第一篇：專四寫作常見開篇方法

專

四、專八英語(yǔ)作文的幾種有效開篇段寫法

漂亮的開篇是獲取作文的高質(zhì)量，同時(shí)也是高分?jǐn)?shù)的重要部分，為了幫助同學(xué)們掌握有效的開篇手法，我在此重點(diǎn)介紹6種常見的、也是有效的作文開篇方法。希望同學(xué)們學(xué)以致用，至少每周開篇方法要練習(xí)使用3-4次，形成較深刻印象。對(duì)于自己特別喜歡的開篇方法要重點(diǎn)練習(xí)使用，直到熟練掌握。

1.使用數(shù)字

數(shù)字能夠使人感到我們不是在空談，能給人一種真實(shí)地感受。人們通常喜歡用數(shù)字說明問題，也容易受數(shù)字影響。所以我們可以使用數(shù)字來吸引人們的注意力。

Every day millions of job-hunters in the world write letters of applications, wishing that they would be given a chance of interview.2.用問題

在文章開始我們可以向讀者提出問題，讓讀者跟著我們一起思考。但是要注意的是，我們提的問題不能簡(jiǎn)單，也不能太多，一般絕對(duì)不可以超過兩個(gè)。通常情況下，我們的問題都會(huì)是設(shè)問句，答案就是文章的話題。

Now in our society what do you have to do if you want to find a job? What lies between you and an ideal job?(That is interview．)或者

Do you know any university graduate who does not want to succeed in the society? What does it take for a university graduate to succeed in the modern society? 3.用引語(yǔ)

我們可以引用名人名言或者某一領(lǐng)域里的專家的話。這種引言既可以是與我們的中心思想相一致的，也可以是有爭(zhēng)議的，這樣都可以達(dá)到吸引讀者的目的。比如：“Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from satisfactory performance in interviews,” commented Dr.Kenly in his book.或者According to traditional Chinese thoughts, a talent must be excellent at ability and morality．

4．直奔主題式或開門見山式(Direct opening)引言段可以直接表明文章的主題。以2005年題目為例，“Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees.As a result，there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure.What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view．”比如我們可以這樣開始： Nowadays interview is becoming more and more important in recruitment或者 In the modern society，almost all university students look forward to success in employment．

這是最簡(jiǎn)單的方法，但是這種單刀直入的方法容易顯得過于唐突，讀者心理上不易接受。另外，它還可能會(huì)使人覺得文章內(nèi)容單薄，給人以作者思想貧乏之感。所以我們并不推薦這種方法。5．收網(wǎng)式(Narrowing—down)

這種方法通常由一個(gè)寬泛的、讀者非常認(rèn)同的事實(shí)開始，然后逐步把讀者的注意力引向文章要討論的話題。前面的開頭相當(dāng)于一個(gè)鋪墊，給讀者一種自然而然的感覺，比如2005年的題目，我們還可以說：

With the development of market economy in China，more and more companies have come into being．When they need to take up more people，employers usually select through interviews．Similarly，when people need to find a job，they also need to perform well in interviews．Therefore，interview is becoming increasingly important in the modern society． 而對(duì)于2002年的題目，“All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society，we university students have to possess certain personal qualities that can enable us to realize our aims．What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university student?” 我們可以說：One feature of the modern society is the more respect given to individual values.When fighting for personal values and success，students need to catch good opportunities，but they also need to possess some essential personal qualities．

使用這種方法的關(guān)鍵是我們的網(wǎng)要撒得很開，但是收網(wǎng)時(shí)既不要太快，又不能過慢。如果在開始那個(gè)寬泛的話題上停留過久，就可能會(huì)使文章有跑題的危險(xiǎn)。我們建議大家最多用三句話，就把網(wǎng)收起來。6.駁論式(Refutation)

這種方法是先說出一種與本文觀點(diǎn)相反但讀者可能會(huì)同意的觀點(diǎn)，然后話鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，指出這一觀點(diǎn)是錯(cuò)誤，并亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)。如果我們用這種方法寫2005年的題目，就可能是這樣：

Many of us may agree that China is a society relying heavily on guanxi, or relationship.We may all have the experience of having to resort to certain relationship in order to get something done, to find a good job, for example.But, with the development of market economy, recruitment is conducted more and more on the basis of interview rather than on various personal connections.而2002年的題目，可以是這樣：

As the modern society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values，it provides more opportunities for students to seek success.However，the fact is that not everyone can succeed．Success calls for certain opportunities，but more importantly，it calls for many personal qualities．

在這種方式的開頭中，轉(zhuǎn)折詞but或者h(yuǎn)owever可以在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)就在讀者腦海中造成一次撞擊和沖突，所以比較能引起讀者的關(guān)注。而如果我們能在閱卷老師業(yè)已疲憊不堪的腦海中形成這樣一次撞擊，就有可能給他們留下良好的第一印象。

當(dāng)然，有些寫作課可能還會(huì)介紹其他的開頭方式，如講故事(anecdote)等，但是對(duì)于考試來說，我們認(rèn)為以上6種是最簡(jiǎn)潔、最高效的。

另外還要指出，有些同學(xué)可能認(rèn)為直接引用題目中提示部分的內(nèi)容是一個(gè)保證不跑題的方法，比如下面這個(gè)例子就是這樣：

Nowadays interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees．As a result，there have been many arguments for or against it as a selection procedure．Some people regard it as a good way to select employees within a short time while others think it is not proper to decide oil a person just by interview．But, all of them have some truth．

這里前面幾句基本上是直接從題目里抄來的。實(shí)踐證明，這種做法可能會(huì)得不償失。首先，閱卷老師對(duì)這幾句話非常熟悉，他們知道這不是你自己寫的，因此可能會(huì)認(rèn)為你在投機(jī)取巧，進(jìn)而對(duì)你形成不好的印象。

第二篇：專四常見短語(yǔ)搭配

專四常見短語(yǔ)1 catch one’s breath 喘氣,松口氣;屏息

catch one’s eye 引人注目

catch sight of 看到,發(fā)現(xiàn)

come into effect 生效;實(shí)施

come into operation 施行,實(shí)行,生效

come to one’s senses 醒悟;蘇醒

come true 實(shí)現(xiàn)

could not help 禁不住,忍不住

cut short 中斷,打斷

do one’s best 盡力,努力

enjoy oneself 過得快活

fall in love with 愛 上

find fault(with)找岔

gain an advantage over 勝過,優(yōu)于

get hold of 得到,獲得

get rid of 丟棄,擺脫，get the best of 戰(zhàn)勝

get the better of 戰(zhàn)勝,占上風(fēng)

get together 會(huì)面,裝配

give rise to 引起,導(dǎo)致

give way 讓路,讓步

go ahead 開始,進(jìn)行

go into effect 施行,實(shí)行,生效

go into operation 生效,實(shí)施

go wrong 出錯(cuò),出故障

had better 應(yīng)該

had rather 寧愿

had rather…than 寧愿…而不愿…

have an advantage over 勝過,優(yōu)于

have in mind 想到;記得;打算

have nothing to do with 和…毫無關(guān)系

have(something/much/little)to do with 和…(有些/有很大/沒有什么)關(guān)系

help oneself 自用,自取

keep an eye on 留意,照看

keep in mind 記住

keep one’s head 保持鎮(zhèn)靜

keep one’s word 守信用

keep pace(with)(與……)齊步前進(jìn)

lead the way 引路,帶路

learn by heart 記住,背誦

leave alone 不打擾,不干預(yù)

let alone 更別提,不打擾

let go(of)放,松手

lose heart 失去勇氣,喪失信心

lose one’s head 慌亂,倉(cāng)皇失措

lose one’s temper 發(fā)脾氣,發(fā)努

lose sight of 忘記,忽略;看不見

make a /the difference 有影響,起作用

make friends 交朋友

make fun of 取笑,嘲弄

make one’s way 去,前往

make sense 講得通,言之有理

專四常見短語(yǔ)2 make sure 查明;務(wù)必

make the best of 充分利用

make the most of 充分利用

make up one’s mind 下決心,打定主意

make use of 使用,利用

make way 讓路,讓出地方

may as well 還不如,不妨

never mind 不要緊;不用擔(dān)心

pay attention to 注意

piece together 拼合 play a part(in)起作用,參于

put into effect 實(shí)施;使生效

put into operation 實(shí)施;使生效

put into practice 實(shí)施;實(shí)行

put to use

使用

see to it that 注意,務(wù)必,保證

see that 注意,務(wù)必,保證

set fire to 使燃燒,點(diǎn)燃

take……for 把……認(rèn)為是

take a chance 冒險(xiǎn),投機(jī)

take(a)delight in 以……為樂

take advantage of 利用,趁……之機(jī)

take care 當(dāng)心,注意

take care of 照顧,照料

take charge 管理,接管

take effect 生效,起作用

take into account 考慮

take for granted 認(rèn)為……理所當(dāng)然

take one’s time 不著急,不著慌

take pains 努力,盡力,下苦功

take part(in)參加,參于

take place 發(fā)生,進(jìn)行,舉行

take the place of 代替,取代

take turns 依次,輪流

throw light on 闡明,使了解

think better of 經(jīng)考慮改變對(duì)…的看法

try one’s best 盡力,努力

2.形容詞同介詞的搭配

absent from 不在,缺席

abundant in 富于

alien to 與……相反

angry with sb at/about sth 生氣,憤怒

anxious about/for 憂慮,擔(dān)心

appropriate for/to 適當(dāng),合適

applicable to 適用于

apt at 聰明,善于

apt to 易于

ashamed of 羞愧,害臊

approximate to近擬,接近

aware of 意識(shí)到

available to sb for sth 可用,可供

bare of 幾乎沒有,缺乏

bound for 開往……

capable of 能夠

careful of/about/with;小心,注意

certain of /about 確信,肯定

about/in doing characteristic of 特有,獨(dú)特

clear of 沒有,不接觸

clever at 善于

close to 接近,親近

comparable to/with 可比較

conscious of 察覺到,意識(shí)到

consequent on 隨之而來

considerate towards 體諒,體貼

contemporary with 與……同時(shí)代

content with 滿足于

contrary to 違反

counter to 與……相反

crazy about 熱衷,著迷

critical of 挑剔,批評(píng)

curious about 好奇,想知道

distinct from 種類(風(fēng)格)不同

doubtful of /about 懷疑

east of 在……東面

equal to 相等,勝任

equivalent to 等于,相當(dāng)于

essential to/for 必不可少

expert at/in/on 善于

faithful to 忠實(shí)于

familiar to sb 為……所熟悉

familiar with sth 熟悉,通曉

fatal to 致命的 favourable to 支持,贊成 favourable for 有幫助的 fearful of 懼怕

fit for 適于

foreign to 非……所原有

fond of 喜歡

free of /from 未受……;免費(fèi)

free with 康慨,大方

guilty of 有……罪的 hungry for 渴望

ignorant of 不知道

impatient at sth.不耐煩

impatient of 無法容忍

with sb independent of 不受……支配

impatient for 急切,渴望

專四常見短語(yǔ)3

indifferent to 無興趣,不關(guān)心

indignant with sb.憤慨

inferior to 級(jí)別低于,不如

sb/about sth innocent of 無…罪,無辜

intent on 專心于

invisible to 不可見的 jealous of 嫉妒

keep on 愛好,很喜歡

liable for 對(duì)……有責(zé)任

liable to 易 于

access to ……的入口,通路

acquaintance with 相識(shí),了解

action on sth 對(duì)……的作用

addition to sth 增加

admission to /into 進(jìn)入,入(場(chǎng),學(xué),會(huì))

admission of sth 承認(rèn)

advance in 改進(jìn),進(jìn)步

advantage over 優(yōu)于……的有利條件

affection for/towards 愛,喜歡

answer to ……的答案

loyal to 忠于

mad at/with sb.生氣,憤怒

mad with 因……發(fā)狂

next to 下一個(gè),其次

necessary to /for 必要的 opposite to 在對(duì)面

open to 不限制,開放的 particular about 挑剔,講究

parallel to 與……平等,類似

peculiar to 獨(dú)特的,獨(dú)有的 patient with 有耐心

prior to 在……之前

popular with 受……喜愛,愛戴

representative of 代表……的 relative to 與……有關(guān)

rich in 富于

responsible for 負(fù)責(zé),是……原因

sensitive to 對(duì)……敏感

sensible of 覺查到

sick of 厭惡,厭倦

short of 缺少

skilled at /in 善于

similar to 相似

sufficient for 足夠的 subject to 受制于,易于

superior to 優(yōu)于,級(jí)別高于

suitable for/to 適合于

suspicious of 懷疑

sure of /about 對(duì)……有信心,確信

typical of 是典型的,特有的 tired of 對(duì)……不在感興趣

votal to 對(duì)……關(guān)系重大

uncertain of /about 不確知

mad about/on 狂熱迷戀

void of 沒有,缺乏

3.名詞同介詞的搭配

absence from 缺席,不在 absence of 缺乏

anxiety for sth 渴望

apology to sb for sth 道歉 appeal to sb for sth 懇求,呼吁 appeal for 魅力,吸引力 appetite for 對(duì)……的欲望 application 把……應(yīng)用于…… approach to 類似,辦法,通道

of sth/to sth argument 贊成/反對(duì)…的理由arrangement for 對(duì)……的安排

for /against attack on 對(duì)……的進(jìn)攻,評(píng)擊 attempt at 嘗試,企圖 attention to 對(duì)……的注意 attraction for 對(duì)……的吸引力 balance between ……之間的平衡 barrier to ……的障礙 belief in 對(duì)……的信仰,相信 candidate for 候選人,人選 check on 檢查,阻止 claim for sth 要求

collision with sb/sth 碰撞,沖突 comment on /about 對(duì)……的評(píng)論 between A and B

complaint of /about 報(bào)怨,控告 compromise between/on 折中,妥協(xié) concentration on sth 專心,集中精力 concentration of sth 集中,聚集 concern about/for/over 擔(dān)心 confidence in 對(duì)……的信任,相信 connection between;關(guān)系,連接 consent to sth 同意

with/to sth contact with sb/sth 接觸,聯(lián)系 contest for sth 爭(zhēng)奪,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

contradiction between 矛盾,不一致

contrast to/with sth 對(duì)比,對(duì)照

contribution to 貢獻(xiàn),捐獻(xiàn),促成

between A and B conversation with sb 對(duì)話

conversion 轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)換 about sth

of sth into sth credit for sth 榮譽(yù),贊揚(yáng)

damage to sth 損壞

danger to sb/sth 危險(xiǎn)

decision on/against 做/不做……的決定

candidate for 候選人,人選

check on 檢查,阻止

claim for sth 要求

collision with sb/sth 碰撞,沖突

comment on /about 對(duì)……的評(píng)論

between A and B

complaint of /about 報(bào)怨,控告

compromise between/on 折中,妥協(xié)

concentration on sth 專心,集中精力

decrease in sth ……的減少

defence against 防御,保衛(wèi)

delegate to 參加……的代表

demand for 對(duì)……的需求

departure from 離開

desire for sth 渴望

difference 不同,差異

difference 分歧

between……in……

between…over… dispute about爭(zhēng)論,辯論

admission of sth 承認(rèn)

advance in 改進(jìn),進(jìn)步

advantage over 優(yōu)于……的有利條件

affection for/towards 愛,喜歡

answer to ……的答案

anxiety for sth 渴望

apology to sb for sth 道歉

appeal to sb for sth 懇求,呼吁

appeal for 魅力,吸引力

appetite for 對(duì)……的欲望

application 把……應(yīng)用于……

approach to 類似,辦法,通道 of sth/to sth

argument 贊成/反對(duì)……的理由

arrangement for 對(duì)……的安排

for /against attack on 對(duì)……的進(jìn)攻,評(píng)擊

attempt at 嘗試,企圖

attention to 對(duì)……的注意

attraction for 對(duì)……的吸引力

balance between ……之間的平衡

barrier to ……的障礙

belief in 對(duì)……的信仰,相信

concentration of sth 集中,聚集 concern about/for/over 擔(dān)心 confidence in 對(duì)……的信任,相信 connection between;關(guān)系,連接 consent to sth 同意

with/to sth contact with sb/sth 接觸,聯(lián)系 contest for sth 爭(zhēng)奪,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

contradiction between 矛盾,不一致 contrast to/with sth 對(duì)比,對(duì)照 contribution to 貢獻(xiàn),捐獻(xiàn),促成

between A and B conversation with sb 對(duì)話 conversion 轉(zhuǎn)變,轉(zhuǎn)換 about sth of sth into sth credit for sth 榮譽(yù),贊揚(yáng) damage to sth 損壞 danger to sb/sth 危險(xiǎn)

decision on/against 做/不做…的決定 decrease in sth ……的減少 defence against 防御,保衛(wèi) delegate to 參加……的代表 demand for 對(duì)……的需求 departure from 離開 desire for sth 渴望 difference 不同,差異 difference 分歧 between……in……

between……over…… dispute about 爭(zhēng)論,辯論distinction between 區(qū)別 doubt about/as to 懷疑 effect on 對(duì)……的作用 emphasis on 對(duì)……的強(qiáng)調(diào),注重 encounter with 遭遇,遇到

enthusiasm about/for 熱情

entrance to ……的入口,入場(chǎng)

envy of sb 嫉妒

exception to ……的例外 of /at sth

exposure to sth 暴露

fancy for sth 喜愛

faith in 對(duì)……的信任,信仰

glance at 掃視

preference to sth 優(yōu)先

proposal for sth 準(zhǔn)備

prejudice against/ 對(duì)……的偏見,偏重

preparation for 建議

in favour of ……

專四常見短語(yǔ)4

protection for sb 保護(hù)

gratitude to sb 感激

guess at sth 猜測(cè)

for sth hatred for/of 仇恨

hazard to 危險(xiǎn)

hunger for 渴望

impact on/ upon 對(duì)……的撞擊,巨大影響

improvement on/in 對(duì)……的改進(jìn),提高

increase in sth 增加,增長(zhǎng)

independence from 獨(dú)立,自主

influence on 對(duì)……的影響

inquiry about 對(duì)……的查詢

inquiry into 對(duì)……的調(diào)查

interaction with sth 相互作用

inteference in/with 干涉,阻礙

between /among sth

introduction to 引言,介紹,入門

memorial to sth 引進(jìn)(物)

invitation to 邀請(qǐng)

investment in sth 投資

loyalty to sb/sth 忠誠(chéng)

memorial to sb/sth 紀(jì)念碑

obstacle to sth 紀(jì)念碑

objection to sth 反對(duì)

opponent of sth ……的障礙

opponent at /in sth 對(duì)手

patience with 反對(duì)者

passion for 對(duì)……的強(qiáng)烈愛好,熱愛

precaution against 耐心

pity for sb/sth 可憐,憐憫

preference for sth 預(yù)防,防備

preface to ……的前言

preparation for 偏愛

protest against sth 抗議

against sth provision for/against 準(zhǔn)備 pull at/on sth 拉,拖 ratio of sth to sth 比率 reaction to 對(duì)……的反應(yīng) reason for 原因,理由 reference to 提及,參考 regard for 對(duì)……的注意,尊重 remedy for 補(bǔ)救,解決 reply to sb/sth 對(duì)……的回答 reputation for 名聲,名氣 request for sth 要求

research on/into 對(duì)……的研究,調(diào)查 resistance to 對(duì)……的抵抗,阻力 response to 對(duì)……的回答,反應(yīng) responsibility for 責(zé)任,負(fù)責(zé) restrainst on sb/sth 限制,約束 search for 對(duì)……的搜尋 service to 服務(wù),貢獻(xiàn)

similarity between ……的相似之處 skill at 技巧,熟練

solution to ……的解決辦法 sorrow at/for/over 悲哀,悲痛 stress on 對(duì)……的強(qiáng)調(diào) supplement to sth 補(bǔ)充,增刊 sympathy for 對(duì)……的同情 sympathy with 對(duì)……的贊同 taste for 對(duì)……的愛好,喜愛 taste in 對(duì)……的審美能力 tendency to sth 趨向,趨勢(shì) trust in 對(duì)……的信賴,信任

wish for 欲望,愿望

4.常用其它短語(yǔ)

a series of 一系列,一連串

above all 首先,尤其是

after all 畢竟,究竟

ahead of 在……之前

ahead of time 提前

all at once 突然,同時(shí)

all but 幾乎;除了……都

at first 最初,起先

at first sight 乍一看,初看起來

at hand 在手邊,在附近

at heart 內(nèi)心里,本質(zhì)上

at home 在家,在國(guó)內(nèi)

at intervals 不時(shí),每隔……

at large 大多數(shù),未被捕獲的 at least 至少

at last 終于

all of a sudden 突然

all over 遍及

all over again 再一次,重新

all the time 一直,始終

all the same 仍然,照樣的 as regards 關(guān)于,至于

anything but 根本不

as a matter of fact 實(shí)際上

apart from 除……外(有/無)

as a rule 通常,照例

as a result(of)因此,由于

as far as ……be concerned 就……而言

as far as 遠(yuǎn)至,到……程度

as for 至于,關(guān)于

as follows 如下

as if 好像,仿怫

as good as 和……幾乎一樣

as usual 像平常一樣,照例

as to 至于,關(guān)于

all right 令人滿意的;可以

as well 同樣,也,還

as well as 除……外(也),即……又

aside from 除……外(還有)

at a loss 茫然,不知所措

at a time 一次,每次

at all 絲毫(不),一點(diǎn)也不

at all costs 不惜一切代價(jià)

at all events 不管怎樣,無論如何

at all times 隨時(shí),總是

at any rate 無論如何,至少

at best 充其量,至多

at length 最終,終于 at most 至多,不超過 at no time 從不,決不 by accident 偶然

at one time 曾經(jīng),一度;同時(shí) at present 目前,現(xiàn)在 at sb’s disposal 任……處理 at the cost of 以……為代價(jià) at the mercy of 任憑……擺布 at the moment 此刻,目前 at this rate 照此速度 at times 有時(shí),間或

back and forth 來回地,反復(fù)地 back of 在……后面 before long 不久以后 beside point 離題的,不相干的 beyond question 毫無疑問 by air 通過航空途徑 by all means 盡一切辦法,務(wù)必by and by 不久,遲早 by chance 偶然,碰巧 by far 最,……得多 by hand 用手,用體力 by iteslf 自動(dòng)地,獨(dú)自地 by means of 用,依靠 by mistake 錯(cuò)誤地,無意地 by no means 決不,并沒有 by oneself 單獨(dú)地,獨(dú)自地 by reson of 由于 by the way 順便說說 by virtue of 借助,由于

by way of 經(jīng)由,通過……方法

due to 由于,因?yàn)?/p>

each other 互相

even if/though 即使,雖然

ever so 非常,極其

every now and then 時(shí)而,偶爾

every other 每隔一個(gè)的 except for 除了……外

in detail 詳細(xì)地

in difficulty 處境困難

in effect 實(shí)際上,事實(shí)上

in general 一般來說,大體上

in favour of 支持,贊成 in front of 面對(duì),在……前

in half 成兩半

in hand 在進(jìn)行中,待辦理

face to face 面對(duì)面地

far from 遠(yuǎn)非,遠(yuǎn)離

for ever 永遠(yuǎn)

for good 永久地

for the better 好轉(zhuǎn)

for the moment 暫時(shí),目前

for the present 暫時(shí),目前

for the sake of 為了,為了……的利益

for the time being 暫時(shí),眼下

from time to time 有時(shí),不時(shí)

hand in hand 手拉手 ,密切關(guān)聯(lián)

head on 迎面地,正面的 heart and soul 全心全意地

how about ……怎么樣

in a hurry 匆忙,急于

in case of 假如,防備

in a moment 立刻,一會(huì)兒

in a sense 從某種意義上說

in a way 在某種程度上

in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之,總之

in accordance with 與……一致,按照

in addition 另外,加之

in addition to 除……之外(還)

in advance 預(yù)先,事先

in all 總共,合計(jì)

in any case 無論如何

in any event 無論如何

in brief 簡(jiǎn)單地說

in charge of 負(fù)責(zé),總管

in common 共用的,共有的 in consequence(of)因此;由于

in debt 欠債,欠情

專四常見短語(yǔ)5

in honour of 為慶祝,為紀(jì)念 in itself 本質(zhì)上,就其本身而言in line with 與……一致 in memory of 紀(jì)念 in no case 決不 in no time 立即,馬上 in no way 決不 in order 按順序,按次序 in other words 換句話說 in part 部分地 in particular 特別,尤其 in person 親自,本人 in place 在合適的位置 in place of 代替,取代,交換 in practice 在實(shí)踐中,實(shí)際上 in proportion to 與……成比例in public 公開地,當(dāng)眾 in quantity 大量 in question 正在談?wù)摰?in regard to 關(guān)于,至于 in relation to 關(guān)于,涉及 in return 作為報(bào)答/回報(bào)/交換 in return for 作為對(duì)……報(bào)答 in short 簡(jiǎn)言之,總之 in sight 被見到;在望 in spite of 盡管 in step 齊步,合拍

in step with 與……一致/協(xié)調(diào) in tears 流著淚,在哭著

in the course of 在……期間/過程中

in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處

in the end 最后,終于

in the event of 如果……發(fā)生,萬一

in the face of 即使;在……面前

in the first place 首先

in the future 在未來

in the least 絲毫,一點(diǎn)

in(the)light of 鑒于,由于

on duty 上班,值班

on earth 究竟,到底

on fire 起火著火

on foot 步行，on guard 站崗,值班

on hand 在場(chǎng),在手邊

on occasion(s)有時(shí),間或

on one’s own 獨(dú)立,獨(dú)自

on purpose 故意地

in the way 擋道

in the world 究竟,到底

in time 及時(shí)

in touch 聯(lián)系,接觸

in turn 依次,輪流;轉(zhuǎn)而

in vain 徒勞,白費(fèi)力

instead of 代替,而不是

just now 眼下;剛才

little by little 逐漸地

lots of 許多

many a 許多

more or less 或多或少,有點(diǎn)

next door 隔壁的,在隔壁

no doubt 無疑地

no less than 不少于……;不亞于……

no longer 不再

no more 不再

no more than 至多,同……一樣不

none other than 不是別的,正是

on one’s guard 警惕,提防

nothing but 只有,只不過

now and then 時(shí)而,偶爾

off and on 斷斷續(xù)續(xù),間歇地

off duty 下班

on a large/small scale 大/小規(guī)模地

on account of 由于

on(an/the)average平均,通常

on behalf of 代表

on board 在船(車/飛機(jī))上

on business 因公

on condition that 如果

on sale 出售,廉價(jià)出售 on schedule 按時(shí)間表,準(zhǔn)時(shí) on second thoughts 經(jīng)重新考慮 on the contrary 正相反

on the grounds of 根據(jù),以……為由on(the)one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 on the point of 即將……的時(shí)刻 on the road 在旅途中 on the side 作為兼職/副 業(yè) on the spot 在場(chǎng);馬上 on the whole 總的來說,大體上 on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) once again 再一次

once(and)for all 一勞永逸地 once in a while 偶爾 once more 再一次 once upon a time 從前 one another 相互 or else 否則,要不然 or so 大約,左右 other than 非;除了 out of 從……中;由于;缺乏 out of breath 喘不過氣來 out of control 失去控制 out of date 過時(shí)的 out of doors 在戶外 out of order 出故障的 out of place 不適當(dāng)?shù)?out of practice 久不練習(xí),荒疏 out of sight 看不見,在視野外

out of the question 毫無可能的 out of touch 不聯(lián)系,不接觸

over and over(again)一再地,再三地

prior to 在……之前

quite a few 相當(dāng)多,不少

rather than 不是……(而是)

regardless of 不顧,不惜

right away 立即,馬上

side by side 肩并肩,一起

so far 迄今為止

sooner or later 遲早,早晚

step by step 逐步地

such as 例如,諸如

thanks to 由于,多虧

that is(to say)就是說,即

to the point 切中要害,切題

under control 處于控制之下

under the circumstances 這種情況下

up to date 在進(jìn)行中

up to 多達(dá);直到;勝任;取決于

what if 切合目前情況的 what about 怎么樣

with respect to 如果……將怎么樣

with regard to 關(guān)于,至于

without question 關(guān)于,至于，with the exception of 除……之外

without question 毫無疑問

word for word 逐字的

第三篇：開篇寫作要點(diǎn)

主題：納蘭海映分享開篇寫作要點(diǎn)

時(shí)間：2012－12－2

晚上7:00——8:00

地點(diǎn)：17k商寫青訓(xùn)營(yíng)

女頻群

主講人：納蘭海映

主講人介紹：納蘭海映，17K女生網(wǎng)簽約作者。宅女一枚。

代表作品《危情契約：總裁的毒寵妻》、《豪門債：總裁前夫放過我》。

其中《危情契約：總裁的毒寵妻》已經(jīng)完本，點(diǎn)擊過百萬。

新作品《一夜纏情：女人，要定你》，26日起女頻單日收入榜首。訂閱穩(wěn)居前三。

講課部分

親愛的們，各位教官們，大家晚上好！我是納蘭海映。很開心能夠與大家相識(shí)！

感謝17K團(tuán)隊(duì)對(duì)納蘭的信任和厚愛，很榮幸能有機(jī)會(huì)和大家一起交流和學(xué)習(xí)寫作中的一些問題，促使我們大家一起進(jìn)步，寫出更多好的，優(yōu)秀的作品。

今天我想和親愛的們一起分享寫網(wǎng)絡(luò)文開篇的一些小問題：主要是：書名+簡(jiǎn)介+開篇前十章。

1）開篇的書名和簡(jiǎn)介：

無疑，一個(gè)文最重要的先是書名和簡(jiǎn)介，先來講講書名。

書名要足夠的鮮明，醒目，或者能夠體現(xiàn)出你角色的性格，比如霸道，比如溫柔，或者用正反的方法寫書名，例如：《我的溫柔狼君》。一個(gè)溫柔，一個(gè)狼……形成鮮明的對(duì)比，會(huì)令讀者有足夠想象的空間，有讀下去的渴望。

其次是簡(jiǎn)介。

簡(jiǎn)介最好是能提煉出你故事的亮點(diǎn)，比如用文中幾句最精彩的對(duì)白，吸引讀者的眼球，讓讀者有讀下去的欲望；或者用最精煉的語(yǔ)言，概括你全文的中心故事，令讀者一目了然，不建議簡(jiǎn)介過長(zhǎng)，太長(zhǎng)了，整個(gè)故事的大概內(nèi)容可能都被猜到了，就失去了新鮮感，最后可能導(dǎo)致讀者棄文，所以，簡(jiǎn)介建議是稍許的含蓄一點(diǎn)，給它蒙上一層朦朧的色彩。

2）開篇前十章：

A.開局：文章開局要有代入感：例如用新婚之夜類似的情節(jié)開局，讓讀者點(diǎn)進(jìn)頁(yè)面時(shí)就欲罷不能！不宜啰嗦，繁瑣，應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)單明了的直接入題。

B.情節(jié)：一定要有比較激烈的沖突，不宜平淡，要有波折起伏，故事節(jié)奏要快，敘述簡(jiǎn)潔。而且一開始不應(yīng)擠入太多的人物信息，最好是只說一件事情，出場(chǎng)兩至三個(gè)人物??太多人物，讀者腦袋容易混亂，看了半天還不知道誰(shuí)是女主，誰(shuí)是男主！

C.人物形象：利用你的筆力刻畫你文中的人物形象生動(dòng)，賦予筆下的男女主以鮮活的生命，活潑的，安靜的，強(qiáng)勢(shì)的??這些性格，在開始的十章，要給讀者們留下深刻的印象，以致于愛上你文中的女主角和男主角。寫言情小說，重在一個(gè)情感的發(fā)生，發(fā)展！“情”這個(gè)字一定要寫透！尤其是男主角的刻畫，一定要給大家留有幻想，憧憬的空間，而且千萬不能讓你的男配蓋過你的男主風(fēng)頭，造成喧賓奪主。

D.伏筆：如果你想將文寫長(zhǎng)，盡量留伏筆，留懸念，不僅僅是讓文可以寫長(zhǎng)，更能增加噱頭，增加可看性。

我要分享的就是以上幾點(diǎn)內(nèi)容了，書名+簡(jiǎn)介+前十章，把握好了就是很好的文，但愿以上所說的能夠給大家?guī)硪稽c(diǎn)點(diǎn)的幫助。

提問部分

【問1】如果男女主有不得已的原因必須分開很久，這時(shí)候男配戲份比較多，最多幾章合適？

【主講：納蘭海映】男配和女主的戲份，這個(gè)能不寫就不寫，盡量少寫。主要是著手寫女主和男主，你可以直接寫多少年后的事，中間的一段在后面稍許的涉及。

【問2】情節(jié)上十章以后要注意些什么嗎？人物要是多層層疊疊的寫是什么意思呢？人物多的時(shí)候應(yīng)該怎么處理呢？

【主講：納蘭海映】十章之后呢，你就要把握節(jié)奏了，慢慢的將節(jié)奏控制，稍許放慢，人物多的時(shí)候，就慢慢的理清主次關(guān)系，次要的人物直接忽視。

【問3】假如沒有配角的襯托，文章能生動(dòng)嗎，沒有配角不就不能突出主角的完美了嗎？

【主講：納蘭海映】關(guān)于女強(qiáng)文……女主性格要強(qiáng)勢(shì)，這是最必須的，但偶爾也要讓她流露出小女人的可愛，一味的強(qiáng)就會(huì)乏味，性格不要一成不變。

【問4】我想問的是男配宣賓奪主是否可以 比如說泡沫之夏洛熙相對(duì)歐辰更受讀者喜愛一些。

【主講：納蘭海映】一定要有配角，只有男女主角的小說，不算是完整的小說，各種小角色也要賦予他們生命，寫活他們，但切記不要蓋過風(fēng)頭。

【問5】我想問，女強(qiáng)文中事件和情感發(fā)展并存時(shí)，怎么處理才能讓情感上看起來為主？體現(xiàn)女主強(qiáng)大時(shí)，男主弱化了怎么處理？

【主講：納蘭海映】事件和情感，可以在事件上女主出風(fēng)頭，因?yàn)檫@是女強(qiáng)主要寫女主，在感情上可以令女主很小女人。

【問6】大大，我們?cè)趯懽鬟^程中遇到瓶頸會(huì)怎么辦？

【主講：納蘭海映】這個(gè)問題，卡文是一定會(huì)出現(xiàn)的，卡文時(shí)你可以去看看其他人的文，給你一點(diǎn)靈感。或者你也強(qiáng)迫自己寫，然后再回過頭來修改文。

【問7】如何描述才能使配角不蓋過風(fēng)頭呢，應(yīng)怎樣去避免捏。假如真的有點(diǎn)蓋住呢，怎樣把歪的扳正?。?/p>

【主講：納蘭海映】那么就讓配角出場(chǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)少下來，或者你也可以讓男配使點(diǎn)壞，就可以扳正了。

【問8】男主將女主逼死了，但是女主被人救了這期間的生活和男配們?cè)谝黄?，?huì)不會(huì)搶了男主的戲？

【主講：納蘭海映】女主和男配這期間的對(duì)手戲少寫，直接可以寫到被男配救過之后的事情！男主是你文中的中心骨，你必須讓他出風(fēng)頭，多寫有關(guān)于他的事情。

【問9】我想問在寫主角心情的時(shí)候，要在那里加上一些景物描寫來襯托心情呢？

【主講：納蘭海映】比如心情壞的時(shí)候，突然之間下大雨，這是很老套的情節(jié)，但卻能很好的襯托心情。

問題就回答到這里了，親愛的們也和納蘭一起努力碼字，寫出更多的文文來

第四篇：專四考試寫作

寫作包括兩部分，一是要求在35分鐘內(nèi)寫一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分鐘內(nèi)寫一個(gè)50--60字的便條。這兩部分均為命題作文，作文內(nèi)容與大學(xué)生的日常生活、學(xué)習(xí)都密切相關(guān)，另外也有社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問題，比如環(huán)保、旅游、健身等，題目理解起來都比較容易。

短文寫作部分文體為議論文，一般采用三段式的結(jié)構(gòu)，第一段為論點(diǎn)，第二段為論據(jù)，第三段為結(jié)論。最高要求為文章內(nèi)容切題，思想表達(dá)清楚，論據(jù)充分，論證嚴(yán)密，基本無語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。要想寫好一篇文章，應(yīng)該注意一下寫作步驟： 

1.審題：作文評(píng)分的第一個(gè)要求就是內(nèi)容切題，因此審題特別關(guān)鍵。專業(yè)四級(jí)作文都是命題作文，而且多有中文提示或提綱，所以你首先應(yīng)了解命題的基本要求，理解題目的真正意圖，然后確定提綱中的關(guān)鍵詞及各要點(diǎn)間的邏輯，整理自己的思路，對(duì)自己所想到的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行組織和全面安排。尤其對(duì)要討論的問題，該涉及的內(nèi)容，所需的事實(shí)、例證、闡述、說明和總結(jié)等，在頭腦中形成一個(gè)整體的構(gòu)思。

2.組織段落：構(gòu)思好之后，根據(jù)構(gòu)思的提綱，運(yùn)用選好的材料，恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用連詞，合理安排段落，使文章條理清楚、內(nèi)容連貫。段落的組織主要是通過擴(kuò)展句對(duì)主題句的支持或說明來進(jìn)行的。各段的主題句在審題構(gòu)思時(shí)就應(yīng)基本形成，主題句確定下來，接著就是通過一系列的擴(kuò)展句，來說明、論證或闡述主題句的思想。常見的段落展開方法有列舉、舉例、比較和對(duì)比、因果、敘述、歸類、下定義等，考試時(shí)應(yīng)靈活運(yùn)用。

3.修改：也就是說要?jiǎng)h除與主題不相干的內(nèi)容，檢查句子時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)等。特別應(yīng)注意單詞的正確拼寫；字母大小寫和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)；數(shù)的一致性（包括主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)以及名詞與其限定語(yǔ)的單復(fù)數(shù)一致性）；指代關(guān)系（包括指代的一致性和代詞的選用）；動(dòng)詞形式（時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣）等方面。

關(guān)于考試過程中短文寫作的時(shí)間分配問題。我們知道，短文寫作的時(shí)間為35分鐘, 要力爭(zhēng)寫完寫好, 這就要求考生做到有條不紊，忙而不亂，充分發(fā)揮自己應(yīng)有的水平。建議按照如下的方案分配時(shí)間: 審題1～2分鐘；組織素材, 細(xì)節(jié)和關(guān)鍵詞: 4～5分鐘； 起草: 20～25分鐘；修改定稿: 4～5分鐘。

最后要說明的是，從某種意義上來說，專業(yè)四級(jí)考試作文有其固定的寫作格式、結(jié)構(gòu)，而對(duì)于固定的題型，有固定不變的表達(dá)法。因此，大家有理由相信只要訓(xùn)練方法得當(dāng)，搞好寫作是不難的。大家不妨試試多背范文和常用句型，包括各類型作文的開頭、結(jié)尾句、中間展開、過渡句，以及比較、圖表說明等的常用句型和表達(dá)法，然后自己多動(dòng)筆寫一寫，只要按這樣的方法進(jìn)行練習(xí)，相信在一定時(shí)間內(nèi)就可以在寫作上取得滿意的分?jǐn)?shù)。因?yàn)槭侨问阶魑?，寫作的時(shí)候一定注意第一段提出的論點(diǎn)要簡(jiǎn)潔明了，開門見山；第二段的論據(jù)要能充分說明論點(diǎn)，論證條理清楚；第三段的結(jié)論要水到渠成，切忌草率，嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)完整的結(jié)尾是取得高分的保證。 便條寫作最主要的是注意格式正確，交待清楚，比如請(qǐng)柬、賀信、道歉函等，要注意稱呼、正文、簽名等的格式，一定要把相關(guān)的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因及主要事件內(nèi)容交待清楚。

小作文范文：

1.邀請(qǐng)便條：

①發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)a April 20, 2008

Dear Fiona，I am going to hold a dinner party with several other friends of ours.The party will be held in Room 6 of Lijing Hotel at 5:00 p.m.today, I sincerely hope you can attend and we will have a very happy time together.Please let me know whether you can make it.Yours，Amelia

發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)b

April 20, 2008

Dear Fiona，Here is a piece of good news for you.The * will give a performance in the * tomorrow evening.I am sure that you will be happy to watch it.The performance will begin at seven o’clock sharp.I will wait for you at the theater entrance.Please let me know whether you can make it at your earliest convenience.Yours，Amelia

發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)c

April 20, 2008

Dear Professor Zhou, I am Amelia from class 052;I need you to give me some suggestion on my project.If it doesn’t trouble you too much, shall we have a meet at your office tomorrow? Time is up to you.Respectful yours，Amelia

發(fā)出邀請(qǐng)d（通知）

April 20, 2008

Dear girls and boys in Class 0403，This Saturday evening, from 7 p.m.to 9 p.m., at Singeing dining hall, there will be a ball held by Class 0301.We warmly invite you to take part in it.There you can enjoy yourselves with dance, music and various games.And we’ll have a chance of communication, which will enhance the friendship between us.Come and enjoy ourselves together.Yours，Mike

Monitor of Class 0301

②接受邀請(qǐng)

April 20, 2008

Dear Amelia，It’s so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party, I would like to come.I will go to the place right after I finish my work at about 5 p.m.this evening.(如果是辦在家里：I shall be very happy to call at your house right after I finish my work at 6:30 this evening.)Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality and I am looking forward to seeing you soon.Yours，F(xiàn)iona

③拒絕邀請(qǐng)

April 20, 2008

Dear Amelia，It’s so kind of you to invite me to the dinner party, I would like to but I have a meeting to attend this evening, please give my best regards to them all and I hope my absence will not cause you any serious inconvenience, have fun.Yours，Amelia

2．請(qǐng)假條

April 20, 2008

Dear Ms.Jiang，I am terribly sorry that I shall be unable to attend this morning two periods of English Class（I‘m terribly sorry to apply for ten days’ leave from the Aug.23rd to Sep.3rd）due to a bad cold and high fever.I will show you the certificate from the doctor to support my application.I will go back to school as soon as I recover.（I promise I will do my best to catch the missed lessons on after I come back.）Wish for your allowance.Yours respectfully，Amelia

3．請(qǐng)求便條

a．講清事情的因由（為什么請(qǐng)求）

b．請(qǐng)求行為

c．請(qǐng)求實(shí)現(xiàn)方式

d．致謝

套句：

請(qǐng)求幫助： Would you do me a favor? Would you be so kind as to…?/ Could I trouble you to send this book for me?/ I wonder if you would tell me…?/ If it is not too troublesome, could you…?/ I hope this request will not trouble you too much.請(qǐng)求允許：Please give me a few more days./May I have a look at your dictionary? / Would you mind if I opened the window? / I wonder if I could open the door./ Would it be possible to have a talk with you? 請(qǐng)求做事(要求與暗示)：Let’s go to the bookstore this afternoon./ I want to have a look at your book./ I wish you could…/ I would like ask you to clean the room./ You are making a big mess./ I feel a bit hungry now.What time is it now?

范文：

April 20，2008

Dear Professor Hu，I am very happy to have the chance to listen to your lecture on “American Literature”.But it is a pity that I was late that day due to an accident on my way to the lecture and failed to get the handout.Your lecture is really instructive for my English study, so I wonder if you could kindly e-mail the handout to the address: zhang123@yahoo.com.cn.Heartfelt thanks.Respectfully yours，Amelia

4．抱怨投訴便條(關(guān)鍵詞complain, dissatisfaction)

a．抱怨投訴行為

b．投訴內(nèi)容具體描述

c．要求彌補(bǔ)糾正賠償

d．抱怨投訴者對(duì)彌補(bǔ)糾正賠償?shù)鹊亩卮倩蛲{

套句：

行為描述I’m writing to bring your attention to the problems I have had with …

Here’s the problem…

解決方式的要求：It would be very kind(considerate)of you to…address this problem soon./ take steps to rectify this situation soon./ turn it down a little? /

敦促或威脅: Frankly, I really can’t put up with the situation any more.You must rectify the situation, or I will take it to the court./ If you can’t give me a satisfactory answer, I will complain it to the Consumer Association.范文：

April 20，2008

Dear Sir or Madam，I went to your store to buy a Radio watch last Sunday.When I mentioned the high price, the No.5 saleswoman replied in a sarcastic tone, “You can go ahead and buy a cheap fake from other stores”.She didn’t know how to treat a prospective buyer!I hope you can improve your service and give me a face-to-face apology.My telephone number is 010-12345567.Sincerely yours，Amelia

5.道歉便條

a道歉的行為與內(nèi)容，b具體理由，c彌補(bǔ)方法，d進(jìn)一步致歉。

套句：

道歉行為： I’m writing to show my apology for…/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to…/I’m sorry to say that I’ve not finished reading it through, and have to keep it until next Sunday./ Excuse me for my delaying in turning in my assignment.道歉理由：I had a minor accident./ I had a minor operation.彌補(bǔ)糾正及其承諾：I am sure I can make up the loss by…/ I promise it will never happen again./ It would be very kind(considerate)of you to give me another chance to…(to give me another two days

進(jìn)一步致歉： Many apologies./ Do please forgive me.范文：

April 20，2008

Dear Fiona，I am writing to you to apologize for the abrupt way I departed just after the exams finished.It was terribly rude of me to have left without saying good-bye to you.The fact is that I was so excited when I learned I had passed the exams with high marks that I couldn’t wait to get home and tell my parents.I am sure you will understand my feelings.Please accept my sincere apology, and with you a really happy holiday.Yours truthfully，Amelia

April 20，2008

Dear Fiona，I am sorry I missed seeing you yesterday.I know that you must have been disappointed.I also feel worried and anxious in my heart.The fact is that my manager at the last moment asked me to prepare an urgent plan while I could not get to a phone to call you and yesterday I have worked late until about 8:30 p.m.I am terribly sorry.However, I would like to ask you out this weekend to make up for yesterday.Please give me a chance and I am waiting for your reply.Sincerely yours，Amelia

Dear Fiona，I imagine that you must be enjoying your birthday party today.I write this letter to offer my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day.It is a great pity that I cannot be with you.But remember I am thinking of you all the time.I hope that all your years to come will be twice as happy and as merry as those past.

Please accept the small gift I am sending you as a token of my best wishes for your happy birthday.

Sincerely yours，Amelia

6．祝賀

a.祝賀內(nèi)容

b．表示祝賀

c．積極評(píng)價(jià)

d．忠心祝福（再次祝賀＋祝福未來）

套句：

祝賀之事和自己的反應(yīng)： I’m so happy to learn that you’ve just passed your thesis defense./ I’m so pleased to hear that you’ve got the admission by the Cambridge University to further your graduate study.祝賀行為: Please accept my warmest congratulations.對(duì)成功的評(píng)價(jià)和對(duì)對(duì)方的欽佩；You really deserve it because…/ This meant years of your hard work, and it’s an achievement you can well be proud of./ I have been appreciating your excellent performance in study and ability in your work.美好祝愿； You will have a brilliant future./ I believe our school life will be more colorful under your leadership./ I believe that the knowledge you’ve acquired will enable you to be successful in whatever aspect of life.Congratulations again and all good wishes for your future study.范文：

April 20，2008

Dear Shirly，I am so excited to learn that you’ve been admitted by Shanghai International Studies University as a graduate.Warm congratulations on the realization of your dream.This has meant years of your hard work, and you can really be proud of it.Your success is really an encouragement to me and I wish we can meet there next year, Best wishes to you.Yours，Amelia

7.致謝便條：

套句：

致謝內(nèi)容，交代感謝原因：I am writing to tell you how much I enjoyed the weekend in your village./ / I am writing to express my appreciation for all that you did for me during my visit in Shanghai./ I am writing to tell you how much I appreciate your hospitality.Thank you so much for your assistance/ for the information your gave us.進(jìn)一步解釋對(duì)方的幫助給自己帶來的好處，再次致謝，回饋承諾Please accept my warmest thanks,I hope I have the chance to reciprocate your kindness.范文：

April 20，2008

Dear Peter，I’m writing to show my gratitude for your invitation to your birthday party.That was a really wonderful party.I appreciate your considerate arrangement and wonderful performance you had prepared.And it also offered me a chance to meet many old friends.I really enjoyed that night and I do hope you will have a wonderful life.Yours，Amelia

Dear Professor Chen，It is just three weeks since I consulted you on how to write a research paper and I’d like to assure you that I really appreciate your help.

Your advice has been very valuable, and I have read the books recommended by you with gratifying results.I have finished my research paper, and I owe it to your help.I would like to express my gratitude, along with my best wishes.

Respectful yours

Amelia

8．留言條

誰(shuí)？時(shí)間？ 什么事情？ 要求？

范文：

Apr.20，2008

Dear Yang，A Mr.Liu Bing called you this morning but you were not in.He wanted to meet you this coming Saturday, 9 a.m., at the university gate.If that is not convenient for you, you are requested to ring him up at any time evening from 8 p.m.to 10 p.m.at 123454576.Yours，Amelia

Apr.20，2008

Dear Fiona，This afternoon, I came to your dormitory to return” Gone with the Wind” that you had kindly lent me last week.Unfortunately, you were not here and your roommates seemed to be out as well.I had no choice but to take the book back.I wonder if you could contract with me anytime in the evening so that I could find appropriate time to visit you.Sincerely yours，Amelia

9．廣告（求購(gòu)與轉(zhuǎn)讓）

轉(zhuǎn)讓求購(gòu)的理由。I will graduate soon./ To improve my listening comprehension, I….? In need of money for an emergent affair, I would like to sell my computer.轉(zhuǎn)讓求購(gòu)行為和內(nèi)容。I have a computer for sale./ Before I leave this college, I’d like to sell my computer./ I want to buy a secondhand walkman to study English./ In need of money, I want to sell my lovely bag at a low price.轉(zhuǎn)讓/求購(gòu)事物的具體狀況。The car is still in good condition./ I just bought it last month, and it can work perfectly well.轉(zhuǎn)讓/求購(gòu)的價(jià)格商定。I can pay it for at most 50 yuan./ I will charge only 200 for it.范文：Offer to Buy

April 20, 2008

Dear boys and girls，I badly need a ticket for postgraduate entrance examination instruction by the New Oriental School.If you have one to sale, I’d like to pay it for twice the original price, for I have been longing for it and hence have canceled my trip to Hong Kong.Call me at 1234567;my cell phone will be on for 24 hours.Yours，Amelia

Offer to sell April 20, 2008

Dear Schoolmates，I’m a four-year student from the English Department.In two weeks, I will graduate from this university.I’ve decided not to bring my bike with me when I leave.So I’d like to part with it, and sell it to someone who might need it.It is half new, dark and light.With curved bars, it is mainly for lady’s use.As far as the price is concerned, I’d like to sell it for eighty yuan.Those interested in it can come and have a look at it before making a decision.Add: Room 402, Student Dormitory Building No.5

Tel: 1668889

10.申請(qǐng)

April 20, 2008

Dear Sirs:

I have learned from the newspaper that there is a vacancy for a teacher of English during the summer vacation.I wish to be considered as an applicant for the position.Enclosed is my resume.I would be greatly grateful if you would grant me a chance for an interview.

Respectfully yours，Amelia

Applying for Studying in a University

Dear Sir，I am seeking an opportunity to study English in your university after my graduation from the Foreign Language Department of Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, the People’s Republic of China next year.Please inform me of the application procedure for admission.I intend to support myself financially during the period of my study in your university.I should be grateful if you would kindly let me have the details concerning the eligibility of a student from a foreign country for any scholarship in your English department.I am looking forward to your reply in due time.

Yours faithfully，Amelia

11.失物招領(lǐng) Lose

Gentlemen，I took the last bus(No.406)home last night and got off at Zhejiang Wanli University.After arriving home, I noticed that I had left my bag on the bus.It is a black bag made of leather with a zipper.Inside are some books, a bunch of keys and my photos.If you happen to find the above bag, would you kindly let me know about it?

My address: Room 321, Dormitory Building Eight, DMU

My phone number: 4720123

Loser，Amelia

April 20, 2008

Found

I happened to find a bag on the playground yesterday afternoon, in which there are some books, a pencil box and a watch.The loser is expected to come to the office of Foreign Language Department to claim it.The phone number is 4729646.

Finder，Amelia

March 8, 2000

12.咨詢：

Dear Sir，I am a freshman of Wanli University and am greatly interested in registering your club membership.So I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information about the qualification fees, available facilities and activities, and other relative details.I am looking forward to your early reply.Thanks in advance.Yours，Amelia

第五篇：專四寫作講座之作文閃光點(diǎn)

作文是各類英語(yǔ)考試中得分率最低的題型之一。同學(xué)們?cè)谡莆樟艘欢ǖ淖魑哪０?，和基本的語(yǔ)法、詞匯、句型用法之后，如果能在作文中創(chuàng)造一些詞匯和句型的閃光點(diǎn)，必定會(huì)使你的作文如虎添翼！

高分作文標(biāo)志

1、是否長(zhǎng)短句交叉；

2、是否會(huì)使用插入語(yǔ)；

3、用詞是否多樣，準(zhǔn)確，形象，盡量使用能夠吸引閱卷老師眼球的閃光詞；

4、關(guān)鍵詞是否換用，切勿老用重復(fù)詞；

5、句型使用是否準(zhǔn)確、地道。

下面給出寫好一篇作文的注意事項(xiàng)：

1.適當(dāng)用被動(dòng)替換主動(dòng)，這樣能更客觀的反映事實(shí), 句子開頭不要總是用we / I(比如寫結(jié)尾時(shí)不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to.)舉個(gè)經(jīng)典結(jié)尾2004年六月六級(jí)作文的最后一段：It is, therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that.By doing so，its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively.2.善于使用插入語(yǔ)，比如說把副詞、連接詞等，作插入語(yǔ)放在中間，一般放在主語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞或者助動(dòng)詞后，兩邊分別加上逗號(hào)。

如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入語(yǔ)放在中間，一般放在動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞后，兩邊分別加上逗號(hào)。

比如說： Other individuals, however, take the attitude that …

3.一定要學(xué)會(huì)換詞，換形象，具體的替換太寬泛的。(考試中一般不要出現(xiàn)good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子applicable替換proper, approaches替換ways, implement替換carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge替換enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力)

下面舉一篇某位同學(xué)寫的優(yōu)秀作文(14分)的例子，看看他是如何運(yùn)用各類寫作技巧的。這位同學(xué)把老師上課講的各類寫作手法和精彩替換和句型都用上了，作文有了很大的提高。

Computer and I By Simmy

I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music.That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me.exceedingly 替換 very

thrilling 替換 exciting

sth.exert a tremendous fascination on sb 替換 sb.be interested in sth.google 替換 search

an army of 替換 a lot of

The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of computers.Coincident with the advancement of science and technology, computers pouring into the current society as a fashion are appealing to growing numbers of individuals.It is no exaggeration to say we have been submerged by them, in large measure!

The dawn of the new century witnessed 是一個(gè)精彩句型，用來描述在某個(gè)時(shí)期發(fā)生了什么事情；

Increasing popularity 替換 more and more popular

Coincident with … 非常地道的句型，表達(dá)“與…一致”的意思，替換 With …

Advancement 替換 development

Pour into(flood into / swarm into)替換 enter into

Current(currently)替換 now

Appeal to sb.替換 sb.be interested in sth.Growing numbers of individuals 替換 more and more people

It is no exaggeration to say 經(jīng)典句型，說某事是毫不夸張的

For a start, we can, freely, search desired information at any moment.Little by little, our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened.Additionally, we can get huge recreations online by chatting, playing games, or delivering email.For a start 替換 To begin with

We can, freely, search 用了插入語(yǔ)的寫作手法

our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened.用了非常精彩的被動(dòng)

Additionally 替換 In addition / Besides Deliver 替換 send

There is no denying that , however, computers can function in the disservice of human beings, in a way, especially the growing violence , obscene, porn pictures, AV-films emerging on the screen , which leads quiet a few net citizens to copying.There is no denying that , however, computers can function in the disservice of human beings, 這個(gè)句子有三個(gè)精彩之處，首先There is no denying that這個(gè)句型，還有however作為插入語(yǔ)，function in the disservice of 替換 do harm to

Emerging 替換 appearing(fading 替換 disappearing)

Net citizen 網(wǎng)民，屬于精彩用詞

As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds.Computers do play a positive role in the development of people' lives, despite a slice of unfavorable impacts.We should , therefore, take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.No garden has no weeds 替換 Every coin has two sides

Computers do play，do 強(qiáng)調(diào)

Positive 替換 important / good 等

A slice of 替換 a part of

Unfavorable 替換 bad

Impacts 替換 effects / influences

We should, therefore, take advantage of … 使用插入語(yǔ)

Fruits(而且fruits 用的非常形象，merits/ virtues)替換 advantage(defects 替換 disadvantage)

Facet 替換 aspect

各位同學(xué)，上面的作文里有這么多精彩的閃光點(diǎn)，作文怎么會(huì)不得高分呢！

以下是30個(gè)最經(jīng)典的替換詞，各位同學(xué)可以參考一下。

1.individuals,characters, folks替換(people ,persons)

2: positive, favorable, rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替換good

3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替換bad

如果bad做表語(yǔ)，可以有be less impressive替換

eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many。。, if not most)替換many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有詞。

Eg.Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替換most.5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替換some

6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think

(因?yàn)槭菚嬲Z(yǔ)，所以要加that)

7，affair ,business ,matter 替換thing

8: shared 代 common

9.reap huge fruits 替換get many benefits

10for my part ,from my own perspective 替換 in my opinion

11:Increasing(ly),growing 替換more and more(注意沒有g(shù)rowingly這種形式。所以當(dāng)修飾名詞時(shí)用increasing/growing.修飾形容詞，副詞用increasingly.Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替換hardly 13..beneficial, rewarding替換helpful, 14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替換customer

15.exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替換very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable...替換 unnecessary, avoidable

17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替換sb take interest in / sb.be interested in

18.capture one's attention替換attract one's attention.19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect 20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear 21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替換cause.22.There are several reasons behind sth 替換..reasons for sth 23.desire 替換want.24.pour attention into 替換pay attention to

25.bear in mind that 替換remember 26.enjoy, possess 替換have(注意process是過程的意思)27.interaction替換communication 28.frown on sth替換 be against , disagree with sth 29.to name only a few, as an example替換 for example, for instance

30.next to / virtually impossible,替換nearly / almost impossible

希望大家能夠在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中多總結(jié)精彩、地道的詞匯和句型閃光點(diǎn)！常用連接詞

To Add: and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first(second, etc.)，To Compare: whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, but, although，conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true

To Prove: because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is

To Show Exception: yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes

To Show Time: immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first(second, etc.), next, and then

To Repeat in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted，To Emphasize: definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation

To Show Sequence: first, second, third, and so forth.A, B, C, and so forth.next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon

To Give an Example: for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration，To Summarize or Conclude：in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole

一、常用句型及單詞

A.開頭

1、There is an interesting and instructive picture which goes like this: ______________.2、______________ has become a hot topic among people, especially among the young, and heated debates are right on their way.3、Recently, _________has been brought to such popular attention that _________

(e.g.Recently, the problem of global warming has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the top of the agenda.).4、One of our ancient philosophers said, ______________.Chinese people have always been holding this idea to be one of their standards of morality.5.No one，regardless of race, religion or nationality, would deny that...或：Everyone would agree that...B 結(jié)尾

1)Only in this way/Only when……/Only through……, will/can we……或：It is only if/when……that we will……

It is only if all sides of society take their roles fully that we will achieve the society we want.2)As long as……we will be able to……/the problem is bound to……

As long as we persist in spreading scientific knowledge among the masses, all the superstitions are bound to go out of our life.3)With a constant/steady improvement in ……(或With the gradual worsening of……)sth.will……

With a steady improvement in our legal system, this problem will sure be solved earlier or later.4)In a word there is every/little chance/probability/possibility that.……in time to come.A

In one word, there is every chance that this Chinese traditon will continue to entertain millions of Chinese citizens.C.中間

1．建議和解決方法

1）.A great number of solutions are being offered.Some people suggest that ______________.Others argue that ______________.2）.But I don’t think it is a very good way to solve ______________.For instance, ______________.Worst of all, ______________.3）.My suggestion to deal with/solve/relieve the problem are as follows.In the first place,….Secondly,….Finally

4）.If we let the situation go as it is, ….By that time, ….如果讓這種情況繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去，那么到那個(gè)時(shí)候，……。

5）If……, will there be anything that can make me even happier? 如果（我們?cè)趺丛趺醋觯?，那將沒有比這令我更高興的了。

2.It 結(jié)構(gòu)

1）It is advisable to exercise（擁有）patience in dealing with such complicated situations.2）It is necessary that young and old people should communicate more with each other.3）It is certain that fresh air and exercises are more enjoyable and beneficial than medicine.4）It is well known that many of our problems are caused at least in part by failure to communicate.5）It seemed to me that the only thing that matters is to learn through failure.6）It pays in the long run（從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的角度看……）to introduce new technique.3.動(dòng)名詞或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)

1）Drinking，eating，and smoking excessively can do severe harm to even a young person's health.2）The art of communication requires learning the language and culture of the audience.4.遞進(jìn)式結(jié)構(gòu)

1）Fresh vegetables are nutritious（有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的）；furthermore，they re cheaper than frozen ones.2）Helping others will not only bring joy into other people's lives，but also added happiness into our own.5.表示重要性或必要性

1）It's important to set aside time for relaxation，hobbies，and entertainment as well.2）A harmonious atmosphere is essential（necessary / critical / indispensable）to achieve success.3）Global warming can endanger our lives so much that we are obliged to make a careful study of the problem and try to find out a lasting solution to it.6.表示目的1）The purpose of a test is to show what you have leaned about a subject.2）The intent is not to catch everyone but rather to catch enough to spread the word.3）Competitive sports are recommended to young adults to prepare them for the competitive world of college and business.7.表示結(jié)果

1）Too much work and too little rest may lead to loss of health.2）If you try to learn too many things at a time，you may get confused.3）By consistent hard work we will be able to achieved our objectives（目標(biāo)）.8.表示對(duì)比和比較

1）Jobs and work do much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.2）Work is more than a necessity for most human beings；it is the focus of their lives，the source of their identity and creativity.3）Rather than a punishment or a burden，work is the opportunity to realize one's potential.4）The more scientists find out，the more questions they are unable to answer.9.表示條件或假設(shè)的結(jié)構(gòu)

1）Without the distraction of TV，they might sit around together after dinner.2）As long as the brain is given plenty of exercise it keeps its power.3）Were it left to me to decide whether we should _______, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.4）Without a degree and with no vocational experience their chances of getting good jobs are slim.10.表示舉例

1）Take______for example，2）An illustration（例證）may make the point clear.11.表示采取措施

1）The government should be taking effective（有效的）measures to overcome current difficulties.2）As college students, we are obliged to make every effort to help support the Olymic Games.3）The school authorities should invest more energy and money in improving working and living conditions for the teachers.12.表示讓步關(guān)系

1）While it may be more convenient to possess a car，it is also expensive and troublesome at times.2）Although I do not earn a great deal of money for this job，the pleasure I receive from the work makes it worthwhile.13.表示因果或前提關(guān)系

1）Because of(owing to)the pressure（壓力）of examinations，many students are left with little or no free time.2）Perhaps it's because few of us know how to accept compliments（贊揚(yáng)）gracefully.3）That is why housework is considered as such a dreary grind（乏味的苦差事）。

4）The reason for this is that

14.表示存在的問題

1）One of the greatest problems facing the 21st century will be what to do with all the rubbish produced in the world.2）To travel abroad is a desire shared by many people，but few can afford to do it.3）Cheating is now considered to be a major problem in colleges and universities.4）Many people find it harder and harder to keep up with the radical changes that characterize our time.5）At first thought，the problem seems far too involved（復(fù)雜），but it can certainly be solved when seriously dealt with.15． There be結(jié)構(gòu)

1）There are other techniques that might help you with you studying.2）There is much that we can learn from the Chinese classic works.3）There is no sense（道理）in leaving important decisions to inexperienced people.精彩廢話萬能句

The rapid progress in science and technology has given a powerful shove-ahead to the productive forces of the world and the economic and social development of humanity.科技的快速發(fā)展帶給世界生產(chǎn)力和人類經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)的發(fā)展一個(gè)強(qiáng)勁的推動(dòng)力

…can help one stand tall and aim far, broaden one's vision and give full play to one's intelligence and wisdom on the broad arena of the modernization drive.站的高看的遠(yuǎn),開擴(kuò)自己的視野,在現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的大舞臺(tái)上充分發(fā)揮個(gè)人才智

Let’s join hands and work together to contribute a greater part to the harmony of our society.讓我們攜手共同奮斗，為建設(shè)和諧社會(huì)作出更大的貢獻(xiàn)！

Famous scientist Marie Curie once said,” Nothing in life is to be feared;it is only to be understood.” In the same ways, once we understand the causes of this phenomenon, we can confidently believe that we will solve the problem with the following means:

精彩虛詞

1.admittedly 應(yīng)當(dāng)承認(rèn): Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures.2.simply 簡(jiǎn)而言之: The answer is simply money.3.surely 肯定地: This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine.4.increasingly 不斷增長(zhǎng)地 While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.