第一篇：口語_資料_禮儀

Simulate a dialogue at a banquet between Chinese host and your business partner from other countries with help of the following information.As regards the introduction of Chinese famous dishes / snacks / local flavor, the introduction of Hot Dry Noodle is just an example for you to follow.Use other favorite food than the one given in your dialogue.Please also include in your dialogue a speech of toast.Chopsticks are shaped pairs of equal length sticks used as the traditional eating utensils of various East Asian countries.Chopsticks originated in ancient China, and are now used in China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam.Chopsticks are smoothed and frequently tapered, and are commonly made of bamboo, plastic, wood, or stainless steel.Chopsticks are held in the dominant hand, between the thumb and fingers, and used to pick up pieces of food.To use chopsticks, the lower chopstick is stationary, and rests at the base of the thumb, and between the ring finger and middle finger.The second chopstick is held like a pencil, using the tips of the thumb, index finger, and middle finger, and it is moved while eating, to pull food into the grasp of the chopsticks.Chopsticks, when not in use, are placed either to the right or below one's plate in a Chinese table setting.Chinese etiquette ? When eating rice from a bowl, it is normal to hold the rice bowl up to one's mouth and use chopsticks to push or shovel the rice directly into the mouth.? It is acceptable to transfer food to closely related people(e.g.grandparents, parents, spouse, children, or significant others)if they are having difficulty picking up the food.Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts.Often, family members will transfer a choice piece of food from a dish to a relative's bowl as a sign of caring.A variation of this is to transfer the food whilst using one's own bowl as a ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ?

?

?

? support, underneath the food and chopsticks to keep food from falling or dripping, then transferring from there to a relative's bowl.It is poor etiquette to tap chopsticks on the edge of one's bowl;beggars make this sort of noise to attract attention.It is impolite to spear food with a chopstick.Anything too difficult to be handled with chopsticks is traditionally eaten with a spoon.It is considered poor etiquette to point rested chopsticks towards others seated at the table.Chopsticks should not be left vertically stuck into a bowl of rice because it resembles the ritual of incense-burning that symbolizes “feeding” the dead and death in general.Holding chopsticks incorrectly will reflect badly on a child's parents, who have the responsibility of teaching their children.Traditionally, everyone would use their own chopsticks to take food from the dishes to their own bowl, or to pass food from the dishes to the elders' or guests' bowls.Today, serving chopsticks(公筷, “community-use chopsticks”)are used.These are used to take food directly from serving dishes;they are returned to the dishes after one has served oneself.When seated for a meal, it is common custom to allow elders to take up their chopsticks before anyone else.Chopsticks should not be used upside-down;it is “acceptable” to use them 'backwards' to stir or transfer the dish to another plate(if the person does not intend to eat it).This method is used only if there are no serving chopsticks.One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor form.Resting chopsticks at the top of the bowl means “I've finished”.Resting chopsticks on the side of one's bowl or on a chopstick stand signifies one is merely taking a break from eating.As in China, there is a specific seating order to every formal dinner, based on seniority and company hierarchy.The seat of honor, reserved for the guest with the highest status or a foreign guest of honor, is usually the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Others with higher status then sit in close proximity to the seat of honor, while those with lower positions sit further away.The host takes the least prominent seat, generally the one nearest the kitchen entrance or service door.The most widespread use of disposable chopsticks is in Japan, where around a total of 24 billion pairs are used each year, which is equivalent to almost 200 pairs per person yearly.In China, an estimated 45 billion pairs of disposable chopsticks are produced yearly.This adds up to 1.66 million cubic meters of timber or 25 million fully grown trees every year.In April 2006, the People's Republic of China imposed a five percent tax on disposable chopsticks to reduce waste of natural resources by over-consumption.This measure had the most effect in Japan as many of its disposable chopsticks are imported from China, which account for over 90% of the Japanese market.American manufacturers have begun exporting American-made chopsticks to China, using sweet gum and poplar wood as these materials do not need to be artificially lightened with chemicals or bleach, and are appealing to Asian consumers.The USA also has an abundance of wood, reducing the number of trees that are cut down in Asia.+++++++++++++++++++++

All the world is divided into three parts-finger-feeders, chopstick feeders and fork feeders.WHy people fall into these categories, however, is a mystery.Fork-feeders are most numerous in Europe, North America and Latin America;chopstick-feeders in most of eastern Asia;and finger-feeders in much Africa, Middle East, Indonesia and India.This means that fork feeders are outnumbered two to one.Fork-users have historically been in the minority.People have eaten with their fingers for most of human existence.As little as three centuries ago, most Western Europeans still used their fingers.French historian Fernanad Braudel tells of a preacher in Germany who lived during the Middle Ages.The preacher thought the fork was evil and called it a “diabolical luxury”;God would not have given us fingers if he had wished us to use such an instrument.Fork user and chopstick won favor because they made it easier to handle hot food.Before these instrument, people usually ate hot food with a piece of flat bread.The exception was in China, where flat bread was probably not eaten.According to Dr.K.Chang of Harvard University, Chinese food was served in small portions which didn't require cutting with a knife or fork.These was, however, a need for food to be carried from bowl to mouth, and chopsticks came along to meet that need.The fork made its way to Western tables several hundred years later, but it wasn't immediately accepted.Forks were used for many years in Europe and Near East, but only as kitchen implements.Although the fork entered society on the tables o rich and well-born, many members of royalty, including Elizabeth I of England and Louis XIV of France, ate with their fingers.What is the best way of getting food into the mouth? How you are eating food and why? ++++++++++++++++++ The Western pattern diet, also called Western dietary pattern or the meat-sweet diet, is a dietary habit chosen by many people in some developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries.It is characterized by high intakes of red meat, sugary desserts, high-fat foods, and refined grains.It also typically contains high-fat dairy products, high-sugar drinks, and higher intakes of processed meat.++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ Customs and etiquette in Chinese dining

In most traditional Chinese dining, dishes are communal.Although both square and rectangular tables are used for small groups of people, round tables are preferred for large groups, particularly in restaurants, in order to permit easy sharing.Lazy Susans are a common feature.A basic place-setting consists of a small teacup;a large plate with a small, empty rice bowl;a set of chopsticks, usually on the right of the plate;and a spoon.Additions may include a chopstick holder;a large water or wine glass;and a smaller glass for baijiu.At homes and low-end restaurants, napkins may consist of tissues or rolls of toilet paper on the table or need to be provided by the diner.High-end restaurants often provide cloth napkins similar to western dining as part of the place-setting.In all settings, toothpicks may be provided at each setting or in a communal holder.Courses Wide variations exist throughout China, but the vast majority of full-course dinners are very similar in terms of timing and dishes.Snacks Snacks are the first items presented.Two or more small dishes are brought to the table, holding boiled unsalted peanuts, salted roasted peanuts, pickled vegetables, or similar dishes.These may be consumed while ordering or while waiting for other dishes to arrive.Beverages Tea is almost always provided, either in advance of the diners' being seated or immediately afterward.It can be consumed at leisure throughout the meal.(Water is sometimes served, but tea is the default beverage.)A verbal thank you(謝謝)may be offered to the server pouring the refill or, if in the middle of a conversation where it would be rude to interrupt the speaker, the table may be tapped twice with two bent fingers instead.Other drinks are not typically ordered in advance of the food and are usually served by the pitcher or large bottle, to be poured into the glasses on the table.Bottles of beer and baijiu will similarly be opened and left on the table among the diners, to be shared among their glasses.In many areas, it is common to offer alcoholic beverages only to the adult men among the diners, although women may request to be served as well.Main course This typically consists of many dishes, usually roughly one dish per person.White rice is provided in small bowls and food is often consumed over it, flavoring it with their sauces.The rice is consumed little by little along with the other dishes and not separately, unless the diner remains hungry after the last dish has been removed.A soup may also be served as one of the dishes.At small meals, especially at home, it may replace the diners' beverage entirely.Starch Near the end of the meal, a starch dish – noodles, Chinese dumplings, or baozi – is sometimes served.Dessert Sweet after-dinner desserts are not a part of traditional Chinese meals but are becoming more common, especially among younger diners and among the Shanghainese, who are well known in China for their sweet tooth.Digestive or palate-cleansing snacks such as red bean soup or small watermelon slices remain more common at formal Chinese dinners, though, and many restaurants do not even offer dessert.Manners and customs

Eating is a dominant aspect of Chinese culture and eating out is one of the most common ways to honor guests, socialize, and deepen friendships.Proper etiquette is very important to traditional Chinese people, who feel good manners invite luck and boorish conduct shame.Although many Maoist programs aimed to curtail traditional social practices, today table etiquette is again taken as an indication of educational status, so that(for example)a child misusing her chopsticks at a formal dinner might embarrass her family, who are responsible for teaching her.Inviting guests Although individual households may have their own house rules, the Chinese traditions used to welcome guests are the largely same throughout the country.[3][4] There are common rules for inviting guests over.When the guest of honor enters into the room, the hosts stand until the guest of honor is seated.The host then orders the dishes brought, and the guest should be silent.When the dishes arrive, the meal begins with a toast from the host, and the guests then make a toast in turn in the honor of the host.The guest of honor should be the first one to start the meal.The best food in a dish should be left for the guest of honor.Seating Seating arrangement is one of the most important parts of Chinese dining etiquette.The seat of honor is the one in the center facing east or facing the entrance.Those of higher position sit closer to this position and those of lower position sit further away.The seat to the guest of honor's left is slightly more prestigious than that to his right.During the Qing dynasty, the arrangements could be quite complex but were generally ordered(1)members of the imperial government,(2)members of the local government,(3)other local leaders(such as heads of trade associations), and(4)other commoners.Today, when a family holds a banquet, the seat of honor is for the guest with the highest status and the head of the house takes the least prominent seat.Dining Drinking Water and other non-alcoholic beverages may be consumed at anytime.However, in formal settings, alcohol should be consumed during toasts.A modest toast may be followed by a single sip of wine or swallow of beer, but a baijiu toast is often ended with Ganbei!(干杯): an exhortation to drain the glass.Ideally, glasses are refilled immediately following a toast in preparation for the next.Toasting During the first toast of the night, particularly when addressed to everyone present, all stand.Women and children do not normally drink alcohol, even when the toast is being made with baijiu, but participate in the toast with whatever beverage they have.If the guests are few in number, or are seated at a small table, touching glasses is common.At a large table or when the toastees are too great in number or too far away, this is impossible and simply raising a glass is acceptable.A variant is to tap the bottom of the glass against the table, whereupon the toastee will do the same.This acts as a substitute for touching glasses.Toasts and counter-toasts continue to be made throughout the dinner.At large settings, it is customary for the guests of honor and host to visit each table(or be visited by each table)for a personal toast.If the guest of honor is not elderly or of considerably greater status, the other guests may sometimes collude to toast him individually in order to cause him to become drunk.Lazy Susan

A lazy Susan is a circular rotating tray placed at the center of a table and used to easily share a large number of dishes among the diners.A lazy Susan can be made from many materials, but most often are constructed of glass, wood, or plastic.It is typically for all the dishes for a course to be brought out together and placed around the lazy Susan.If the dishes come out one at a time or if there is some special delicacy, they are typically served to the guest of honor first and then rotated clockwise around the table.The host will often wait to serve himself last.Dishes should typically not be removed from the lazy Susan and placed on the table: at most, one should hold the dish aloft while serving and then return it to its place on the tray.One should try to avoid moving the lazy Susan even slightly when someone is in the act of transferring food from the dishes to their plate or bowl.Likewise, it is impolite to hoard or use up all of a dish until it has been offered to everyone and the other diners clearly do not care for it.For this reason, it is common to take a smaller amount from the dishes on the first round and to keep the other diners in mind when taking a larger second helping.Chopsticks Anybody who doesn't know how to use chopsticks is generally considered a “mongoloid,” and they are heavily frowned upon by society.It is akin to being a leper in Western culture.Personal Since chopsticks(and spoons)are used in place of forks and knives, Chinese cuisine tends to serve dishes in bite-size pieces or employ cooking techniques that render dishes such as fish or hong shao rou soft enough to be picked apart easily.Some common etiquette is: ? Avoid holding the chopsticks in such a way as to point your index or(worse)middle finger at the other diners, as this is a sign of anger or censure(仙人指路)? Chopsticks should always be the same length and held so that the ends are even, a practice popularly explained as due to the former use of uneven boards(三長兩短)in Chinese coffins ? Similarly, do not leave chopsticks sticking upright out of dishes, owing to a Chinese practice of leaving such dishes for the dead.? Do not chew on the ends of chopsticks, even if they are plastic.? Chopsticks are not used to move bowls or plates.? Do not bang your chopsticks as though you were playing a drum.It implies you are a beggar or a child.? Treat chopsticks as extension of your fingers.It is impolite to use them to point at other people or to wave chopsticks around.? Unless they are disposable, chopsticks will be washed and reused.Consequently, don't use them to pick at your teeth or for other unseemly endeavors.? Avoid spearing food with the chopsticks.? One should not 'dig' or 'search' through one's food for something in particular.This is sometimes known as “digging one's grave” or “grave-digging” and is extremely poor manners.? When not in use, and if the restaurant provides them, place the front end of the chopsticks on the chopstick rests.These are usually small ceramic rests placed near your napkin on the right hand side of your bowl.Communal

Photo showing serving chopsticks(gongkuai)on the far right, personal chopsticks(putongkuai)in the middle, and a spoon.Serving chopsticks are usually more ornate than the personal ones.At most formal meals, there are likely pairs of communal serving chopsticks(公筷, gongkuai).These are sets of chopsticks specifically for shared dishes only.Often, these will be distinct from the putongkuai(regular chopsticks)in that they will be longer and more ornate.There will sometimes be one set of communal chopsticks per dish or one set per course.The ratio varies.? If there are communal chopsticks available, do not use your personal ones in shared dishes.While that is a common practice in China, by having communal chopsticks at the table, your hosts are expecting you to use them.Using your personal chopsticks when there are communal chopsticks available is considered rude and unhygienic, as you are transferring your saliva with your chopsticks.If you accidentally start using the shared chopsticks as your own, as soon as you notice it, quickly apologize for it and ask if it would be possible to obtain another pair of shared chopsticks.? If there are no communal chopsticks, some hosts prefer you to use the thick end of your chopsticks for the shared dishes.This again avoids transferring saliva into the common dishes.? If in doubt about the communal chopsticks situation, watch what the others do, using small talk if necessary to stall for time.? Once the tips of the chopsticks have touched food, do not leave them on the table.Since communal chopsticks may not have their own chopstick rests, you may need to rest it against the edge of the dish.As with personal chopsticks, though, do not place them upright in the food itself.Tea

? Hold the teapot lid in place when pouring the tea from ceramic or porcelain teapots.Unlike metal teapots, the lids are not attached on ceramic teapots, and they will fall out.? One should not point the spout of the teapot directly at others: this has the same as using the finger to point at somebody, which is considered very impolite;sometimes, it also means that this person(the one being pointed at)is not welcome in the house.Obviously, at a circular table, the teapot mouth must point at someone, but it is not supposed to point directly to the person on the left or right of the teapot.Across a table does not count, so it is fine.? When someone is using a teapot to pour tea for the others, he should hold the teapot with his right hand and press the teapot lid with another hand to show his honour and sedateness.This also prevents the teapot lid from falling into the cup or onto the table.? If you are getting tea for yourself, make sure to ask others first, if they would like some more tea.Then serve yourself after you have served them.? If you are not pouring your own tea, but at a restaurant where the service attentative, in the region of south China(especially Canton and Hong Kong)the one who gets the tea uses the knuckles of his first and middle fingers to tap the table two or three times to show his thankfulness.This looks similar to knocking on a door, but don't knock as heavily as if it were a door.It is a tap, not a knock;the motion resembles a knock.? Using the tea to force the visitor out(Chinese: 端茶送客): there was a rule in Qing Dynasty’s officialdom as “the tea that given by the boss shouldn't be taken”.If the boss give tea to his subordinate by his own hands(normally that would given by a servant), that means he is impatient to the subordinate, and the subordinate should leave immediately.If the boss is visiting the subordinate by his house, the subordinate must not give the tea to the boss by his own hands, either, because that’s very impolite and means to force the visitor out.? When the tea has run out, and requires more hot water, you may leave the lid ajar but still on the teapot—this is a signal for the attendant to refill the teapot.Do not entirely remove the lid and then place the lid of the teapot on the table directly.The lid touching the table is allowing good luck to escape, and also the table might be dirty.Do not leave a teapot with the lid ajar in the middle of the table.It should be towards the side of the table so that the attendant may refill it without reaching across patrons in an invasive/taking manner.Toothpick etiquette Unlike the many nations in the West, a hand must be placed over the mouth while using a toothpick in order to conceal the action.Not doing so is considered rude.Used toothpicks should be placed on a part of your bowl or plate that you do not intend to use again later.They should not be left on the tablecloth for the waitress to then have to pick, nor thrown on the floor.Throwing toothpicks on the floor is rude to the restaurant.Throwing toothpicks on the tablecloth is inconsiderate to the servers.Bill

In most restaurants in Chinese countries, there is no tip required unless it is explicitly posted.Usually, if there is a tip required, it will already be on your bill.In Chinese restaurants in the USA though, tips are usually expected.If you are not certain, ask the waitress or watch the other customers.Guests should not truly “split the bill” with the host.A guest who “split(s)the bill” is very ungracious and embarrassing to the host.If you do not accept the host paying for the bill, it is implying that the host cannot afford it or you do not accept the friendship or hospitality of the host.However, it is expected for the guest to offer to pay for the meal multiple times, but ultimately allow the host to pay.It is also unacceptable to not make any attempt to “fight for” the bill.Not fighting for the bill means you think that the host owes that meal to you somehow.Therefore, if you are the guest, always fight for the bill but never win it on the first meal in your host's hometown.After the first meal at your host's hometown, and sometime before you leave, it is customary to bring the host's family to a meal out to thank them for your stay if you did not bring initial small presents for them when you arrived.For that meal, you may pay, but you must request your host's attendance and cooperation with allowing you to cover that particular meal.If you and an acquaintance are on a business trip, it is acceptable to split the bill, but more common to rotate who pays for the meal, with meals of similar cost.Though it is a rotation, there is still the same mock-fight for the bill.The difference is that you may say, “Fine fine, since you are my elder, this is fine this time, but the next meal, I cover.” Or something to that effect and pay for the next meal.This rotation does not have to be a meal necessarily.For example, you may rotate a meal and a game of golf.The key to the rotation being viewed as acceptable or not, is the enjoyment both parties actually get from the activity, and the approximate cost.Golf would not be an acceptable rotation if the other person does not enjoy golf, is rather bad at it while you are excellent at it, etc.Hot dry noodles, also known as reganmian, is a traditional dish of Wuhan, the capital of the Hubei province in central China.“Reganmian” has a long history in Chinese food culture for 80 years.It is a typical breakfast food in Wuhan, and is often sold in street carts in residential areas.Breakfasts such as Reganmian are available from as early as 5am and are served until midnight(breakfast turns into snacks at night)in Wuhan.The noodle is inexpensive thus remaining as a popular breakfast choice in Wuhan.The recipe for hot dry noodles is different from cold noodles and noodles in soup.Firstly mix the cooked noodles with oil and dry them.When they are about to be eaten, scald the prepared noodles in boiled water, mix them with condiments, and the noodles will be ready to eat.The finished hot dry noodles are firm and chewy, golden and oily, savory and fresh.It is made of noodles called jianmian(堿面)with a mixture of sauces and dried vegetables.Many stalls that make reganmian will have their own variations in seasoning, creating signature tastes for individual stands or localities.Reganmian restaurants stand all over the city.Among them, Cai Lin Ji(蔡林記)is the most time-honored.Established in 1930, Cai Lin Ji survives much competition and wins the current reputation with its selected materials and refined processing techniques.It has over 20 chain stores in Wuhan.The typical bowl of reganmian will have soy sauce, sesame paste, pickled vegetables, chopped garlic chives and chili oil.Reganmian is a popular local breakfast sold in road-side stalls or from push-carts.Reganmian is popular for locals for every season of the year as breakfast, lunch, dinner or just a snack.Wuhan's reganmian, along with Shanxi's daoxiaomian(刀削面: knife-cut noodles), Liangguang's yifumian, Sichuan's dandanmian, and northern China's zhajiangmian, are collectively referred to as “China's five famous noodles.” In 2013, Wuhan Reganmian was rated No.1 in a contest for China's Top 10 famous noodles.

第二篇：口語資料

第一單元

1.口譯者和文學(xué)翻譯有什么區(qū)別?它們的要求有什么不一樣嗎？如果想成為一個好的口譯者和文學(xué)翻譯家，最大的障礙是什么？

Interpreter translate a language into another language in the form of oral.Information receiver can hear the sound, sometimes it called as simultaneousinterpretation..Literary translator translate a language into another language in the form of written.Interpreters should be quite good at oral speaking, and literary translaters have a solid foundation of literature.the biggest obstacle is a solidfoundation of foreign language skills.2.有的人認為“我能說兩種語言”等于“我是一個好的翻譯家”，你同意這種觀點嗎？二者的關(guān)系是什么？

I do not agree with this view.because “speaking both languages not equal ”a good translator.Become a good translator requires the following conditions: First, a solid foundation of foreign language skills;second,skilled native language ability;third ,a solid foundation of literature;fourth,artistic creative thinking ability;five，correct translation attitude.3.博爾赫斯也曾寫道：“也許??譯者的工作比作家的工作更精細更文明：譯者顯然出現(xiàn)在作家之后。翻譯是文明的一個更高級的階段?！闭垖@個觀點進行評價并且列出翻譯家和作家之間的相似和不同之處。

I agree with his view, because translation is a way to disseminate literature in other countries and realize the cultural exchange between nations.Similarity: they are both createthe cultural ideology and express the true feelings inside.difference: the writer create a work according first-hand information, and the work reflect the author's realideas and writing purpose.Translator should have a deep understanding of the original author's intention of writing when they translate works.4.從課文中，我們了解到“譯者被稱為剽竊者、文化的掠奪者、殖民主義的共謀者，賣國者，叛徒?！蹦阃膺@種觀點嗎？對于譯者的工作還有其他的誤解嗎？它們是哪些？

No, I don’tagree with these views, but sometimes peoplelook at the translator just like that.Yes, some people hold that translator is expected to submit to his authors and always be faithful to them, never make mistakes.Also, translator is not considered an artist at all, neither a creator nor a performer, but a rather a craftsman.He is generally considereda poor and unimportant one.第二單元

1.現(xiàn)在，尤其是年輕人，喜歡學(xué)習(xí)和模仿名人，你能舉出一些偶像的名字嗎？你為什么喜歡他們？他們的行為是否會影響你？為什么有些人容易受名人的影響，你能給他們一些建議嗎？

There are many singers and movie stars in society.For example, Jay Chou, Leehom Wang, Fan Bingbing.I like their songs, their movies, theircharming appearance and their personality and characteristics.Their behaviors does not affect me generally.Some people easily affected by the idols, because they are over-indulged in the imitation of stars, weak-minded.the fowlling tips for these people.the idol can guide our behavior.But we shouldhave our own mind and a certain ability of distinguishes.Know what to do and what not to do.2.從媒體上，我們能夠了解到一些名人卷入了性或毒癮的丑聞中。你覺得名人應(yīng)該對他們的言行負責(zé)嗎？他們是否應(yīng)該對社會或自己負責(zé)任呢？

Celebrities should be responsible for their words and deeds.Celebrity is called a celebrity because they was knownfor most people.They are the example of the whole community.Itis very obvious that the public influenced by celebrities.If they often makebeneficial behavior to the society, the public will lead to the same behavior.If, they are involved in the scandals, it have a nagative impact on the whole society.They should be responsible for the society or themselves.They should stay away from scandals, the scandals not only reduce their public images, but also a nagative impact on the whole society.3.媒體與名人緊密相關(guān)，有時，他們暴露甚至制造某些丑聞。在暴露名人隱私時，媒體的角色是什么？媒體是否也應(yīng)該對社會產(chǎn)生不好的影響負責(zé)？

When the media reported the scandals, it should hold for fair and impartial manner, seeking truth from facts.Do not infringe the privacy of celebrities.Do not play up scandals andslander celebrities.the media should treate a thingas objectively as possible.If the incident had a negative impact on society.In addition to celebrities themselves being responsible for it, the media also need to take part responsibility.Because sometimes the media exaggeratedthe events really are.4.一些名人為假冒偽劣產(chǎn)品做廣告，許多人受他們的誤導(dǎo)僅僅是因為他們相信這些名人。但是這些名人仍會辯解，檢驗他們代言的產(chǎn)品是否是偽劣產(chǎn)品不是他們的責(zé)任，應(yīng)該由政府負責(zé)。依你的觀點，誰應(yīng)該承受這個則責(zé)任，名人還是政府，為什么？

I think the Government and celebrities should be responsible for it.The Government should enact legal measures to punish those who produce fake products.It also Set up a special organization to test the products.when celebritiesadvertise for the product ,they should know whether the product is counterfeit products.they have a detailed knowledge the function of products , so as not to mislead the public and occur the incident.第四單元

1.你曾經(jīng)是否有類似的經(jīng)歷，即作者在第一段中描述的。你對它們的反應(yīng)是什么？

I once had a similar experience.I do not know how to handle similar incidents.I will do nothing about these things.2.能量和熵的關(guān)系是什么？復(fù)雜性和能量之間的關(guān)系又是什么？

The more complex things are,the less order there will be and the more engry should be applied.The author concluds that entropy is the result of complexity in our life.Thus stress is the importance of patching small things up.第六單元

1.在這篇文章中，恩斯特.博伊艾討論了許多關(guān)于美國高等教育的問題。在中國的高等教育中是否有同樣的問題？我們怎樣去解決它們？

I think higher education in China have the same problem as the United States.However, the article mentioned that the vast majority students are inadequately informed about the interdependent word in which they live.We should reform the system of higher education, making college students into a creative thinking person.and encouraging students to learn more about society and the world

2.恩斯特.博伊艾確信大學(xué)教育能在畢業(yè)生的智力開發(fā)及個人生活方面發(fā)揮作用。你同意嗎？陳述你的觀點。

I agree with his view.Intelligence, including memory, observation, imagination, thinking, judging, etc., therefore， University can train creative thinking and enhance the abilityofProblem solving University culture can influence personal qualities and Enhance the level of interpersonal

3.考試在教育中發(fā)揮了消極影響嗎？

Yes!First ,the exam can tell you nothing about a person’s true ability and aptitude.Second,Test have negative influence onphysical and mental development of students, such as test anxiety.ThirdExaminations do not motivate a student to read widely, but to restrict his reading;they do not enable him to seek more and more knowledge, but induce cramming.4.你認為學(xué)生在大學(xué)教育中，應(yīng)該學(xué)到什么？學(xué)生在大學(xué)教育中能學(xué)到什么？

In the higher education we should learn the following qualities, one, professional knowledge, second, the ability to communicate with others.Third, critical thinking..In university education, some people can learn all the qualities listed above, and some people learn nothing

5.你認為今天的傳統(tǒng)教育面臨著什么樣的挑戰(zhàn)？如果你是教育部門的主管，你能為當前的中國教育體制做什么呢？

The challenge of traditional education is thatChinese students are not correct motivation of learning.((this is caused by the idea).Moreover,China's education change human brain into a computerthis is caused by the system).In my opinion, higher education should offer outstanding and specialized talents for society, and act as the home of mankind’s spirit as well.So higher education should find some equilibrium pots among universities, government and society on the one hand, and on the other, set up equilibrium between economic interest and moral civilization.Only if higher education in China sets up the equilibrium and keeps it well, society would find the graduate students it needs and the graduate students could find their appropriate position in society, and real masters would arise in the future.第七單元

1.“漂亮是什么”這個問題長期以來都是一個哲學(xué)問題，不同的人有不同的回答。漂亮對希臘人來說是一個美德。對于你來說，漂亮是什么？從你能想到的各個角度來解釋。

Beauty is a characteristic of a , , , , orthat provides aexperience of , , or.Beauty is studied as part of , , , and.An “ideal beauty” is an entity which is admired, or possesses features widely attributed to beauty in a particular culture, for perfection.2.女性漂亮是什么？男性漂亮是什么？它們之間有共同點嗎？它們之間的不同點是什么？你認為一個性別的人比另一個性別的人更加注重漂亮嗎？有誰對變得更加漂亮感到有壓力嗎？

Feminine beauty means ones outlook is very beautiful.Masculine beauty means ones outlook is

very handsome.their common point is they both means a peoples outlook is very good.Their difference point is feminine beauty is used to describe women, masculine beauty is used to describe men.NO.sorry ,I do not know.3.cocteau說“美麗的特權(quán)很多”。你是怎么理解的？你認為美麗的特權(quán)是什么？美麗會影響一個人的成功嗎？用你自己的經(jīng)驗和在生活中看到的事例來解釋。

I agree with cocreaus saying, Because in our society beauty can bring us many things.If you are beautiful, you may leave a good expression to other people ,you can also got a better job or so on.Beauty can affect ones success more or less, just as I say, if you are beautiful, you maybe can get a better job ,then you can be success quickly than other people who are not beautiful or even ugly.4.你怎么看待“beauty is in the eye of the beholder”。對內(nèi)在漂亮來說，什么人格特質(zhì)最重要？

5.人們是否花費太多時間和金錢在美麗上？你怎么看待整容的？你有過整容嗎？如果是，你要改變什么？

Yes ,people always spend lots of time and money on beauty, expecially women.I think plastic surgery is not necessary.Everybodys appearance is nature formed, if you want to change another face ,you mean ,you are not satisfied with your gene ,even you are not satisfied with your parents!NO.6.你認為人們對美麗的知覺已經(jīng)隨著時間改變了嗎？在將來還會變化嗎？為什么？用例子來說明

YES，YES，in old time ,Chinese people thought womens 10 centimeter foot means beautiful, but now, most of us think this kind of foot are ugly.Now people think nature is beautiful, we should not limit our foot.7.你認為“變漂亮”對女人來說是最理想的特質(zhì)嗎？女人只關(guān)心他們的外表嗎？

NO，I do not think “being beauty” is the most desirable quality ,it is a better desirable quality, not the best one.You known, being beauty can bring a lot of privilege ,but beautiful do not means you can get what ever you want.Women care about lots things ,beauty is only one of these things.8.“男才女貌”說明了怎樣的社會歧視?

People especially men, are more care about the extent of beauty about women.But people care less about mens out looking.People often think a beautiful women means this women is also good in other perspective.They do not care about a womens inner beauty.Or in other words ,men always measure women with their first singt.

第三篇：禮儀資料

關(guān)于全市窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)“展示窗口形象、創(chuàng)建文明城市”競賽活動的實施方案

為貫徹落實中央、省和唐山市文明委關(guān)于組織開展“迎世博迎亞運講文明樹新風(fēng)”活動的要求，以迎世博、迎亞運為契機，深入開展文明城市創(chuàng)建活動，進一步提升窗口行業(yè)文明創(chuàng)建水平，市文明委決定，在全市窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)廣泛開展“展示窗口形象、創(chuàng)建文明城市”競賽活動（簡稱窗口行業(yè)“展、創(chuàng)”活動）?，F(xiàn)制定實施方案如下：

一、指導(dǎo)思想

深入落實唐山市委、市政府關(guān)于推進全國文明城市創(chuàng)建活動的安排部署和市委四屆九次全會精神，以提升公共文明水平為目標，以促進“四優(yōu)一做”（即創(chuàng)造優(yōu)美環(huán)境、建立優(yōu)良秩序、推行優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)、倡導(dǎo)優(yōu)雅言行，爭做文明使者）為重點，以“展示窗口形象、創(chuàng)建文明城市”為主題，以開展“五比五賽”（即“比禮儀、賽文明，比服務(wù)、賽和諧，比環(huán)境、賽秩序，比作風(fēng)、賽形象，比創(chuàng)新、賽業(yè)績”）和“創(chuàng)三優(yōu)”（即評選表彰“文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)示范單位”、“文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)示范窗口”和“文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)標兵”）為載體，促進窗口行業(yè)從業(yè)人員文明素質(zhì)進一步提升，服務(wù)環(huán)境進一步改善，服務(wù)水平進一步提升，不斷提高群眾滿意率，樹立窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)良好社會形象，為深入推進“四五”轉(zhuǎn)型攻堅計劃，加速建設(shè)“魅力鋼城、綠色遷安”做出新的貢獻。

二、參賽范圍

各級黨政群機關(guān)、司法執(zhí)法部門和窗口服務(wù)單位及其全部窗口工作人員。由各行業(yè)主管部門負責(zé)組織實施。主要參評窗口行業(yè)60個，包括：工商局、國稅局、地稅局、國土資源局、審計局、環(huán)保局、煙草專賣局、物價局、司法局、安監(jiān)局、藥監(jiān)局、質(zhì)監(jiān)局、城管大隊、公安局、人力資源和社會保障局、財政局、旅游局、住房和城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)局、園林局、城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃局、林業(yè)局、農(nóng)業(yè)畜牧水產(chǎn)局、工業(yè)和信息化局、水務(wù)局、教育局、文化廣播電視新聞出版局、民政局、商務(wù)局、畜牧中心、科技局、廣播電視臺、衛(wèi)生局、交通運輸局、人口和計生局、人保壽險、人保財險、平安壽險、太保財險、太保壽險、平安財險、建設(shè)銀行、農(nóng)村信用聯(lián)社、中國銀行、農(nóng)業(yè)銀行、農(nóng)發(fā)行、交通銀行、商業(yè)銀行、郵儲銀行、聯(lián)運公司、自來水公司、供銷社、電力公司、熱力公司、工商銀行、電信公司、移動公司、郵政局、聯(lián)通公司、石油公司、房產(chǎn)中心。

三、競賽內(nèi)容

堅持把窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)“展、創(chuàng)”競賽活動作為改進為民服務(wù)、促進文明和諧的重要措施，抓住“四優(yōu)一做”、“五比五賽”和“創(chuàng)三優(yōu)”等核心內(nèi)容，以行業(yè)主管部門為活動主體，結(jié)合各行業(yè)實際和特點，組織開展不同形式的文明創(chuàng)建和文明服務(wù)競賽活動。具體“展、創(chuàng)”活動內(nèi)容為：

（一）開展“比禮儀、賽文明”活動。在窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)廣泛開展文明禮儀普及活動，提升從業(yè)人員的文明素質(zhì)和禮儀修養(yǎng)。各窗口行業(yè)要通過專家講座、現(xiàn)場示范、報告會、知識競賽、主題演講等多種形式，強化對干部職工的禮儀培訓(xùn)，普及禮儀常識，重點內(nèi)容包括：①倡行《市民文明公約》，遵守《市民公共行為規(guī)范》；②認真學(xué)習(xí)并落實語言文明、儀表文明、行為文明、服務(wù)文明、環(huán)境文明“五種基本規(guī)范”；③落實黨政群機關(guān)、司法部門、窗口單位文明禮儀相關(guān)要求。使他們熟練掌握職業(yè)禮儀、公共禮儀、個人禮儀等基本禮儀知識，并在工作生活中學(xué)習(xí)禮儀、講究禮儀、運用禮儀。組織動員各窗口單位廣大干部職工從自身做起，從本職崗位做起，從一言一行做起，培養(yǎng)良好的工作習(xí)慣和行為規(guī)范，做到佩證上崗，統(tǒng)一著裝，儀容儀表優(yōu)美，職業(yè)素質(zhì)良好，熱情微笑服務(wù)，禮儀“三聲”服務(wù)（來有迎聲、問有答聲、走有送聲），樹立良好的行業(yè)和窗口形象。圍繞“愛心獻社會、誠心待他人、孝心敬家人、責(zé)任心留給自己”這一理念，在廣大干部職工中深入開展“四講四做”主題活動，即講社會公德，做一個有愛心的人；講職業(yè)道德，做一個有誠心的人；講家庭美德，做一個有孝心的人；講個人品德，做一個有責(zé)任心的人。組織開展“講道德、重品行”主題演講活動，組織評選“文明禮儀之星”，開展“爭做文明使者”活動，在全市窗口行業(yè)營造人人講禮儀、處處見文明的良好風(fēng)尚。

（二）開展“比服務(wù)、賽和諧”活動。要以服務(wù)人民、奉獻社會為主題，在窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)大力開展文明服務(wù)培訓(xùn)，強化從業(yè)人員服務(wù)意識和奉獻意識，改善服務(wù)態(tài)度，提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和水平，營造文明和諧的服務(wù)環(huán)境。在面向市民的行政服務(wù)窗口、面向乘客的交通服務(wù)窗口、面向病人的衛(wèi)生服務(wù)窗口、面向用戶的通訊水電等服務(wù)窗口，要把提升窗口工作人員素質(zhì)、增強服務(wù)意識、改進工作作風(fēng)、提高辦事效率和服務(wù)質(zhì)量、塑造良好形象作為競賽的重點，進一步提高窗口行業(yè)文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)水平；在面向消費者的商業(yè)、餐飲、飯店、旅行社、景點（區(qū)）、銀行、出租汽車以及通訊服務(wù)、商業(yè)零售等經(jīng)營服務(wù)企業(yè)，要積極開展誠信服務(wù)、便民服務(wù)、個性化服務(wù)和特色服務(wù)，建立全方位服務(wù)體系，進一步提高消費者的滿意度。各窗口單位要結(jié)合行業(yè)特點，廣泛開展爭創(chuàng)文明服務(wù)科室、文明服務(wù)班組、文明服務(wù)車隊、文明服務(wù)大廳、“文明風(fēng)景旅游區(qū)”、“文明示范出租車（公交車、長途客運車）”等主題活動，組織開展文明服務(wù)競賽、崗位練兵、技能比賽、技術(shù)比武等系列技能比賽活動，激發(fā)廣大職工立足崗位、鉆研技術(shù)的熱情，在廣大職工當中營造學(xué)技術(shù)、比貢獻、創(chuàng)一流的濃厚氛圍，從而提高窗口從業(yè)人員服務(wù)質(zhì)量，營造和諧服務(wù)環(huán)境。

（三）開展“比環(huán)境、賽秩序”活動。改善服務(wù)環(huán)境，以凈化、美化、優(yōu)化為重點，保持服務(wù)場所清潔衛(wèi)生、整潔優(yōu)美、舒適安全，物品擺放有序，展示牌（板）規(guī)范整齊，窗明幾凈。優(yōu)化服務(wù)窗口，改進服務(wù)功能，設(shè)置精神文明宣傳欄、便民圖書角、飲水機、便民藥箱等便民服務(wù)設(shè)施，為群眾提供細致周到的服務(wù)，創(chuàng)造舒適的服務(wù)環(huán)境和人文環(huán)境。以誠實守信、文明規(guī)范、公平公正為重點，建立優(yōu)良的政務(wù)秩序和經(jīng)營秩序。行政服務(wù)窗口要從優(yōu)化依法行政、誠信高效的政務(wù)環(huán)境入手，規(guī)范行政服務(wù)行為，公開、公平、公正地行使社會管理職能，建立健全服務(wù)承諾制、政務(wù)公示制、首問負責(zé)制和限時辦結(jié)制，公開辦事制度、辦事程序、服務(wù)內(nèi)容、服務(wù)標準、辦事結(jié)果。經(jīng)營服務(wù)窗口要從優(yōu)化誠實守信、文明規(guī)范的經(jīng)營秩序入手，強化信用體系建設(shè)，健全商品和服務(wù)質(zhì)量的管理機制，完善服務(wù)體系和保證服務(wù)質(zhì)量的規(guī)章制度，保障消費者合法權(quán)益。各類窗口應(yīng)制訂切實可行的便民措施，建立健全投訴處理和反饋機制，強化群眾投訴管理，暢通群眾投訴反饋渠道，提高投訴處理質(zhì)量。

（四）開展“比作風(fēng)、賽形象”活動。要抓好行業(yè)作風(fēng)和機關(guān)作風(fēng)建設(shè)，切實轉(zhuǎn)變觀念、轉(zhuǎn)變職能、轉(zhuǎn)變作風(fēng)，下大力氣解決社會關(guān)注、群眾關(guān)心的突出問題 , 深入推進服務(wù)型、責(zé)任型、法治型機關(guān)建設(shè)，深入推進為民、便民、利民服務(wù)行業(yè)建設(shè)，提高工作效率和服務(wù)質(zhì)量，做到依法行政、廉潔用權(quán)、熱情服務(wù)、高效辦事，努力形成良好的政風(fēng)行風(fēng)。要大力深化誠信建設(shè)，采取多種形式開展誠信教育，培養(yǎng)人們的誠信觀念和規(guī)則意識。選擇商業(yè)、金融、公用事業(yè)等一部分與人民群眾生產(chǎn)生活密切相關(guān)的窗口行業(yè)和執(zhí)法部門率先建立“誠信聯(lián)盟”，總結(jié)經(jīng)驗后在全社會逐步推開。要廣泛開展以“誠實守信、優(yōu)質(zhì)高效”為主要內(nèi)容的誠信創(chuàng)建活動，以“講責(zé)任、講誠信、講效率、講奉獻”為主題，在機關(guān)中繼續(xù)開展爭創(chuàng)文明機關(guān)、責(zé)任機關(guān)等活動，在商貿(mào)流通企業(yè)繼續(xù)開展文明誠信企業(yè)、文明誠信個體工商戶、文明誠信私營業(yè)主活動，營造誠信光榮、失信可恥的良好氛圍。

（五）開展“比創(chuàng)新、賽業(yè)績”活動。要大力弘揚“博愛、互助、質(zhì)樸、拼搏”的新時期遷安人文精神，堅持開拓創(chuàng)新，增強自主創(chuàng)新能力，開展多種形式的創(chuàng)新活動，引導(dǎo)從業(yè)人員爭做創(chuàng)新型干部職工、復(fù)合型創(chuàng)新人才，在創(chuàng)新中不斷探索新路子，發(fā)現(xiàn)新問題，取得新業(yè)績。各窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)要加大對自主創(chuàng)新的投入，激發(fā)創(chuàng)新活力，增強創(chuàng)新動力。要開展創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新專題大討論活動，深入探討創(chuàng)新意義和價值，研究創(chuàng)新思路和方式，總結(jié)創(chuàng)新成果和經(jīng)驗，推動形成規(guī)范化、制度化、系統(tǒng)化的創(chuàng)新體系。要堅持深入基層、貼近群眾，開展上門服務(wù)、超時服務(wù)等活動，開創(chuàng)更有效、更便捷的服務(wù)理念和服務(wù)方式。要開展文明服務(wù)創(chuàng)新獎、技術(shù)成果創(chuàng)新獎等評選創(chuàng)建活動，鼓勵廣大干部職工開拓創(chuàng)新思路，提高工作技能，在全行業(yè)形成比創(chuàng)新、比貢獻、賽業(yè)績的濃厚創(chuàng)新氛圍。

四、時間步驟

開展文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)競賽活動從2010年7月開始至12月結(jié)束。具體分三個階段進行：

（一）宣傳動員階段（7月中旬——7月下旬）

在市文明委文件印發(fā)《關(guān)于在全市窗口服務(wù)行業(yè)開展“展示窗口形象、創(chuàng)建文明城市”競賽活動的實施方案》之后，以各行業(yè)主管部門為實施責(zé)任單位，層層組織召開動員會議，進行安排部署。全市各參賽單位根據(jù)市文明委的總體方案，結(jié)合本單位的工作實際和行業(yè)特點，制定具體的、可操作性強的實施方案和行業(yè)服務(wù)標準，并層層召開動員會議，進行動員部署，并組織新聞媒體對動員情況進行宣傳報道。

（二）組織實施階段（8月初——10月底)

1、對照標準，查找差距。各參賽單位和工作人員要分別對照“示范單位”、“示范窗口”和“服務(wù)標兵”的標準要求，查找差距，堅持按照“缺什么補什么”的原則，制度整改措施，切實抓好整改。

2、各司其責(zé)，全力推進。各參賽單位把競賽活動的工作任務(wù)落實到具體科室、落實到人頭，做到各司其職，各負其責(zé)，把競賽活動引向深入。

3、創(chuàng)新方式，搞好創(chuàng)建。各行業(yè)、各單位要結(jié)合行業(yè)和單位特點，開展優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)月、崗位大練兵、技術(shù)大比武、文明禮儀展示、“理想在崗位上閃光”演講比賽、文明服務(wù)知識競賽等各具特色的文明創(chuàng)建活動，推動競賽活動真正見成果、出實效。

4、抽樣調(diào)查，巡訪督查。由市文明辦組織專門力量對競賽活動進行明察暗訪、抽樣調(diào)查，將督查結(jié)果作為年底評選考核的重要依據(jù)。

（三）總結(jié)評選階段(11月初——12月中旬)

1、自查申報。符合條件的參賽單位、窗口和個人，要填寫文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)“示范單位”、“示范窗口”和“服務(wù)標兵”申報表，行業(yè)主管部門組織評選并簽署意見后，報市文明辦確認。

2、檢查考核。市文明辦將對申報的參賽單位進行日常考核、明查暗訪，對各申報單位進行綜合評定并進行排序，擬定競賽活動的20個“示范單位”、30個“示范窗口”和50名“服務(wù)標兵”，并將名單報市文明委領(lǐng)導(dǎo)審定。

3、通報表彰。對評出的“示范單位”、“示范窗口”和“服務(wù)標兵”，由市文明委進行命名表彰，并在全市通報。

五、工作要求

（一）高度重視，結(jié)合實際制定具體方案。各窗口行業(yè)主管部門要高度重視，切實加強對競賽活動的組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。要把“展、創(chuàng)”競賽活動作為抓行業(yè)形象和隊伍建設(shè)的重要契機，作為服務(wù)全市創(chuàng)建文明城市和文明行業(yè)工作的重點內(nèi)容，認真研究制定具體實施方案。要按規(guī)定扎扎實實地開展好此項活動，做到組織到位、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)到位、措施到位。各窗口行業(yè)主管部門制定的具體實施方案和市直窗口單位參賽名單于7月31日前報市文明辦，聯(lián)系電話：

（二）周密部署，建立長效工作機制。一是建立工作協(xié)調(diào)機制，各參賽單位要成立專門 的工作班子，確定專人專抓，形成上下聯(lián)動、黨政工青婦齊抓共管的工作局面。各行業(yè)主管部門明確一名主抓副職和科室負責(zé)人作為聯(lián)絡(luò)員，名單和通訊方式請于7月31日上報。二是建立信息反饋機制，加強信息交流，及時掌握競賽動態(tài)，確保競賽活動情況上下貫通。三是建立激勵約束機制，對競賽活動抓出成效的單位和個人給予通報表彰，對競賽活動不重視，工作進展緩慢的單位和責(zé)任人進行通報批評。四是建立督查督辦機制，通過定期不定期的明察暗訪和新聞輿論監(jiān)督，保證競賽活動的每一步工作都落到實處。

（三）密切配合，形成競賽活動的良好氛圍。此次競賽活動是在市文明委統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，由市文明辦組織，全市統(tǒng)一考評表彰。在此期間，市文明辦將與各新聞媒體協(xié)同聯(lián)動、密切配合。尤其是市內(nèi)各新聞媒體要緊密配合全市文明優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)競賽活動的開展，認真組織新聞輿論宣傳，根據(jù)媒體特點，開辟專欄、專題，組織骨干力量深入各窗口單位采訪競賽活動開展情況，推出先進典型；同時，要發(fā)揮媒體的監(jiān)督作用，對那些活動推進不力，服務(wù)態(tài)度生硬、辦事效率低下等不文明現(xiàn)象進行曝光和監(jiān)督，形成濃厚的輿論氛圍。

（四）加強督導(dǎo)，推動競賽活動落到實處。市文明辦將不定期組織暗訪巡查、集中督查，對存在問題下發(fā)督辦通知，提出整改要求，并將明查暗訪情況作為評選示范單位、示范窗口和文明標兵的主要依據(jù)。對各行業(yè)暗訪巡查的實際記錄還將作為評選文明單位、文明機關(guān)、文明行業(yè)的重要依據(jù)。

（五）以人為本，注重競賽活動的實效。競賽活動既要大張旗鼓，又要扎扎實實。要放手發(fā)動行業(yè)、企業(yè)和群眾，把群眾的滿意程度作為衡量競賽活動的第一標準，深入各行業(yè)企業(yè)，深入基層群眾，努力為各行業(yè)企業(yè)辦實事、辦好事，為群眾謀利益、謀福祉，讓行業(yè)企業(yè)和群眾真正感受到優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)競賽活動的好處，自覺參與對競賽活動的監(jiān)督，使競賽活動取得實實在在的效果。

大賽共分二個部分進行：

第一部分：自我陳述。時間1分鐘，重點闡述對禮儀的認識，禮儀在社會生活發(fā)展中的重要意義。

第二部分：風(fēng)采展示。各參賽隊可采取情景劇、小品、相聲、小戲、表演唱、快板等文藝形式進行展示，鼓勵創(chuàng)新，節(jié)目內(nèi)容以生活禮儀、社會禮儀、賽場禮儀、職業(yè)禮儀、校園禮儀、涉外禮儀六項內(nèi)容為主，結(jié)合本職工作實際，可側(cè)重表現(xiàn)本行業(yè)禮儀行為規(guī)范，限時8分鐘。各單位不論采取何種表演形式，內(nèi)容都要緊扣“禮儀”這一中心內(nèi)容，突出正面形象，達到教育人、感動人的效果。

3、評分標準

總分100分。自我陳述30分；風(fēng)采展示70分。其中風(fēng)采展示包括創(chuàng)意、服裝服飾、語言表達、表演技巧等。

4、大賽獎項設(shè)置

本次大賽設(shè)一等獎2名、二等獎4名、三等獎6名；設(shè)立最佳編劇獎、最佳導(dǎo)演獎、最佳表演獎三個單項獎；組織獎6名;優(yōu)秀獎若干名。

5、參賽要求

（1）參賽選手年齡不限，體貌端正。

（2）參賽選手具有較強的語言表達能力和表現(xiàn)力。

（3）參賽選手著裝大方得體（女士要求化淡妝）。

（4）參賽隊所需道具、服飾自行解決。

二）禮儀知識問答（20分）

（1）由評委現(xiàn)場在各分院部參與禮儀展示的學(xué)生當中隨機抽取的3名學(xué)生，代表本院部參與禮儀知識問答。

（2）10組備選題目，由各代表隊現(xiàn)場抽取一組作答，每組題目共計15分。

（3）參賽人員的儀容儀表，禮儀規(guī)范，應(yīng)變能力的表現(xiàn)等。（5分）

（4）參賽隊伍可以自由決定是否選擇風(fēng)險題作答，風(fēng)險題5分，答對得分，答錯或不能作答做相應(yīng)扣分。

（5）考察范圍：商務(wù)禮儀、職場禮儀、著裝禮儀、餐桌禮儀、校園文明禮儀等。

（三）禮儀展示（70分）

各分學(xué)院根據(jù)禮儀的各種要求和規(guī)范，可通過禮儀操或者禮儀情景劇的模擬形式，任選一種表現(xiàn)方式來展示各分院的禮儀風(fēng)采。參與表演人數(shù)：20-40人。時間5-8分鐘。

（1）禮儀動作或情景劇表演符合禮儀標準規(guī)范（20分）

（2）套路或劇本內(nèi)容創(chuàng)意新穎，（15分）

（3）服裝統(tǒng)一，表演整體和諧，有表現(xiàn)力、感染力（15分）

（4）男女比例適中，各年級學(xué)生分布比例適中（10分）

（5）演出過程的態(tài)度、出場、退場大方得體、時間把握準確（10分）

一、指導(dǎo)思想和目標任務(wù)

以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo)，認真貫徹黨的十七大精神，牢固樹立科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，以構(gòu)建社會主義和諧社會為目標，以“迎奧運、展風(fēng)采、促和諧”為載體，以轉(zhuǎn)變機關(guān)工作作風(fēng)和提高機關(guān)工作人員文明素質(zhì)為基本任務(wù)。在鞏固去年“加強作風(fēng)建設(shè)構(gòu)建和諧機關(guān)”和“法治進機關(guān)”活動成果基礎(chǔ)上，通過加強文明禮儀建設(shè)，推動機關(guān)服務(wù)水平和良好形象的進一步提升，努力形成“人人講禮儀、事事懂禮儀、處處用禮儀”的良好風(fēng)范，以實際行動發(fā)揮國土資源管理部門在推進人文奧運行動中的作用，為北京奧運會的成功舉辦，為自治區(qū)政治穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟繁榮、社會發(fā)展營造文明和諧的良好環(huán)境。

關(guān)于舉辦“萬恒杯——英姿如歌”巾幗文明崗

風(fēng)采展示大賽的通知

各鎮(zhèn)、市各有關(guān)單位：

為迎接建黨90周年、“巾幗建功”活動開展20周年，扎實推進黨群工作一體化，推動創(chuàng)先爭優(yōu)活動深入開展，充分展示各級巾幗文明崗的文明形象和優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)，彰顯各行各業(yè)開展巾幗建功活動的特色和成效，引導(dǎo)廣大城鎮(zhèn)婦女立足崗位、建功成才，經(jīng)研究，市委組織部、市委宣傳部、市婦聯(lián)、市文明辦、市新聞中心、市糾風(fēng)辦、市廣電集團（臺）決定，在全市舉辦巾幗文明崗風(fēng)采展示大賽?，F(xiàn)將具體事項通知如下：

一、活動主題

創(chuàng)先爭優(yōu)展巾幗風(fēng)采、崗位建功促新沂發(fā)展

二、時間安排

2011年1月——2011年3月

三、參展對象和范圍

市各級“巾幗文明崗”和爭創(chuàng)崗

四、參展內(nèi)容

風(fēng)采展示形式不限，根據(jù)需要可采取詩朗誦、小品、情景劇、歌舞、快板、才藝表演等藝術(shù)形式，主要展現(xiàn)以下內(nèi)容：

1、崗位禮儀規(guī)范；

2、職業(yè)技術(shù)技能；

3、女性個人（團體）才藝；

4、立足本職、愛崗敬業(yè)、創(chuàng)先爭優(yōu)的先進事跡；

5、與時俱進、開拓創(chuàng)新、爭創(chuàng)一流的精神風(fēng)貌等。

五、時間安排

2011年1月20日至2011年1月30日為各系統(tǒng)、單位自行準備和選拔時間，請各鎮(zhèn)、市各有關(guān)單位在選拔的基礎(chǔ)上，于2011年2月14日前將參賽節(jié)目名單、表演形式、參加人數(shù)（每個節(jié)目參賽人數(shù)最少不低于5人）報市婦聯(lián)，市婦聯(lián)2月21日組織人員到各單位審核節(jié)目。各代表隊將于2011年2月底之前進行單位行業(yè)展示比賽，獲獎單位將于2011年“三八”節(jié)在市影劇院舉行風(fēng)采展示活動，優(yōu)秀節(jié)目推薦參加徐州市、省巾幗文明崗風(fēng)采的集中展示。

六、比賽地點 市影劇院

七、獎項設(shè)置

本次大賽共設(shè)一等獎2名，二等獎3名，三等獎5名，優(yōu)秀組織獎若干名。

八、具體要求

1、高度重視、統(tǒng)一認識。2011年是建黨90周年，也是“巾幗建功”活動開展20周年，開展巾幗文明崗風(fēng)采展示是“巾幗建功”活動成效的充分展示，也是創(chuàng)先爭優(yōu)活動的重要內(nèi)容，對促進各行業(yè)婦女更好地崗位建功成才具有積極意義。各鎮(zhèn)、各單位要充分認識舉辦風(fēng)采展示活動的重要意義，明確一名分管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)具體負責(zé)，積極組織各個群體的女性參加展示。

2、廣泛發(fā)動、認真組織。舉辦風(fēng)采展示是今年上半年城鎮(zhèn)婦女“巾幗建功”工作的重要內(nèi)容。各鎮(zhèn)、各單位要加強領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，精心籌劃，因地制宜，廣泛動員和組織本行業(yè)本地區(qū)的巾幗文明崗積極參與。通過層層落實、推薦，真正選拔出代表本行業(yè)本地區(qū)水平的優(yōu)秀選手。

3、擴大宣傳、樹立典型。各鎮(zhèn)、各單位要認真策劃并組織開展對活動的整體宣傳活動，提高女性參與度，增強社會關(guān)注度；要通過展示活動，推出一批優(yōu)秀巾幗文明崗，并充分發(fā)揮她們的典型示范和榜樣帶動作用。

關(guān)于開展“迎奧運、講文明、樹新風(fēng)”文明禮儀大賽的通知

全市各單位：

為提高市民文明素質(zhì)，增強市民禮儀意識，教育和引導(dǎo)廣大市民做文明人、說文明話、干文明事，為我市創(chuàng)建全國文明城市、迎接北京奧運會、構(gòu)建和諧柳州，營造健康向上的人文環(huán)境，市委文明委決定在全市范圍內(nèi)開展文明禮儀大賽，現(xiàn)將有關(guān)事宜通知如下：

一、指導(dǎo)思想

開展文明禮儀大賽以鄧小平理論和“三個代表”重要思想為指導(dǎo)，全面落實科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，深入貫徹黨的十七大精神，堅持以人為本，以《公民道德建設(shè)實施綱要》為基本要求，以提高市民文明素質(zhì)為核心，通過引導(dǎo)群眾學(xué)禮儀、懂禮儀、行禮儀，使市民文明素質(zhì)有較大提升。

二、活動主題

“迎奧運、講文明、樹新風(fēng)”。

三、組織機構(gòu)

主辦單位：中共柳州市委文明委。

承辦單位：中共柳州市委宣傳部、文明辦，市直機關(guān)工委、市教育局、市建委、市交通局、市商務(wù)局、市衛(wèi)生局、市國資委、市旅游局、市園林局、市商貿(mào)控股有限公司、市總工會、市工商聯(lián)、柳州銀監(jiān)局、人民銀行柳州市中心支行、市保險協(xié)會，柳州市各縣區(qū)委文明委、宣傳部、文明辦。

大賽組委會辦公室設(shè)在市委文明辦活動科，聯(lián)系電話：2824320 傳真：2811943、2869422。

四、大賽方式

文明禮儀大賽分為縣區(qū)組和行業(yè)組兩組分別進行。

（一）縣區(qū)組比賽方式。

縣區(qū)組分為三個不同組別進行比賽： 1．政務(wù)組（含縣區(qū)黨政機關(guān)）； 2．校園組（含中小學(xué)校、幼兒園）； 3．社區(qū)組（含社區(qū)、村委）。

要求各縣區(qū)在開展選拔賽的基礎(chǔ)上，每個縣區(qū)推選出政務(wù)隊、校園隊、社區(qū)隊各一支參賽隊，以縣區(qū)代表隊的形式參加市級決賽，全市六縣四區(qū)共30支參賽隊參加市級決賽。各縣區(qū)要在4月25日前完成本縣區(qū)選拔工作，并于4月25日前將3支參賽隊名單報送組委會。報名地點設(shè)在市委文明辦活動科（報名表附后）。

（二）行業(yè)組比賽方式。

行業(yè)組比賽由市委文明辦與市直機關(guān)工委、市教育局、市建委、市交通局、市商務(wù)局、市衛(wèi)生局、市國資委、市旅游局、市園林局、市商貿(mào)控股有限公司、市總工會、市工商聯(lián)、柳州

銀監(jiān)局、人民銀行柳州市中心支行、市保險協(xié)會聯(lián)合舉辦。各承辦單位負責(zé)比賽的具體組織和實施工作。

行業(yè)組分為以下9個組，由承辦單位在4月底前完成比賽。1．全市公務(wù)員行業(yè)組（市直機關(guān)各單位）

承辦單位：市直機關(guān)工委

2．教育行業(yè)組（各大中專院校、各類職業(yè)院校、市內(nèi)各高級中學(xué)）承辦單位：市教育局

3．市政、建筑、房地產(chǎn)、物業(yè)管理行業(yè)組 承辦單位：市建委 4．交通運輸行業(yè)組 承辦單位：市交通局 5．商貿(mào)流通行業(yè)組

承辦單位：市商務(wù)局、市商貿(mào)控股有限公司 6．醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生行業(yè)組 承辦單位：市衛(wèi)生局 7．旅游服務(wù)行業(yè)組

承辦單位：市旅游局、市園林局 8．銀行保險行業(yè)組

承辦單位：柳州銀監(jiān)局、人民銀行柳州市中心支行、市保險協(xié)會

9．工礦企業(yè)、郵政、電信、移動通信行業(yè)組 承辦單位：市國資委、市總工會、市工商聯(lián)

五、比賽內(nèi)容

文明禮儀大賽在內(nèi)容上，堅持傳統(tǒng)禮儀與現(xiàn)代禮儀相結(jié)合，大力弘揚中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德，充分體現(xiàn)時代精神，緊緊圍繞《公民道德建設(shè)實施綱要》20字基本道德規(guī)范，以文明禮儀提升公民的文明素質(zhì)，重點突出社會禮儀、職業(yè)禮儀、生活禮儀三個方面的內(nèi)容。比賽包含三個環(huán)節(jié)：

（一）團隊禮儀風(fēng)采展示。主要是通過規(guī)范禮儀動作的展示，隊形的編排、音樂及解說的配合，展現(xiàn)參賽隊的團隊精神和美好的職業(yè)風(fēng)貌，整個團隊禮儀風(fēng)采展示必須包含八個以上禮儀動作；

（二）禮儀情景表演?？筛鶕?jù)行業(yè)特點自行編排，讓劇情、動作、服裝、配音、解說、音樂渾然一體，給人以真實、自然、實用的良好感覺和高雅優(yōu)美的藝術(shù)享受；

（三）知識問答。比賽設(shè)置禮儀知識、奧運知識、道德建設(shè)知識問答，得分計入總分（競賽題庫另行發(fā)放）。

六、獎勵事項

（一）參賽隊獎：縣區(qū)組、行業(yè)組各評出一、二、三等獎及優(yōu)勝獎若干名；

（二）集體獎：組織獎若干名；

（三）個人單項獎：最佳形象獎、最佳氣質(zhì)獎、最具親和力獎若干名。

七、工作要求

（一）加強領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，明確責(zé)任。舉辦文明禮儀大賽是一項重要的文明禮儀宣傳教育活動，是我市文明禮儀教育成果及市民文明素質(zhì)的集中展示，各縣區(qū)、承辦單位要統(tǒng)一思想，提高認識，高度重視，確保大賽的順利展開。各單位、各部門應(yīng)根據(jù)各自的工作職能和工作需求，結(jié)合自身特定的行業(yè)特點積極報名參與比賽。市委文明委將對各縣區(qū)、各單位的大賽組織情況進

行專項檢查，并將大賽活動的組織開展情況列入2008年文明縣區(qū)、文明單位考評內(nèi)容之一。

（二）大力宣傳，營造氛圍。各級新聞媒體要把開展文明禮儀大賽作為宣傳和普及文明禮儀知識的一個重要契機。要開設(shè)專版、專欄、專題節(jié)目，高頻率、大規(guī)模、全方位、立體化地宣傳文明禮儀知識。要充分發(fā)揮廣播、電視、報紙、網(wǎng)站等各種宣傳陣地的作用，加強對廣大市民文明禮儀知識的宣傳教育，增長市民的文明禮儀知識。要動員社會力量，廣泛開展文明禮儀公益廣告創(chuàng)作活動，形成并制作一批貼近生活、寓意鮮明、形象幽默的文明禮儀公益廣告。

（三）貫徹落實，務(wù)求實效。各縣區(qū)委文明委、各單位、各部門要根據(jù)通知要求，早研究，早部署，早實施，切實把握好大賽的各個工作環(huán)節(jié)，作好大賽的各項工作。

八、未盡事宜，另行通知，并由大賽組委會負責(zé)解釋。

附：1．“迎奧運、講文明、樹新風(fēng)”文明禮儀大賽比賽細則。

2．“迎奧運、講文明、樹新風(fēng)”文明禮儀大賽縣區(qū)組參

主題詞：精神文明建設(shè)

文明禮儀大賽

通知

附件一：

“迎奧運、講文明、樹新風(fēng)”文明禮儀大賽比

賽

細

則

（一）比賽注重禮儀形象規(guī)范、語言規(guī)范、行為規(guī)范以及和社會各界交往活動過程中的禮儀行為規(guī)范的展示；

（二）參賽隊要有本行業(yè)鮮明特點的比賽主題，并圍繞此主題表演比賽；

（三）參賽隊要力求展現(xiàn)具有行業(yè)特點的實用禮儀動作，如站姿、坐姿、走姿、手姿等基本行為動作和微笑、點頭、注目、欠身、鞠躬、指示、握手、招手、遞物、介紹、接聽電話、迎送等其他禮儀動作，要求動作規(guī)范連貫，富于創(chuàng)新；

（四）參賽隊要穿著得體，搭配協(xié)調(diào)，氣質(zhì)優(yōu)雅，端莊大方，能充分體現(xiàn)職業(yè)特點；

（五）各參賽隊比賽用時在6分鐘以內(nèi)，包括團隊禮儀風(fēng)采展示和禮儀情景表演，知識問答不計入比賽用時；

（六）每支參賽隊隊員人數(shù)不少于8人，其中男隊員不少于2人，并設(shè)隊長1名；

（七）比賽評分標準。1．比賽采用100分制 序號

項目

規(guī)范要求

評分 總分 禮儀服裝

著裝符合本職業(yè)特點，大方得體，搭配精致

10分 化妝造型

氣質(zhì)高雅的化妝和端莊的發(fā)型搭配設(shè)計

5分 禮儀舉止

有至少8個以上的標準禮儀動作，動作規(guī)范得體，體現(xiàn)職業(yè)風(fēng)采

30分 4 神情風(fēng)度

眼神認真專注，微笑真誠隨和自然，自信有內(nèi)涵

10分 5 背景音樂

協(xié)調(diào)委婉的背景音樂，運用恰當，給人以美的享受

5分 語言規(guī)范

標準自信的普通話，解說流暢達意，符合主題

10分 團隊精神

整體的協(xié)調(diào)性，體現(xiàn)默契和溝通及友愛

10分 藝術(shù)創(chuàng)意

全套動作編排新穎，突出主題精髓，富有時尚職業(yè)感

10分 9 知識問答

共5題，答對一題得2分

10分

2．各參賽隊的最后得分為所有評委分數(shù)中去掉一個最高分和一個最底分的平均數(shù)，現(xiàn)場公布最后得分。

為隆重慶祝建黨九十周年和 “巾幗建功”活動開展二十周年，進一步推動市級機關(guān)“巾幗文明崗”創(chuàng)建活動，充分展示市級機關(guān)各級別“巾幗文明崗”在崗位立功、優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)、促進工作、構(gòu)建和諧等方面取得的豐碩成果，展現(xiàn)廣大機關(guān)婦女干部職工愛崗敬業(yè)、奮發(fā)進取、無私奉獻的時代風(fēng)采，市級機關(guān)婦工委決定舉辦市級機關(guān)各級別“巾幗文明崗”風(fēng)采展示活動。

活動內(nèi)容形式

本次風(fēng)采展示活動要求以“創(chuàng)崗爭優(yōu)，競展風(fēng)采，為建黨90周年獻禮”為主題，通過圖板成果展示和技能才藝展示兩大形式，彰顯“巾幗文明崗”創(chuàng)建活動在推動婦女崗位建功、成長成才，促進工作和全面發(fā)展方面發(fā)揮的積極作用。

1、圖板成果展示：由各“巾幗文明崗”結(jié)合本崗位開展“巾幗文明崗”創(chuàng)建活動實際，制作“巾幗建功”宣傳展板。展板制作要求主題鮮明，內(nèi)容豐富，體裁多樣，圖文并茂，要充分體現(xiàn)崗位特色和創(chuàng)建成效。

2、技能才藝展示：以“巾幗文明崗”成員自創(chuàng)自演節(jié)目為主，以團體表演為亮點，充分展示各崗位開展“巾幗建功”活動的特色和成效，展現(xiàn)“巾幗文明崗”成員的精湛技能、優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)和文明形象。節(jié)目內(nèi)容要求緊扣主題，具有鮮明的時代特征、崗位特點和巾幗特色，體現(xiàn)思想性和藝術(shù)性的統(tǒng)一。節(jié)目可以是歌舞、配樂詩朗誦、小品、時裝秀、禮儀示范、才藝技能展示等，形式可以靈活多樣、豐富多彩，體裁、人數(shù)不限。

第四篇：口語考試資料

暴力視頻游戲?qū)η嗌倌暧泻Γ?/p>

How much scientific evidence is there for and against the assertion（斷言，聲明）that exposure to video game violence can harm teens? Three researchers have developed a novel method to consider that question: they analyzed the research output of experts who filed a brief in a U.S.Supreme Court case involving violent video games and teens.Their conclusion? Experts who say violent video games are harmful to teens have published much more evidence supporting their claims than have experts on the other side of the debate.“We took what I think is a very objective approach: we looked at the individuals on both sides of the debate and determined if they actually have expertise in the subjects in which they call themselves experts,” said Brad Bushman, co-author of the study and professor of communication and psychology at Ohio State University.“The evidence suggests that those who argue violent video games are harmful have a lot more experience and stronger credentials（證明）than those who argue otherwise.”

Bushman conducted the study with Craig Anderson, professor of psychology at Iowa State University, and Deana Pollard Sacks, professor of law at Texas Southern University.Their research will be published in May in the Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy.Their study involved Schwarzenegger v.Entertainment Merchants Association, a case before the U.S.Supreme Court that will decide whether the state of California can ban the sale or rental of violent video games to children under 18.The court is expected to rule on the case this summer.In this case, groups supporting and opposing the law have filed what are called briefs of amicus curiae（法官的顧問）.These are briefs by people or groups who are not involved directly in the case, but want to offer the court their expert opinion on the issues involved.The researchers analyzed the credentials of the 115 people who signed the Gruel brief, who believe video violence is harmful, and the 82 signers of the Millett brief, who believe video violence is not harmful.(The briefs are named after the lead attorneys for each side.)

The data for the study came from the PsycINFO database, which provides more than 3 million references to the psychological literature from the 1800s to the present, including peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters or essays, and books.For each of the signers of the two briefs, the researchers calculated how many articles and books they published on issues relating to violence and aggression in general and on media violence specifically.The results showed that 60 percent of the Gruel brief signers(who believe video game violence is harmful)have published at least one scientific study on aggression or violence in general, compared to only 17 percent of the Millett brief signers.Moreover, when the researchers looked specifically at the subject of media violence, 37 percent of Gruel brief signers have published at least one study in that area, compared to just 13 percent of the Millett brief signers.In a further analysis, Bushman and Anderson examined where the signers of both briefs have published their research.The best academic journals have the highest standards and the most rigorous peer review, so only the best research should be published there, Bushman said.The researchers used a well-established formula, called the impact factor, to determine the top-tier journals, and then calculated how many signers had published in these journals.Results showed that signers of the Gruel brief had published over 48 times more studies in top-tier journals than did those who signed the Millett brief.“That's a staggering（蹣跚的，令人驚愕的）difference,” Bushman said.“It provides strong support for the argument that video game violence is indeed harmful.” Bushman said he and his colleagues did this study because they wanted to show that

there is a way for the Supreme Court to evaluate the contradictory（矛盾的，反對的）evidence it has been presented.“The justices were presented with two briefs, arguing opposite sides, and they may think the contradictory briefs simply cancel each other out,” Bushman said.“We just wanted to point out to the justices that not all briefs are the same.In this case, the credentials and experience of those who signed the Gruel brief far exceeds that of the ones who signed the Millett brief.”

Fight with pc games addiction(addiction [?'dik??n]n.上癮，沉溺；癖嗜)

As depicted by the picture, we are informed that one student busies himself playing computer games excitedly, with several students surrounding him and yelling “go!go!go!go!” it’s obvious that all of them are addicted to computer games and which makes them extremely exhilarated.This day ,such scenario isn’t odd in schools.Lots of students are indulged in PC games, which has become a severe social problem.one shocking news is that in china 90 percent of pc game player are teenagers.Why this happens? We cannot help asking ourselves this question.As for those students , it’s their obligation to pay more attention to their studies instead ofbeing obsessed with pc games.However, they choose to take playing pc games as their major source of entertainment.By playing games, they feel relaxed and the high pressure caused by studies is reduced, and they enjoy this easy time.As a result, they cannot reject the temptation of pc games.but as we already know, computer games addiction has resulted in a series of problems.first,some students let their studies slide to play pc game,which will ruin their future.second, sitting in front of the computer the whole day will do harm to their physical health.Finally, some of the games are about violence and sex.Because the teenagers’ capacity of self control as well their sense of right and wrong is immature, some of them imitate bad and dangerous actions showed by pc games ,and even commit crimes.So it’s time for our government and society to solve the problem.To begin with, teenagers should be given proper guidance as to the relation of studies and entertainment.Parents and teachers should give them correct advice about how to arrange their schedule every day and make good use of time.Then, we should help the students to turn their attention to sth interesting and advantageous,such as doing physical exercises or reading.Furthermore, the burden of study should be reduced.Finally ,the market of pc games should be regulated strictly.in one word,the coordinated effort of the whole society will put an end to teenagers’ computer games addiction.I

一。大學(xué)生接觸電腦游戲的慨況；

二。電腦游戲?qū)Υ髮W(xué)生的利與弊；

三。我對這一問題的看法。

Computer and Online Games

Computer games have become very popular in recent years.Many college students are being attracted by computer games.Every day after school some college students will bury themselves in computer games at home or in net bars.They concentrate all their attention on computer games,with their hands busy operating.Computer games are a kind of wonderful entertainment.They bring great pleasure to college students,train them to respond quickly, and stimulate their imagination and interest in electronics and computer science.But just as a coin has twosides,computer games also have some disadvantages.School students spend too much time on computer games.which would do harm to their eyes and affect their school achievements.Also,playing computer games do not allow them to use their natural creativity.Some of them even commit crimes in order to get enough money for the games.Only if one has enough self-control can he benefit from computer games.In my opinion,computer games has its advantages and disadvantages to collge students,but if we can control our excessive lust to computer games and take advantage of it ,I’m sure we can gain a lot from computer games.如果考到轉(zhuǎn)基因食物（genetically modified food），應(yīng)該如何應(yīng)對？

by 新東方口譯口試組

由于世界人口越來越多rapid population growth，而耕地面積日益縮減arable land is diminishing 各國政府不得不通過科技手段來增加糧食的產(chǎn)量。Increase grain output by applying advanced technology.（注：饑荒 famine）轉(zhuǎn)基因食品通過基因重組，re-engineering of the DNA of crops使得農(nóng)作物具有抗害蟲的能力more pest-resistant，從而增加畝產(chǎn)，因此被認為可以解決世界糧食危機 to cope with global food crisis，保證食品供應(yīng)的安全。Ensure food security/safety.目前，許多人對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品對其毒性問題、營養(yǎng)問題、對抗生素的抵抗作用以及環(huán)境威脅等問題都抱有質(zhì)疑態(tài)度。People are skeptical about the GM food’s toxicity, nutritional value and resistance against antibiotics as a result of being excessively used

客觀來講Objectively speaking，每一件新生事物，都有它比經(jīng)一個成長過程。我們應(yīng)該用客觀的批判的和包容的眼光去看待。One should be more tolerant to new things 目前轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)，尚處于研究的初級起步階段 starting phase。許多人都堅持認為，這種技術(shù)培育出來的食物是“不自然的”unnatural。許多消費者對轉(zhuǎn)基因食品的安全問題提出了質(zhì)疑。最常見的就是，我國的轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆有。消費者對其安全性十分擔(dān)憂people are concerned about the grave threat of GM food such as soybean。從一次次過去的教訓(xùn)中，人們不難得出結(jié)論，人類行為應(yīng)該對自然負責(zé)。Humankind should be more careful when dealing with nature.其實，有時候，確實不必如此 these concerns are legitimate but not necessary。

原因，沒有十足的把握控制基因調(diào)整后的結(jié)果。The possible ill effects of GM food could spin out of control.如果我們的質(zhì)量檢測部門應(yīng)該加強質(zhì)量檢測。Strengthen the oversight of GM food.確保消費者的身體健康，ensure health of people公眾也應(yīng)該有權(quán)知曉，他們在超市購買的食物是否是轉(zhuǎn)基因的。The right to know whether the food they buy and consume is genetically modified or organic.

第五篇：社交禮儀資料

1、舉出三個古代的禮儀至今仍在使用例子，說明禮儀具有傳統(tǒng)繼承性的特征。

例如：尊老愛幼（孝敬父母，關(guān)愛子女），熱情待客（有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎），雙手遞物、接物。這些禮儀自古至今都是一脈相承的。

2、舉出三個例子說明禮儀具有時代性的特征。

禮儀隨著時代發(fā)展在不斷變化，因此，具有時代性特點。

例一：過去的跪拜禮，現(xiàn)代用點頭、鞠躬、舉手禮等代替。

例二：解放初期，迎接外賓的大規(guī)模歡迎儀式，隨著國際交往的增多，現(xiàn)在大大簡化了。

例三：過去“串門”的習(xí)俗隨著人們生活節(jié)奏加多快減少了，沒有十分必要很少串門了，即使做客，也是辦完事就走，免得打擾別人。

3、舉例說明禮儀的培養(yǎng)為什么要求加強道德修養(yǎng)？

道德是禮儀的基礎(chǔ)。一個有道德的人必然具備對別人的關(guān)愛和尊重的品德，所以，有道德的人必定會以禮待人。因此，我們在培養(yǎng)禮儀過程中強調(diào)要加強道德修養(yǎng)。

例如：雷鋒熱愛黨、熱愛祖國、工作負責(zé)、樂于助人。他必定會尊重別人、關(guān)懷別人，待人自然會有禮貌。

再如：勞動模范李素麗，她身為公交車的售票員，熱愛工作，熱情為乘客服務(wù)，有高尚的職業(yè)道德，也必然會以禮待人。

二、選擇題(每題l分，總計10分)

例：有關(guān)居家禮儀，下面正確的一項是()。

A．居家禮儀就是在家中應(yīng)該遵循的禮儀

B．尊重是子女對父母單向的行為

C．養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常到鄰里走動的習(xí)慣是與鄰里相處禮儀的內(nèi)容之一

D．滿懷感恩之心是尊敬孝順的主要內(nèi)容

參考答案：D

三、填空題(每空l分，總計8分)禮儀的廣泛性包括、兩方面的含義。

參考答案：禮儀無處不在、禮儀無時不在四、簡答題(每題8分，總計48分)例：禮儀的意義是什么?

參考答案：總體說來，禮儀的重要意義主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：(1)有利于禮儀的傳承發(fā)展；(2)有利于和諧社會的構(gòu)建；(3)有利于國際交往的融洽；(4)有利于社交行為的規(guī)范；(5)有利于個人形象的塑造。(可逐條作簡單說明)’

五、應(yīng)用操作題(每題l6分，總計16分)

例：一個家境比較好的女孩找了一個來自農(nóng)村的男孩做男朋友，結(jié)果回家之后卻遭到了父母的極力反對，要他們立馬分手，她覺得父母比較勢利，和他們之間存在代溝，不理解他們的感情，一怒之下和父母爭吵了起來，并從家里搬了出去，不和父母聯(lián)系……

思考：1．你覺得案例中的女孩做得對么?為什么?

2．反思自己與父母相處的方式有無問題，并提出改進方案。

參考答案：1．該女孩在與父母的溝通上，想法與行為都存在問題。與父母溝通一定要心平氣和，最好是能把父母看成自己的好友，發(fā)生了爭執(zhí)，首先要想想自己在這件事情上有沒有做得不太好的地方或是不對的地方，不要與其爭吵，要耐心地靜下心來與父母溝通一下，了解他們的想法、他們反對的理由，而不是通過爭吵與離家出走解決問題。解決問題時雙方都要冷靜，盡管父母有些想法不一定正確，但也要尊重他們，因為爭吵解決不了任何問題。找個輕松的時候，與父母交心，在尊重他們的前提下闡明自己的想法和理由，以理服人。其次，也要了解父母的想法，找出他們讓你費解的地方，找出他們反對的理由，多站在對方的立場去想問題。要理解父母的內(nèi)心，畢竟他們?nèi)松?jīng)驗豐富，很多時候看問題比自己長遠，我們還是要耐心聽取他們的建議，這樣，我們在人生之路上可能會少走很多彎路。

1、舉出兩個例子說明為什么學(xué)習(xí)禮儀課要求“靈活運用、隨機應(yīng)變”？

答：

學(xué)習(xí)禮儀課要學(xué)會禮儀的規(guī)范，禮儀的規(guī)范是不能以個人的意愿隨便改變的。但是禮儀的地域性和差別性的特征，禮儀的“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”的原則又決定了它的隨機應(yīng)變靈活性。

例一：請客吃飯，有的民族禁忌喝酒，你就不能向他敬酒；有的民族把狗當做人的好朋友，你就不能請他吃狗肉……

例二：見到了老朋友可以長時間緊緊握手；與初次見面的異性握手就應(yīng)短暫地握一下；與臥床的病人握手只應(yīng)輕輕地一握；如果自己正在干活，手臟，也可以向?qū)Ψ奖硎静荒芪帐郑硎颈浮?/p>

2、“入鄉(xiāng)隨俗”是禮儀的重要原則，但做起來又有很多實際問題，請分別對遇到的下列情況談?wù)勀闳绾翁幚怼?/p>

（1）西方人把寵物當成了家庭成員，十分愛護。如果有人驅(qū)趕、或用腳踢，他們會很反感。你如果到有寵物的西方人家里做客又怕寵物，該怎么辦？

（2）有人請客，用自己的筷子給客人夾菜，以表示熱情，當給你夾時，你該如何？

（3）有的民族或地方，為了表示待客熱情，宴請時非讓客人喝酒喝醉才認為你夠朋友，而你不能喝酒，也不愿喝醉失態(tài)，該怎么辦？

答：

（1）在做客前向主人說明，請主人把寵物看管好。

（2）一般可以客氣地回答，我自己夾我喜歡的菜吃。不必為我夾菜，同時表示感謝。另外，也可以要一雙公筷給主人夾菜，表示回敬，同時讓主人懂得給別人夾菜應(yīng)使用公筷。

（3）誠摯地說明自己不能喝酒，很有禮貌地謝絕，不得生硬地拒絕，造成主人尷尬。另外，也可以介紹自己習(xí)慣的喝酒方式，請主人諒解。也可以向主人介紹現(xiàn)代文明的飲酒方式是互不勸酒，希望主人能接受各種飲酒方式的并存。

一、填空題（每空1分，共18分）

1．禮儀起源于________________。

2。人際交往中空間位置的選擇主要有四種，即邊角位置、____________、_________________ 和________________。

3．公共場合最顯著的特點是它的____________和____________。

4．婆媳關(guān)系是由____________和____________的延伸而形成的。

5．在為他人作介紹時，一般堅持____________ 原則；如果在公務(wù)場合作集體介紹時，則介紹順序是____________原則。

6．____________和____________是陪伴叛逆期孩子的金鑰匙。

7．教室禮儀的基本要求是保持安靜、____________和____________。

8．談判按不同的標準可以有不同的分類。若從參加談判的人數(shù)來看，可以分成____________和____________兩類。

9．盡管禮儀的內(nèi)涵十分豐富且千差萬別，但總的來說，它主要包括____________、禮節(jié)和____________等基本內(nèi)容。

參考答案：

一、填空題1．原始的宗教祭祀活動

2．合作位置 競爭和防御性位置 獨立位置 3．公用性 共享性

4．親子關(guān)系 夫妻關(guān)系

5.先卑后尊 先尊后卑

6．尊重 真誠

7．保持清潔 保持儀表整潔

8．單獨談判 團體談判

9．禮貌禮儀儀式

二、單項選擇題（在以下每題后的四個備選答案中，選擇一個正確答案，并將序號填入題中括號內(nèi)，每小題1分，共10分）

1．禮儀的功能不包括()。

A．規(guī)范功能 B．溝通功能 C．指導(dǎo)功能 D．教育功能

2．以下關(guān)于坐姿的基本要求錯誤的一項是()。

A．端莊 B．隨意 C．大方 D．舒適

3．一般來說，當通話雙方地位存在較大差異時，應(yīng)由()先掛斷電話。

A．任意一方都可以 B．打電話方 C．接聽方 D．通話雙方地位較高的一方

4．以下不屬于幼兒期子女對自尊的要求的表現(xiàn)的是()。

A．要求得到成人的關(guān)注 B．要求自主

C．要求被贊揚和被認可 D．要求合作

5．鄰里間禮儀不包括()。

A．鄰里間基本禮儀 B．鄰里間居住禮儀

C．鄰里間通信禮儀D．鄰里間做客禮儀

6．求職準備階段的工作主要包括預(yù)備個人資料和()兩個方面。

A．設(shè)計個人簡歷 B．自我形象設(shè)計

C．撰寫求職信 D．準備合適的服裝

7．下列關(guān)于求職面試的禮儀知識正確的一句是()。

A．求職面試結(jié)束了只要等消息通知，不需要再做什么

B．求職面試中求職者應(yīng)該認真傾聽主試官的問題，不需做任何記錄

C．求職面試時應(yīng)和主考官多套近乎，以拉近距離

D．求職者面對主試官時，要抬眼向上注視考官的面部，眉毛要自然平直，不論面對什么情況都不要皺起眉頭或是將眉毛上升、下降

8．下列不屬于握手的禁忌的是()。

A．用左手去握別人的手

B．在握手時將另外一只手插在衣袋里

C．在握手時僅僅握住對方的手指尖

D．平輩之間，先出手為敬

9．英、德、法等歐洲國家的人們多忌諱數(shù)字“l(fā)3”和。()。

A.4 B．6 C．星期五 D．星期日

10.被人們視為一個人有沒有教養(yǎng)、講不講社會公德的重要標志之一是()。

A．尊重隱私 B．以右為尊

C．不宜先為 D．愛護環(huán)境

參考答案：

二、單項選擇題1．C 2．B 3．D 4．D 5．C 6．B 7．D 8．D 9．C 10．D

三、名詞解釋(每題5分，共20分)1．禮儀 ：

禮儀指的是一定地區(qū)、民族、國家或群體在共同的社會生活和社會交往中所形成的，為人們所認同和共同遵守，并以確立、維護和協(xié)調(diào)人們之間相互關(guān)系、維持一定的社會秩序為目的的各種符合禮的精神及道德要求的社會交往方式、行為準則、價值觀念、道德規(guī)范以及與之相適應(yīng)的典章制度、器物、標志、服飾、象征等的總和。

２．“散點” 是指在與人交談時，目光應(yīng)主要落在別人的臉部，最好是在鼻尖以上，眉以下，兩個外眼角以內(nèi)的區(qū)域中。“正視”是指投注到別人臉部的目光應(yīng)保持一個比較正直的角度，不要用斜視、掃視、瞟、瞥等不禮貌的眼神。

３．“言傳身教” ：“言傳身教”出自《莊子?天道》：“語之所貴者意也，意有所隨。意之所隨者，不可以言傳也?！毖詡骷从醚哉Z講解、傳授；身教即以行動示范。言傳身教是指既用言語來教導(dǎo)，又用行動來示范。

４．涉外通則是指中國人在接觸外國人時，通常都必須遵守并加以運用的有關(guān)國際交往慣例的基本原則。它是對國際交往慣例的高度概括，對于參與涉外交際的中國人具有普遍的指導(dǎo)意義。

四、簡答題（每小題7分，共35分）１．規(guī)范的走姿主要有哪些基本要求?

(1)在保持標準站姿的基礎(chǔ)上，重心向前微傾，目光平視，面容平和自然。(2)兩臂自然前后擺動。(3)注意步伐，兩腳內(nèi)側(cè)落在一條直線上。(4)步頻、步幅適中。

2．簡述師生之間禮儀的基本要求。

答：師生關(guān)系是學(xué)校環(huán)境中最普通、最基本的人際關(guān)系。師生關(guān)系不僅對學(xué)生的個眭心理有著很大的影響，同樣也影響著教師。師生之間禮儀的基本要求是：學(xué)生應(yīng)尊敬教師；教師應(yīng)愛護學(xué)生；教師要講究批評的藝術(shù)。

3．父母對子女的禮儀應(yīng)注意哪些方面?

答：(1)尊重子女。父母對子女的尊重，要遵循子女的成長特點，在幼兒期、青春期和成年之后施以不同的關(guān)心和尊重。(2)教育有方。家長要學(xué)會“夸獎”；尊重子女的愛好和興趣；不侵犯子女的隱私；要激發(fā)子女的潛能。(3)言傳身教。父母在孩子面前要以身作則，為孩子樹立可以信賴、可以效仿、可以直接感受到的好榜樣。(4)良好有效的溝通。父母的言語影響到孩子的自尊和自重，也可以決定孩子的命運。

4．求職信撰寫的技巧有哪些?

答：(1)簡明扼要有條理。(2)要有自信。(3)富有個性，不落俗套。(4)自我推銷與謙虛應(yīng)適當有度。(5)準確用詞，少用簡寫詞語，慎重使用“我”的字句。(6)突出重點。(7)建立聯(lián)系，爭取面試。

5．如何正確地向客人遞送名片?

答：(1)應(yīng)鄭重其事，最好是起身站立，走上前去，使用雙手或者右手，將名片正面面對對方，交予對方。

2)將名片遞給他人時，口頭應(yīng)首先有所表示，可以說“請多指教”，“多多關(guān)照”，或是先作一下自我介紹。

3)與多人交換名片，應(yīng)講究先后次序，或由近而遠，或由尊而卑。位卑者應(yīng)當首先把名片遞給位尊者。

五、應(yīng)用操作題（共17分）

國內(nèi)某家專門接待外國游客的旅行社，有一次準備在接待來華的意大利游客時送每人一件小禮品。于是，該旅行社訂購了一批純絲手帕，每個手帕上繡著一只仙鶴，十分美觀大方。手帕裝在特制的紙盒內(nèi)，盒上又有旅行社社徽，是很像樣的小禮品。

旅游接待人員帶著盒裝的純絲手帕到機場迎接來自法國的游客。在車上，他代表旅行社贈送給每位游客兩盒手帕作為禮品。沒想到，車上一片嘩然，議論紛紛，游客顯得很不高興。特剮是一位夫人，大聲叫喊，表現(xiàn)極為氣憤。旅游接待人員心慌了，好心好意送人家禮物，不但得不到感謝，還遭到一片責(zé)難。

思考以上案例，這些法國游客為什么會生氣? 結(jié)合案例，談?wù)勏蛲饧耸抠浰投Y品時應(yīng)注意哪些問題？

答案：禮品選擇沒有考慮法國人的禁忌，法國人不喜歡仙鶴，認為仙鶴是淫婦的象征。

禮品的挑選在指導(dǎo)思想上必須恪守四項基本原則。其一，要突出禮品的紀念性；其二，要體現(xiàn)禮品的民族性；其三，要明確禮品的針對性；其四，要重視禮品的差異性。向外賓贈送禮品，絕對不能有悖對方的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，觸犯外賓的禁忌。1． 禮儀的內(nèi)容

禮儀所涉及的內(nèi)容涵蓋了社會生活的各個方面，但總的說來，主要包括禮貌、禮節(jié)、禮儀儀式等。禮儀的內(nèi)容其表現(xiàn)形式也多種多樣，但卻有其一定的特征，并且在不同時代其主要內(nèi)涵不會改變。

2．禮儀的特征

禮儀的特征主要有：一是繼承性和發(fā)展性；二是民族性和國際性；三是廣泛性和規(guī)范性；四是個人性和社會性。

3．禮儀的基本原則

禮儀的基本原則是指人們在社會交往過程中處理人際關(guān)系的出發(fā)點和應(yīng)遵從的指導(dǎo)思想，它是保證社交活動順利實施并達到預(yù)定目標的基本條件。禮儀除了人類共同的交往原則以外，還應(yīng)注意以下幾個方面的原則：(1)遵時守約原則；(2)公平對等原則；(3)和諧適度原則；(4)遵守公德的原則；(5)寬容自律的原則；(6)系統(tǒng)整體原則；(7)尊重風(fēng)俗禁忌原則。

模擬題2

一、填空題(每空1分，共8分)

1．隨著社會的進步和人類文明水平的不斷提高，禮儀的內(nèi)容也在不斷充實和豐富，但無論各種禮儀之間多么千差萬別，總的說來禮儀主要包括、、等基本內(nèi)容。

2．禮儀起源于。

3． 是學(xué)校環(huán)境中最普通、最基本的人際關(guān)系。

4． 和 是陪伴叛逆期孩子成長的金鑰匙。

5．伊斯蘭教歷十月一日左右為肉孜節(jié)，即。

得 分 評卷人

二、選擇題(（在以下每題后的四個備選答案中，選擇一個正確答案，并將序號填入題中括號內(nèi)，每小題1分，共10分)

1．正式場合下女士不宜穿著()。

A．連衣裙或中式上衣配長裙 B．皮裙

C．半高跟皮鞋 D。深色長襪

2．按照慣例，通話的最佳時間是()和對方方便的時間。

A．自己方便的時間 B．雙方預(yù)先約定的時間

C．對方上班的時間 D．雙方上班的時間

3．有關(guān)居家禮儀，下面正確的一項是()。

A．居家禮儀就是在家中應(yīng)該遵循的禮儀

B．尊重是子女對父母單向的行為

C．養(yǎng)成經(jīng)常到鄰里走動的習(xí)慣，是與鄰里相處禮儀的內(nèi)容之一

D．滿懷感恩之心是尊敬孝順的主要內(nèi)容

4．一般情況下，每封信都由()和封文兩大部分構(gòu)成。

A．標題 B．祝頌語 C．信文 D．署名

5．下列不屬于簡歷撰寫技巧的一項是()。

A．突出重點 B．簡潔美觀

C．措辭得當D．多用簡寫詞語

6．下列符合自我介紹要求的一句話是()。

A．求職者在介紹自己特有的才華和優(yōu)勢時一定要竭力突出自己，甚至可以修飾夸張些

B．求職者要注意用自己的眼神和表情表達內(nèi)心世界

C．求職者介紹自己要面面俱到，全面涉及 D．求職者介紹時語言要盡量口語化，可以用口頭語、附加詞等

7．握手的時間不宜太長，通常以()為宜。

A．20～30秒 B．3～5秒 C．1分鐘 D．40秒左右

8．維吾爾族的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日多具有()色彩。

A．基督教 8．佛教 C．伊斯蘭教 D．印度教

9．在國際交往中，人們將()視作一個人在待人接物方面有沒有教養(yǎng)、能不能尊

重和體諒交往對象的重要標志之一。

A．尊重個人隱私 B．熱情有度

C．信守約定 D．維護形象

10．在確定并排排列的位次時，我國的傳統(tǒng)做法是()。

A．“以左為尊” B．“以右為尊” C．“中間為尊”D．“里側(cè)為尊” 得 分 評卷人

三、名詞解釋(18分)

1．禮儀

2．交往通聯(lián)禮儀

3．合十禮

4．涉夕r弄乙儀

5．居家禮儀

6．儀表

得 分 評卷人

四、簡答題(48分)

1．結(jié)合相關(guān)知識談?wù)劧Y儀的發(fā)展趨勢。

2．父母對子女的禮儀應(yīng)注意哪些方面?

3．個人儀容有哪些基本要求?

4.簡述涉外宴請餐桌上的禁忌。

5，如何進行恰當?shù)淖晕医榻B?

6．中國人在涉外交往中如何把握好“熱情有度”這一基本原則?

得 分 評卷人

五、應(yīng)用操作題(16分)

1．撰寫自己的個人簡歷，要求版面設(shè)計規(guī)范要精美、內(nèi)容要簡潔。

2．品學(xué)兼優(yōu)的大學(xué)生小王，好不容易通過了招聘單位的幾道招聘程序，幾道關(guān)下來還算比較順利，最后一關(guān)是與招聘單位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)面談。面談中盡管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)曾"-3場提示他不要著急，要放松些。但他急于求成，竟沒有注意，常常是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的話還沒有說完他就表示知道了領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的意思，并按照自己的理解做了回答。談話終于結(jié)束了，他回到學(xué)校等著各單位的消息。但過了預(yù)定的日期，他沒有收到任何消息。

問題：小王在應(yīng)聘中主要的失誤是什么? 參考答案：

一、填空題

1．禮貌、禮節(jié)、禮儀儀式 2．原始的宗教祭祀活動 3．師生關(guān)系 4．尊重

真誠 5．開齋節(jié)

二、選擇題

1．B 2．B 3．D 4．C 5．D 6．B 7．B 8．C 9．A 10．A

三、名詞解釋

1．禮儀指的是一定地區(qū)、民族、國家或群體在共同的社會生活和社會交往中所形成的，為人們所認同和共同遵守，并以確立、維護和協(xié)調(diào)人們之間相互關(guān)系、維持一定的社會秩序為目的的各種符合禮的精神及道德要求的社會交往方式、行為準則、價值觀念、道德規(guī)范以及與之相適應(yīng)的典章制度、器物、標志、服飾、象征等的總和。

2．交往通聯(lián)禮儀就是人們在人際交往中進行通信、聯(lián)絡(luò)時所應(yīng)當遵守的禮儀規(guī)范。2．交往通聯(lián)禮儀就是人們在人際交往中進行通信、聯(lián)絡(luò)時所應(yīng)當遵守的禮儀規(guī)范

3．合十禮是泰國人所用最多的見面禮節(jié)。一般晚輩、身份低者要先向長輩、身份高者行禮，對方以合十禮相還，佛門弟子可以不還禮。行合十禮時，須立正低眉欠身，雙手十指相互合攏，同時問候?qū)Ψ健澳谩?。在一般情況下，行合十禮之后，不必握手。

4．涉外禮儀是對涉外交際禮儀的簡稱。它所指的是，中國人在對外交往中用以維護自身形象、用以向交往對象表示尊敬與友好的約定俗成的習(xí)慣做法。

5．居家禮儀就是人們在長期的家庭生活中，用以溝通思想、交流信息、聯(lián)絡(luò)感情而逐漸形成的約定俗成的行為準則和禮節(jié)、儀式的總稱。

6．儀表是指人的外表。包括人的容貌、服飾、姿態(tài)、風(fēng)度等，是一個人的精神面貌、內(nèi)在素質(zhì)的外在表現(xiàn)。

四、簡答題

1．答：隨著現(xiàn)代社會生活節(jié)奏的加快，人們的思維方式和生活方式也發(fā)生了根本性的變化，舊的體制在消亡，新的禮俗在產(chǎn)生，社交禮儀也發(fā)生了許多根本性變化，并有兩大發(fā)展趨勢：

(1)社交禮儀的形式日趨簡化：傳統(tǒng)、古老的禮儀規(guī)范充滿繁文縟節(jié)和程式化要求，這與其存在的慢節(jié)奏的生活方式相適應(yīng)。當今社會，以往的跪拜、作揖被握手、點頭、微笑等替代，非言語交往禮儀已經(jīng)簡化得不能再簡單了，適應(yīng)了高節(jié)奏的現(xiàn)代生活。現(xiàn)代的生產(chǎn)方式和生活方式迫使人們將傳統(tǒng)禮儀的繁瑣削盡，把注意力更多地放在了實際效果上。

(2)現(xiàn)代社交禮儀內(nèi)容日漸豐富：隨著科技的發(fā)展和人類文明的進步，現(xiàn)代社交禮儀中有一些新的內(nèi)容補充進來，不斷推陳出新，是禮儀適應(yīng)時代發(fā)展變化要求的必然結(jié)果。如現(xiàn)代人所拍發(fā)的禮儀電報、電視點歌祝壽賀喜等禮儀形式，就是時代進步而產(chǎn)生的新生事物。

2．答：(1)尊重子女。父母對子女的尊重，要遵循子女的成長特點：從幼兒期開始，個體在成長發(fā)展過程中就有了一種強烈的尊重需要——對于自尊、自重和來自他人的尊重的需要或渴望。青春期的孩子，父母的尊重就顯得更加重要。尊重和真誠是陪伴叛逆期孩子的金鑰匙。對于成年之后子女的尊重，要遵循成人之間相互尊重的法則。(2)教育有方。家長要學(xué)會“夸獎”。尊重子女的愛好和興趣。不侵犯子女的隱私。要激發(fā)子女的潛能。

(3)言傳身教。父母的言行舉止往往對子女起著潛移默化的影響作用，所以，父母在孩子面前要以身作則，為孩子樹立可以信賴、可以效仿、可以直接感受到的好榜樣。

(4)良好有效的溝通。親子溝通與一般的人際溝通不同，親子之間的溝通除了滿足自己的需要，同時也是一種服務(wù)、一種責(zé)任。所以，彼此應(yīng)該相互接納，承認對方意見的合理性，努力減少沖突。

3．答：(1)發(fā)型得體。男性頭發(fā)前不蓋眉，側(cè)不掩耳，后不及領(lǐng)。女性根據(jù)年齡、職業(yè)、場合的不同梳理得當。

(2)面部清爽。男性宜每日剃須修面；女性宜淡妝修飾。保持口腔、鼻腔清潔。

(3)表情自然。目光溫順平和，嘴角略顯笑意。

(4)手部清潔。定期修剪指甲并保持手部潔凈。女性在正式場合不宜涂抹濃艷的指甲油。

4．答：(1)打嗝。(2)打噴嚏。(3)補妝。(4)吸煙。如果真的煙癮太大，則可利用正餐用完，在場人士已開始使用甜點、咖啡時再離席前往室外吸煙。(5)剔牙。(6)刀叉掉落。進餐時若刀叉不小心掉落地面，此時只需告之服務(wù)人員換一干凈的即可。(7)其他：如挖鼻孔、抓頭皮、整理服裝、打哈欠等?？傊彩菚o他人不良感覺的事情在餐桌上都最好別做。

5．答：在社交活動中，如欲結(jié)識某個人或某些人，而又無人引見，如有可能，即可自己充當自己的介紹人，自己將自己介紹給對方。

首先，自我介紹必須注意，不可在別人進行交談、進食時進行。表情、態(tài)度要落落大方，不可做作。在做完適當?shù)慕榻B后，如果對方還沒有介紹自己，則應(yīng)主動、婉轉(zhuǎn)地詢問對方：“請問，我該怎樣稱呼您呢?”給對方一個介紹自己的機會。

其次，其基本程序應(yīng)該是，先向?qū)Ψ絾柡?，等得到回?yīng)后再向?qū)Ψ浇榻B自己的姓名、身份、單位等，同時遞上事先準備好的名片。

同時，在介紹自己身份時要注意把握分寸。一般來說，在單位的職務(wù)最好不要直接說，如“我是某校校長”，或“我是校辦公室主任”等等，因為這種介紹方式容易讓人產(chǎn)生誤解，覺得你有點炫耀。比較恰當?shù)姆绞绞亲屆婺惆崖殑?wù)身份說清楚。也可以用一些婉轉(zhuǎn)的方式表達，如“我負責(zé)處理某些方面的問題”或“我主要負責(zé)某個部門的工作”等。

在自我介紹之后開始的交談中，主動作自我介紹的一方，要對對方談起的一切都表示出興趣和耐心，不要滔滔不絕地唱獨角戲，而應(yīng)注意尋找雙方共同感興趣的話題。

6．答：關(guān)鍵是要掌握好下列四個方面的具體的“度”：第一，做到“關(guān)心有度”。第二，做到“批評有度”。第三，做到“距離有度”。第四，做到“舉止有度”。

三、名詞解釋

1．禮節(jié)是指人們在日常生活中特別是社會交往過程中表示出的尊重、祝頌、致意、問候、哀悼、慰問等并給予必要的協(xié)助與照料的慣用形式和規(guī)范，是禮貌在語言、行為、儀態(tài)等方面的具體規(guī)定，主要是指日常生活中的個體禮貌行為。

2．公共場合：又叫公共場所，它所指的是可供全體社會成員進行各種活動的社會公用的公共活動空間，如街頭巷尾、樓梯走廊、公園、車站碼頭、機場、商廈、衛(wèi)生間、娛樂場所、郵政設(shè)施、交通工具，等等。

3．散點正視：“散點”，是指在與人交談時，目光應(yīng)主要落在別人的臉部，最好是在鼻尖以上，眉以下，兩個外眼角以內(nèi)的區(qū)域中?！罢暋笔侵竿蹲⒌絼e人臉部的目光應(yīng)保持一個比較正直的角度，不要用斜視、掃視、瞟、瞥等眼神。

4．公開信：就是將一些無需保密的內(nèi)容或需要讓更多人知道的有關(guān)事項公之于眾，并通過各種傳播媒介進行廣泛宣傳的一種專用信函。

5．勾指禮是澳大利亞土著居民在見面時所行的禮節(jié)，極具特色。它的做法是，相見的雙方各自伸出手來，令雙方的中指緊緊鉤住，然后再輕輕地往自己身邊一拉，以示相親、相敬。

6．鄰里禮儀是指自己在居住地與周圍鄰居之間交往所應(yīng)注意的一些禮儀，它包括鄰里間的基本禮儀、鄰居間相處禮儀、鄰里間的居住禮儀和鄰里間做客禮儀。

四、簡答題

1．答：禮儀的民族性和國際性是指，同民族的人們生活方式不同、知識體系不同、文化環(huán)境不同，對社會交往的要求自然也不盡相同，禮儀的規(guī)范也是千差萬別；每個民族都在自己獨特的語言環(huán)境、共同的生活地域以及統(tǒng)一的生活習(xí)俗的基礎(chǔ)上，形成了適應(yīng)自己風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣的一套禮儀，因此不同的民族就形成了不同的禮儀。其中尊老愛幼、禮貌待客、遵時守約等符合大多數(shù)人禮儀取向的基本禮儀，是全球各民族人民所共同遵守的準則。在不斷加強、不斷擴大的國際交往中，以講究文明、相互尊重為原則基礎(chǔ)而形成的現(xiàn)代國際禮儀，已經(jīng)逐步規(guī)范化和完善化，業(yè)已形成并廣泛認可了通用的禮儀規(guī)范和準則，禮儀因此又具有國際性的特征。

2．答：(1)一般選用素色尤其是深色的毛料西式套裝；(2)應(yīng)把單粒紐扣、兩粒紐扣中的第二粒和三粒紐扣中的中間一?？凵?，其余可扣可不扣；(3)西褲與上裝協(xié)調(diào)，長度以褲腳碰及腳背為宜，褲袋內(nèi)忌塞滿東西，皮帶顏色與西褲協(xié)調(diào)；(4)襯衫搭配合宜，領(lǐng)頭硬挺，袖子扣緊；(5)領(lǐng)帶與西裝、襯衫相配，雅致簡潔，長度適宜。

3．答：第一，出入房間時都要輕推、輕拉、輕關(guān)，不可以用身體的某部位代勞。第二，進房時，先要輕聲地敲門。如果里面有人，聽到允許后方能進入。進入房間后先應(yīng)與他人打個招呼，然后做自己的事情。出門時，需要與室友打招呼道別，并輕聲地關(guān)上房門。第三，要注意出入房門的順序。在一般情況下，應(yīng)請尊長、女士、來賓先進或先出房間，必要時要為對方開門或關(guān)門。若出入房間時除巧有他人與自己反向而行，則應(yīng)對其禮讓。一般來說，是房內(nèi)之人先出，房外之人后入。倘如對方是尊長、女士、來賓，亦可不循此禮，而優(yōu)先對方。

4．答：一份完整的簡歷，一般都包含以下項目：

(1)標題：一般為“簡歷”、“個人簡歷”或“求職簡歷”。

(2)個人信息：包括求職者姓名、性別、年齡、民族、籍貫、政治面貌、就讀院校、身體健康狀況、婚姻狀況、通信地址及聯(lián)系電話等。

(3)求職目標：用于表達求職者的求職的愿望(目的與動機)與招聘職位相符。表述應(yīng)力求簡明。

(4)教育經(jīng)歷：主要指求職者的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，一定要依次寫清楚所就讀的學(xué)校、院(系)、專業(yè)(方向)、學(xué)習(xí)和工作年限等。

(5)學(xué)習(xí)或業(yè)務(wù)專業(yè)：這是求職者在工作、生活及個人興趣發(fā)展方面所具備的知識、能力的綜合反映，是勝任職位實力的體現(xiàn)。所以，一定要認真對待，仔細推敲字句。

(6)實踐活動和社會工作經(jīng)歷：這是簡歷的主要部分和核心。隨著招聘單位對求職者素質(zhì)要求的不斷提高，尤其是“三資”企業(yè)，較為注重求職者的工作經(jīng)歷，所以一定要認

真對待。

5．答：電話是現(xiàn)代社會的不可或缺的通信工具，也是辦公室工作人員處理日常事務(wù)、聯(lián)系業(yè)務(wù)、咨詢答疑、交往約會、匯報反映工作的最常用的辦公設(shè)備。接撥電話是辦公室工作人員的最普遍的日常工作，辦公室工作人員必須學(xué)會電話禮儀。

(1)接聽電話的禮儀包括：鈴響后立即接聽；微笑接聽；開頭用禮貌語；問明對方情況等，如果沒聽清重要的話，那么可請對方重復(fù)“對不起，請您再說一次”。

(2)打出電話的禮儀包括：開頭的禮貌語，聽完對方自報家門后，也應(yīng)打招呼和自報家門。

(3)正式內(nèi)容的通話禮儀包括：內(nèi)容清楚、話語簡練、條理清晰、做好記錄等。

(4)結(jié)束通話的禮儀包括：禮貌地說“再見”，然后慢放聽筒，爭取對方先掛斷。

6．答：美國人待人接物方面具有以下特點：(1)自尊心強，好勝心強；(2)熱情開朗，不拘小節(jié)；(3)城府不深，喜歡幽默；(4)隨和友善，容易接近。

五、應(yīng)用操作題

略?？蓞⒖冀滩闹泄矆龊隙Y儀的有關(guān)知識作答。