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      從菜名翻譯中看中西飲食文化差異

      時間:2019-05-15 04:33:19下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《從菜名翻譯中看中西飲食文化差異》,但愿對你工作學習有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《從菜名翻譯中看中西飲食文化差異》。

      第一篇:從菜名翻譯中看中西飲食文化差異

      從菜名翻譯中看中西飲食文化差異

      【摘 要】在全球化背景下,中國的傳統(tǒng)文化備受矚目,飲食文化是其中的重要部分。了解中式菜肴的英文名稱能夠為外國友人提供方便、同時也可以介紹宣傳中國文化。但是由于中西方的文化差異,中式菜名的翻譯過程中存在著不少誤譯的問題。本文結(jié)合中餐菜譜的翻譯,明確提出對中餐菜譜翻譯中文化差異的處理策略,進而闡明文化因素在語際翻譯中的重要性。

      【關(guān)鍵詞】飲食;文化差異;翻譯策略

      一、中餐菜名的翻譯

      (一)誤譯的原因

      要把中餐菜名翻譯成英文,首先要了解其命名方法。能夠體現(xiàn)菜肴內(nèi)容和特色的命名方法叫做寫實性命名法,此外還有反映菜肴深刻文化內(nèi)涵的寫意性命名法,文化菜名就屬于此類。由于不了解其深層含義就進行了表面直譯,以往的翻譯過程中有一些典型誤譯。

      比如,貴州有道名小吃叫“絲娃娃”。實際上是一層類似春卷皮的薄皮在里面包著各類素菜,看起來很像被包裹著的嬰兒,于是此而得名。但有些譯者將它譯為“Silk Baby”。許多外國朋友一聽到這個名字便感覺害怕而不敢食用。

      再如,夫妻肺片的翻譯如大導演的電影那樣陰森恐怖――丈夫和妻子的肺切“Husband and wife’s lung slice”;早在清朝末年,成都街頭巷尾便有許多挑擔、提籃叫賣涼拌肺片的小販。20世紀30年代四川成都有一對擺小攤的夫婦,因制作的涼拌肺片精細講究,風味獨特,小生意做得紅紅火火,一時顧客云集,供不應求。一些常來品嘗他們夫妻制作的肺片的頑皮學生,用紙條寫上“夫妻肺片”字樣,悄悄貼在他夫妻倆的背上或小擔上,也有人大聲吆喝,“夫妻肺片,夫妻肺片……”。一天,有位客商品嘗過他們夫妻倆制作的肺片,贊嘆不已,送上一個金字牌匾,上書“夫妻肺片”四個大字。從此就有了“夫妻肺片”這一小吃。

      (二)飲食文化的翻譯原則

      東西方文化以及食物原料、制作方法存在著諸多差異,菜單的翻譯遠沒有想象的那么簡單。影響菜名翻譯的重要因素是烹飪方法和菜式命名,翻譯時要把握好二者的特點,既要符合西餐菜肴命名習慣,又要體現(xiàn)中餐特色,切忌望文生義或按字面意思直譯。翻譯過程中必須把握以下六個原則:

      第一,注重菜名的信息功能,保證菜名能夠提供準確、足夠的信息,而不能簡單地按照中式菜肴的名稱直譯。如:把“麻婆豆腐”譯成Pockmarked woman’s bean curd、把“八仙過海 ”譯為Eight Immortals crossing the sea、把“魚香肉絲”譯為Fish-flavor shredded pork,這樣會使外賓茫然或誤解。

      第二,充分利用菜單的促銷作用。應借鑒中餐菜肴命名的藝術(shù)手法,盡量反映中餐烹飪的特色,對一些歷史悠久、流傳廣泛的菜肴在翻譯之后還可以附加說明。這樣既保留菜名信息,又可以引人興趣,以達到吸引食客的目的。

      第三,關(guān)注中餐烹調(diào)方法的類別。為反映中餐對火候的講究及其藝術(shù)性,可進行適當?shù)男揎棥V胁团胝{(diào)方法分類如下:

      燒、燒、燴、燜Braise

      燉、煨Stew

      煎、炸、酥Deep-fry

      爆、炒、熘、滑Stir-fry、Quick-fry

      干炒、干煸、焙Saut

      煮、汆、涮、白灼Boil

      燒、烤、烘、Roast、Barbecue、Broil、Bake

      第四,盡量譯出原料加工后的形狀。原料的形狀在西餐中并不重要,但在中餐中卻能反映出烹調(diào)的水平,譯文應予以保留,確實累贅的,則可以省略。

      第五,把握原料這一核心,無論中餐如何命名,翻譯時均須翻譯出原材料,再加上烹調(diào)方法和味型等輔助材料。

      第六,避免文化沖突。中式菜肴命名為了吉祥,借用了一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌諱食用的動物名,翻譯時應按原料名直譯,如果原料本身是西人忌食的,這道菜可省略不譯。如:翡翠魚翅、紅燒獅子頭,真正的翡翠當然不能食用的,其實它就是蔬菜,而獅子西方人更不會食用,我們也是以其威武來形容肉圓罷了,直譯會引起血腥的感覺。又如:脆皮乳鴿,將象征著和平的鴿子烹而食之,也是西方人不能接受的,所以最好把它略過。

      二、西餐菜名的翻譯方法

      西方人所追求的是一種理性的飲食觀念,他們在制作食物時,基本上是從營養(yǎng)的角度出發(fā)的。強調(diào)采用新鮮的原料,在烹調(diào)過程中保持原有的營養(yǎng)成分及味道,蔬菜基本上都是生吃。譬如,沙拉的制作方法極其簡單,即把蔬菜,水果等混合起來。所以看到沙拉時我們對于其所含的原料,配料就會一目了然。在翻譯的過程中也應當直截了當。如:sunshine salad胡蘿卜色拉; home-made vegetable salad家常蔬菜色拉; fruit salad水果色拉。

      三、中西飲食文化差異

      (一)中西飲食內(nèi)容不同

      1.食物種類不同。西餐主要原料是動物類和海洋魚類,輔以植物類,中餐原料主要是植物類和淡水魚類,輔以動物類。隨著社會的發(fā)展和國際交流的增加,兩種飲食體系所使用的材料日益趨同,但差別仍然比較明顯。中國人視為美味的貓肉,狗肉是西方人所無法接受的,而西方人習以為常的海洋魚類、貝殼類在中國內(nèi)地并不是很受歡迎。

      2.烹調(diào)方式不同。這是中西餐的重要區(qū)別之一,烹飪方法的差異主要體現(xiàn)在以下三個方面:第一:原料的加工。中餐對此十分講究,加工后的原料有多種形狀,如整體(Whole)、塊(Cubes)、片(Slices)、卷(Rolls)、條(Strips)、段(Segments)、絲(Shreds)、?。―ice)、粒(Grains)、末(Mince)、蓉(泥)(Mash)、漿(Thickliquid)、汁(Juice)等,西餐對原料的處理相比之下較為簡單,通常有整體、塊、片、丁、泥等幾種形狀;其次是火候,中式烹調(diào)對用火特別講究,有三十多種加工方法,其中的許多方法是西餐中沒有的,西餐原料加工時間較短、火溫適中;最后是調(diào)味,中餐多追求復合味型,要求原料入味,西餐則強調(diào)原料的本味及調(diào)料的獨立使用。

      3.菜肴命名的差異。中式菜肴命名較為含蓄,好聽,特別是婚宴上的菜名,一般都有吉祥的寓意。且注重使用比喻,雙關(guān),象征等修辭手法,很多菜是以創(chuàng)始人、景物、典故和傳聞等來命名的,如東坡肉,傳說是根據(jù)宋代著名的大文豪蘇東坡流傳下來的食譜做成的;霸王別姬,則源于西楚霸王項羽和他的愛妃虞姬。西餐命名直截了當,突出原材料,一般采用原料加上烹飪方法或地名的命名原則,如:意大利比薩餅、水果沙拉。

      (二)中西飲食文化關(guān)注點不同

      1.理性的西方人關(guān)注的主要是營養(yǎng)與生存。

      西餐重科學,重科學即講求食物的營養(yǎng)價值,因此西方飲食以營養(yǎng)為最高準則。所以他們較少關(guān)注食物的色、香、味、形,但營養(yǎng)一定要得到保證。這一點可以通過下列例子說明,科學研究表明胡蘿卜養(yǎng)頭發(fā)、養(yǎng)皮膚,一聽說有營養(yǎng),美國人就掀起吃胡蘿卜風。西方人吃牛排時,服務員會問要幾分熟,他們還喜歡吃生魚,蔬菜,這對很多中國人來說是不可思議的。凡此種種都反映了西方人忽視味覺,關(guān)注食物的營養(yǎng)。

      2.感性的中國人追求的是美味和享受。

      中國的飲食文化受到傳統(tǒng)的陰陽五行哲學思想、儒家倫理道德觀念,中醫(yī)營養(yǎng)攝生學,飲食審美風尚,民族性格特征等諸多因素的影響。中國有句俗語:民以食為天,食以味為先,這說明了在中國,味道是烹調(diào)的最高準則。中國人通常重視味道,這也反映在日常生活之中,如家庭宴客,菜端上餐桌時,主人常會自謙地說:菜燒得不好,不一定合您的口味,就湊合著吃吧。他絕對不會說:菜的營養(yǎng)價值不高,您將就著吃吧。在中國人的眼里,吃不單單是為了飽或為了營養(yǎng),有時吃飽了,還要繼續(xù)吃,這是因為受不了美味的誘惑。但在西方的理性飲食觀看來,這種超負荷的飲食不僅造成浪費,還會危害人的健康。

      (三)中西方餐桌禮儀文化不同

      在用餐禮儀方面,中國與西方存在顯著差異。在中國,不管是出于什么目的的宴席只會有一種形式,就是大家圍著桌子坐在一起共享一席。而且要用圓桌,這就從形式上營造了一種團結(jié),友好的氛圍。吃飯時,主人會頻頻給客人夾菜或勸酒,嘴里還念叨著不要客氣,多吃點。在餐桌上,大家可以盡情聊天,男士可以抽煙。在西方宴席上,主人一般只給客人夾一次菜。吃東西,尤其是喝湯時不能發(fā)出大的聲音,不能打嗝,否則會被認為是非常不禮貌的??腿艘滟澲魅藴蕚涞娘埐?。只要有一個女士在場,男士就不能抽煙。一定要抽的話,要得到女士的同意。另外,西方奉行分餐制和AA制。大家各自點自己想吃的菜。飯后結(jié)賬時,采用AA制,各付各的。而在中國,人們喜歡搶著去付錢。

      中西方對待出席遲到的態(tài)度也大相徑庭。西方人的時間觀念較強,嚴格遵守約會時間,不能失約。如果遲到,特別是在正式場合,會被認為是非常不禮貌的,也是對主人和其他客人的不尊重。如果有事不能按時赴約,要事先打電話通知他人并致歉。而中國人則更傾向于遲到,往往過了規(guī)定的時間才會出現(xiàn)。

      四、運用文化適應性原則翻譯可以更好的促進中西文化交流

      (一)文化適應性原則

      文化適應性(Cultural Compatibility)是翻譯中的一個重要概念,它指的是譯者對某種文化意義或內(nèi)涵的把握,讀者對譯作的接受程度及相應的審美判斷效果。中國文化源遠流長,博大精深,很多菜名都具有歷史來源。對于對中國傳統(tǒng)文化了解甚少的中國人來說了解這些菜肴的命名尚且是挑戰(zhàn),對于外國人來說更是如此。尤金?奈(Eugene Nida)認為:“大多數(shù)關(guān)于翻譯理論的討論可以歸結(jié)為充分考慮通過各種嘗試辦法,使讀者接近文本或使文本接近讀者。”文化菜名獨特的文化含義是西方人所難以甚至無法理解的。在翻譯時,譯者很難找到現(xiàn)成的與之完全對應的表達,這種情況下,通常的做法是避虛就實,即將實質(zhì)性的菜名進行英譯,放棄其中的一些文化含義,以增強其文化適應性。

      (二)文化適應性原則指導下的文化菜名新譯

      文化菜名所包含的文化內(nèi)涵是西方人難以理解的,誤譯的文化菜名會使他們不敢品嘗。文化適應性原則要求譯者在進行翻譯時要盡量貼近譯語文化,從而使讀者在文化心理上產(chǎn)生共鳴。因此在把中餐文化菜名進行英譯時,一般采用寫實性命名法,將菜肴的材料、烹飪方法、味型等重要信息翻譯出來,讓外國友人一目了然。例如“百鳥歸巢”實際上是由雞腿、豬肉、鵪鶉蛋和竹筍絲做成的,雞腿、豬肉、鵪鶉蛋象征“百鳥”,竹筍絲,表示“巢”。要對等翻譯的話,很可能會出現(xiàn)誤譯。最好根據(jù)菜名組合進行翻譯,可譯為“chicken and pork with egg and bamboo shoots”。再比如“麻婆豆腐” 現(xiàn)音譯為 “Mapo Tofu”。

      五、結(jié)語

      由于文化差異,誤譯在文化菜名的翻譯中很常見,在文化適應性原則指導下,譯者翻譯時可采取“避虛就實”的翻譯方法,即首先翻譯菜肴的主料、配料、味型等重要信息,在語境允許的情況下再對其文化內(nèi)涵進行揭示。但筆者認為如果篇幅允許,還是應該在此基礎上加注說明為好。這樣更有利于外國友人了解中國文化。相信隨著跨文化交流的深入發(fā)展,這類寫實性加注釋的譯法會在譯介中國飲食文化,尤其是傳統(tǒng)飲食文化方面扮演重要的角色。

      參考文獻:

      [1]陳宏薇.漢英翻譯基礎[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1998.[2]馮慶華.實用翻譯教程[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1997.[3]劉渲傳.菜肴英譯與中國飲食文化[J].三峽大學學報,2004(4).[4]黃海翔.中餐菜單英譯淺談[J].中國科技翻譯,1999(1).[5]白靖宇.文化與翻譯[M].北京:中國社會科學出版社,2000.[6]劉清波.中式菜名英譯的技巧和原則[J].中國科技翻譯,2003(4).

      第二篇:從故事中看中西文化差異

      事 中 看 中 西 文 化 差 異

      一、課 程 目的 【知識目標】:讓學生了解中西方不同的文化背景,不同的思考方式?!灸芰δ繕恕浚?1.通過故事分析,培養(yǎng)學生觀察事物,分析歸納問題的能力。

      2.通過學習本課程,了解中西文化之間的一些差距,引導學生在今后的學習中

      用英文的思考方式去學習英語。

      3.通過場景表演,培養(yǎng)學生大膽運用英語,大膽表達自我的能力。

      【德育目標】:培養(yǎng)學生保護環(huán)境,科學飲食。

      二、課前準備

      多媒體幻燈片

      三、方式方法

      1.通過英語課講小故事,提出問題,吸引學生的注意力,激發(fā)學生探求英語文化背景知識的興趣和動機,為突破難點提供良好的誘因。

      2.教師利用多媒體的直觀性,用豐富色彩的文字和圖案,有趣的內(nèi)容,引起學生的全力注意,并通過提問和他們自己表演來強化他們的感性認識,從而加深理解和記憶。

      3.要求學生上臺表演,使學生能達到教材提出的新要求,四、課程內(nèi)容

      (一)從

      事 中 看 中 西 文 化 差 異

      1、飲食

      故事一:望文生意

      洋人:“你們中國人的確是一個勤奮的民族?!?中國人:“怎見得?”

      洋人:“每當我早晨經(jīng)過街道,常??梢钥吹铰放缘恼信茖懼?早點?兩 個大字,提醒過路上班的人,不要遲到?!?/p>

      故事二:

      一美國人幾年前隨一個香港旅游團去泰國旅游。香港游客大把將錢花在了買燕窩上。這令美國人很不解:為什么中國人對鳥的口水這么感興趣。

      故事三:吃水餃

      在紐約的一家中國餐館,一位外國朋友吃水餃用的方式是“中餐西吃”,按西餐的習慣,先喝湯;他把那一大碗青菜豆腐蛋花湯先喝完,然后開始操起他的刀叉;先用刀將每一只餃子切開,使肉餡和餃子皮分開,然后吃一口餃子皮,再吃一口餡……慢慢咀嚼、品嘗,吃得津津有味,還不時向我(中國人)投來微微的一笑。我見狀,走近問:“好吃嗎?”他用生硬的中國話答:“如果再能配上一點果子醬和奶油,那會更加OK?!?/p>

      故事四:外國人看麻球

      有個好吃的洋人,從中國帶了幾個麻球回國去,逢人便說:“你們看中國的麻球,真稀奇!沒有洞,豆沙是怎么放進去的?再說,你們看,這芝麻,一顆顆地貼,需要多少時間啊!”

      其實中西文化之間的差異造就了中西飲食文化的差異。這種差異來自中西方不同的思維方式和處世哲學。

      中國人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人為本”。這種價值理念的差別形成了中餐的以食表意、以物傳情的特點;西餐的注重實用與營養(yǎng)性的基本特征。

      中國人的傳統(tǒng)飲食習俗是以植物性食料(熱食、熟食)為主,主食是五谷,輔食是蔬菜,外加少量肉食;西方人的飲食習俗是以動物性食料為主食,輔食是生菜(如:蔬菜、水果等)。中國人的傳統(tǒng)飲食習慣是“聚食制”;而西方是“分餐制”。中國人吃飯用筷子;西方人用刀叉。

      中國人眼里的山珍海味(delicacy of the Chinese cuisine),包括燕窩(bird?s nest),魚翅(shark?s fin),鮑魚(abalone),熊掌(bear?s palm)等等。其實大部分中國人也并不清楚為什么這些都是好東西,或是它們的營養(yǎng)成分到底在哪里。對它們的追捧恐怕也只停留在老祖宗傳下的觀念。而外國人覺的這些是奇奇怪怪的食物

      動物的內(nèi)臟 雞心,雞肺,豬腸,豬肚,好像沒有什么動物的內(nèi)臟是我們中國人不吃的。咱們中國人自己在一起吃得香,而老外就是覺得動物的內(nèi)臟很惡心,只能丟棄,不能用來作東西吃。而事實上動物的內(nèi)臟除了增加你體內(nèi)的膽固醇含量,沒有其它什么營養(yǎng)價值。中國人喜歡用”吃哪兒補哪兒”來為吃動物內(nèi)臟辯護

      眾多特色中國食品中,令老外最不能接受的還是桌子上擺著的這哪里是在享用美食,這分明是讓他們徹底懺悔他們對動物所施的虐刑。所以,請老外吃飯,別點那些能讓他們聯(lián)想到動物生前形態(tài)的菜,那只能讓他們胃口全無。還有,別讓他們看到小蝦米。那無數(shù)的小眼睛在他們看來太恐怖了。

      2、夸贊:

      故事五:處處都漂亮

      一次外國友人參加一對年輕華僑的婚禮時,很有禮貌地贊美新娘very beautiful,一旁的新郎非常高興代新娘說了聲:“哪里!哪里!”不料到,外國人摸摸腦袋,用生硬的中國話回應說:“頭發(fā)、眉毛、眼睛、耳朵、鼻子、嘴都漂亮!”結(jié)果引起全場哄堂大笑。

      第六幕:

      一位學校領導向教師們介紹新來的美國老師 Ladies and gentlemen, I?m delighted to introduce to you a very pretty girl, Miss Brown.She is a very good teacher from the USA.對這番話,美國女教師卻一臉難堪的樣子。

      ★為什么同樣是贊美,卻有兩種完全相反的反應呢?

      文化差異:

      中國人介紹來賓,喜歡用客套,褒揚的話語言辭。但美國人認為,初次結(jié)識,相互介紹,不必評頭論足。凡是主觀性的評論,盡管是美言,也會給人唐突、強加的感覺。對以上那番話,美國女教師感到難堪的是pretty和good兩個詞。在那種場合,介紹應該突出被介紹人的身份、學歷、職務等,而不應該是外貌和抽象的評論。相比之下,如果把pretty和good改成實際教育背景和經(jīng)歷,這樣的介紹句比較客觀,令人容易接受。

      比較下面改變措辭的介紹:

      Ladies and gentlemen, I‘m delighted to introduce to you a new teacher from the USA., Miss Ann Brown.She is a doctor of American Literature with experience of teaching English as a Foreign Language.特別忠告:介紹客人要介紹客觀事實,不要主觀評論。要注重身份,不要著眼外貌。

      而在婚禮上,如果有人贊美新娘漂亮,中國的新人雖然非常高興,但嘴上卻會很謙遜的說“你過獎了”,“哪里,哪里”等。而西方人卻會很高興大方的接受贊美,并道謝“Thank you!”西方人就是不了解這 “哪里!哪里!”是自謙,才只好說處處都漂亮。

      3、關(guān)心

      一位美國同事感冒了,中國同事表示關(guān)心

      Chinese: You look pale.What's the matter? American: I'm feeling sick.A cold, maybe.Chinese: Go and see the doctor.Drink more water.Did you take any pills? Chinese medicine works wonderful.Would you like to try? Put on more clothes.Have a good rest.American: You are not my mother, are you?

      文化差異:

      美國人比較看中個人的獨立性。受人照顧往往被視為弱者。給對方出主意或提建議時,不能使對方認為自己小看他的能力。美國人對上面第一句話的反應通常是“Take care of yourself.I hope you‘ll be better soon.”不必教人怎么做。中國人則以出主意提建議表示關(guān)心,而且以兄弟姐妹或父母親人的口吻,或以過來人的口氣,這對美國人行不通。

      特別忠告:對病人表示關(guān)心,不必盡提建議。

      如:1)I'm sorry to hear that you've got a bad cold.2)I hope you'll be all right very soon.3)Take extra care of yourself.4、邀請:

      一位美國教師在中國任教,中國同事總是對她說:“有空來坐坐”。可是,半年過去了,美國同事從來沒有上過門。中國同事又對她說:“我真的歡迎你來家里坐坐。如果沒空的話,隨時打電話來聊聊也行?!币荒晗聛恚绹录葲]有來電話,也沒有來訪。奇怪的事,這位美國人常為沒人邀請她而苦惱。

      文化差異:

      中國親朋好友合同事之間的串門很隨便,邀請別人來訪無需喂對方確定時間,自己去探訪別人無需鄭重其事征得同意。美國人則沒有串門的習慣。一年內(nèi)遇到大節(jié)日,親朋好友才到家里聚一聚。平時如果有事上門,實現(xiàn)要有時間確切的預約。沒有得到對方的應允,隨時隨地隨便上門時不禮貌的行為。因此,美國同事對“有空來坐坐”這句話只當作虛禮客套,不當作正式邀請。無事打電話閑聊也是美國人視為打亂別人私人時間和活動安排的毛燥行為。若想邀請美國人上門,應當誠意的與對方商定一個互相都方便的時間。

      5、笑一笑: 中國太奇妙了

      有位美國朋友訪問了中國后,對翻譯說:“你們的中國太奇妙了,尤其是文字方面。譬如:‘中國隊大勝美國隊’,是說中國隊勝了;而‘中國隊大敗美國隊’,又是說中國隊勝了??傊?,勝利永遠屬于你們?!?/p>

      文化差異:中文中動詞的使動,主動,被動用法都不明顯,都得在特定的 語境中才好理解。而英語就有明顯的不同,主要靠助動詞be,do來體現(xiàn)

      廁所文化:

      一個外賓想上廁所,便對翻譯說:“I wonder if I can go somewhere?”(我可以方便一下嗎?)而翻譯卻把somewhere誤解為“某處”,因而回答道“Yes, you can go anywhere in China.”(行,中國你哪兒都可以去。)外賓不禁愕然。

      文化差異:

      中國上廁所有很多說法:方便,洗手,出恭。在英美國家:

      1.Public lavatory意為“公廁”,在公共場所,廁所門上都標有Gent’s(男廁),或Ladies’(女廁),有時也標有Men’s, Men’s room, Gentleman’s, Women’s Women’s room.如:Where is the Gent’s?(廁所在哪兒?)If you would like a wash, the Gentleman’s is just over there.(如果要上廁所,男廁就在那邊。)2.toilet是最常用的一個詞??芍浮肮珟保部芍浮八綆?。例如:I wonder where the toilet is.(我想知道廁所在哪兒。)3.lavatory是個客氣的詞,但不如toilet常用 4.bathroom是書面語。5.loo是一個口語詞,在英國用得很普通,主要指私人住宅中的廁所。如:Excuse me, would you like to tell me where the loo is?(請問,廁所在哪兒?)6.powder room是美語,女士常用。如:I would like to powder my nose.就表現(xiàn)了美國人的幽默。

      7.wash room, washing room, westroom常用于美國英語。

      8.W.C.是water closet的縮寫,常用于英國英語,表示“有抽水沒有設備的廁所”,有時也可用手勢表示,即拇指和食指圈成圓,其他三指向上,模仿成英文W和C的形態(tài)。

      9.John是俚語。如:Last night I went to visit John twice.(昨晚我去了趟廁所。)10.go and see one’s aunt是俚語,常用于英國英語,表示“上廁所”“去大便”。

      (二)、請同學用英語來情景表演:

      1、兩個新同學初次見面打招呼,互相介紹

      2、你介紹你的新朋友給你的老朋友認識。

      第三篇:中西飲食文化差異

      中西飲食文化差異

      肖雪冬 201321020375 在《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》里,飲食的義項有兩個:一個是名詞性的,指“吃的和喝的東西”一個是動詞性的指“吃東西和喝東西”,強調(diào)動作。

      在英文中,飲食的概念可以有以下表達方法:“food and drink”意即“吃的和喝的東西”;“diet”意即“通常所吃的食物”,也可以指“日常的膳食”;“bite and sup ”則是指“吃東西和喝東西”。些有關(guān)“飲食”的解釋中,我們可以看出,“飲食”一詞的基本語言學含義比較簡單,無非就是吃喝的東西或吃喝的動作。但我們深究起來,“飲食”就變得復雜了。飲食如果僅僅是吃飽喝足,為什么在吃飽喝足的同時,有這么多繁文縟節(jié)?為什么一種食物對一個地方的人來說是天賜美味,而對另一個地方的人來說則敬而遠之,甚至有的地方更是避之不及呢?有人為吃什么而苦惱,而有人卻為吃不飽而煩惱。飲食本身是本能的,而吃什么,如何吃,在哪里吃,則體現(xiàn)出不同族群的不同特點,體現(xiàn)出文化性。

      中國與英美等西方國家對于飲食的觀點和態(tài)度、飲食的內(nèi)容及特點等方面都存在著顯著的差異。

      一:飲食觀念的差異。

      西方烹飪講究營養(yǎng)而忽視味道?;趯I養(yǎng)的重視,西方人多吃生蔬菜,比如黃瓜,洋白菜和西蘭花等。因為他們知道蔬菜一經(jīng)加熱,維生素就會被破壞??梢哉f西方的飲食是一種理性飲食觀念。對于烹飪食物,營養(yǎng)性和美味性就是他們的出發(fā)點和目的地。他們?nèi)﹂_發(fā)和研究食物在不同狀態(tài)下的營養(yǎng)差異,即使口味永無變化,他們照吃不誤。而在中國的飲食文化中,對“味”的追求往往大于對“營養(yǎng)”的追求,對食物感性強于理性,以追求美味為第一要求。這種價值理念的差別形成了中餐過分注重飯菜色、香、味的特點,而西方人則自始至終堅持著從營養(yǎng)角度出發(fā),輕視飯菜的其他功能,終其原因,是中西方人們思維方式的不同。在西方的世界里,理性顯然是比感性更受推崇,從古希臘蘇格拉底“知識就是美德”到近代培根的“知識就是力量”我們可以看出西方的思維是一種篇中理性的思維,這也體現(xiàn)在西方的第一二次工業(yè)革命中。在中國,飲食的追求感性顯然壓倒理性,這種飲食觀念與中國傳統(tǒng)哲學思想相吻合。作為東方代表的中國哲學,其顯著特點是宏觀,模糊及不可捉摸。就像中醫(yī)的治病方法,望聞問切,治療從整體出發(fā),輔之于有效的中藥,但中藥的藥理卻始終令人難以道明。從中醫(yī)藥我們就可以大概了解中國哲學。中國菜也是如此,講究分寸,整體的配合。它包含了中國哲學豐富的辯證法思想,一切以菜的味道美好,協(xié)調(diào)為度,度以內(nèi)的千變?nèi)f化決定了中國菜的豐富和富于變化的特點。

      二:飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的差異。

      雖然現(xiàn)在人們的生活水平較以前有了極大的提高,但總的來說,中國人以素食為主,中國人每天吃的蔬菜比西方人多得多。西方人則喜好葷食,秉承著游牧民族、航海民族的文化血統(tǒng),以漁獵、養(yǎng)殖為主,以采集、種植為輔,葷食較多,吃、穿、用都取之于動物,連西藥也是從動物身上攝取提煉而成的。而西方人雖每天進食大量蛋白質(zhì),但腸胃功能卻因進食纖維素太少而受到影響,因此消化系統(tǒng)的患病率及患癌率均大大超過中國;中國人喜愛粗糧,而西方人偏愛精白粉等細糧。而實際上,粗糧所含營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)要比細糧多中國人喜愛豆?jié){、豆腐、豆芽等豆制品,而西方人卻往往不喜歡。另外,中國烹調(diào)在用料上也顯出極大的隨意性,許多西方人視為棄物的東西,在中國都是極好的原料,例如雞鴨的舌頭,腳掌等,一到中國廚房,經(jīng)過廚師加工便成為一道道美食佳肴。

      三:飲食方式的差異。

      中西方的飲食方式有很大不同。在中國,宴席都只會有一種形式,就是大家團團圍坐,共享一席。筵席要用圓桌,這就從形式上造成了一種團結(jié)、禮貌、共趣的氣氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣賞、品嘗的對象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人們相互敬酒、相互讓菜、勸菜,在美好的事物面前,體現(xiàn)了人們之間相互尊重、禮讓的美德。雖然從衛(wèi)生的角度看,這種飲食方式有明顯的不足之處,但它符合我們民族“大團圓”的普遍心態(tài),反映了中國古典哲學中“和”這個范疇對后代思想的影響,便于集體的情感交流,因而至今難以改變。而在西式飲宴上,食品和酒盡管非常重要,但實際上那是作為陪襯。宴會的核心在于交誼,通過與鄰座客人之間的交談,達到交誼的目的。如果將宴會的交誼性與舞蹈相類比,那么可以說,中式宴席好比是集體舞,而西式宴會好比是男女的交誼舞。由此可見,中式宴會和西式宴會交誼的目的都很明顯,只不過中式宴會更多地體現(xiàn)在全席的交誼,而西式宴會多體現(xiàn)于相鄰賓客之間的交誼。與中國飲食方式的差異更為明顯的是西方流行的自助餐。將所有食物陳列出來,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走動自由,這種方式便于個人之間的情感交流,不必將所有的話擺在桌面上,也表現(xiàn)了西方人對個性、對自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相擾,缺少了一些中國人聊歡共樂的情調(diào)。

      四:用餐禮儀差異。

      中國的大多數(shù)宴會上將長幼有序、尊重長者作為排座的標準,位高權(quán)重者或年長者常首先入座并坐首席。中餐的進餐禮儀體現(xiàn)一個“讓”的精神。宴會開始時,所有的人都會等待主人,只有當主人請大家用嘴時,才表示宴會開始。當有新菜上來,主人一般請主賓和年長者先用以示尊敬。中國的用餐禮儀深深地體現(xiàn)了中國傳統(tǒng)文化“孝”文化。在中國,有句話“百行孝為先”,由此可看出“孝”在中國的地位。孩子孝敬父母,后輩尊敬師長,重視對年長者的尊重,在這種觀念影響下就產(chǎn)生了“讓”的進餐禮儀精神。西方排座位的標準則是女士優(yōu)先、尊重婦女。在安排座位時,如果是男女共同參加的宴會,則由男女主人共同主持,必須將男女賓客分開列成兩個名單,通常的座位安排形式是:男主人與女主人正對面,男主人的左右兩側(cè)為女主賓,接著按時針方向朝外側(cè)排列。還應注意兩點:一是男賓常依地位而不是根據(jù)年齡安排;二是夫婦座位應在同一邊但不相連。另外,如果男女結(jié)伴同時趕赴宴會,那么男士應為女士開門,讓女士先行;當主人把女賓客領進大廳時,首先由男主人邀請第一女主賓入席,并幫她拉椅子、入座,女主人則同男貴賓最后進入。在上菜與進餐時,應首先從左側(cè)給女主賓上菜,然后按順序分送給其他女士,最后給女主人;接著,再按同樣的順序給男士上菜。當女主人及其他女士拿起餐巾、刀叉開始進餐后男士們才能開始。進餐結(jié)束后,必須等女主人起身離席,其他人方可離席,且仍然要為女士拉椅子,讓其先行。在西方,人們更多的是體現(xiàn)一種女士優(yōu)先,尊重婦女的精神。

      五:用餐器具差異。

      中國人的餐具主要是筷子、輔之以匙,以及各種形狀的杯、盤、碗、碟。中國烹飪講究餐具的造型、大小、色彩與菜品的協(xié)調(diào),講究“美器”,把飲食當作藝術(shù)活動來對待。西方人多用金屬刀叉,以及各種杯、盤、盅、碟。其中盤又有菜盤、布丁盤、奶盤、白脫盤等;酒杯更是講究,正式宴會幾乎每上一種酒,都要換上專用的玻璃酒杯,分工非常明確??曜优c刀叉作為東西方最具代表性的兩種餐具,影響了東西方不同的生活方式,代表著不同的兩種智慧。先秦時代,人們吃飯一般不用筷子。根據(jù)《禮記》中的記載推測,當時人是用手把飯送入口的。后來由于人們在燒烤食物時,不可能直接用手操作,需借助竹枝一類的工具來放置和翻動食物,在炊具中燒煮肉塊和蔬菜的羹湯,也要用它們來取食,久而久之,聰明的先民逐漸學會用竹條來夾取,這就是筷子最早的雛形。刀叉的出現(xiàn)比筷子要晚很多。據(jù)研究,刀叉的最初起源和歐洲古代游牧民族的生活習慣有關(guān),他們馬上生活隨身帶刀,往往將肉燒熟,割下來就吃。后來走向定居生活后,歐洲以畜牧業(yè)為主,面包之類是副食,直接用手拿。主食是牛羊肉,用刀切割肉,送進口里。到了城市定居以后,刀叉進入家庭廚房,才不必隨身帶。由此不難看出今天作為西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同,它功能多樣,既可用來宰殺、解剖、切割牛羊的肉,到了燒熟可食時,又兼作餐具。刀叉和筷子,不僅帶來了進食習慣的差異,進而影響了東西方人生活觀念。刀叉必然帶來分食制,而筷子肯定與家庭成員圍坐桌邊共同進餐相配。西方一開始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人講究獨立,子女長大后就獨立闖世界的想法和習慣。而筷子帶來的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭單元,從而讓東方人擁有了比較牢固的家庭觀念。

      中西方飲食文化相互影響及思考

      中西方文化背景不同,自然會有飲食觀念上的差異和飲食方式的不同。兩者各有千秋,單說歷史,西餐自然無法和中餐相比。中國有幾千年的歷史,飲食文化的博大精深自不必說。但是很多歷史的東西,過去可能是先進的,今天則可能是落后的。比如就現(xiàn)在的生活節(jié)奏來講中餐做起來遠不如來個漢堡方便、快捷。從衛(wèi)生的角度看,中餐的飲食方式有明顯的不足之處,也有許多需要改進的地方。人們的生活中既要有傳統(tǒng)的中餐,也要有一些西式的食品。

      文化差異就動與靜,需要的不是個人或集體的評價,而是需要一個“零勢面”。在西方人的眼里,中國的飲食只是單純的“味”天下,而中國人卻最終沒有改,西方人也沒有察覺到自己的飲食有何不足。在西方一些哲學家觀點認為,沒有鏡子是不能找到自己的不足,然而,西方人和中國人一樣,沒有找到一面可以找到自己不足的鏡子。西方飲食文化有何不足?很簡單,從肉類煮八成熟就能看出,八成熟的肉類的確實含有比較多的營養(yǎng),但是,從健康的角度看,他們?nèi)鄙傩l(wèi)生的眼光,肉類的細菌沒能得以殺除,在保證美味、營養(yǎng)的條件下還必須有健康。從唯物主義觀點出發(fā),保證個人健康,才能更好地發(fā)展社會、傳承文化。

      飲食文化不是歷史的,也不是現(xiàn)代的,它是從古代到現(xiàn)代在蒸煮實踐中得到的。飲食文化不是屬于個人的,也不是屬于某個集體的,它是屬于全世界的,是歷史的累積物及文化的見證。

      不管是西方還是中方,飲食文化都會有差異,但重要的是尊重各自的飲食文化,簡單點概括就是尊重各國文化。尊重各國飲食文化可以使飲食文化不產(chǎn)生敵對之意,文化重在交流,在尊重文化基礎上已經(jīng)很好地保證了這以點,在繼承中發(fā)展文化,在發(fā)展中繼承文化,使飲食文化得以更好地改進和創(chuàng)新。在保證文化不敵對情況下發(fā)展,符合我國現(xiàn)在基本情況的要求,也符合社會發(fā)展的要求,這樣會在一定程度上推進我國走向飲食大國。

      文化在創(chuàng)新和繼承中難免會碰到這樣或那樣的沖突,基督教、佛教等宗教在我們生活中存在著,偶爾對我們內(nèi)心有依靠,但是,從過去的歷史和現(xiàn)今宗教的宗旨看,我國的飲食文化與它們的宗教精神實在是沖突多,佛教的不殺生,與我國飲食文化就有比較明顯的差異,西方人眼里認為中國飲食文化是一種“暴力”文化,是一種不值得人們?nèi)ハ蛲娘嬍愁愋?,那么,我們是否改變自己的飲食文化呢?是否聽從別人的言語呢?中國飲食文化的缺點我們不可否認,我們這能夠改善而不能夠改變,先解決主要矛盾,次要矛盾會隨時間慢慢地解決,也就是說,先解決的主要矛盾就是解決自身的缺點,而非改變自己的飲食文化,倘若我們想把飲食文化給改了,這并不是一件簡單的事情,因為,中國飲食文化已經(jīng)灌入我們心里五千年之久,如果完全改變飲食文化不可取的。

      擁有自己的特色飲食文化是基礎,發(fā)展與創(chuàng)新是飲食文化的頂梁柱,因為世界在不停地發(fā)展,文化在不斷地更新,我們不能一味的陶醉在現(xiàn)有的美味,要拿出勇氣及志氣創(chuàng)出新的飲食文化,也能站在空想主義的環(huán)境下幻想自己的成就。在被文化沖涮的世界里,我們更應該利用這時機,學習西方飲食文化以便補充現(xiàn)有的不足,但是,不能片面的承接西方文化,也不能片面的否認西方飲食文化,“取其精華,去其糟粕”是主要的精神,憑著這精神發(fā)展自我飲食文化將會取得很大的進步。

      中西飲食保存著各自的特色,同時也在諸多方面存在著各式各樣的差異,當然,這些差異都具有相對性,幾千年來的東西方文化的交流也促成中西方的飲食文化的不斷融合。全球化態(tài)勢下的跨文化交際使得多樣的飲食文化不斷的互補與兼容。今天,享受東西方各具特色的飲食已成為當代人日常生活中司空見慣的事情。我們在大街上隨處可見法式大餐、KFC, Macdonald, Pizza hut等西方的舶來飲食,而中國菜館也開遍了全世界。

      第四篇:淺談中西飲食文化差異

      淺談中西飲食文化差異

      【摘要】在世界全球化的今天,國家和民族間的交流亦越發(fā)頻繁。而“吃”作為一種可以拉近彼此距離的交流手段,理應加以重視?!俺缘奈幕奔达嬍澄幕?,也是文化交流中不也或缺的重要部分。本文將就中西飲食文化從飲食觀念、宴會禮儀及飲食內(nèi)容三大方面加以比較,展示中西餐飲文化差異,以便更加順利的進行中西間的跨文化交際。【關(guān)鍵詞】中西方 飲食文化 差異

      不同的民族及國家有著不同的飲食文化,而飲食文化又是文化系統(tǒng)的一個重要組成部分。了解不同民族及國家飲食文化間的差異有利于促進他們間的文化交流,利于跨文化的交際。而中國和英美等西方國家的飲食文化,在對于飲食的觀念,宴會禮儀及飲食內(nèi)容方面都存在著很大的差異。比較和了解這些差異,將會為中西方將來的跨文化交際提供依據(jù)。

      1飲食觀念上的差異

      1.1“泛食主義”對“食用主義”

      在中國,“吃”不僅僅是“吃”,它被賦予了豐富的意義。古語有云“民以食為天”,可見飲食一事在國人心中的重要地位。而“民以食為天”的這種思想,也被很多學者稱為“泛食主義”。飲食,在國人心中不止是一種對“胃”與“味”的滿足,它亦溶于人們的生活之中,與精神世界掛鉤。例如,以前人們一見面的寒暄語就是“吃了嗎?”,可見古來人們都把“吃”或為“吃而準備當作很重要的事。”小孩出生的時候要辦滿月酒,成人結(jié)婚時要辦婚宴,高壽安康時要辦壽宴,長辭人世時要辦喪禮,諸如此類,中國人的一生都與飲食緊密關(guān)?!俺浴笨梢员豢醋鲆环N傳遞心理溝通交流和表達禮節(jié)的方式?!胺菏持髁x”在漢語i也有充分的體現(xiàn)。易中天先生曾在《閑話中國人》中寫道:“如前述把人稱為‘口’,吧職業(yè)稱為‘飯碗’等。又比如思索叫做‘拒絕’,體驗叫‘品味’,嫉妒叫‘吃醋’,幸福叫‘陶醉’,司空見慣叫‘家常便飯’,輕而易舉叫‘小菜一碟’?? ”1 可見“民以食為天”的中國人心中及生活中,飲食的重要性。

      而在西方人眼中,“吃”僅僅是一種生存手段和交際方式。他們更多看中的食物可以提供的營養(yǎng)及那能量。從亞伯拉罕馬斯洛的需求定律和《美國禮儀事典》都可以看出。需求定律中,認定需求被分為五個層次,其中飲食屬于最低的一層。而《美國禮儀事典》曾將各類宴會的目的總結(jié)為以下幾點:向提供服務者表示感謝;對剛剛達成的一筆交易表示慶祝;為了贏得客戶的信任;請人幫忙??”

      2可見比起中國的“吃”,西方的吃只是停留在生存交際方面,沒有賦予更多樣而深遠的含義。

      1.2“集體主義”對“個人主義”

      中國人受儒道兩教長期的影響,追求“仁”“愛”,想要創(chuàng)造的是個和諧的社會。這樣的社會群體的主導價值觀,必須是“集體主義”。從“一人得道,雞犬升天”到“親誼、鄉(xiāng)誼、世誼、年誼”之交等,無不打上中國群體文化的烙印。3 而在宴飲同時,中國人也喜歡圍坐在一個大圓桌旁,觥籌交錯,把酒言歡,敬酒聊天,歡聲不絕于耳,而且共同享受桌上的菜肴。一片其樂融融之景象。

      而西方人更注重的是個性的發(fā)展,他們強調(diào)individualism。他們的主導價值觀,相對中國的而言,是“個體主義”。他們吃飯的時候,多數(shù)是每人各有一小份食物,不是像中國人一樣從桌上的大盤里夾菜喝湯,而且一般是和坐在隔壁的人說話,聲音較小,不似中國式的滿桌交談。結(jié)伴出去吃飯是也是AA制。

      1.3“講排場”對”隨意簡單”

      “持家要儉,待客要豐”是中國的傳統(tǒng)觀念,加之中國人好面子,就會覺得請客關(guān)乎面子問題,講究排場是必要的。一般正式的宴請時要上七八道大菜,不包括之前的零嘴及收尾時的甜點湯飲在內(nèi)。菜色越多,品質(zhì)越好,就越是顯示出主人的好客及身份。當然這種情況下,很多食物是吃不完的。其中比較極而有名的例子就是集合滿族和漢族飲食特色的巨型筵席—滿漢全席。原為康熙皇帝大壽所舉辦的筵席包括咸甜苦辣各色菜式,各類山珍海味共一百零八道,可謂加入珍饈,極為奢華,盡顯皇家氣派。

      而西方人沒有這樣的面子觀念。他們盛大的西餐宴席通常不過是六道菜,而且其中只有兩道菜算上是菜,其余不過是陪襯。平時宴請,飯菜更為簡單。在美國,有時候朋友聚餐會采取大家作貢獻的手法,稱之為“Potluck”,即每人都帶一樣菜,讓大家共享。4 即使是在舉行party時,也只是提供一些簡單的食物,不提供主食??梢娢鞣饺俗⒅氐牟皇鞘澄锏呢S盛,他們是要借助party或宴請來調(diào)節(jié)氣氛,讓客人享受更美好的時候,利于之后的交流。

      2宴會禮儀上的差異

      由于歷史文化不同,中西方的宴會禮儀也存在著很多差異。以下將主要就餐具、出席時間及作為安排的差異進行解釋。希望借此了解中西差異后,更有利于中西方在宴會上的溝通交流,不要做出讓對方覺得突兀的事情。2.1餐具的差異:“筷子”對“刀叉”

      餐具上最顯而易見的差異就是中國人用筷子而西方人用刀叉。這是由于不同文化的影響。中國長期受農(nóng)耕文化的影響,喜歡和平與安定的生活,反對侵略。西方國家由于狩獵文化的影響,喜歡爭強好勝和樂于冒險。故中國人在用餐時喜歡用圓桌,用筷子吃飯,體現(xiàn)一團和氣;西方人一般都是用方桌,使用刀叉則給人一種殺氣沖沖的野蠻之感。5

      2.2出席時間的差異:“遲到”對“準時”

      中國有“一寸光陰一寸金”,西方有“time is money”,但是在赴宴的時候,其實中西方還是有差異的。中國人更傾向于“遲到”而西方人更傾向“準時”。

      在中國,宴席之上,“遲到”之舉非常常見。當然,對此,宴請人也一般會左后準備。早早安排瓜子花生之類的零嘴供來賓消磨時間。當然邀請方不會將客人們的遲到作為不禮貌的行為。而在西方國家,正式的宴會要求要準時,若是遲到最好不要超過十分鐘。而且遲到之時,一般會說再過幾分鐘就到了。但是要是超過二三十分鐘而不告知對方,就會被看作一種失約行為,對方可不必等待。對于很重視誠信的西方人,會照成很不好的印象。2.3席位安排的差異 中西雙方進餐的座次也反映著文化二代差異,而且大不相同。2.3.1“南北”對“左右”

      中國自古就有“南尊北卑”的傳統(tǒng)觀念。古代皇帝都是面南而坐,而臣子們偶的是北面稱臣,所含有后來“面朝南”在中國人心中就變成了一種身份地位高的象征。所以在宴會上也是朝南的作為為上座,朝北為下坐。而西方人則是把地位的高低由“左右”來劃分。雖然在古代西方社會,最尊貴的客人的座位是在主人的左邊,這是應為人們習慣于用右手握匕首,刺殺坐在左手邊的人。如果將最尊貴的客人安排在主人的左手衛(wèi)生知識,不僅他刺殺不方便,主人還有制服他的優(yōu)勢地位。6 但是今天,已經(jīng)不存在安全的這個問題,但由于心理保護的需求,多將主賓席放在主人的右側(cè),形成了以右為上以左為下的規(guī)矩。2.3.2“男尊女卑”對“女士優(yōu)先,男女平等”

      由于長期受儒家思想的影響,“男尊女卑”的思想根深蒂固。在很久之前,女性在餐桌上根本沒有一席之地,而是在廚房里忙碌,獨自就餐。當然,今時不同往日,女性已經(jīng)從封建禮教的束縛中解脫了出來。但但“尊老”與“女士優(yōu)先”的原則發(fā)生矛盾是,中國人定會選擇“尊老”。但是在西方,“女士優(yōu)先”是他們的傳統(tǒng)觀念,也是平時的行為準則。這是由于多數(shù)西方國家都信仰基督教,而在基督教中,圣母瑪利亞備受推崇和尊敬。也與在十二三世紀盛行的騎士風度有關(guān)。而且在就餐時的男女插空坐的方式也顯示出西方人的男女平等觀。當然,他們不推崇“尊老”這一說法。由于西方許多國家畜牧業(yè)和商業(yè)較發(fā)達,需要體力勞動和勇于冒險等要求,所以人們害怕衰老,不愿談及也就難以形成“尊老”一風。

      3飲食內(nèi)容上的差異:“求精美”對“講營養(yǎng)重均衡”。

      中國有句俗話“民以食為天,食以味為先”,可見中國人極重視食物的口味。中華料理內(nèi)容豐富,有諸多菜系及流派,其中以魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽八大菜系為代表。由此可見,國人對料理有“精”的追求??鬃右苍f過“食不厭精,膾不厭細”,這也是人們對食材精品意識的體現(xiàn)。同時,還要色香味俱全,這是“美”的要求。國人在追求味蕾的滿足的同時也重視對才的外觀及顏色的搭配效果。

      比起重精美的中國飲食,西方的飲食更講究營養(yǎng)均衡。西方人對食物的味的要求沒有很高,在他們看來,飲食是為了生存及健康。他們注重的是食物中維生素,蛋白質(zhì),卡路里等的含量。所以在西方國家的食品上都有明確表明歌成分及其比重,在菜單上也會標注菜肴的成分及重量。我們吃的自助餐中,就會表明牛排的分量。他們在下廚時常用有刻度的量杯,秤等廚房用具來對食材的量進行度量。西方人基本是從營養(yǎng)學的角度來理解飲食,不會花太多的功夫在吃上面。

      綜上可見,中西方在飲食文化方面的差異還是頗多的。但隨著全球化的進程,飲食文化間也會有更多的交流與碰撞。了解中西飲食文化的差異并將之應用到對跨文化交際的實踐當中,對中西方的文化的交流發(fā)展及發(fā)展將有促進作用。

      參考文獻:

      1.易中天.閑話中國人[M].北京:華齡出版社,1996.第17-18頁.2 杜學增.中英文化習俗比較[M].北京:外語研究與科研出版社,1999.第171頁.3 顧嘉祖.跨文化交際:外國語言文學中隱蔽文化[M].南京:南京師范大學出版社,2000.第74頁.4 胡文仲.跨文化交際學概論[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,1999.第165頁.5 單是坤,王敏.民族文化心理與中西飲食文化之對比[J].山東省農(nóng)業(yè)管理干部學院學報,2005.(2).6 Edward T Hall.The Silent Language[M].New York:Anchor Books,1990.第86頁

      第五篇:試析中西飲食文化差異及中餐菜名英譯中的幾個問題

      ON THE CULTURAL DIFFERENCES OF DIET BETWEEN CHINA AND ENGLISH COUNTRIES AND SOME POINTS FOR INTERPRETING CHINESE DISHES INTO ENGLISH

      by Xu Aifang

      June, 2007 Xiaogan Unversity

      Abstract

      This paper, through analysis of the differences between Chinese and English countries’ dietary cultures, points out several influential facts in interpretation of dietary culture at tables, and briefly discusses some methods for interpreting Chinese dishes into English.Food, an essential prerequisite for the existence and development of mankind, remains a close relation with culture, and food culture varies with nations.Therefore, there are great disparities between China and the English countries in ideas, attitudes, contents and functions of dietary cultures.This paper endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their rooted causes in Chinese and English dietary cultures from the perspectives of concept, etiquette and content.At last it emphasizes that the interpreter’s cultural awareness plays an important role in the interpretation.Key Words: dietary culture;Chinese dish names;cultural awareness;C/E interpretation

      試析中西飲食文化差異及中餐菜名英譯中的幾個問題

      摘要

      本文通過探討中西方飲食文化的差異以及結(jié)合實例歸納總結(jié)中式菜肴名稱的翻譯方法和技巧,指出影響中西方餐桌文化口譯工作的因素。餐桌上的口譯必然與飲食有關(guān),飲食與文化更是密不可分。不同的民族造就了不同的飲食文化,所以飲食文化具有濃郁的民族性和多樣性特點。中國與英美等西方國家對飲食的觀點和態(tài)度,飲食內(nèi)容以及飲食特點等方面都存在著顯著的差異。本文就餐飲文化方面著重分析了中國與英美等西方國家在飲食觀念,宴會禮儀,飲食內(nèi)容等方面的跨文化差異,揭示了飲食文化差異對中餐菜名英譯的影響。同時通過中式菜名的翻譯的事例來加以分析說明譯員跨文化意識的重要性。

      關(guān)鍵詞:飲食文化;中式菜肴名稱;文化意識;英譯

      Contents 1.Introduction ··············································································································· 1 2.The differences between Chinese and English countries’ dietary cultures ·········· 1

      2.1 Differences in concept ··························································································· 1

      2.1.1 Sensibility vs.practicality ············································································ 1

      2.1.2 Complexity vs.simplicity ············································································· 2

      2.2 Differences in table manners ················································································· 3

      2.2.1 Different table-wares: chopsticks vs.forks ·················································· 3

      2.2.2 Different concepts regarding the time of attendance ···································· 3

      2.2.3 Different arrangements of seats ···································································· 4

      2.3 Differences in contents ·························································································· 4

      2.3.1 Refinements vs.nutrients ············································································· 4

      2.3.2 Differences of dish names ············································································ 4

      3.Some points for interpreting Chinese dishes into English ······································· 5

      3.1 Some methods of dish names’ translation ····························································· 5

      3.1.1 The preparation work ···················································································· 5

      3.1.2 Literal translation ·························································································· 5

      3.1.3 Liberal translation ························································································· 6

      3.1.4 The combination of literal and liberal translation ········································ 6

      3.2 The cross-cultural awareness of the interpreter ····················································· 7

      3.2.1 Study the dietary culture ··············································································· 7

      3.2.2 Know the level of guests’ understanding of Chinese culture ······················· 7

      3.2.3 Actively participate in the cultural communication ······································ 8 4.Conclusion ·················································································································· 8 5.Notes ·························································································································· 10 6.Bibliography

      On the Cultural Differences of Diet between China and English Countries and Some Points for Interpreting Chinese Dishes into

      English

      1.Introduction

      In recent years, with the rapid development of the Chinese economy and the influences of entering the WTO, the international communication activities between China and foreign countries are becoming more and more popular.Making friends during banquet is a kind of common form of communication.It is a good way to show one’s love and friendship to others, help to create a harmonious cooperation atmosphere between business partners to publicize the Chinese dietary culture.The Chinese people, who are well known for their hospitality both at home and abroad, should not miss such chances to introduce their various delicacies to foreign friends.On such occasions, the interpreter, as a bridge over people from different countries, plays a tremendously important role in the process of their communication.However, in recent years, some interpreters are often misunderstood by foreign guests because of their lack of cross-culture awareness and their inability to translate some Chinese dish names correctly.They do not know much about the differences between Chinese and English countries’ dietary cultures and do not pay enough attention to the translation methods for the Chinese dish name, which affects the spreading of Chinese dietary culture all over the world, and even sometimes makes foreign friends confused.Therefore, the author of this paper feels that it’s necessary to analyze several differences of Chinese and English countries’ dietary cultures, probe into some Chinese dish names’ translation methods, so that the Chinese profound dietary culture could be spread in a better way.2.The differences between Chinese and English countries’ dietary cultures

      Different peoples and countries have different dietary cultures;their richness and diversity of different nationalities are also the embodiment of their creativity.China, Britain, the United States and other English countries have some different views and attitudes toward diet, and these differences might hinder interpreters from translating properly and spreading Chinese dietary culture in a better way.2.1 differences in concept 2.1.1 Sensibility vs.practicality

      In China, diet has developed to a very important part in people’s life.It is almost beyond any other material and spiritual forms, and this has been apparently reflected in people’s daily life.The seven so-called basic daily needs: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauces,5 vinegar, tea, all have deep relations to diet.Eating goes through a man’s whole life.When one was born, his parents would hold a birth celebration.Later when he was one month old or one year old, the family would get together and have a party again.When growing up, he would have birthday parties, wedding party and even funeral dinner held for him by his descendants when he passes away.When a visitor comes, he would prepare for the guest a formal dinner, which is called welcome dinner.He would invite friends to have dinner together when he moves into a new house, is promoted in his company or has solved a serious problem.All these show that people in China like eating with much emotions, for dinners have provided them lots of chances to show their love for friends, and exchange information.Even some emotional turmoil would be calmed down during the dinner time.Behind the form of eating, there are a profuse psychological and cultural significance, as well as people’s recognition and understanding of society, which embody a more profound social meaning.Eating not only has some original communication function, but has already transformed into an adjustment of social life and psychology.In Britain, U.S.A.and other English countries, eating is regarded as a way of communication and a necessary survival means.American psychologist Abraham Maslow divides human’s needs into five levels in his famous theory Law of Demand.Eating is classified into the first layer, which is the lowest level of human requirements.Lin Yutang, a famous Chinese anthropological scholar, once said, “The diet concepts of people from English countries are different from those of the Chinese.They think that eating is just an act giving your body nutrients, like injecting fuel to a machine, to ensure its normal operation.As long as they are healthy enough to resist diseases, they care little about other problems.”[1] Therefore, in the minds of the English people, eating just plays a life-sustaining role in their life.We can see clearly that the English people would not assign more important missions to eating, which has been done by the Chinese people for a long time.2.1.2.Complexity vs.simplicity

      There is a fundamental difference between Chinese andd English countries’ banquet concepts.Chinese people pay much attention to the dinner itself and its arrangement.They provide profuse wine and courses, including ten main courses at a formal banquet, besides snacks, desserts, rice or noodles in the whole procedure of a dinner.The more sumptuous dishes the host prepares, the better the host’s hospitality and guest’s social status are reflected.In English countries, grand banquet is usually no more than six dishes and much simpler when it is only a kind of common dinner.Sometimes friends in the United States would all contribute to a dinner, which is called potluck, [2] and means that each person has taken a dish for sharing.It is evident that it creates opportunities for friends to get together and exchange ideas.It is reminiscent of friendships and provides access for them to get

      information.It is subject to the concept of English countries’ banquet that the most important thing of a banquet lies not in the dishes themselves, but in the diversifying form of liberalization.The owner should try to create a relaxing, harmonious and cheerful atmosphere, let the guests enjoy the freedom of a wonderful time.Generally, that is the first purpose of a banquet in English countries.2.2 Differences in table manners

      Table manners seem to be especially important both in China and English countries.Different table manners have formed during centuries because of different cultural backgrounds.An excellent interpreter always knows how to take advantages of such differences to make the interpreting process smoother.2.2.1 Different table-wares: chopsticks vs.forks On the dinner tables, the most obvious difference is the choices of their table wares.The Chinese use chopsticks to clamp rice and dishes, while people from English countries cut food with their forks.Clearly, these different consumption patterns are not an accidental phenomenon.Since ancient times, the Chinese people have been farming on land, and nowadays the majority of the Chinese are still farmers.In such a cultural environment, people usually live on cereal-based food, tending to live and work in peace, stressing the preciousness of stability, opposing aggression and attacks.While many people from English countries were hunters in the past.They lived on meat-based diet.In order to be able to survive in the cruel circumstances, they must be good at hunting, and be offensive, aggressive.Gradually they have developed an adventurous character trait.[3] These two cultural preferences are almost contrast to each other.So what is reflected in the diet tends to be the choices of their table wares and their eating ways.2.2.2 Different concepts regarding the time of attendance Punctuality seems to be a common term that is appreciated by every person.But people from different cultural backgrounds have different understanding of this term.Some people habitually can’t be punctual.American renowned anthropologist Edward T.Hall, one of trans-cultural founders who study human relation thinks that time is a kind of commercial food which can be treated and used in different ways.[4] So no matter in what situations, people from English countries arrive on time.However, in China, people are prone to be late except in some very formal and very important dinners.Shanshanlaichi is usually used to describe such guests who are going to attend friends’ party not on time.Various reasons cause people to be late when attending dinners.To westerners’ surprise, the host accepts their unpunctuality, and has prepared some entertainment activities for the other guests during the waiting time.Both the host and guests feel it is common, not regarding it as impolite.In contrast, in English countries being late when one is invited to attend a dinner party is thought to be impolite to the host and the rest of the guests.So when an English guest is at a Chinese

      dinner, waiting, the interpreter should give proper explanations when some Chinese friends are late, so as to eliminate misunderstandings.2.2.3 Differences in the arrangements of seats The arrangement of guests' seats is also an important way to show people's social status and personal relationship.In different countries, the layout of seats is different.Hall once said “space speaks”[5] to describe the role of space.In China, the guests who are usually respected most would sit in the south of the table.The common friends sit in the north part of the table.While in ancient times, people from English countries thought the seats beside the host were the most respectable places.Another difference is the woman's social status.In ancient times, Chinese women had no social status, being subordinate to men.Although Chinese women's social status has been proving and women can have dinner with men now, there is still such a phenomenon that women sit together at one table, and men sit at another table.In English countries, there is a slogan called woman first.In English countries women have taken important social places from an very early time.Women and men have dinner together and they usually sit together, which embodies that women and men are equal.2.3 Differences in contents 2.3.1 Refinements vs.nutrients

      Great differences also exist in diet contents.From ancient to modern days, Chinese dietary culture has been improved to various dietary branches such as Lu, Chuan, E, Min, Shu, Zhe, Xiang, Hui.The dishes' exquisiteness has been embodied in every branch.This dietary consciousness has penetrated into the whole process of dietary activity in an unconscious way.The process of choosing the materials, cooking, matching, using table-wares and even the eating environment, all have highlighted the dishes' exquisiteness.Compared with Chinese food, English countries’ food is simple, lacking a kind of nice atmosphere.Moreover, their cooking technology is inferior to China’s and many branches of English food were brought in from foreign countries.But judging from their nutrition value, English countries’ food emphasizes on their nutrition, and tries to make the food unsalted and keeps the balance of various nutrients.The English people think that eating is just a way to keep fit.No matter what they eat, no matter how simple the dinner is, they keep their eyes on their nutrition, and are sometimes ignorant of their taste.2.3.2 The difference of dish names

      The names of Chinese food include lots of Chinese history stories and information of Chinese culture.For instance,東坡肉,宮爆雞丁,霸王別姬,佛跳墻, etc.On the contrary, English dishes' names are much simpler.We can see what we'll eat from the names of dishes.For example, Kentucky fried chicken, Italian noodles and fries beefsteak etc.This phenomenon has also reflected English people's fast pace of life.8 3.Some points for interpreting Chinese dishes into English 3.1 Some methods of dish name's translation

      The names of Chinese dishes are really rich.No matter what dishes the interpreter has to translate, he had better tell the foreign friends what materials they contain, how they are cooked and so on.If time permits, the interpreter could give an introduction about their nutrient value, related folk stories, and history stories, which will not only promote their appetite, but spread our Chinese dietary culture and make the atmosphere more harmonious.3.1.1 The preparation work

      Before interpretation, the interpreter has to make some preparations.Firstly, he should get to know the theme of the interpretation work, including the professional knowledge in other various fields if possible.These are the basic elements for doing a nice job.Secondly, the interpreter has to learn some relevant terminologies.E.g.:

      The words or phrases of cooking: simmering, stewing, braising, frying, boiling, baking, steaming, smoking, scolding, stuffing;to quick-fry, to stir-fry, to deep fry, to twice cook, to pan-fry, to roast, to toast, to rinse, to grill, to spice, etc.The words of condiment: brawn sauce, white sauce, tomato sauce, onion, ginger, sesame oil, monosodium glutamate sugar, vinegar, salt, etc.The common ingredients: pork, fish, fillet, bean curd, sparerib, garlic, beef, steak, mutton, lamb chop, chicken duck, shark-fin, abalone, scallop, sea cucumber, bird's nest, bear's paw, monkey's brains, etc.The ways of using a knife include: slicing, shredding, filleting, dicing, cubing, grinding, mashing, etc.The main taste: salty, chilly, spicy, hot, sour, sweet, etc.3.1.2 Literal translation

      Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original.[6]

      That is to say, the interpreter can translate a dish with its cooking method, its ingredients or its taste.E.g.: 紅燒魚 : Braised fish in brawn sauce

      冬菇菜芯: Winter mushroom with green cabbage 青椒肉絲: Shredded pork with green peeper 怪味雞: Multi-flawed chicken 炒肉絲: Sautéed pork slices 燉牛肉: Stewed beef

      清蒸桂魚: Steamed mandarin fish 煎雞蛋: Fried eggs

      回鍋肉: Twice cooked pork or double cooked pork[7]

      If there are large numbers of cooking terminologies in the interpreter's mind, it won’t be too difficult for him to translate the dish names literally, and would not cause misunderstanding in most cases.3.1.3 Liberal translation

      Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the literal meaning or the word order of the original.[8] It is the word elegance that the names of Chinese dishes focus on.In order to keep their elegance, many dish names are completely different from their original materials.E.g.: 炒雙冬 is translated into fried winter mushrooms and winter bamboo shoots, because 雙冬refers to winter mushroom and winter bamboo, but from the Chinese name we don't know what we will eat.三鮮湯: Soup with fish, shrimp and pork balls.The interpreter has to refer to its original materials.Many names of Chinese dishes use metaphors to add their vividness

      翡翠蝦仁: Stir-fried shrimps with peas

      積雪銀鐘: Stewed mushrooms with white gangues 螞蟻上樹: Sautéed bean vermicelli with spicy meat sauce.These names, if translated literally, might cause misunderstandings.Here the author exemplifies the translations of several Chinese dishes just for reference.For examples, some people translate 霸王別姬 into “the king is saying goodbye to his beloved woman”;全家幅is translated into “a photograph of the whole family”, which make the quests feel confused and still don't know at all what they will eat at last.3.1.4 The combination of literal and liberal translation This translation method means that some dishes can be translated literally, but some explanations should be added.They can be divided into four groups.The first group refers to those names of dishes that include some famous people’s names.For example, 東坡肉can be translated into “poet Dong Po’s braised pork”.Then the interpreter should explain that Su Dongpo was a famous poet in the Song Dynasty.毛式紅燒肉can be translated as “chairman Mao’s stewed pork with soy sauce”, then the interpreter can add that Chairman Mao was a great leader in China.麻婆豆腐can be translated as “bean curd with minced pork in hot sauce”, and then you add that Mapo was the creator of this dish.The second group relates to the names which include places.For example, 北京烤鴨can be translated as “Beijing roast duck”, then you add that Beijing food is always delicious and wonderful.成都子雞can be translated as “stir-fried small chicken in Chengdu style”, with explanation that Sichuan food is characterized by its spicy and hot flavor.It’s spicy and hot.[10]

      The third group means the dishes which contain folk stories.叫花雞 can be translated into “beggar’s chicken”.There is a legendary story connected with it.The interpreter had better tell the story that it was said that long ago there was a beggar who stole a chicken one day.He was pursued by the owner.He was almost caught when he suddenly hit upon a good idea.He smeared the chicken all over with clay which he found nearby and threw it into the fire he had built to cook it.After a long while the beggar removed the mud coasted from the fire.When he cracked open the clay he found, to his astonishment, that the clay together with the feather had formed a hard shell in which the chicken had been baked into a delicious dish with a wonderful flavor.That night he had a very enjoyable meal.Hence the name the dish.[11] The last group dishes refer to the names that are catered for an auspicious atmosphere and a festival cultural psychology.This type of names can be directly translated into Chinese cuisine names, and then the interpreter should add the ingredients of these dishes.E.g.全家福can be translated as “a happy family”, but the interpreter should add that it’s a a combination of shrimp, pork, beef, chicken, lobster and mixed vegetables with brown sauce.龍風配can be translated as “dragon and phoenix”, but the interpreter should add that it two separate dishes in one plate.On one side is lobster meat in Sichuan chili sauce, which is an inviting;on the other is house special chicken, which never fails in delighting.[12] 3.2 The cross-culture awareness of the interpreter

      Interpretation is actually a cross-culture communication, in which the interpreter should have a strong sense of the two cultures and the translation should be made as clear as possible.The interpreter should have not only bilingual skills, but also bicultural ability.Some of the interpreters regard interpretation as cultural interpretation.[13]

      Interpretation often fails if the interpreter ignores the cultural factors and can not act as a good communication exchanger.Interpretation of the names of Chinese dishes is actually a process to introduce Chinese dietary culture to the foreign guests.In this particular case, the interpreter’s cross-culture awareness is important and is reflected in three points.3.2.1 Study of dietary culture

      In order to understand the original language and culture, that is to say, the Chinese language and the Chinese culture, the interpreter should learn the Chinese dietary culture, know the cultural backgrounds of the names and know the raw materials and the methods which the names actually concern.Meanwhile, the interpreter should introduce the Chinese dietary culture to the foreign guests timely and appropriately if possible.3.2.2 Know the level of the guests’ understanding of Chinese culture.According to the guests’ understanding of the Chinese culture, the interpreter can

      determine the translation methods.Usually with his sensitivity of translation, the interpreter would know under what circumstances the literal translation would make foreign guests have no obstacle in understanding, such as people’s names, places metaphoric names and the names with stories.Those names’ translations are often relying on the knowledge and cultural backgrounds that can be understood by the guests.At this time, based on the literal translation, the interpreter should add explanations to mend foreign guest’s cultural gaps and put the source language culture into the target language culture if possible, so as to make the translation acceptable and promote cultural exchanges well.3.2.3 Actively participate in the cultural communication

      The interpreter is not only an intermediary but also an active participator at a dinner.The interpreter has the responsibility and obligation to promote the exchange of mutual understanding and communication.Under certain circumstances, the interpreter should use their dual-cultural knowledge to explain the cultural differences and misunderstandings which might be caused by the communicators who lack understanding with each other.For example, at a banquet, when ordering Chinese dishes, the interpreter can remind the officials to pay attention to the foreign guest’s national culture and psychological tastes, avoiding ordering the taboo food, such as vinegar pork, pig heart and so on.In short, in order to complete impromptu interpretation task, the interpreter has to make full preparations to understand and become familiar with some cooking terminologies and the corresponding English expressions, to understand the diet-related knowledge and cultural backgrounds, to use the translation strategies flexibly for on-the-spot translation, to take advantage of its double cultural ability to promote mutual understanding and communication, to introduce foreign friends the Chinese food culture timely and appropriately.4.Conclusion This paper compares the cultural differences of diet between China and English countries and gives a general illustration on some influential points concerning how an interpreter can do a good job in translating Chinese dish names into English.Firstly, it points out that a very important factor in the interpretation work at tables is the interpreter’s knowledge of the cultural differences between China and English countries, and analyzes eight differences from four aspects.Secondly, it suggests three translation methods and demonstrates them with a large number of examples to show the essential role that translation methods play in interpretation work.Last but not least, from other aspects it analyzes the importance of interpreters’ cross-culture awareness, In a word, culture differences, translation methods and cross-culture awareness are important influential factors in interpretation work at tables.I hope this paper will be of some help to those

      people who are interested in interpreting Chinese dishes into English, and will, to a certain extent, promote the cross-culture exchanges between China and English countries.13

      Notes [1] 杜學增.中英文化習俗比較[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社.1999(3):15-18.[2] 胡文仲.跨文化交際概論[M] 北京:外語教學與研究出版社.2000(1):23-25.[3][13] 劉丞華.文化與人格—對中西文化差異的一次比較[M] 合肥:中國科技大學出版社.2002(1):11-14.[4] [5] Edward T.Hall.The Silent Language [M].New York: Anchor Book, 1990(4): 61-62.[12] 黃海翔.中餐菜單英譯淺談[J] 中國科技翻譯 1999(2):22-24.[6][8] Guo Zhuzhang.A Practical Course in Translation between English and Chinese [M].Wuhan: University Press.2005(5):10-12.[7][10] 劉萍.中式菜肴名稱的口譯[J].中國科技翻譯 2001(1):65-67.[9][11] 任靜生.也談中菜與主食的英譯問題[J].中國翻譯.2001(2):45-47.14

      Bibliography 1.Bassnegtt B.& Lefever.Translation, History, Culture [M].Printer Publishers Limited, 1990.2.Bram J.Language and Society [M].Random House, 1995.3.Cha, Y.R.A Grammar of Spoken Chinese.Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1968.4.Hu Zhuanglin.Linguistics: A Course Book [M].Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2001.5.John Defrancis.Chinese-English Dictionary [M].Chinese-English Great Dictionary Press, 1997.6.Phillips J.Foreign Language Standards: Linking Research, Theories and Practice [M].Lincolnwood: National Textbook Company, 1999.7.畢繼萬.跨文化非語言交際[M].北京:外語教學與研究出版社,1999.8.杜建慧.翻譯學概論[M].北京:民族出版社,1998.9.顧嘉祖.跨文化交際—外國語言文學中的隱蔽文化[M].南京:南京師范大學出版社,2002.10.何高大.實用英漢漢英口譯技巧[M].長沙:中南工業(yè)大學出版社,1997.11.胡賡申.談談口譯前的準備[M].廣東外事,1988.12.易中天.閑話中國人[M].北京:華齡出版社,1996

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