǎn)品更有辨別力。五年前,一些主要的汽車制造商不雇傭他們國內(nèi)的人體工程師,但是現(xiàn)在幾乎所有的汽車制造商都這么做。但是,仍有大部分的汽車制造企業(yè),例如比較小的設(shè)計公司和其他的供應(yīng)者,他們沒有雇傭人體工程師并且他們的人體工程學知識非常有限。正如最近的一項非正式調(diào)查顯示的那樣,通過各行各業(yè),越來越多的人體工程學實踐,工具和技術(shù)被應(yīng)用在各種各樣的領(lǐng)域。
為了達到這個章節(jié)的目的,我們采訪了這個國家所有的汽車制造公司的人體工程學家以及接觸到的規(guī)模較小的設(shè)計機構(gòu)的設(shè)計主管關(guān)于在他們的公司里,人體工程學實踐,工具和技術(shù)的使用。通常,汽車設(shè)計有一個走向由內(nèi)而外設(shè)計方法的趨勢。大多數(shù)生物工程學者和工程團隊不在有聯(lián)系,但他們?nèi)允窃O(shè)計功能組成的一部分,他們還在向當?shù)氐脑O(shè)計主管報道,或者從某些方面說是歐洲的設(shè)計主管。高級管理認為,生物工程學者的貢獻對設(shè)計過程來說是必要的。許多大型的汽車制造雇傭2到5個合格的生物工程學者組成一個團隊。在那些沒有生物工程學者的公司,生物工程學的責任由機械工程師負責,進行完全將人體考慮在內(nèi)的設(shè)計完全取決于機械工程師的技能組合。在小一點的設(shè)計中心,生物工程學的責任由設(shè)計者承擔,生物工程學的質(zhì)量也取決于個體的經(jīng)驗。當生物工程學者為一家大的制造商工作,一些汽車的生物工程學知識將由制造商來說明,但是當他們?yōu)樾∫稽c的公司工作,他們或許為汽車的生物工程學負全責。
在幾乎所有的案例中,生物工程學者都參與到項目的先期過程,例如,在設(shè)計過程開始之前,他們參與到汽車的定義并且在汽車的特征中發(fā)揮優(yōu)先作用。或者他們必須參與到概念設(shè)計階段的開始,特別在外資公司,先期過程或許在總公司進行。一旦設(shè)計過程開始,必須滿足已經(jīng)設(shè)計好的人體工程學目標和可交付物的要求。產(chǎn)品不能達到目標或者不能交付意味著設(shè)計過程可能被停。人體工程學已經(jīng)成為設(shè)計過程正式的一部分,人體工程學家對人體工程學的所有方面負責,給人體工程學家設(shè)立獨立的部門并且希望他們與其他部門保持聯(lián)系,提高工作人員對人體工程學問題和危險問題的認識。在某些情況下,他們也在將人體工程學介紹到設(shè)計過程的其他設(shè)計準則中起到作用。就一切情況而論,人體工程學已經(jīng)被投入到顯示器和控制器,顯示器和控制器操作的邏輯順序,車廂,座位,車門的進出,放行李箱的地方這些設(shè)計中。
人體工程學向它們被要求的方式和它們被理解的影響程度做出妥協(xié)。在其他光譜的結(jié)束,那里沒有人體工程學家,沒有正規(guī)的程序考慮汽車的人體工程學方面,因此理解人體工程學方面的問題是受限制的。在那里,設(shè)計者負責人體工程學問題,他們大多數(shù)人仍經(jīng)常在一個或更多上面所列的錯誤下設(shè)計。這一章將描述在汽車制造公司,生物工程學家使用的工具和技術(shù)。他們使用相同的數(shù)據(jù)資源和CAD工具。他們都進行用戶實驗(詳細見9.4.8章節(jié))去評估他們的產(chǎn)品;在某些情況下僅使用公司的員工作為實驗對象,在其他的情況下用群眾中的成員做實驗。
人體工程學家和大學保持好的聯(lián)系并且參與到大學的研究項目中。一個公司沒有人體工程學家時,數(shù)據(jù)資源總是過期并且使用者評估數(shù)據(jù)很少被管理。人體工程學家必須找到和那些需要人體工程學信息的人進行交流的方法。一般而言,人體工程學信息的描述是數(shù)字的和枯燥的。這種形式的信息或許很適合人體工程學者和機械師,但是有充分的證據(jù)證明它不適合于大多數(shù)的設(shè)計者(Porter and Porter,1997)。設(shè)計師們被訓練進行視覺上的信息交流,在所有情況下,與設(shè)計師進行接觸的人體工程學家必須學習用這種方式進行交流。例如:將數(shù)字數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為可視數(shù)據(jù);制作CAD平面圖來展示邊界區(qū)域,CAD圖直接儲存在設(shè)計師們使用的軟件中;在黏土模型上做標記去傳達設(shè)計推薦值;使用所有在設(shè)計展示中常見的和探究設(shè)計理念可視化的多媒體工具。9.4用人體工程學的方法和工具去改善駕駛室
這一章節(jié)描述汽車人體工程師在定義和評估駕駛室時用到的各種各樣的方法和工具。
9.4.1標準,指導方針和推薦信
在與汽車設(shè)計有關(guān)的人體工程學的許多領(lǐng)域都有著許多各種不同的標準,指導方針和建議。因為它們現(xiàn)成的和快速的和容易的去使用,因此它們在概念設(shè)計的早期階段極其有用。與程序相關(guān)的標準已經(jīng)被應(yīng)用到人體工程學的領(lǐng)域,這些標準已經(jīng)被仔細的調(diào)查。美國汽車工程師學會特別熱衷于制定這樣的標準,許多這些標準成為覆蓋汽車設(shè)計法則的一部分。當考慮到駕駛室時,和生物工程學者最相關(guān)的是:
SAE J826
H-point(ISO 6549)
SAE J1100
乘坐基準點
SAE J1100
H-point 旅行路徑
SAE J1517
司機選擇座位的位置
SAE J941
眼睛活動范圍(ISO 4513/BS AU 176)
SAE J1052
司機和乘客頭部輪廓的位置
SAE J287
手控制達到信封(ISO 4040/BS AU 199)
相應(yīng)的國際標準和英國標準以插入的成分在描述之后給出。這些以及其他相關(guān)的標準在Roe(1993)中有詳細的描述,他們也可以在SAE Handbook(1996)中被發(fā)現(xiàn)。這些標準在全世界的汽車工業(yè)中構(gòu)成了基礎(chǔ)的駕駛室標準。與汽車內(nèi)顯示和控制設(shè)計,視線,鏡子設(shè)計,震動和熱環(huán)境這些相關(guān)的都有相應(yīng)的標準??梢栽赑eacock and Karwowski(1993)找到覆蓋范圍更廣的這些主題和相關(guān)的標準。在人體工程學很少完成的領(lǐng)域(例如控制和顯示的設(shè)計,特別是那些新興技術(shù)發(fā)揮作用的地方),這些領(lǐng)域存在著大量的設(shè)計推薦值和指導方針。它們的范圍從非常詳細(例如,它應(yīng)該距離地面之上13.7mm)到非常籠統(tǒng)(例如,它應(yīng)該舒服),這一點讓其在汽車設(shè)計環(huán)境中的使用有時很困難。下面列了一些有用的資源:
Sanders and McCormick(1992)
顯示,控制,工作站布局
Peacock and Karwowski(1993)
駕駛室,顯示和控制,變老的駕駛者
Defence Standard 00-25
顯示,控制,人體測量學,噪音,震動,工作站布局
Pheasant(1996)
人體測量學
Campbell et al.(1998)
汽車內(nèi)信息系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計準則
建議和指導方針的使用應(yīng)該是接近明智而審慎的。對于制定早期的設(shè)計決定,它們可能極其有用,但是它們的適宜性和成功總應(yīng)該使用如下面所列的其他方法去查實。有很多需要警示的理由。建議和方針的使用經(jīng)常和非常特殊的人群和非常特殊的任務(wù)相關(guān),總的方面和聯(lián)系上下文的數(shù)據(jù)與得出的原始數(shù)據(jù)不符。同樣的,在相同的情況下得出的數(shù)據(jù)或許意味著指導方針太籠統(tǒng),或許與特別的駕駛?cè)蝿?wù)環(huán)境和汽車環(huán)境沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。背景細節(jié)沒被包括在指導方針的情況經(jīng)常發(fā)生,因此指導方針的使用者無法就關(guān)于其適應(yīng)性做出知情的選擇。
甚至當指導方針表面上完全合適時,沒有額外的支持這種情況,在這種情況中必須向最適宜的人體工程學做出妥協(xié)。例如,在設(shè)計跑車的過程中,為了滿足使用人群對外觀和駕駛性能的期望,得對跑車的舒適性和合用性水平做出妥協(xié)。指導方針和建議的更進一步的問題是科技還在持續(xù)發(fā)展,因為指導方針和建議在汽車內(nèi)遠程信息處理領(lǐng)域內(nèi)發(fā)展更緩慢,因此不可能簡單地找到一個合適的建議和指導方針?;蛟S可以在9.8章節(jié)找的關(guān)于指導方針在汽車新興技術(shù)上的使用更詳細的信息。
參考文獻
[1] Manary Miriam A, Ritchie Nichole L, Schneider Lawrence W.WC19: a wheelchair
transportation safety standard--experience to date and future directions.Medical Engineering & Physics, 2009,32(3):263-71 [2] Flavio Jose Craveiro Cunto.Assessing safety performance of transportation systems using microscopic simulation[D].University of Waterloo(Canada), 2009.[3] Miriam A.Manary, Nichole L.Ritchie, Lawrence W.Schneider.WC19: A wheelchair transportation safety standard—Experience to date and future directions[J].Medical Engineering & Physics, 2010, 32(3).[4] Mohd Rapik Saat.Optimizing railroad tank car safety design to reduce hazardous materials transportation risk[D].University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.[5] Lobb Brenda.Trespassing on the tracks: a review of railway pedestrian safety research.[J].Journal of Safety Research, 2006, 37(4).[6] Sudipta Sarkar.Pedestrian safety analyses[D].University of Calgary(Canada), 2009.
第四篇:高翻-合同法律類翻譯[范文]
引子:鑒于現(xiàn)在對外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經(jīng)濟合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準確或不嚴謹,勢必會引起不必要的經(jīng)濟糾紛.故今以一英文(經(jīng)濟)合同寫作書籍為藍本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經(jīng)濟)合同的翻譯和寫作。
合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其權(quán)威性.英文合同用語的特點之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達的意思準確無誤,達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。
一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語;在條款中需要強調(diào)時也可用。語法:一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.例1:
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價(6)such...as: 關(guān)系代詞,相當于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2:
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)to the best of our knowledge:as far as we know據(jù)我們所知(3)foregoing statement:above-mentioned statement上述聲明(4)herein:in this, in the statement在聲明中(5)documentary proof:證明文件 參考譯文:
特此證明,據(jù)我們所知,上述聲明內(nèi)容真實,正確無誤,并提供了全部現(xiàn)有的資料和數(shù)據(jù),我們同意,應(yīng)貴方要求出具證明文件。例3:
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋:
(1)hereby:特此
(2)hereinafter referred to as Party A:以下稱甲方(3)on the principle of equality and mutual benefit:在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上(4)through amicable consultation:通過友好協(xié)商 參考譯文:
本合同雙方,公司(以下稱甲方)與 公司(以下稱乙方),在平等互利基礎(chǔ)上,通過友好協(xié)商,于
****年**月**日在中國(地點),特簽訂本合同。例4:
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋:
(1)this agreement is hereby made and entered into:特此訂立本協(xié)議
在法律文件中表示“訂立本協(xié)議”可用以下4個動詞:sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點,可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示)。(2)hereinafter referred to as Party B:以下簡稱乙方 參考譯文:
本協(xié)議特由中國
公司(以下簡稱甲方)與
公司(以下簡稱乙方)于
****年**月**日訂立。
二 hereof 英文釋義: of this 中文譯詞:關(guān)于此點;在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時,使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時,可以說“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”,這里hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如表示本工程的任何部分,可用“any parts hereof”,這里hereof表示“of this Works”。
語法:一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面,與之緊鄰。hereof和thereof的區(qū)別:hereof強調(diào)“of this”。例如,上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract;“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋:
(1)Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not:不論港口習慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反,whether… or not:不論……是否(2)the owner of the goods:貨方(3)without interruption:無間斷地(4)carrier:承運人
(5)in default on the provisions hereof:違反本款規(guī)定 hereof:of this Clause 參考譯文:
不論港口習慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反,貨方都應(yīng)晝夜地,包括星期日和假日(如承運人需要),無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞,包括滯期應(yīng)負擔賠償責任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋:
(1)foreign trade dealers:對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營者(2)as mentioned in this Law:本法所稱
(3)the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定(4)legal entity:法人
(5)be engaged in foreign trade dealings:從事對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營活動 參考譯文:
本法所稱對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營者,是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營活動的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋:
(1)a limited liability company:有限責任公司(2)a company limited by shares:股份有限公司(3)provisions hereof:本法規(guī)定 hereof: of this Law(4)may be registered as:登記為 參考譯文:
設(shè)立有限責任公司、股份有限公司,必須符合本法規(guī)定的條件。符合本法規(guī)定的條件的,登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司;不符合本法規(guī)定的條件的,不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注釋:
(1)as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons:回避或者其它原因(2)arbitrator:仲裁員
(3)the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定(4)be selected or appointed:選定或指定 參考譯文:
仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責的,應(yīng)當依照本法規(guī)定重新選定或指定仲裁員。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注釋:
(1)conflict:相抵觸
(2)prior to the effective date of this Law:本法施行前
(3)the provisions hereof shall prevail:以本法為準 hereof:of this Law 參考譯文:
本法施行前制定的有關(guān)仲裁的規(guī)定與本法的規(guī)定相抵觸的,以本法為準。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注釋:
(1)the organization with compensatory obligations:賠償義務(wù)機關(guān)(2)shall pay compensation:應(yīng)當給予賠償(3)the claimant for compensation:賠償請求人
(4)Article 15 and Article 16 hereof:本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof:of this Law(5)shall have the right to lodge a complaint:有權(quán)申訴(6)claims compensation:要求賠償
(7)apply to/ in:適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.參考譯文:
賠償義務(wù)機關(guān)對依法確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定的情形之一的,應(yīng)當給予賠償。賠償請求人要求確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規(guī)定情形之一的,被要求的機關(guān)不予確認的,賠償請求人有權(quán)申訴。賠償請求人要求賠償,應(yīng)當先向賠償義務(wù)機關(guān)提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規(guī)定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋:
(1)arbitrator:仲裁員
(2)Article 58 hereof:本法第五十八條 hereof:of this Law(3)bear the legal liability and responsibility:承擔法律責任(4)the arbitration commission:仲裁委員會(5)remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators:將其除名 參考譯文:
仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規(guī)定的情形,情節(jié)嚴重的,或者有本法第五十八條第六項規(guī)定的情形的,應(yīng)當依法承擔法律責任,仲裁委員會應(yīng)當將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋:
(1)the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals:履行審批職責的有關(guān)主管部門
(2)meets the requirements and provisions hereof:符合本法條件(3)the company registration authorities:負責公司登記的主管部門(4)the requirements hereof:本法條件 hereof: of this Law(5)apply for reconsideration:申請復議(6)bring an administrative suit:提起行政訴訟 參考譯文:
依照本法,履行審批職責的有關(guān)主管部門,對符合本法條件的申請不予批準,或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記,當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋:
(1)the crimes committed:犯罪行為
(2)against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof:犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文:
有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的,適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注釋:
(1)companies registered:已登記成立的公司
(2)the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”:《有限責任公司規(guī)范意見》(3)the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”:《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》(4)the relevant responsible department of the State Council國務(wù)院有關(guān)主管部門(5)in separate regulations issued by the State Council:由國務(wù)院另行規(guī)定 參考譯文:
本法施行前已登記成立的公司,應(yīng)依照法律、行政法規(guī)、地方性法規(guī)和國務(wù)院有關(guān)主管部門制定的《有限責任公司規(guī)范意見》,和《股份有限公司規(guī)范意見》,繼續(xù)保留。其中不完全具備本法規(guī)定的條件的,應(yīng)當在規(guī)定的期限內(nèi)達到本法規(guī)定的條件。具體實施辦法,由國務(wù)院另行規(guī)定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注釋:
(1)unfair competition:不正當競爭(2)business operators:經(jīng)營者
(3)contravene the provisions hereof:違反本法規(guī)定 the provisions hereof:本法規(guī)定 hereof:of this Law(4)the lawful rights and interests:合法權(quán)益(5)disturbing the socio-economic order:擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序 參考譯文:
本法所稱的不正當競爭,是指經(jīng)營者違反本法規(guī)定,損害其他經(jīng)營者的合法權(quán)益,擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序的行為。
三 hereto 英文釋義: to this 中文譯詞:至此,在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”時,使用該詞。例如表示“本合同雙方”,可以說“the Parties hereto”,這里hereto表示“to this Contract”;表示“本協(xié)議附件4”,可用“Appendix 4 hereto”,這里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。語法:一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面,與之緊鄰。
hereto和thereto的區(qū)別:同前面所言hereof和thereof的區(qū)別類似,hereto強調(diào)的是“to this”。
例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋:
(1)the performance of this Contract:履行本合同(2)through amicable negotiations:友好協(xié)商
(3)the Parties hereto:the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方(4)shall then be submitted for arbitration:提交進行仲裁(5)the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing:中國國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(北京)
(6)the arbitration rules of this Commission:其仲裁規(guī)則(7)the award of the arbitration:仲裁裁決
(8)unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission:仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外 參考譯文:
對于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭議,本合同雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決,如協(xié)商無法解決爭議,則應(yīng)將爭議提交中國國際經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(北京),依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的,對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔,但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。
例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋:
(1)patented technology:專利技術(shù)(2)patent:專利
(3)application for the patent:專利申請
(4)may have the right to control:可能有權(quán)控制的
(5)permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world:在世界任何國家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓
(6)Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto:本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文:
“專利技術(shù)”,系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的,或乙方有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的,或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的,適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請。例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注釋:
(1)technical documents:技術(shù)資料(2)the data and the information:資料(3)engineering:工程(4)manufacturing:制造
(5)original information:原始資料(6)blueprint:藍本
(7)design sheets:設(shè)計圖表(8)material specifications:材料規(guī)格(9)photostats:影印資料(10)general data:一般資料
(11)design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities:與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的設(shè)計及其說明書 參考譯文:
“技術(shù)資料”系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產(chǎn)品有關(guān)的工程、制造及原始資料,包括與制造設(shè)備、工具和裝置有關(guān)的圖紙、藍本、設(shè)計圖表、材料規(guī)格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設(shè)計及其說明書等,但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業(yè)務(wù)活動的資料。例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注釋:
(1)audit the accounts of Party A:查核甲方的帳目(2)Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract:本合同第3.4款
(3)the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts:其具體的查帳內(nèi)容和程序(4)Appendix 4 hereto:本合同附件4 hereto:to this Contract 參考譯文:
乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時,應(yīng)在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規(guī)定開出的書面通知后10天之內(nèi)通知甲方,其具體的查帳內(nèi)容和程序詳見本合同附件4。
例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋:
(1)either Party hereto:本協(xié)議各方(不譯成“one Party hereto)。
(2)improvement, modification, further invention or design:改進、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計
(3)discover, make or develop:開發(fā)
(4)manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof:生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件
(5)file application for Letter Patent:申請專利
(6)take other necessary legal steps to protect the same:其它必要的法律保護程序 the same: Letter Patent(7)any patent arising therefrom:由此產(chǎn)生的專利(8)consistent with this agreement:與本協(xié)議不相矛盾 參考譯文:
本協(xié)議各方同意,一方對于有關(guān)生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件所做的改進、修正、更新發(fā)明或設(shè)計均應(yīng)立即全部通知另一方。開發(fā)改進的一方可以自負費用并以自身名義申請專利或采取其它必要的法律保護程序,由此產(chǎn)生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協(xié)議的有效期內(nèi),另一方可以與本協(xié)議不相矛盾的方式無償使用和銷售利用改進、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(無論其是否取得專利權(quán))生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。
例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋:
(1)certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products:有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)
(2)the technical assistance agreement:技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議
(3)Appendix 2 hereto:本協(xié)議附件2 hereto:to this Agreement 參考譯文:
本協(xié)議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù),F(xiàn)CAM和Y將訂立技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議并作為本協(xié)議附件2(以下稱作“技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議”)。
例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋:
(1)to the maximum extent practicably possible:盡實際可能最大限度地(2)data on management and financial information:管理和財務(wù)信息材料
(3)prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books:建好會計和財務(wù)帳目
(4)available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto:以備本協(xié)議各方的檢查或?qū)徲?either Party hereto:either Party to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方 inspection:檢查 audit:審計 參考譯文:
本協(xié)議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣,用于FCAM向協(xié)議各方提供管理和財務(wù)信息材料;并且FCAM應(yīng)建好會計和財務(wù)帳目以備協(xié)議雙方的檢查或?qū)徲嫛?/p>
例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注釋:
(1)Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto:本協(xié)議雙方授權(quán)的董事會 hereto:to this Agreement(2)to administrate or manage FCAM:管理FCAM administrate:行政管理 manage:業(yè)務(wù)管理
(3)the overall business management plan of the company:公司整體經(jīng)營計劃(4)monitor the execution of the plan in question:監(jiān)督該計劃的執(zhí)行(5)review and approval:審閱和批準 參考譯文:
本協(xié)議雙方同意授權(quán)管理FCAM的董事會對公司整體經(jīng)營計劃的報批和監(jiān)督執(zhí)行負責。該經(jīng)營計劃需要提交協(xié)議雙方審閱和批準。
例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注釋:
(1)specialized machinery and equipment:特定機器設(shè)備 equipment:(單數(shù)形式)設(shè)備
(2)determined through mutual consultation:協(xié)商決定
(3)the effective utilization of the technical know-how:有效使用技術(shù)訣竅(4)terms and conditions:條件
(5)(such…)as:作關(guān)系代詞,意為which, that 參考譯文:
本協(xié)議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售,F(xiàn)CAM從Y購買經(jīng)過Y和FCAM協(xié)商決定的特定機器設(shè)備,以保證根據(jù)技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議由Y向FCAM提供的技術(shù)訣竅得到有效使用,并以協(xié)議雙方同意的價格和條件成交。
例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋:
(1)the termination of this Contract:本合同期滿(2)outstanding claims and liabilities:未了債務(wù)(3)debtor:債務(wù)人(4)creditor:債權(quán)人 參考譯文:
本合同期滿時,雙方之間發(fā)生的未了債務(wù)不受合同期滿的影響,債務(wù)人應(yīng)向債權(quán)人繼續(xù)支付未了債務(wù)
四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中,于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等時,使用該詞。如表示“本法(中)所稱的不正當競爭”,可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”,此處herein表示“in this Law”;表示“本協(xié)議(中)內(nèi)容”,譯為“the Contents herein”,此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。
語法:置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋:
(1)unfair competition:不正當競爭(2)mentioned in this Law:本法所稱(3)refer to:是指
(4)contravene the provisions hereof:違反本法規(guī)定
(5)damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators:損害其他經(jīng)營者的合法權(quán)益
(6)disturb the socio-economic order:擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序(7)business operators mentioned herein:本法所稱的經(jīng)營者 herein:in this Law(8)engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services:從事商品經(jīng)營或營利性服務(wù) engage in:從事,be engaged in:忙于 參考譯文:
本法所稱的不正當競爭,是指經(jīng)營者違反本法規(guī)定,損害其他經(jīng)營者的合法權(quán)益,擾亂社會經(jīng)濟秩序的行為。
本法所稱的經(jīng)營者,是指從事商品經(jīng)營或營利性服務(wù)(以下所稱商品包括服務(wù))的法人、其他經(jīng)濟組織和個人。
例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注釋:
(1)this Law is hereby formulated and prepared:茲制定本法(2)maintain the foreign trade order:維護對外貿(mào)易秩序
(3)promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy:促進社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的健康發(fā)展
(4)foreign trade mentioned herein:本法所稱對外貿(mào)易 herein:in this Law(5)the international trade in services:國際服務(wù)貿(mào)易 參考譯文:
為了發(fā)展對外貿(mào)易,維護對外貿(mào)易秩序,促進社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的健康發(fā)展,茲制定本法。本法所稱對外貿(mào)易,是指貨物進出口、技術(shù)進出口和國際服務(wù)貿(mào)易。
例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注釋:(1)mentioned herein:mentioned in this Law 本法所稱(2)limited liability company:有限責任公司(3)company limited by shares:股份有限公司(4)within the territory of China:在中國境內(nèi) 參考譯文:
本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國境內(nèi)設(shè)立的有限責任公司和股份有限公司。
例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注釋:
(1)illegal gains:違法所得
(2)shall be confiscated:應(yīng)當予以沒收
(3)the provisions herein:the provisions in this Decision 本決定規(guī)定(4)illegal gains to be confiscated:被沒收違法所得(5)a fine imposed on:判處罰金(6)property forfeited:沒收財產(chǎn)
(7)a civil compensation assumed by:承擔民事賠償責任 參考譯文:
犯本決定規(guī)定之罪有違法所得的,應(yīng)當予以沒收。
犯本決定規(guī)定之罪,被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財產(chǎn)、承擔民事責任的,其財產(chǎn)不足以支付時,先承擔民事賠償責任。
例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋:(1)(1)“FOB”(free on board)(…Named port of shipment):船上交貨(…<指定裝運港>)
(2)(2)“CFR”(Cost and Freight)(…Named port of destination):成本加運費(…<指定目的港>)
(3)(3)“CIF”(Cost, Insurance and Freight)(…Named port of destination):成本、保險費加運費(……<指定目的港>)
(4)(4)the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000):《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則(INCOTERMS)2000》 參考譯文:
除非本合同另有規(guī)定,“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應(yīng)依照國際商會制定的《國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則(INCOTERMS)2000》辦理。
例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋:
(1)unless otherwise expressly provided for herein:除非另有明確表示 herein:in this Agreement(2)dispute:爭議(3)controversy:糾紛(4)difference:歧意
(5)the Parties hereto:the Parties to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方(6)any breach or default of the provisions hereof:任何違約及過失(7)including but not limited to:包括,但不限于
(8)the validity of the Arbitration Clause:仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文:
除非另有明確表示,則由于執(zhí)行本協(xié)議所引發(fā)或與本協(xié)議有關(guān)的協(xié)議雙方的所有爭議、糾紛或歧意,以及任何違約及過失(包括,但不限于有關(guān)本協(xié)議存續(xù)的爭議,仲裁條款有效性的爭議),如不能以友好協(xié)商的方式解決,則提交仲裁。
例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注釋:
(1)the Agent:correspondent bank 代理行
(2)pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein:按照本合同規(guī)定的條件 herein:in this Contract(3)on the Disbursement Date:在付款日(4)credit the funds received:貸記入所收資金(5)the Borrower:借款人 參考譯文:
代理行應(yīng)按照本合同規(guī)定的條件,在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據(jù)2.2款指定的帳戶。
例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注釋:
(1)cumulative:累加的
(2)shall not be exclusive of:并不排除(3)privilege:特權(quán)(4)remedy:補救方法
(5)provided for by laws:法律規(guī)定的 參考譯文: 本合同規(guī)定的各項權(quán)利是累加的,并不排除法律規(guī)定的其它權(quán)利、權(quán)力、特權(quán)或補救方法。例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注釋:
(1)Now Therefore:據(jù)此
(2)the consideration:對價。對價是對一項允諾(promise)的回報。例如,甲方允諾向乙方提供若干數(shù)量的貨物,乙方同意付給甲方一定數(shù)目的貨款,該貨款便構(gòu)成甲方允諾的對價。在經(jīng)過要約(offer)與承諾(acceptance)的基礎(chǔ)上,只有那些擁有對價的允諾才被認作合同,得到法律的保護和執(zhí)行。
(3)the contents herein:本協(xié)議內(nèi)容 herein:in this Agreement 參考譯文:
據(jù)此,以本協(xié)議雙方相互承諾為對價,就下述內(nèi)容達成一致: 例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注釋:
(1)the obligations of making all payments:支付義務(wù)(2)reimbursement:償付
(3)be free and clear of any other charges:不附帶其它費用(4)exempt from all taxes:是免稅的
(5)pay all taxes as provided for herein:承擔全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù) herein:in this Agreement 參考譯文:
借款人應(yīng)按照本協(xié)議和票據(jù)完成所有支付義務(wù)。向銀行的償付應(yīng)是不附帶其它費用并且是免稅的,而且銀行所收到的償付款項不含任何稅務(wù)。借款人應(yīng)按本協(xié)議承擔全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù)。
五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文
語法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用,以避免重復,置于這些詞組前面,與之緊鄰。例1:
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋:
(1)in accordance with:under 根據(jù)
(2)Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures:中華人民共和國中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)法(3)Hereinafter:以下
(4)articles of association:合營公司章程(條款)(5)hereby:特此
(6)formulate:prepare 制訂 參考譯文:
根據(jù)《中華人民共和國中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)法》以及由
公司(以下稱甲方)與
公司(以下稱乙方)所訂的合資經(jīng)營的合同,特制訂本公司章程。
例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注釋:
(1)financial institution:金融機構(gòu)
(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China:總行在中國境內(nèi)的外國資本銀行。在中譯英時,這里的“外國資本銀行”,應(yīng)理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”,英文為subsidiary banks,而不能簡單地譯成foreign banks,因為很少有一家外國銀行把自己的總部搬到國外,但在境外設(shè)立子銀行、子公司是經(jīng)常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks:以下簡稱外資銀行。
(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches:以下簡稱外資銀行分行。(5)finance company:財務(wù)公司,這里應(yīng)理解為金融公司,是指在商業(yè)銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業(yè)務(wù)的金融企業(yè)。如果中文為會計事務(wù)所,則要譯成:accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies:以下簡稱外資財務(wù)公司(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies:以下簡稱合資財務(wù)公司 參考譯文:
本條例所稱外資金融機構(gòu),是指依照中華人民共和國有關(guān)法律、法規(guī)的規(guī)定,經(jīng)批準在中國境內(nèi)設(shè)立和營業(yè)的下列金融機構(gòu):
(一)總行在中國境內(nèi)的外國資本銀行(以下簡稱外資銀行)
(二)外國銀行在中國境內(nèi)的分行(以下簡稱外資銀行分行)
(三)外國的金融機構(gòu)同中國的金融機構(gòu)在中國境內(nèi)合資經(jīng)營的銀行(以下簡稱合資銀行)
(四)總公司在中國境內(nèi)的外國資本的財務(wù)公司(以下簡稱外資財務(wù)公司)
(五)外國的金融機構(gòu)同中國的金融機構(gòu)在中國境內(nèi)合資經(jīng)營的財務(wù)公司(以下簡稱合資財務(wù)公司)
例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注釋:
(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures:已設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè),即現(xiàn)有的中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)
(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture:中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises:外資企業(yè)
(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”:以下簡稱外商投資企業(yè)
(5)shall have a record of making profits:應(yīng)有盈利紀錄 參考譯文:
已設(shè)立的中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè),外資企業(yè)(以下稱為外商投資企業(yè)),如申請轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楣镜?,?yīng)有最近連續(xù)3年的盈利紀錄。
例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋:
(1)the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC):對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟合作部(以下簡稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部)(2)the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities:外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門(3)municipalities directly under the Central Government:直轄市
(4)the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan:計劃單列市 參考譯文:
申請設(shè)立投資公司,投資者應(yīng)將下列文件經(jīng)擬設(shè)立投資公司所在地的省、自治區(qū)、直轄市、計劃單列市外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門審核同意后,報對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟合作部(以下簡稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部)審查批準。例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋:
(1)these Regulations are formulated and prepared:制定本條例 prepare:制定(2)the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China:《中華人民共和國公司法》(3)hereinafter referred to as the Company Law:以下簡稱《公司法》
(4)to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies:確認公司的企業(yè)法人資格
(5)standardize the registration activities of companies:規(guī)范公司登記行為 參考譯文:
為了確認公司的企業(yè)法人資格,規(guī)范公司登記行為,依據(jù)《中華人民共和國公司法》(以下簡稱《公司法》),制定本條例。
例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋:
(1)to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange:進一步擴大國際經(jīng)濟合作和技術(shù)交流
(2)to absorb foreign investment:引進外資
(3)to promote the development of socialist market economy:促進社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展
(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders:以下簡稱外國股東 foreign shareholders:外國股東
(5)hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders:以下簡稱中國股東(6)within the territory of China:在中國境內(nèi)
(7)a company limited by shares with foreign investment:外商投資股份有限公司 參考譯文:
為進一步擴大國際經(jīng)濟合作和技術(shù)交流,引進外資,促進社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,外國的公司、企業(yè)和其他經(jīng)濟組織或個人(以下簡稱外國股東),按照平等互利的原則,可與中國的公司、企業(yè)或其他經(jīng)濟組織(以下簡稱中國股東)在中國境內(nèi)共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司(以下簡稱公司)。
例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注釋:
(1)to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise:引進國外先進技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗
(2)to establish investment company:設(shè)立投資公司(3)hereinafter referred to as “investment company”:以下簡稱投資公司
(4)the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment:中國有關(guān)外國投資的法律、法規(guī) 參考譯文:
為了促進外國投資者來華投資,引進國外先進技術(shù)和管理經(jīng)驗,允許外國投資者根據(jù)中國有關(guān)外國投資的法律、法規(guī)及本規(guī)定,在中國設(shè)立投資公司(以下簡稱投資公司)。
例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注釋:
(1)these Detailed Rules:本實施細則
(2)apply(to):vi.適用于 More Examples:The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.(3)the resident representative offices:常駐代表機構(gòu)(4)shipping agents:貨運代理商(5)consultant company:咨詢公司(6)advertising agency:廣告公司(7)leasing company:租賃公司
(8)hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”:以下簡稱外國企業(yè) 參考譯文:
本實施細則適用于外國貿(mào)易商、制造廠商、貨運代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易組織(以下簡稱外國企業(yè))在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)設(shè)立的常駐代表機構(gòu)。
例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋:
(1)its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations:其授權(quán)的對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易委員會
(2)hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities:以下簡稱審批機關(guān) Examination-Approval Authorities:審批機關(guān)(3)register with:辦理登記手續(xù)
(4)the State Administration for Industry and Commerce:國家工商行政管理局(5)its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce:其授權(quán)的(各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計劃單列市)工商行政管理局 參考譯文:
外國企業(yè)申請在中華人民共和國境內(nèi)成立常設(shè)代表機構(gòu),應(yīng)經(jīng)對外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟合作部或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計劃單列市對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易委員會(廳)(以下簡稱審批機關(guān))批準,并在中華人民共和國國家工商行政管理局或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計劃單列市工商行政管理局(以下簡稱登記機關(guān))辦理登記手續(xù)。
六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里;在那點上,在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……,工程中的……”等時使用。例如表示“修補工程中的缺陷”:“the remedying of any defects therein”,此處therein表示“in the Works”;表示“用于工程中的材料或機械設(shè)備”:“materials or plant for incorporation therein”,這里的therein表示“in the Works”。
語法:置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。
例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注釋:
(1)Temporary Works:臨時工程,是指為永久工程服務(wù)的工程,永久工程建成后應(yīng)予以拆除。建造臨時工程的費用,按國際FIDIC合同條件規(guī)定,應(yīng)由承包人負責。
(2)Defects:缺陷,表示工程施工出現(xiàn)的問題,即工程本身存在的問題,而不是因業(yè)主使用不當造成的。
(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein:工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷。建造一項工程一般分成兩個階段進行,工程設(shè)計、施工、竣工為第一階段,修補工程中任何缺陷為第二階段,因此此句中的第一個and是對的,表示建造工程的兩個階段。參考譯文:
臨時工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷時需要或與上述工程階段有關(guān)的所有各種臨時工程,但承包人的設(shè)備除外。
例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注釋:
(1)the prior consent of the Employer:業(yè)主的事先同意 注意:consent只有單數(shù)形式,表示同意
(2)assign:轉(zhuǎn)讓
(3)therein:in the contract;thereunder:under the contract(4)otherwise than by:但下列情況除外。也可寫成:unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 參考譯文:
沒有業(yè)主的事先同意,承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分,或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進行轉(zhuǎn)讓,但下列情況除外:
例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注釋:
(1)Note:期票,即借據(jù),票據(jù)(2)loan agreement:貸款協(xié)議
(3)be entitled to all the benefits:享有(貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的)全部利益(4)advance payment:預付(5)default:違約
(6)in the event of default:因違約 參考譯文:
本期票是貸款協(xié)議中所指的期票,享有貸款協(xié)議規(guī)定的全部利益,是指貸款協(xié)議中規(guī)定的預付、違約及因違約提前到期的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。
例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋:
(1)a certificate of the borrower:借款人說明書(2)comply with:遵照
(3)the attachments specified therein:附錄4規(guī)定的附件 therein:in Appendix 4 參考譯文:
借款人證明書,其格式基本上應(yīng)遵照附錄4規(guī)定的格式及其規(guī)定的附件。
例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋:
(1)exemption:免征稅款(2)local authorities:地方當局
(3)any political subdivision:任何下屬政府分支機構(gòu)
(4)taxing authorities thereof or therein:地方當局的稅收當局 therein:in local authorities(5)under the Contract:根據(jù)合同規(guī)定(6)shall be due:應(yīng)予以征收的
(7)the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question:證明上述免稅文件 in question:上述 參考譯文:
任何時候,如果由當?shù)鼗蚱淙魏握种C構(gòu)或稅收當局,對任何根據(jù)合同規(guī)定所支付費用應(yīng)予以征收的稅款,不論什么性質(zhì),現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚部梢悦庹鞯?,借款人?yīng)及時向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。
例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋:
(1)the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises:中華人民共和國外商投資企業(yè)和外國企業(yè)所得稅法。(2)at the rates provided for therein:按稅法規(guī)定的稅率 therein:in the Tax Law 參考譯文:
在《中華人民共和國外商投資企業(yè)和外國企業(yè)所得稅法》(以下簡稱稅法)公布前已經(jīng)辦理工商登記的外商投資企業(yè),該企業(yè)應(yīng)按稅法規(guī)定的稅率繳納所得稅。
例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注釋:
(1)the Borrower:借款人
(2)to make the borrowings:借貸資金(3)to execute and deliver the Note:簽署票據(jù)
(4)to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein:承擔由此產(chǎn)生的義務(wù) therein:in the Note(5)all the actions in question:上述全部行為(6)legal person:法人 參考譯文:
借款人有充分的權(quán)力訂立本協(xié)議,借貸資金、簽署票據(jù)并承擔由此而產(chǎn)生的義務(wù),上述全部行為均應(yīng)經(jīng)法人適當和必需的授權(quán)。
例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注釋:
(1)leasee:承租人
(2)keep the commodity in good condition:維持商品的良好狀況(3)provided that:除非,表示進一步規(guī)定(4)leasor:出租人(5)to lodge claims against the Leasor:向出租人提出賠償
(6)any losses occurred therein:因此所遭受的損失 therein:in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出現(xiàn)的故障 參考譯文:
承租人必須自負費用維持商品的良好狀況;除非由出租人對商品的故障負責,承租人則有權(quán)向出租人提出賠償因之所遭受的損失。
例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注釋:
(1)documents:shipping documents貨運單據(jù)(2)transport documents:運輸單據(jù)
(3)insurance documents:insurance policies保險單據(jù)(4)commercial invoice:商業(yè)發(fā)票(5)the credit:the letter of credit 信用證(6)drawer:出單人
(7)the wording therein:the wording in the documents 其措辭(8)data content thereof:data content of the documents 項目內(nèi)容(9)referred to in the credit:信用證中所述的 參考譯文:
當信用證要求運輸單據(jù)、保險單據(jù)和商業(yè)發(fā)票以外的單據(jù)時,信用證應(yīng)規(guī)定該單據(jù)的出單人及其措辭或項目內(nèi)容。如信用證雖無此規(guī)定,但提交的單據(jù)的項目內(nèi)容可能證實與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務(wù)有關(guān)聯(lián),則銀行將予接受。
例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋:
(1)loss or damage:損失與損壞 注:loss與damage同義,同義詞連用是合同文件語言特點之一。
(2)any part thereof:any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof:of the Works(3)for incorporation therein:used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in:used in 應(yīng)譯成“用于(工程)中”,而不能譯成“進入工程” therein:in the Works 工程中(4)at one’s own cost:自費(5)rectify:彌補,糾正
(6)Permanent Works:永久工程
(7)to the satisfaction of the Engineer:達到工程師滿意的程度 參考譯文:
在承包人負責照管工程期間,如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的設(shè)備,除第20.4款所規(guī)定的風險外,不管由于任何原因而遭受損失或損壞,承包人應(yīng)自費彌補此類損失或損壞,以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的規(guī)定,并達到工程師滿意的程度。
七.thereof 英文釋義: of that, of it 中文譯詞:由此,其
用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”時,為避免重復,可使用該詞,比如表示“合同條件、條款”時,可譯為“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”,此處的thereof表示“of the Contract”;表示“工程任何部分”,可譯為“any parts thereof”,這里的thereof表示“of the Works”。
語法:置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。例1:
When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注釋:
(1)be entitled to determine:有權(quán)確定
(2)the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery:提取貨物的時間和/或地點
(3)the notice thereof:有關(guān)這方面的通知 thereof:of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.參考譯文:
買方有權(quán)確定在規(guī)定期限內(nèi)提取貨物的時間和/或地點時,應(yīng)給賣方有關(guān)這方面的通知。
例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented.Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注釋:
(1)the collection of tax:稅收的開征
(2)the cessation thereof:稅收的停征 thereof:of tax(3)the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid:減稅、免稅、退稅、補稅(4)the State Council:國務(wù)院
(5)to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations:制定的行政法規(guī)規(guī)定 prepare:制定 參考譯文:
稅收的開征、停征以及減稅、免稅、退稅、補稅,依照法律的規(guī)定執(zhí)行;法律授權(quán)國務(wù)院規(guī)定的,依照國務(wù)院制定的行政法規(guī)的規(guī)定執(zhí)行。
例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.注釋:
(1)the Party applying for arbitration:當事人申請仲裁(是指申請仲裁的當事人)(2)arbitration commission:仲裁委員會(3)arbitration agreement:仲裁協(xié)議(4)application for arbitration:仲裁申請書
(5)the copies thereof:the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申請書副本 參考譯文:
當事人申請仲裁,應(yīng)當向仲裁委員會遞交仲裁協(xié)議、仲裁申請書及副本。
例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注釋:
(1)Tests on Completion:竣工檢驗(2)otherwise agreed:另行商定
(3)Employer takes over the Works:業(yè)主接收工程
(4)any section or part thereof:工程任何部分、區(qū)段 thereof:of the Works 參考譯文:
竣工檢驗指合同規(guī)定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗。這些檢驗是由承包人在業(yè)主接收工程或工程任何部分、區(qū)段之前進行的。
例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注釋:
(1)the collection order:托收指示(2)the protest:拒絕證書
(3)in lieu thereof:代替拒絕證書 thereof:of the protest(4)non-acceptance or non-payment:拒絕承兌或拒絕付款(5)the banks concerned with the collection:與托收有關(guān)的各銀行
(6)experience non-acceptance and non-payment:遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款(7)the principal:委托人 參考譯文:
托收指示應(yīng)對于在遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款時,是否需要作出拒絕證書(或采取其它替代法律手續(xù))給予特別指示。
如無此項特別指示,與托收有關(guān)的各銀行在遭到拒絕付款或拒絕承兌時,并無義務(wù)作出拒絕證書(或采取其它替代法律手續(xù))。
銀行由于作出拒絕證書或采取其它法律手續(xù)而發(fā)生的手續(xù)費或費用概由委托人負擔。
例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注釋:(1)makes the specification:訂明規(guī)格
(2)the details thereof:the details of the specification規(guī)格的細節(jié)(3)the communication in question:該通知(4)shall be binding:應(yīng)具有約束力 參考譯文:
如果賣方自己制訂規(guī)格,他必須將所制訂的規(guī)格的細節(jié)通知買方,而且必須規(guī)定一段合理時間,讓買方可以在該段時間內(nèi)制訂出不同的規(guī)格。如果買方在收到該通知后沒有在該段時間內(nèi)這樣做,則賣方所訂的規(guī)格應(yīng)具有約束力。
例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment.Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.注釋:
(1)apply to(sb.):適用
(2)limited liability companies with foreign investment:外商投資的有限責任公司(3)Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise:中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)(4)Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise:中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)(5)wholly foreign-owned enterprise:外資企業(yè) 參考譯文:
外商投資的有限責任公司適用本法,有關(guān)中外合資經(jīng)營企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營企業(yè)、外資企業(yè)的法律另有規(guī)定的,適用其規(guī)定。
例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.注釋:
(1)time for completion:竣工時間(2)the execution of the Works:施工
(3)any Section or part thereof:工程的任何部分或區(qū)段,thereof:of the Works 參考譯文:
竣工時間是指合同規(guī)定從工程開工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或區(qū)段施工結(jié)束并且通過竣工檢驗的時間。
例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.注釋:
(1)make available to the Contractor….:向承包人提供……(2)data on hydrological and subsurface conditions:水文地質(zhì)資料
(3)his own interpretation thereof:自己對上述資料的解釋 thereof:of the data 參考譯文:
在承包人提交投標書之前,業(yè)主應(yīng)向承包人提供由業(yè)主或業(yè)主代表根據(jù)對該項工程的勘察所取得的水文地質(zhì)資料,但是承包人應(yīng)對他自己對上述資料的解釋負責。
例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注釋:
(1)this Agreement is terminated:本協(xié)議終止(2)transparency:圖片(3)specifications:規(guī)格
(4)any other manufacturing or engineering information:其它全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料(5)the said Licensed Products:上述許可證產(chǎn)品 參考譯文:
如本協(xié)議因任何理由而終止,所有由甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規(guī)格以及其它全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料,包括全部復制品,均返還甲方,同時,乙方應(yīng)停止生產(chǎn)上述許可證產(chǎn)品、或部件、或零件。
八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder
1)thereafter: after that此后;之后 2)thereto: to that 隨附;附之 3)therewith: with that 與此;與之 4)therefor: for that 因之;為此 5)thereunder: under that 在其下;依照
用法: 本節(jié)提及的各詞,其用法與上面七節(jié)談及的一樣,主要強調(diào)的是“that”。如果強調(diào)的是“this”,則要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。語法:緊接所修飾詞之后。
例1:
The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注釋:
(1)
decision and award of the arbitration tribunal:仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決(2)
the judgment:司法判決
(3)
any court having jurisdiction:有管轄權(quán)的法院 jurisdiction:管轄權(quán)(4)
the parties thereto:合同雙方 thereto:to the Contract(5)
in good faith:以良好誠信的態(tài)度
參考譯文:
仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局的,任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權(quán)的法院對此作出司法判決。雙方須以良好誠信的態(tài)度遵守仲裁庭的決定。
例2: “Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.注釋:
(1)
patented technology:專利技術(shù)(2)
letters patent:專利證,專利(3)
application therefore:專利申請(4)
grant license thereof:許可轉(zhuǎn)讓
(5)
during the effective period of this Contract:本合同有效期間
(6)
are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products:適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產(chǎn)品
參考譯文:
“專利技術(shù)”,系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的和/或有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的,或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的,適用于或可能適用于制造本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請。
例3:
“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.注釋:
(1)
Contract Products:合同產(chǎn)品
(2)
Appendix 2 to this Contract:本合同附件2(3)
together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto:及其改進發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品 thereof:of the Contract Products;thereto:to the Contract Products 參考譯文:
“合同產(chǎn)品”,系指本合同附件2中規(guī)定的產(chǎn)品及其改進發(fā)展的產(chǎn)品。
例4:
“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.注釋:
(1)
specifications:規(guī)范
(2)
any modification thereof or addition thereto:對規(guī)范的任何修改或增補 thereof:of the Specifications;thereto:to the Specifications(3)
under Clause 95:根據(jù)第95條規(guī)定
參考譯文:
規(guī)范是指合同中包括的工程規(guī)范,以及根據(jù)第95條規(guī)定的或由承包商提出并經(jīng)工程師批準的對規(guī)范的任何修改或增補。
例5:
The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注釋:
(1)
the Defects Liability Certificate:缺陷責任證書
(2)
the expiration of the Defects Liability Period: 缺陷責任期終止
(3)
different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works:不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分(4)
any works instructed:任何按指示進行的工程
參考譯文:工程的缺陷責任證書應(yīng)由工程師在缺陷責任期終止后28天內(nèi)頒發(fā),或者,如果不同的缺陷責任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分時,則在最后一個缺陷責任期終止或根據(jù)第82條,在任何按指示進行的工程已完成并達到工程師滿意之后盡快簽發(fā)。
例6:
The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注釋:
(1)
commitment fee:承諾費,承擔費。貸款協(xié)議簽定生效后,如借款人沒有按期使用貸款,需向貸款人支付一定金額的補償費用——承諾費或承擔費。通常在貸款協(xié)議中確定一個承諾期。承諾期分為前后兩期,前期不收承諾費,后期計收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期已使用全部承諾期金額,則不收承諾費。如果在前段承諾期未使用全部承諾期金額,其余額在后段承諾期使用,則計收承諾費。
(2)
the Disbursement Date:貸款發(fā)放日(3)
the Termination Date:貸款終止日
(4)
from the date in the third month thereafter:從其后第3個月的該日 thereafter:after the Termination Date
參考譯文:
借款人每年應(yīng)支付銀行貸款承諾總額0.5%的承諾費。支付時間從簽訂合同之日起(包括該日在內(nèi)),到貸款發(fā)放日和終止日中較早之日(但不包括該日在內(nèi))為止,從其后第3個月的該日起開始按季支付至發(fā)放日與終止日中較早之日。
例7: If one or more of the following events of default(hereinafter called “Event of Default”)occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a)The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.注釋:
(1)
events of default:違約事件(2)
continues or continue:正在繼續(xù)(3)
the remedies:補救方法
(4)
fail to pay any amount payable thereunder:未能支付根據(jù)該協(xié)議規(guī)定應(yīng)付的款項 thereunder:under the Contract
參考譯文:
如果發(fā)生下列一種或一種以上違約事件(以下稱違約事件),或該違約事件正在繼續(xù),代理行以及各行應(yīng)行使第11.2款規(guī)定的救濟方法。(1)借款人未能支付根據(jù)該協(xié)議規(guī)定到期應(yīng)付的款項。九.whereas
釋義: considering that, 鑒于,就......而論(法律用語)
用法: 常用于合同協(xié)議書的開頭段落中,以引出合同雙方要訂立合同的理由或依據(jù)。語法:緊接于要修飾詞之前,常位于句首。
例1:
Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注釋:
(1)
whereas:鑒于
(2)
to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology:將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方(3)
the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract:雙方授權(quán)代表(4)
under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows:就以下條款
參考譯文:
鑒于乙方有權(quán)并同意將專利技術(shù)的合同產(chǎn)品的使用權(quán)、制造權(quán)和銷售權(quán)授予甲方; 鑒于甲方希望利用乙方的專利技術(shù)制造并銷售合同的產(chǎn)品;雙方授權(quán)代表經(jīng)友好協(xié)商,同意就以下條款簽訂本合同:
例2:
Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋:
(1)
proprietary technical information:專有技術(shù)信息
(2)
designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data:設(shè)計、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料
(3)
the right and licence:許可權(quán)利(4)
technical assistance:技術(shù)協(xié)助(5)
trademarks:商標
參考譯文:
鑒于甲方擁有合同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及銷售所涉及的技術(shù)信息,包括設(shè)計、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權(quán);
鑒于乙方以生產(chǎn)、使用和銷售合同產(chǎn)品為目的,希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權(quán)利; 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標; 雙方茲就下列內(nèi)容達成一致:
例3:
Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注釋:
(1)
whereas:鑒于
(2)
severally but not jointly:分別但不連帶地(3)
an aggregate amount:總額
(4)
the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:當事人協(xié)議如下
參考譯文:
鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款,各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款,總額為$50,000,000(5000萬美元),當事人協(xié)議如下:
例4: Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注釋:
(1)
whereas:鑒于(2)
a term loan:定期貸款(3)
the principal amount:本金
(4)
under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement:根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項
(5)
in consideration of the mutual promises:以雙方相互承諾為對價 consideration:對價 參考譯文:
鑒于借款人根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項,已向銀行要求向借款人提供一筆本金為100萬美元(US$ 1,000,000)的定期貸款;
鑒于銀行根據(jù)本協(xié)議規(guī)定的條件和款項,已準備向借款人提供此項定期貸款; 據(jù)此,以雙方相互承諾為對價,就下述內(nèi)容達成一致。例5:
Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注釋:(1)
whereas:鑒于
(2)
adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit:按照平等互利的原則(3)
through friendly consultation:通過友好協(xié)商(4)
joint venture company:合資經(jīng)營公司(5)
hereinafter referred as:以下稱 參考譯文:
鑒于甲方與乙方按照平等互利的原則,經(jīng)過友好協(xié)商,決定共同投資在中國建立合資經(jīng)營公司(以下稱“合資企業(yè)”),為此達成如下合同。
第五篇:一篇上外高翻的報道
一篇上外高翻的報道
群群,明明,曉理(女):均為同傳班學員
柴院長:上外高級翻譯學院院長 小杜:同傳系主任,加拿大人
Topic1:PPMM唱主角?
走進教室才發(fā)現(xiàn),“娘子軍”打天下,2名男生成了8名女生的陪襯。學員們清一色都是年輕面龐,年齡集中在22到28歲。心生好奇:做同傳,難道漂亮女生最吃香?
曉理:女生嘛,口語能力總占點優(yōu)勢,發(fā)音頻率高,口齒清楚。男孩的優(yōu)勢是反應(yīng)靈敏,比較strong(體力好)。
群群:習慣了!學文科,女生數(shù)量總是有壓倒性優(yōu)勢,以前班級里還有個男、女生比例為3:62的驚人記錄。至于年齡,年輕人接受能力強,學翻譯當然是越早越好———就像學騎車,小時候比較容易。
柴院長:女多男少,是整個文科類學科面臨的問題。所以說,男孩子來報考外語學校,其實很合算。年輕人可塑性大,到了四五十歲再改行的人畢竟少。話說回來,做這行也不是吃青春飯,經(jīng)驗很重要。我們的面試考官中有一位60多歲的法國人,是法國的首席口譯員———伊拉克打仗那會兒,法國電視臺就是請他把現(xiàn)場的英語新聞口譯成法語的!
Topic2:“牛人”都是啥背景?
本想請教這些“牛人”,考前到底做了什么準備。誰知道個個都說“沒啥好準備”———不知道考什么,最多只是聽聽英語廣播,看看原版書。他們的背景倒是五花八門,有工作好幾年的,有剛畢業(yè)的,還有在讀的研究生……
曉理:以前在大學實習時,參加了不少在上海召開的國際性會議。會議大多檔次很高:在五星級賓館召開,名流云集……偏偏就是不少翻譯的水平很爛。因為這個,我對這次招考動了心———早在大一時,我就考出了高級口譯證書。當然,我也不會放棄原來的專業(yè),完全可以和同傳找到結(jié)合點!
群群:大學時讀的就是英語專業(yè),現(xiàn)在再讀同傳,比較符合我的性格———我不太擅長需要原創(chuàng)性的東西,而同傳要忠實于別人的發(fā)言,并不需要你自己“創(chuàng)造”。
明明:我原先在IT行業(yè)工作了3年———別人都以為方向轉(zhuǎn)得太“猛”,其實自己英語底子一直還可以。幾年工作下來,還是覺得學語言最適合自己,憑感覺,同傳該是這個領(lǐng)域里面的“塔尖”了吧,收入應(yīng)該不會比IT業(yè)差。
Topic3:考試難倒了英雄漢?
8月份的考試,是這次招生的一道“門檻”??荚嚪止P試和面試兩部分。90多個報名者,筆試后之剩下1/4,本以為20個招生名額會招滿,誰知道面試下來,又刷掉一大半。同傳考試,到底考了點啥?
明明:面試的3位考官,有2位是老外,大概因為學理工科出身,我有點發(fā)怵??碱}的一部分是翻譯所給的四、五段材料,從“兒童問題”一直到“企業(yè)領(lǐng)導”,一緊張,我漏了不少東西。筆試中有一部分是視譯,其實也是口頭的———給你中文材料,讓你現(xiàn)場翻譯,要用錄音機錄下來———我的經(jīng)驗是不要瞻前顧后,據(jù)說不少人老覺得前面的沒說好,一開小差,就容易說不成句、停頓下來。
群群:筆試難度,感覺和英語8級差不多,除了常見的中翻英、英翻中,比較有意思的是作文———不是普通的命題作文,而是讓你做完前面的完形填空題后,再順著文章的思路完成全文。至于面試,一上來是復述一大段英文材料———有一頁半A4紙那么長!因為不能做筆記,復述時只記得一堆零散的材料,邏輯關(guān)系很容易搞亂。
曉理:最難的是筆試中的“名詞解釋”。給你一些英文縮寫、英文人名,要你用英文解釋———知識面不廣,你會知道ILO是“國際勞工組織”的縮寫嗎?你知道怎么解釋瓦杰帕依和維拉潘?
柴院長:被淘汰的人,除了語音語調(diào)基礎(chǔ)差、邏輯思維不強,很重要的一個問題就是在“自我發(fā)揮”———材料聽不懂、看不全,結(jié)果就胡編亂造。要記住,做同傳,可不需要你“添磚加瓦”、“橫生枝節(jié)”!
Topic4:好老師就是好課堂?
現(xiàn)場聽了同傳班的課。因為開課不久,形式并不復雜:幾張桌子拼起來,學生們圍坐一圈,小杜老師讀完材料,就請學員們翻譯。學同傳,究竟有什么兩樣?
曉理:他比大山還要大山———英語好不稀奇,稀奇的是他對漢語的理解比我們還到位。比如他會說,翻譯時不要“只見樹木,不見森林”。我們常常用“開展了××工作”這樣的句子,他就會邊比劃邊說:“漢語里有更地道的詞———為什么不說‘抓’好某項工作呢?”
群群:別看上課時他挺幽默,其實也挺嚴格。誰翻得不好,馬上就請其他同學重新翻過,直到他滿意為止。課后,他給我們布置的作業(yè)份量還挺“足”:要經(jīng)常閱讀《國際先驅(qū)論壇》、《經(jīng)濟學家》這樣的權(quán)威刊物。
小杜老師:千萬別以為這種授課方式是我的發(fā)明,其實,同傳的教學在國際上有著統(tǒng)一標準。剛?cè)腴T,學員們主要練聽力———這時他們往往會發(fā)現(xiàn)自己對母語根本沒吃透。今后他們還有很多實習機會,等到第二學年下學期,還會讓他們?nèi)ヂ?lián)合國“實戰(zhàn)演習”———在現(xiàn)場做“啞巴”翻譯,他們的聲音不傳送到會場內(nèi)。
Topic5:許我一個“金飯碗”?
同傳的報酬到底有多少?每小時幾千?甚至上萬?在普通人眼里,它絕對是個“金飯碗”。很想知道,同傳在這些學員眼里,是個怎樣的“飯碗”?
明明:我覺得挺有前途,雖然同傳的缺口不大,可真正高水平的同傳還是鳳毛麟角。既然改了行,我對未來有信心!唯一擔心的是怕有上頓沒下頓:像“非典”那會兒,幾個月沒收入的日子也不是好過的。
群群:同傳只是一個“專業(yè)人士”罷了。別看它薪水高,可那是計件的,做個20年,還是這樣的標準。不像在大公司做,起初月薪只有五、六千,沒法和同傳比,可等你做到manager、partner……同傳是個收益股,而依托一個公司,那是“成長股”。
曉理:未來?能找到一份相關(guān)的工作最好,找不到也不遺憾。畢竟,第一學年結(jié)束后還有中期考試,考不出,照樣被淘汰,只能去做筆譯。再說了,兩年8萬元的學費也是一筆不小的開支……投資本身就比較高。今后賺不賺大錢不重要,主要是希望通過這段經(jīng)歷提升自己的總體水準。
柴院長:不要輕易把同傳當成“金飯碗”!同傳其實是幕后工作,可不像你想象得那么光鮮,喜歡做決策的人千萬不要來。
看完后發(fā)現(xiàn)可能是篇年代久遠的報道。。湊合看吧