第一篇:、英語重結構
Introduction: There is not one single Chinese language, but many different versions or dialects including Wu, Cantonese and Taiwanese.Northern Chinese, also known as Mandarin, is the mother tongue of about 70% of Chinese speakers and is the accepted written language for all Chinese.Belonging to two different language families, English and Chinese have many significant differences.This makes learning English a serious challenge for Chinese native speakers.Alphabet: Chinese does not have an alphabet but uses a logographic system for its written language.In logographic systems symbols represent the words themselvesVerb/Tense: In English much information is carried by the use of auxiliaries and by verb inflections: is/are/were, eat/eats/ate/eaten, etc.Chinese, on the other hand, is an uninflected language and conveys meaning through word order, adverbials or shared understanding of the context.The concept of time in Chinese is not handled through the use of different tenses and verb forms, as it is in English.For all these
reasons it is not surprising that Chinese learners have trouble with the complexities of the English verb system.Here are some typical verb/tense mistakes:
?
?
?
?
?
? What do you do?(i.e.What are you doing?)(wrong tense)I will call you as soon as I will get there.(wrong tense)She has got married last Saturday.(wrong tense)She good teacher.(missing copula)How much you pay for your car?(missing auxiliary)I wish I am rich.(indicative instead of subjunctive)
English commonly expresses shades of meaning with modal verbs.Think for example of the increasing degree of politeness of the following instructions:
Open the window, please.? Could you open the window, please?
? Would you mind opening the window, please??
Since Chinese modals do not convey such a wide range of meaning, Chinese learners may fail to use English modals sufficiently.This can result in them seeming peremptory when making requests, suggestions, etc.Grammar-Other: Chinese does not have articles, so difficulties with their correct use in English are very common.There are various differences in word order between Chinese and English.In Chinese, for example, questions are conveyed by intonation;the subject and verb are not inverted as in English.Nouns cannot be post-modified as in English;and adverbials usually precede verbs, unlike in English which has complex rules governing the position of such sentence elements.Interference from Chinese, then, leads to the following typical problems:
When you are going home?
? English is a very hard to learn language.? Next week I will return to China.(More usual English: I will return
to China next week.)?
Vocabulary: English has a number of short verbs that very commonly combine with particles(adverbs or prepositions)to form what are known as phrasal verbs;for example: take on, give in, make do with, look up to.This kind of lexical feature does not exist in Chinese.Chinese learners, therefore, may experience serious difficulty in comprehending texts containing such verbs and avoid attempting to use them themselves.一、英語重結構,漢語重語義我國著名語言學家王力先生曾經說過:“就句子的結構而論,西洋語言是法治的,中國語言是人治的。”
二、英語多長句,漢語多短句 由于英語是“法治”的語言,只要結構上沒有出現錯誤,許多意思往往可以放在一個長句中表達;漢語則正好相反,由于是“人治”,語義通過字詞直接表達,不同的意思往往通過不同的短句表達出來。正是由于這個原因,考研英譯漢試題幾乎百分之百都是長而復雜的句子,而翻譯成中文經常就成了許多短小的句子。
三、英語多從句,漢語多分句英語句子不僅可以在簡單句中使用很長的修飾語使句子變長,同時也可以用從句使句子變復雜,而這些從句往往通過從句引導詞與主句或其它從句連接,整個句子盡管表面上看錯綜復雜卻是一個整體。漢語本來就喜歡用短句,加上表達結構相對松散,英語句子中的從句翻成漢語時往往成了一些分句。
四、主語,賓語等名詞成分“英語多代詞,漢語多名詞”在句子中,英語多用名詞和介詞,漢語多用動詞。英語不僅有we、you、he、they等人稱代詞,而且還有that、which之類的關系代詞,在長而復雜的句子,為了使句子結構正確、語義清楚,同時避免表達上的重復,英語往往使用很多代詞。漢語雖然也有代詞,但由于結構相對松散、句子相對較短,漢語里不能使用太多的代詞,使用名詞往往使語義更加清楚。
五、英語多被動,漢語多主動英語比較喜歡用被動語態(tài),科技英語尤其如此。漢語雖然也有“被”、“由”之類的詞表示動作是被動的,但這種表達遠沒有英語的被動語態(tài)那么常見,因此,英語中的被動在漢譯中往往成了主動。
六、英語多變化,漢語多重復熟悉英語的人都知道,英語表達相同的意思時往往變換表達方式。第一次說“我認為”可以用“I think”,第二次再用“Ithink”顯然就很乏味,應該換成“I believe”或“Iimagine”之類的表達。相比之下,漢語對變換表達方式的要求沒有英語那么高,很多英語中的變化表達譯成重復表達就行了。
七、英語多抽象,漢語多具體做翻譯實踐較多的人都有這樣的體會:英文句子難譯主要難在結構復雜和表達抽象上。通過分析句子的結構,把長句變短句、從句變分句,結構上的難題往往迎刃而解。表達抽象則要求譯者吃透原文的意思、用具體的中文進行表達。
八、英語多引申,漢語多推理英語有兩句俗話:一是You know a word by the
company itkeeps.(要知義如何,關鍵看詞伙),二是Words do not have meaning, but people havemeaning forthem.(詞本無義,義隨人生)。這說明詞典對詞的定義和解釋是死的,而實際運用中的語言是活的。從原文角度來說,這種活用是詞義和用法的引申,翻譯的時候要準確理解這種引申,譯者就需要進行推理。做翻譯的人經常會有這樣一種感受:某個詞明明認識,可就是不知道該怎樣表達。這其實就是詞的引申和推理在起作用。
九、英語多省略,漢語多補充英語一方面十分注重句子結構,另一方面又喜歡使用省略。英語省略的類型很多,有名詞的省略,動詞的省略,有句法方面的省略,也有情景方面的省略。在并列結構中,英語往往省略前面已出現過的詞語,而漢語則往往重復這些省略了的詞。
十、英語多前重心,漢語多后重心在表達多邏輯思維時,英語往往是判斷或結論等在前,事實或描寫等在后,即重心在前;漢語則是由因到果、由假設到推論、由事實到結論,即重心在后。這一論斷幾乎是無可置辯的了。
第二篇:2015考研英語 重難點句型解析:分隔結構
考研資料加油站 http://page.renren.com/601867084
對于考研英語重難點的長難句的學習,在熟練掌握常見的語法知識的基礎上,考研語法側重在具備充分語境的情況下,有意義地去解析完形填空、閱讀理解、翻譯等各類題型中出現的長句、難句和某些罕見的語法現象。
分隔結構
【難句】1.Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs very little—around $2, down from $20 in 2001—but allows the manufacturer to increase the price of the handset by far more, and opens up a new market for high-margin accessories.(The Economist Jun.8, 2006)
【結構分析】 本句是典型的破折號分隔。首先以連詞為切入點,得到Adding a Bluetooth chip to a phone now costs?but allows?, and opens up?,介詞短語around $2, down from $20 in 2001充當的分隔成分作上文costs very little的具體解釋說明,分隔了前兩個并列的謂語。
【參考譯文】 在手機里添加一個藍牙芯片的成本很低——從2001年時的20美元下降到2美元左右——但是可以允許制造者提高遠遠高出這個的價格,并且打開了一個高利潤附件的市場。
【難句】2.It was refreshing, across the age groups of the children I met, to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives.(The Guardian Sep.12, 2007)
【結構分析】 本句使用了兩處分隔,均由逗號表現。第一處分隔across the age groups of the children I met,分隔了主系表結構的一種特殊形式,即形容詞+to do作表語。去掉分隔部分,我們得到It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how, with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me, they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives。這里我們注意到see后面的賓語由兩個how引導的從句充當:how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how?清晰看到第二處分隔為介賓短語with a little bit of prompting from their teachers and me作的伴隨狀語。去掉分隔,得到It was refreshing to see how quickly they grasped the whole idea of human rights and how they saw how relevant they were to their daily lives,即由and并列的兩個how引導的賓語從句。在第二個從句中,謂語中公考研 http://004km.cn
第三篇:英語重點題
英語重點題
選詞填空:
Unit 1:
1.The group(elected)one of its members to be their spokesperson.該團隊推選了一位成員當發(fā)言人。
2.Wage increases are being kept to a(minimum)in many companies because of the economic depression.由于經濟的蕭條,許多公司將工資增幅控制在最低點。
3.The engineering profession now has many(distinct)branches.現在工程業(yè)有很多不同的分支。
4.Now that you’re 13you should have more sense of(responsibility).既然你已經13歲了,就應該有更強的責任感。
5.Students usually(pursue)one or more of the subjects, which they have studied ay “A” level, such as Art, Drama, English, Music, etc.學生們通常會繼續(xù)學習一門或幾門他們已經達到“A”級水平的課程,如藝術、喜劇、英語、音樂等。
6.We need to make sure that we(exploit)our resources as fully as possible.我們要確保充分利用我們的資源。
7.Congress is considering measures to(restrict)the sale of possible.國會正考慮采取措施限制香煙的銷售。
8.College courses should be designed to(equip)students with knowledge and skills to help them survive in modern society.大學課程的設計應能使學生們獲得有助于他們在現代社會生存的知識和技能。
9.The local government(granted)$1.1 million so that the old theatre could be taken down and rebuilt.當地政府不寬110萬美元,這樣這座老劇院就可以拆掉重建了。
10.For his achievement in the medical field, the Mayor(awarded)him a medsl of merit.為了表彰他在醫(yī)學領域所取得的成就,市長給他頒發(fā)了榮譽獎章。
Unit 2:
1.I’m absolutely sure that this dress is a cheaper(version)of the one saw in that department store.我完全可以肯定這條裙子和我們在那件百貨商店看到的那條一模一樣,只是價格更便宜些。
2.The bookshelves were crowded with books and scientific(publication).書架上擺滿了各種圖書和科技出版物。
3.If you want to open a fire,(click)twice on the icon for it.如果你想打開一個文件夾,請雙擊該文件夾的圖標。
4.To their disappointment, the thieves were(spotted)by the police at the moment they were entering the bank.讓小偷們感到失望的是,他們一進銀行就被警察發(fā)現了。
5.During World War II, many(refuses)fled to the United States.二戰(zhàn)時期,許多難民逃到了美國。
6.They’ve updated a lot of(entries)in the most recent edition of the dictionary.在最新版的字典中他們更新了許多詞條。
7.Despite(financial)difficulties, they did not find the life in London unpleased.盡管有經濟上的困難,他們并沒有覺得在倫敦生活有什么不如人意。
8.After a lot of part-time job, John finally got a(full-time)position.做過許多兼職后,約翰終于找到了一份全職工作。
9.In your report, you should give a(detailed)description of the whole incident.在報告中你應對整個事件做出詳細描述。
10.Companies publish(annual)reports to inform the public about the previous year’s activities.公司發(fā)表報告向大家通報公司過去一年的情況。
Unit 3:
1.Company loyalty made him turn down many(attractive)job offers.對公司的忠誠使他拒絕了很多誘人的工作。
2.Miller’s(fascination)with medieval art dates from her childhood.米勒對中世紀藝術的著迷源于童年。
3.His(statement)that he had nothing to do with the affair was greeted with some suspicion.他說自己與此事無關的辯解遭到了懷疑。
4.There are good novelists,(despite)the terrible flood of bad novels and poor work.雖然有很多粗制濫造的小說和作品,但還是有很多優(yōu)秀的小說家。
5.The shops are well stocked with food, clothing and other consumer(items).商店里滿是食物、服裝和其他商品。
6.Something is worrying me, but I con’t(define)exactly what it is.我隱隱有些擔心,但又不知道擔心的是什么。
7.She had a clear(image)of how she would look in twenty years’ time.她很清楚20年后自己會是什么模樣。
8.The agency is more(concerned)with making arty ads than understanding its clients.該代理公司更注重做一些矯揉造作的廣告,而不是真正理解自己的客戶。
9.The dead soldier was identified only by his uniform and personal(belongings).只能根據支付和個人物品來確定該陣亡士兵的身份。
10.Food and clothing are the bare(necessities)of life.食物和衣服是最基本的生活用品。
Unit 4:
1.The driver gave a(signal)that he was going to turn right.司機發(fā)出了向右拐的信號。
2.It was reported that 41people were killed in a place(crash)in the Himalayas last week.據報道,上周的喜馬拉雅山空難中有41人喪生。
3.The ship’s captain radioed that it was in(distress).船長通過無線電報告輪船上遇上了險情。
4.The skaters moved over the ice with a smooth, effortless(grace).滑冰運動員做輕松、流暢,姿勢優(yōu)雅地在冰面上滑行。
5.The bomb was taken away and the soldiers(exploded)it at a safe distance from the houses.炸彈被轉移,并且戰(zhàn)士在遠離民宅處安全引爆。
6.They were on their way to the Shropshire Union Canal when their car was involved in a(collision)with a truck.在前往希羅普郡聯合運河的途中,他們的叉子與一輛卡車相撞。
7.The Central Bank(lowered)interest rates by 2 percent.中央銀行將利率下調了2%。
8.He(beamed)a cheerful welcome as he opened the door for the distinguished guest.他為貴賓打開門時,臉帶微笑地表示熱烈歡迎。
9.He used to(scatter)his toys all over the floor and I had to pick them up.他過去常常把玩具丟得滿地都是,還得我一一收拾
10.The(destruction)of the world’s forests concerns everyone in some way.全球森林遭到破壞,在某種意義上,這關系到每一個人。
Unit 5:
1.The economy in that country(was sinking)deeper and deeper into crisis.那個國家的經濟正陷入越來越深的危機中。
2.My father was a historian and his(specialty)was the history of Germany.我父親是歷史學家,專長是德國歷史。
3.They decided to close the museum(purely)and simply because it cost too much to run.他們決定關閉博物館純粹是因為經營費用太高。
4.The local government has decided on new measures to(discourage)car use in favour of public transportation.當地政府已經決定采取新措施限制小汽車的使用以利于公共運輸。
5.It’s pretty(unlikely)that they’ll turn up now – it’s nearly ten o’clock.都快10點鐘了,他們很可能不來了。
6.The interchange of ideas aids an understanding of group(dynamics).相互交流思想有助于理解群體的動力。
7.She says it’s a good film and recommends it to all her friends, though she hasn’t(actually)seen it.她說這部電影不錯,并推薦給她的所有朋友,盡管事實上她并沒有看過。
8.Stop shouting and let’s discuss this(reasonably).別在大喊了,讓我們理智地討論一下。
9.People now(have perceived)that green issues are important to our future.人們現在已經認識到環(huán)保問題對我們未來的重要性。
10.Kathy and Eric run this small hotel as an “(extended)home”, which should give you a good idea of the atmosphere of warmth and hospitality there.凱西和埃里克把這家小旅館當做一個“大家庭”來經營,這讓你體會到那里溫馨好客的氣氛。
Unit 6:
1.The audience cheered and(clapped)enthusiastically as the curtain came down.落幕時,觀眾報以熱烈的掌聲。
2.Torrence expects to(defend)her title successfully in the next Olympics.托倫斯希望在下一屆奧運會上衛(wèi)冕成功。
3.Would you(quit)your job if you inherited lots of money from your parents?
如果從父母處繼承了一大筆錢,你會辭職嗎?
4.Jack has spent years in the development and(perfection)of his wine – making techniques.杰克花了數年的時間來完善她的制酒工藝。
5.As an advanced journalist, she has(interviewed)celebrities and political leaders on her radio program for over 25years.作為一名高級記者,她在其電臺節(jié)目中采訪名人和政客已超過25年。
6.According to a(survey)of 1000city residents, garbage collection is the city service people like most.一項1000名市民的調查顯示,人們最喜歡的市政服務時垃圾回收。
7.The reporter managed to get an(exclusive)interview with the Prime Minister.這名記者設法對首相進行獨家采訪。
8.We’ve had to build some cupboards to give us more(storage)space.我們得做幾個碗櫥一邊多一點儲藏空間。
9.“I’ve always found German cars very reliable,” he(observed)in the newspaper column.“我一直覺得德國車可靠,”他在報刊專欄上如是說。
10.A team of sports journalists was sent to Germany to(cover)the 2006 World Cup.大批的體育記者被派往德國追蹤報道2006年世界杯。
Unit 7:
1.You have to be a burn(optimist)to be able to do this hard job and not despair.你得是個天生的樂觀主義者才能做這項艱巨的工作而不絕望。
2.Economic(reconstruction)in the country must begin with the recovering of agricultural production.這個國家的經濟重建必須從恢復農業(yè)生產開始。
3.Her speech failed to(sway)her colleagues into supporting the plan.她的發(fā)言沒能說服他的同事支持這一計劃。
4.Jack never allowed himself to be bullied into doing anything that went against his(principles).杰克從來不屈服于他人的威逼而去做違背自己原則的事情。
5.I felt disgusted and wondered how I could ever have been so(gross).我覺得惡心,我怎么會做出那么不雅的事情。
6.The director insisted that the conditions of the contract should be(fulfilled)exactly.主管堅持必須不折不扣地履行合同中的條款。
7.Trade Union representatives are chosen by(election);All the members have a vote.工會代表由選舉產生,每名成員有一次投票機會。
8.The doctor who performed the(surgery)gave Aikman an 85% chance of full recovery by September.給艾克曼做手術的一聲使他有85%的機會到9月份完全康復。
9.Mother was a(pillar)of strength to us when our situation seemed hopeless.當我們身處似乎絕望的境地時,母親使我們力量的支柱。
10.The students complained about the(rigid)rules and regulations at the school.學生抱怨學校的規(guī)章制度太死板。
C – E翻譯:
Unit 1:
1.任何年滿18歲的人都有資格投票。(be eligible to)
2.每學期開學前,這些獎學金的申請表格就會有學校發(fā)給每一個學生。(apply for, scholarship)
3.遵照醫(yī)生的建議,我決定戒煙。(on the advice of)
4.公園位于縣城的正中央。(be located in)
5.這所大學提供了我們所需的所欲材料和設備。(facilities)
Unit 2:
1.警察們正忙著填寫關于這場事故的何種表格。(fill out)
2.我想在還車之前把油箱(fuel yank)加滿。(fill up)
3.如果你要投訴,最好遵循正確的程序。(follow the procedure)
4.要不是約翰幫忙,我們絕不會這么快就完成實驗。(without)
5.暴風雨之后,岸邊的人們交際地搜索湖面以期發(fā)現小船的蹤跡。(scan for)
Unit 3:
1.我們需要通過減少道路上的車輛以降低燃料消耗。(consumption)
2.電費上漲增加了我們的負擔。(add to)
3.你應該自己判斷行事,別總是跟在你哥哥的后面。(follow the lead)
4.那種發(fā)型今年很流行,但是我想明年就會過時。(in fashion)
5.在追求真理的過程中,我們注定(fate to)要遭受失敗的痛苦。(in one’s quest for)
Unit 4:
1.她在公交車站一直等到末班車進站。(come in)
2.如果我們能夠幫得上忙,盡管和我們聯系。(contact)
3.他需要多少船務人員才能使他的游艇(yacht)航行?(crew)
4.雖然她的新書沒有上一本好,但是我還是很喜歡它。(not quite as)
5.我從未遇到過如此善良的人。(never before)
Unit 5:
1.我們得把感情放在一邊,從專業(yè)的(professional)角度來對待這件事。(from a?standpoint)
2.這部戲非常精彩,我很快就沉浸于激動人性的劇情中。(lose oneself in)
3.她沒有什么愛好——除非你把看電視也算作是一種愛好。(unless)
4.他說他是直接從市長本人那里得到的信息的。(first-hand)
5.既然你不能回答這個問題,我們最好問問別人。(since)
Unit 6:
1.那件工作很難做,不過我想試試看。(have a shot)
2.這本書關于上午時間而非理論的書。(as opposed to)
3.社會活動從未耽誤她的學習,(in the way)
4.知道1911年人們才發(fā)現第一種維生素。(It is not until?that)
5.很明顯,自然災害是造成這個國家經濟危機的原因。(crisis)
Unit 7:
1.他并不后悔說過的話,只是覺得他完全可以不用這種方式表達。(could have done)
2.我們最好等到12月14日。那是大為已考完試,就能和我們一起去度假了。(will have done)
3.他正在做一個新項目,年底前必須完成。(work on)
4.他們讓我們使用他們的實驗室,作為回報,我們則讓他們一項研究成果。(in return)
5.諸如打電話,聽電話一類的事情占用了這位秘書的大部分時間。(take up)
第四篇:英語句子結構
英語句子結構
一、英語語句基本結構分析:
(一)主謂賓結構:
1、主語:可以作主語的成分有名詞(如boy),主格代詞(如you),數詞,動詞不定式,動名詞等。主語一般
英語句子結構
在句首。注意名詞單數形式常和冠詞不分家!
eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、謂語:謂語由動詞構成,是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角,一般在主語之后。謂語可以是不及物動詞(vi.)沒
有賓語,形成主謂結構,eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注(以下這些詞是不及物動詞:表發(fā)生、出現的,如:take place, appear, happen, break out;表來、去,如:com
e, go 等)
3、賓語:賓語位于及物動詞之后,一般同主語構成一樣,不同的是構成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’,如:me,him,them等。除了代詞賓格可以作賓語外,名詞,動名詞,不定式等可以作賓語。
eg:I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.(二)主系表結構:
1、主語:同‘主謂賓’結構。
2、謂語:聯系動詞(Link verb):be動詞(am,is,are,was,were,have been);其他聯系動詞如:become成為,turn變
成,go變和感官動詞如:feel, touch, hear, see等。其特點是聯系動詞與其后的表語沒有動賓關系,表語多為形容詞
或副詞,既,不可能是賓語。
3、表語:說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質、等。可為形容詞、副詞、名詞、代詞、不定式、分詞。(1)當聯系動詞不是be,而其后是名詞和代詞時,多表達‘轉變?yōu)椤猓⒁馀c動賓關系的區(qū)別。
eg: He became a teacher at last.His face turned red.(2)感官動詞多可用作聯系動詞
eg: He looks well.他面色好。
It sounds nice.這個聽起來不錯。
I feel good.我感覺好。
The egg smells bad.這個雞蛋難聞。
例:Tom is a boy.(Tom是個男孩)主語為Tom,系詞為be動詞的第三人稱單數is,表語為a boy
(三)There be 結構:
There be 表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實際意義,不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。
此結構后跟名詞,表示‘(存在)有某事物’
試比較:There is a boy there.(那兒有一個男孩。)/前一個there無實意,后一個there為副詞‘那里’。
二、定語:定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子,漢語中常用‘……的’表示。
定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構成的復合不定代詞時,(如:something、nothing);
或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時,則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。
(一)形容詞作定語:
The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支藍色的鋼筆。
(二)數詞作定語相當于形容詞:
Two boys need two pens.兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。
(三)形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格作定語:
His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。
There are two boys of Toms there.那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。
(四)介詞短語作定語:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。
The boy in blue is Tom.穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有兩個9歲的,三個10歲的男孩。
(五)名詞作定語:
The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圓珠筆。
副詞作定語:
The boy there needs a pen.那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
不定式作定語:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen.寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
(六)分詞(短語)作定語:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。
(七)定語從句:
The boy who is reading needs a pen.那個在閱讀的男孩需要一支鋼筆。
三、狀語:狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句,說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等
狀語在句子中的位置很靈活,常見情況為:通常在句子基本結構之后,強調時放在句首;修飾形容詞或副詞時,通常位于被修飾的詞之前;表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭,強調時放在句首,地點狀語一般須
在時間狀語之前;一些表示不確定時間(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動
詞、情態(tài)動詞之后,動詞之前。
有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義,應注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教
室里的女孩‘(此時in the classroom為girl的定語),也可以理解為‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此時in the classroom為地
點狀語),最好寫作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'
(一)副詞(短語)作狀語:
The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。(程度狀語)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。(賓語較長則狀語前置)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現在需要一支鋼筆。(時間狀語)
(二)介詞短語作狀語:
In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里,男孩需要一支鋼筆。(地點狀語)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母親面前,湯姆總是一個男孩子。(條件狀語)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里沒有學生。(時間狀語)
(三)分詞(短語)作狀語:
He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。(表示伴隨狀態(tài))
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因為不得不完成作業(yè),男孩需要一支筆。(原因狀語)
(四)不定式作狀語:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。(目的狀語)
(五)名詞作狀語:
Come this way!走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z)
(六)狀語從句:
時間狀語從句,地點狀語從句,原因狀語從句,結果狀語從句,目的狀語從句,比較狀語從句,讓步狀語從句,條件狀語從句
四、直接賓語和間接賓語:
(一)特殊的同源賓語現象: fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.(二)有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語,如:give給,pass遞,bring帶,show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人,為間接賓語;一個指物,為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。
一般的順序為:動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。
eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.強調間接賓語順序為:動詞 + 直接賓語 + to + 間接賓語。eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr.五、賓語補足語:位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系,它們一起構成復合賓語。
(一)名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞
The war made him a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士。
(二)名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞
New methods make the job easy.新方法使這項工作變得輕松。
(三)名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語
I often find him at work.我經常發(fā)現他在工作。
(四)名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老師讓學生們關上窗戶。
(五)名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞
I saw a cat running acrothe road.我看見一只貓跑過了馬路。
六、同位語:同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分,近乎于后置定語。如:
We students should study hard.(students是we的同位語,都是指同一批‘學生’)
We all are students.(all是we的同位語,都指同樣的‘我們’)
七、獨立成分:有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯系的成分,稱為句子獨立成分(注意:區(qū)別于分詞獨立結構)。
感嘆詞:oh,hello,aha,ah,等??隙ㄔ~yes否定詞no稱呼語:稱呼人的用語。插入語:一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,這個故事還遠沒結束。
情態(tài)詞,表示說話人的語氣(多作為修飾全句的狀語):perhaps也許,maybe大概,acturely實際上,certainly當然,等。
八、分詞獨立結構:分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致!否則應有自己的邏輯主語,構成分詞獨立結構。
例:錯句:Studying hard,your score will go up.正確:(1)Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.解析:錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語,則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,既your score.顯然做study的應是人,不應是your score(分數)。正確句(1)更正了句子的主語,使其與分詞邏輯主語一致(同為you);正確句(2)則使用條件分句帶出study的主語,(不過已經不是分詞結構了)。
分詞獨立結構常省略being,having been.不過‘There being…’的場合不能省略。
如:
Game(being)over,he went home.He stands there,book(being)in hand.獨立結構還可用with、without引導,作狀語或定語。這種結構不但可以用分詞,還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。
如:
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.無事可做,他很快就睡著了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老師進來了,戴著一付眼鏡。(注意,此句on his nose不可省略?。?/p>
第五篇:英語書信的結構
英語書信的結構:
英文書信通常包括6個組成部分: 信頭(heading,包括寄信人地址和日期);信內地址(inside address,指收信人地址);稱呼(salutation);正文(body);結束語(complimentary);簽名(signature);有時候還包括附言(postscript)和 附件(attachment)。
在考試中,由于篇幅所限,只要求考生在書信中包括稱呼、正文、結束語和簽名四個部分。1.信頭(Heading)
信頭是指發(fā)信人的地址和日期,通常寫在第一頁的右上角。行首可以齊頭寫,也可以逐行縮進寫。地址的書寫順序由小到大:門牌號、街道、城市、?。ㄖ荩⑧]編、國名,最后寫發(fā)信日期。私人信件一般只寫寄信日期即可。例如:
Tianhe Road
Tianhe District
Guangzhou 510620
Guangdong Province
P.R.C.March 15, 2002
發(fā)信日期的寫法:
① 年份應完全寫出,不能簡寫。② 月份要用英文名稱,不要用數字代替。③ 月份名稱多用公認的縮寫式。但 May, June, July, 因為較短,不可縮寫。④ 寫日期時,可用基數詞1,2,3,4,5,……28,29,30,31等,也可用序數詞 lst, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, ……28th, 29th, 30th, 31st等。但最好用基數
詞,簡單明了。
日期可有下列幾種寫法:
① Oct.20, 2004;
② 10 May., 2004;③ 3rd June, 2004;
④ Sept.16th, 2004。其中,①最為通用。
2.信內地址(Inside Address)
信內地址要寫收信人的姓名和地址。在公務信件中要寫明這一項,在私人信件中,這一項常常省略。該項寫在寫信日期下一行的左上角,格式與寄信人地址一樣。3.稱呼(Salutation)
稱呼是對收信人的稱謂,應與左邊線對齊,寫在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行處。在稱呼后,英國人常用逗號,美國人則常用冒號。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字,但公務信件中一定要寫收信人的姓。大部分信件在稱呼前加“Dear”。如:
Dear Professor/Prof.Bergen:
Dear Dr.Johnson, 對不相識的人可按性別稱呼:
Dear Sir: 或Dear Madam: Dear Ladies。
如果不知收信人的性別則可用Dear Sir or Madam: 3.信的正文(Body of the Letter)
正文是書信的主體。與中文信件不同的是,英文書信的正文的開頭不是先寫一些問候語,再闡明寫信的目的,而是直接說明寫信人的身份及寫信的目的,然后提出寫信人的情況、想法或要求,并加以必要的解釋或說明。英文書信陳述目的時,應該直截了當,意思明確,層次清楚,言簡意賅。
書信正文的第一句話或第一段,通常被稱為起首語。一般說來,人們習慣用一些客套的寫法作為書信正文的起始,即先將對方來信的日期、主題加以簡單描述,以便使對方一看便知該信是回答哪一封信的。如果是第一次給別人寫信,也可用開頭語作必要的自我介紹,并表明自己寫信的主要目的。
正文寫作格式:
正文的寫作格式主要有英式和美式兩種。
1)英式結構即縮進式結構,屬于比較傳統(tǒng)的結構,即每一段 的第一行都向里縮進4-8個字符,且所有段落的縮進距離必須 保持一致;稱呼頂格寫,落款則在中間偏右的位置。
2)美式結構則是齊頭式結構,其特點是所有段落的第一行 都頂格寫,段與段之間空一行,另外稱呼、落款等也都頂格 寫。
商業(yè)信函以及電子郵件最好使用齊頭式。
4.結束語(Complimentary Close)
公務信件的結尾禮詞包含兩部分:發(fā)信人的結尾套語與署 名。結尾套語寫在簽名上面一行,第一個字母要大寫,套語 結尾后面要加逗號。
在公務信件中,發(fā)信人常用的結尾套語有:Truly yours, Yours truly, Respectfully yours, Yours respectfully, Faithfully yours, Yours faithfully, Sincerely yours, Yours sincerely Yours truly, Yours 等。
私人信件中,發(fā)信人常用的結尾套語有:
Sincerely yours, Lovely yours, Your lovely, Your loving
son / daughter等。
5.簽名(Signature)
寫信人的簽名常位于結尾禮詞正下方一二 行。除非是給很熟悉的人寫信,簽名一般須 寫出全名。簽名常常較潦草,不易辨認,因 此在簽名的正下方須打印出全名。
各種信函類型:
一、邀請信(A Letter of Invitation)
(一)邀請信的種類
英文邀請信可分為兩種。一種是請柬(invitation card),這 是一種正規(guī)的邀請信,格式嚴謹而固定,一般適用于較莊重 嚴肅的場合。另一種是一般的邀請信,適用于一些平常的事 情的邀請,通常邀請人同被邀請人之間比較熟悉,這種邀請 信具有簡短、熱情的特點。
(二)邀請信的寫法 1.活動名稱及目的
寫明邀請對方參加什么活動,以及邀請的原因和目的等。2.活動細節(jié)及注意事項
寫明活動安排的細節(jié)及需要告訴對方的注意事項。諸如時 間、地點、參加人員、人數,需要做些什么樣的準備以及需 要穿著什么的服飾。要求穿禮服時,須在請柬的右下角注明 dress:formal;較隨意時可用:dress:informal。Dear Mr.Harrison: Our new factory will be commencing production on [April
10] and we should like to invite [you and your wife] to be present at a celebration to mark the occasion.As you will appreciate this is an important milestone for this organization, and is the result of continued demand for our products, both at home and overseas.We are inviting all those individuals and trust that you will pay us the compliments of accepting.Please confirm that you will be able to attend by advising us of your time —— we can arrange for you to be met.All arrangements for your stay [overnight on April 10] will, of course, be made by us at our expense.Yours sincerely,Li Ming
Dear Snoopy,I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr.Guo Jing?s wedding ceremony with Ms.Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 p.m.on April 1, 2008.As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy.The occasion will start at seven o?clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony.This will be followed by a dinner party.At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss.If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 常用開頭用語
I am writing to invite you to…
I would like to see your presence at…
I think it would be a good idea if you could participate in… I wonder if you could come… I would like you to come…
How would you like to join us in…?
常用結尾用語
My family and I would feel honored if you could come.We would be looking forward to your participation in the party.I would like to meet you there and please let me know your decision.I really hope you can make it.Would you please drop me a line to let me know if you can come?
邀請信的回復
邀請信的復信要求簡明扼要,在書寫時應注意以下幾點: 接受邀請的復信中應重復寫上邀請信中的某些內容,如 邀請年、月、日,星期幾、幾點鐘等,如"I?ll be delighted to attend your luncheon next Friday, May the fifth, at twelve o?clock.“。邀請信的復信中應明確表明接受邀請還是不接受邀請,不能含乎其詞,如不能寫“I?ll come if I?m in town.”這類的
話,以使得對方無法作出安排。在接受邀請的復信中,應對受到邀請表示高興。謝卻的復信中應闡明不能應邀的原由。
二 申請信(A Letter of Application)
申請信主要用于求職或求學,目的是要對方充分了解自己的目的和資格.因此,申請信必須簡明扼要,突出重點.申請信可以是針對招聘廣告寫的,也可以市直接遞交給某個單位的.申請信要求語言規(guī)范,信息正式,既不能夸張,也不必過于謙虛.申請信的結構一般包括:申請目標,自述理由,介紹資格,請求面試和期待回音等.語言注意點申請信開篇應點明主題,語言簡練。接著說明做此申請的原因,即自己所具備的申請條件,這一部分需重點明確,論述充分。最后請求回復并表示感謝時,應采用禮貌、誠懇的措辭。這類信件的主要結構是:
1)說明寫作目的表明想要獲得什么工作或學位,介紹自己,為什么寫信若是應聘工作則還需說明何時何地從哪里獲得該職位的招聘信息(對公司評估廣告效應非常重要)所有這些可以用一句話概括
2)介紹相關工作經歷及本人個性,以表明你可以勝任這個職位包括教育背景、工作經歷、個人能力及成就還可根據情況簡單介紹個人愛好和興趣注意:所有這些內容均應與應聘工作或學位有關系介紹背景時,選詞遣字既不過分渲染,又不過分謙虛要給人留下既充滿信心又態(tài)度誠懇的印象
3)表示感謝和期待,懇請招聘單位對自己的申請給予優(yōu)先考慮,留下聯絡方式及對對方表示感謝
常見求職及申請信的導語句型:
I am writing to apply for...I wish to apply for the post mentioned in your advertisement in Beijing Daily of March 21.I am writing to express my interest in...I am writing to formally request...I should like to apply for the job advertised in yesterday?s newspaper.Your advertisement for a sale manager in … has impressed me.I feel I can fill that vacancy …
表示信心、能力或興趣的方式:
I feel that similar contributions might be made to your firm as well.I feel that, with my overall qua1ifications and desire, I could contribute significantly to your company.I feel that I can make a strong contribution to your company.I would appear to have excellent qualifications for this position...在信尾表達進一步聯系的愿望,表示感謝的方式:
After you have reviewed the enclosed curriculum vitae, I would appreciate an opportunity to discuss how I may contribute to your department.I would be pleased to have the opportunity to interview with...I would appreciate the opportunity to discuss how I might further
三、詢問信(A Letter of Inquiry)
詢問信的主要目的是尋求所需信息,通常包括以下幾個方面的內容:首先表明寫作意圖,說明寫這封信的目的是要尋求什么樣的信息;然后就某一具體問題進行詢問;最后表明獲取信息的急切心情,可以提供聯系方式以便收信人與你聯系,并表達你的感謝之情。
提示:詢問信的語氣通常比較正式、和緩,要充分表達感激之情。同時,相比較語氣直接的疑問句,用一些能夠起到提問作用的陳述句更佳。具體寫作步驟:
首段:簡單敘述題目場景,說明寫作意圖,清楚表明寫這封信的目的是要尋求什么樣的信息。
主體段落:詢問具體問題??梢詥栆恍┡c命題所設置的問題相關的內容,但這些問題必須是與題目本身要求獲取的信息是有相關性的??忌部梢宰约赫J為比較重要的問題單獨列一個段落,將其內容細化??忌梢愿鶕摂M的自身情況提出相關的問題。
結尾段:表明急切獲取信息的心情,提供聯系方式以便收信人與你聯絡,對收信人所能給予的任何幫助都要表示感謝,即使你知道這些幫助是收信人應該做的。
在寫咨詢信時特別要注意使用句式的選擇,在詢問問題時要使用“Would you please tell me……”之類的正式 疑問句式。
I wonder if you could tell me the information about…… I am writing for the information about……
I would be forever grateful if you could send me information concerning……
I would like to know whether you can provide me with information regarding……
I wish to request materials for……
四、投訴信(A Letter of Complaint)
在人們的生活中經常會發(fā)生一些事情,比如消費利益受損、正常生活和工作受到干擾等等令人傷腦筋的事情,有時寫封投訴信不失為一個解決的辦法。
投訴信通常包括以下幾個方面的內容:說明投訴的原因并表示遺憾;實事求是地闡述問題發(fā)生的經過,切記不要夸大其詞;指出問題引起的后果;提出批評及處理的意見或敦促對方采取措施或者提出所希望的賠償以及補救方式。
投訴信的結構
(1)開頭:自我介紹,交代投訴內容,表明本信的目的和要求。
(2)正文:說明情況,講清利害,分析利弊。告訴對方你因此受到的傷害
或不便,提出解決問題的建議,表明希望如何處理。
(3)結尾:表達希望問題得到迅速恰當解決的強烈愿望,希望盡快得到滿
意的答復。
Dear Sir or Madam, 投訴信常用語
1)有禮貌地說明所犯錯誤或指出問題 1.I am writing to complain about---2.I write to express my concern/dissatisfaction about 3.I would like to express my disappointment about---4.We have received your(invoice/consignment)8.Your invoice states that the consignment contains radios, but in fact...2)要求對方采取措施
1.I will appreciate anything you can do to help me
2.I trust you will take my complaint seriously.3.I would, however, be perfectly satisfied if you would
kindly replace the item or refund my money, whichever is
more convenient.4.We should be obliged if you could investigate these 3)期盼對方回復
1.I look forward to hearing from you soon.2.I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest
convenience.3.I look forward to your early reply.五、道歉信(A Letter of Apology)我們在工作或生活中,有時難免會犯一些錯誤,寫封致歉信就顯得很有必要。道歉信通常包括以下內容:表示歉意;道歉的原由;出現差錯的原因;提出彌補措施;請求原諒。寫道歉信的語言要誠摯, 解釋的理由要真實,不要顯出絲毫的虛情假意。好的 道歉信不僅會取得對方的諒解,還會增進彼此的感情。
寫作“三步走”:表示歉意->說明具體原因、提出補救辦法->再次致歉、希望得到理解.提示:在寫作過程中,盡可能提供比較合理的理由。如果違反生活常識將導致扣分;在解釋完原因后,盡量提供一個合適的補救辦法,使行文更加完滿。常用語:
Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot.I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of.Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterwards?
If so, please don't hesitate to drop me a call about your preferable date.Please allow me to say sorry again.Directions:
You are invited to a dinner at a friend's house, but you are not able to attend because of the preparation for a coming examination.Write a letter to your friends to express your apology, explain your reason, and suggest a meeting at another time。
Dear Anne,Thank you for your invitation to dinner at your home tomorrow evening.Unfortunately, it is much to my regret that I cannot join you and your family, because I will be fully occupied then for an important exam coming the day after tomorrow.I feel terribly sorry for missing the chance of such a happy get-together, and I hope that all of you enjoy a good time.Is it possible for you and me to have a private meeting afterward? If so, please don?t hesitate to drop me a line about your preferable date.I do long for a pleasant chat with you。
Please allow me to say sorry again。
Regards,Li Ming
六、感謝信(A Letter of Thanks)
英文感謝信是商務信函中經常出現的題材。在商務交往中,如果受到邀請,得到對方的照顧提攜,或是得到了他人的幫助、推薦、介紹后最好去封感謝信表達真誠的謝意。
感謝信通常應一事一謝,篇幅要注意簡短,措詞要自然,語氣要誠懇。
感謝信的開頭應簡述寫感謝信的目的。
感謝信的主要部分,應特別指出由于對方的幫 助,使自己所得到的益處。
感謝信的最后有時可再次表達感謝之意,也可表達希望繼續(xù)合作、保持聯絡的愿望或有機會報答對方的承諾等。英語感謝信常用語句:
⑴
Many thanks for your kind and warm help.⑵
I am greatly indebted to you for your help.⑶ Thank you for your generous hospitality.⑷
It was really exciting to get your New Year's card!⑸
I'm sincerely grateful for all your help in finding me a place.⑹ Your note of congratulations is deeply appreciated.⑺ Thank you for doing so much to make my trip interesting.范文: Directions:
You have been entertained by your friend Gao Jie when you stayed in Beijing on vacation.Write a letter to him to1)thank him for entertaining you,2)describe your feeling, and3)invite him to visit your hometown.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming” instead.Dear Gao Jie,First of all, please allow me to say “Thank you” to you.It is very kind of you to spare your valuable time accompanying and entertaining me during the period of my vacation in Beijing.That was my first time to visit Beijing, and I was unfamiliar with the city.When I called you, you were so kind to promise to be my tour guide and entertain me there at night.I was surprised and touched to find you were still waiting for me at.It made me really moved.When I arrived in Beijing by train, it was 11:00 the station.Early the next morning, we went to visit the Tiananmen Square.I will never forget we stood on the Tiananmen Square, watching the Flag-raising ceremony.Such experiences will be kept in my mind forever.Besides, you invited me to dinner at your house where you parents cooked a fantastic meal for us.I really enjoyed it that day.Now, I am back at my hometown.I sincerely hope you can visit it someday.You could taste local food and visit many beautiful places here.If possible, you can come here with your parents whom Imiss very much.I hope that I can see you earlier.Again, special thanks go to all of you.Sincerely yours
Li Ming
七、祝賀信(A Letter of Congratulation)
英語中,祝賀信使用的頻率很高。凡是遇到重大的喜慶節(jié)日,如圣誕節(jié)、新年、婚禮和生日等等,親友間要寫祝賀信。當親友晉升、畢業(yè)、考試成功或出國留學時也要寫祝賀信。祝賀信相對而言是比較容易寫的,但用詞必須親切有禮、表達出真誠的喜悅感情。具體寫作步驟:
首段:表達聽到喜訊的心情。
主體段落:對喜訊進行積極評價。
結尾段:表達衷心的祝賀之情。
① Congratulations,all of us feel proud of your remarkable achievements!
② I am so pleased and happy to hear that……
③ I write to congratulate you upon……
④ I offer you my warmest congratulations on your……
⑤ We are just as proud as can be of you and send our congratulations.八、請求信(A Letter of Request)
請求信是對收信人提出請求,并希望對方滿足該要求。寫請求信的重點是要寫清楚為什么要請求他人做某事,請求他人做某事的原因。
寫請求信時首先要說明寫作意圖,一定要注意語氣要禮貌,用詞要規(guī)范;然后具體展開說明請求的原因;最后表示希望對方予以答復。
提示:在許多情況下,請求信是寫給不認識的人或者機構,所以在信的開頭可以做一下簡單的自我介紹。同時,由于提出的請求往往都是需要麻煩別人的事情,所以要注意語氣的禮貌程度,不要吝嗇你的感謝。
正文主要有3個部分
(1)介紹自己、提出請求
(2)說明原因及其它事項
(3)表達謝意、期盼答復
(1)Could you please...?(2)Could you possibly...(3)Would it be possible to...(4)I would be grateful if you could...(5)Would you mind doing...(6)I wonder if you could...(7)Could you...(8)Can you...(9)I would like you to...10)Would you mind doing...Directions: You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area.Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate.You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan。
To Whom It May Concern, My name is Li Ming, a college student of Peking University, and I am writing in the hope of your assistance to find a needy child for whom I may provide financial support。
First and foremost I would like to declare that I possess the financial ability to implement this plan owing to my decent income from part-time jobs.As to the candidate, I am hoping that he/she comes from an elementary school of the less developed areas of Western China, who is forced out of school.I would like to pay for his/her tuition fee and other school expenses until he/she graduates from university。
Thank you for your time。
Yours cordially,Directions:
You are preparing for your graduation thesis and are in urgent need of some reference materials.Write a letter to the National Library and ask for their help.Provide detailed information, and method of delivery and payment。
Directions:
You want to study further for a Master?s degree and you are preparing for the entrance exam.Since you have difficulty in English, you should write a letter around 100 words to ask for help from your good friend Tim.九、建議信(A Letter of Advice)
建議信是對收信人就某一問題提出看法、建議或忠告。建議信不同于投訴信,所以寫信人一定要注意禮貌當先。建議信一般包括以下內容:首先說明寫信的目的,其次,在肯定優(yōu)點的基礎上提出自己的建議或看法(否則別人以為你在投訴,而不是在提建議),最后表達希望采納建議。寫作“三步走”:自我介紹、說明目的;委婉地提出建議及改進措施,或提出忠告;禮貌地總結或期盼回復。
提示:提建議畢竟不是投訴,所以語言一定要委婉、禮 貌,顧及他人感情。在提出缺點之前,最好先肯定其優(yōu)點。
1.I?d like to suggest that you can give me a prompt response.2.May I suggest that you can…
3.I wish…
4.I really hope that…
5.What about… ?
6.How about… ?
7.My suggestions are as follows.8.It is my pleasure to offer you some advice on…
十.推薦信(A letter of recommendation)
推薦信是一個人為推薦另一個人去接受某個職位或參與某項工作而寫的信件。特定含義下指本科生或碩士研究生到其他(一般是國外)大學研究生院攻讀碩士或博士學位時,請老師所寫的推薦信。一般說來美國的研究生院要求提供3封推薦信,信件作者應該熟悉學生,并且有一定知名度。
一封推薦信應該提供如下信息:who you are, your connection with the person you are recommending, why they are qualified and the specific skills they have。此外,還應該包括聯系方式,以便用人單位可以了解、確認情況。推薦信一般分為三個部分:
(1)介紹推薦人和提及與自己的熟悉程度;
(2)對推薦人的評價;
(3)提及推薦者綜合素質有關的內容。
寫推薦信時,必然會提及被推薦人的品性(Characters)。介紹每個獨特的個性用詞也十分講究,下列Characters是一些跨國企業(yè)或國外大學 所欣賞的形容詞: