第一篇：大學(xué)主題英語1 U1課文翻譯及課后答案

Book One Unit One Enjoyment of Learning

Section A A Love Affair with Books PART I Background Information 1.Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city and former capital of Brazil, is the capital of Rio de Janeiro State.Rio, as is known, is the cultural center of the country as well as the heart of finance, communication, and transportation.2.Ernest Hemingway(1899 ~ 1961)

Ernest Hemingway is a great American novelist and short story writer.During World War I he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in France and then fought briefly as a soldier in Italy.After the war Hemingway worked as a journalist in Chicago.As one of the representative writers of the Lost Generation, Hemingway wrote all his life about one theme “grace under pressure” and created heroes who act this theme out.Hemingway received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954.He’s been known for works like The Sun Also Rises(1926)(《太陽照常升起》), A Farewell to Arms(1928)(《永別了，武器》), For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940)(《喪鐘為誰而鳴》), and The Old Man and the Sea(1952)(老人與海), etc.3.The Old Man and the Sea

The Old Man and the Sea is one of Erneast Hemingway’s most famous works.It was written in Cuba in 1951 and published in 1952.In 1954 it won the author the Nobel Prize for Literature.It is the story of a struggle between an old, seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life.For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman has been out on the sea.On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky trip, Santiago sails far beyond the island and ventures into the Gulf Stream.He catches a marlin, the largest fish he has ever seen.As Santiago sails on with the fish, the marlin’s blood leaves a trail in the water and attracts sharks, who devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving only skeleton, head and tail.Santiago returns home empty-handed.In language of great simplicity and power, Hemingway describes the classic theme of courage in the face of defeat, of personal triumph won from loss.Some well-known quotes from this novel are: “Man is not made for defeat” , “A man can be destroyed but not defeated”.PART II Language Study

1.When I was young, I thought that reading was like a drug which I was allowed to take only a teaspoon at a time, but which, nevertheless, had the effect of carrying me away to an enchanted world.(Para.1)When I was a small girl, I thought that reading was like taking drugs.I could only read a little each time;however, this amount of reading had an enormous effect upon my life in that it took me into a charming world.The author here describes reading books by comparing it with taking drugs, which led her into a new world and later changed her life totally.By using words “l(fā)ike” and “as”, the figure of speech the author applies is called simile(明喻，直喻).More examples: “Time flies like an arrow”(光陰似箭), “She eats like a bird”(她吃得很少), “He smokes like a chimney”(他是個大煙鬼)；as white as snow(雪白), as brave as a lion(威猛如獅), etc.teaspoon: n.[C]

1)small spoon used for eating, for adding sugar to tea or coffee, or when cooking, for adding small amounts of a liquid or powder 茶匙，小匙

Add some sugar and milk in your coffee and stir it with a teaspoon.往咖啡里加糖和牛奶，用小匙攪一下。

Drop the dough onto a baking sheet with a teaspoon.用小茶匙把生面團一勺勺舀放到烤盤上。2)amount held by a small spoon 一茶匙容量

Help me mix a quarter cup of mashed strawberries with half a cup of cottage cheese and a teaspoon of sugar.幫我把1/4杯搗碎的草莓、半杯農(nóng)家乳酪和一茶匙糖混合一下。He wants three teaspoons of sugar in his coffee.他想在咖啡里加三匙糖。

at a time: used for saying how many things there are in each group or on each occasion 每次，一次

Deal with each question separately, one at a time.問題要分開處理，一次一個。

Pass me the books two at a time.把書遞給我，每次兩本。

nevertheless: ad.despite a fact or idea that you have just mentioned, used as a way of showing how a sentence, phrase, or word is related to what has already been said 仍然；不過；盡管如此

It’s a difficult race.Nevertheless, about 1,000 runners participate every year.這是一場艱難的比賽。盡管如此，每年約有1 000名賽跑者參賽。Alexander II was an obscure but nevertheless interesting Scottish king.亞歷山大二世是一位讓人難以琢磨但仍然很有趣的蘇格蘭國王。

Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.我們的失敗是意料之中的事，盡管如此，還是令人失望。

effect: n.1)[C/U] change that is produced in one person or thing by another 結(jié)果；影響；作用 Scientists are studying the greenhouse effect on the environment.科學(xué)家正在研究溫室效應(yīng)對環(huán)境的影響。

Any change in lifestyle will have an effect on your health.生活方式的任何改變都將影響你的健康。

The serious drought in southwest and parts of eastern China will have some / no effect on China’s total grain output.中國西南地區(qū)以及東部部分地區(qū)的嚴重干旱將對全國的糧食總產(chǎn)量有一定/沒有影響。Relaxation can reduce the negative effects of stress on the immune system.放松可以緩解壓力對免疫系統(tǒng)的負面影響。

The leadership discussed a plan of economic measures to counter the effects of such a blockade.領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層研究出了一個方案，以經(jīng)濟措施抵制這種封鎖帶來的影響。

2)[C] appearance or reaction that is deliberately produced, for example, by a writer or musician（刻意營造的）效果，感受

The stage lighting gives the effect of a moonlit scene.舞臺燈光產(chǎn)生月夜景色的效果。

Students should learn how they can achieve different stylistic effects in their writing.學(xué)生應(yīng)該學(xué)會如何在自己的寫作中呈現(xiàn)出不同的文風(fēng)。

carry away: 1)become so excited or involved in something that you lose control of your feelings or behavior 忘乎所以，使狂喜

He let his anger carry him away.他憤怒得不能自制。

He was carried away by her beauty.他被她的美貌給迷住了。2)take away 帶走，搬走

The wounded men were carried away.受傷的人們被抬走了。

Let’s carry away the refuse.讓我們把垃圾運走。

2.As time went by and I took that drug again and again, I became addicted to it.Books became an intrinsic part of my life.(Para.1)As I grew up, I devoted myself more and more to reading and books had already become an important part of my life without which I could not live.(The author fell in love with books.)The author is now applying the figure of speech called “metaphor” as she indirectly compares reading books to taking drugs without using words such as “l(fā)ike” or “as”.More examples: the sunshine of her smile(她陽光般的微笑), “The rain came down in buckets”(大雨如注/大雨傾盆), etc.addicted: a.1)(fig.)enjoying a particular activity very much and spending as much time as one can 入迷的 Addicted webworms lose not only their time, but money as well.著迷的網(wǎng)蟲不僅浪費了時間，也浪費了金錢。

My children are hopelessly addicted to television.我的孩子們都成了電視迷，簡直是不可救藥了。

2)unable to stop taking illegal or harmful drugs（吸毒）成癮的，上癮的 It doesn’t take long to become addicted to these drugs.服用這些毒品不要多久就會上癮。

He admitted that he was addicted to cocaine and couldn’t get himself out of it.他承認自己吸食可卡因上了癮，而且無法自拔。

intrinsic: a.(fml.)being part of the nature or character of someone or something;inherent 固有的；本質(zhì)的；內(nèi)在的 her intrinsic goodness 她那出自本性的善良

the intrinsic value of one’s work 某人作品的真正價值

He admitted the intrinsic merits of my idea, but said that it would need a lot of improvement before it could be put into practice.他承認我提的意見的內(nèi)在價值，但又說這意見在付諸實施之前，需要作許多改進。

Providing service to the customer is intrinsic to a successful business.為客戶提供服務(wù)是企業(yè)成功的根本。

3.faithful(Para.1): a.1)continuing to do or believe something, even in a difficult situation 忠誠的；恪守的；虔誠的

a faithful friend / servant / follower 忠實的朋友/仆人/追隨者 Dr.Still gave years of faithful service to people in the community.斯蒂爾醫(yī)生多年來一直恪守職責(zé)為社區(qū)的人們服務(wù)。

He remains faithful to his belief.他堅守自己的信仰。

Most dogs are easy to train and are very faithful and loyal to their owners.大部分的狗很容易訓(xùn)練也非常忠誠于他們的主人。

2)showing or describing something in a way that is exactly correct;accurate 逼真的，如實的；準確的

The painting displayed in the museum is a faithful reproduction of the original one.博物館展出的畫是原畫逼真的摹本。

The carpets they made today remain faithful to their ancestors’ methods.他們今天編織的地毯沿用了祖先的方法。

4.fall in love(Para.2): start to have very strong feelings about someone / something 愛上某人/某事

I fell in love with her because of her kind nature.由于她善良的天性，我愛上了她。

Working with the well-known director closely, I fell in love with the cinema.與這位知名導(dǎo)演的緊密工作使我開始喜愛上了電影。5.I don’t even recall when I started to read and how.(Para.2)I cannot even remember when and how I began to read books.recall: vt.1)remember 回憶

Twenty years later my father could still clearly recall the event.20年后我父親還能清楚地記起這件事。

I seem to recall that you said you would do that yesterday.我好像記得你說過你昨天要做那件事。

2)make one remember 使回想起

a style of film-making that recalls Alfred Hitchcock

一種使人回想起艾爾弗雷德·希區(qū)柯克的電影攝制風(fēng)格

The music recalls my childhood memories.音樂勾起了我對童年的回憶。

6.remember(Para.2): v.1)(with noun or gerund or clause)bring back into one’s thoughts 記得；回憶起

I remembered the sharp sound as the car came towards me.我記得汽車向我駛來時發(fā)出的刺耳聲音。

I remember her as a rather tall woman.如果我沒有記錯，她是一位身材較高的婦女。

Do you remember me asking you that same question? 你記得我曾問過你同樣的問題嗎？

She suddenly remembered that she had not locked the door.她突然想起她沒有鎖門。

2)(with infinitive)keep in the memory;not forget 牢記，記??；不忘記

Did you remember to post the letter?

你沒有忘了寄信吧？

He never remembered to lock the door when he went out.他出去時從來不記得要鎖門。

Note: The difference between remember doing something and remember to do something.I remember locking the door as I left the house.(= I locked the door and can call this event to mind now.)(我記得離開家時鎖了門。)(現(xiàn)在還能回憶起這件事。)I remembered to lock the door as I left the house.(= It was in my mind then that I must lock the door, and I locked it.)(我離開家時沒忘記鎖門。)(我把門鎖上了。)

7.In spite of this, every time I had an opportunity I would sneak somewhere with a book and read one page, two pages, three, if I were lucky enough, always feeling my heart beating fast, always hoping that my mother wouldn’t find me.(Para.2)Although my mother wouldn’t like me to read books, whenever I had a chance I would try to find a quiet place to do some reading.I was so nervous at that moment, for I feared to be found reading by my mother.in spite of: taking no notice of, or not prevented from;despite 雖然；不顧；盡管

In spite of a slight improvement in sales, the company is still making a loss.公司的銷售情況雖然稍有改善，但還在虧本。

In spite of what you say, I still believe he is honest.不管你說什么，我還是相信他是誠實的。

In spite of his old age, he still leads an active life.盡管他年事已高，他依舊過著一種忙碌的生活。

in spite of oneself: although one did not want to expect to do so不由自主地

I laughed in spite of myself.我不禁笑起來。

I thought she had a good time in spite of herself.我想盡管她自己都不知道怎么回事，她還是過得非常愉快。

Note: In this sentence, the first “would” is an auxiliary verb, indicating a repeated action which happened in the past, usually with a strong personal feeling of the author.The second “would” indicates a wish in a sentence of subjunctive mood.Occasionally she would come to see us.她偶爾來看看我們。

Now and then an owl would call.不時會有貓頭鷹叫。

I would do it if they would let me.要是他們讓我干我是愿意干的。

opportunity: n.[C] chance to do something, or a situation in which it is easy for one to do something 機會，良機

I think this trip sounds like a wonderful opportunity.我覺得這次旅行聽起來像是個絕妙的機會。

The program gives students the opportunity to learn more about global warming.這個節(jié)目讓學(xué)生有機會了解更多有關(guān)全球變暖的情況。

I’d like to take this opportunity to thank all of you for coming.我愿借此機會感謝諸位的光臨。

sneak:

vi.move somewhere quietly and secretly so that no one can see you or hear you 偷偷摸摸地 走；潛行

While his parents were busy, Joe sneaked off to play.父母正在忙碌時，喬偷偷地溜出去玩耍。

The cops sneaked around to the back door.警察躡手躡腳地繞到后門口。

vt.(sl.)take something secretly or illegally 偷偷地拿；偷竊 I sneaked the book out of my father’s study.我偷偷地從父親的書房拿出了那本書。

She sneaked a chocolate when no one was looking.她趁沒有人看時偷走了一塊巧克力。

sneak a look / glance at: secretly take a quick look at someone or something 偷偷看一眼 I managed to sneak a look at the report on her desk.我設(shè)法偷偷看了一眼她桌子上的報告。

I sneaked a glance at Anna.我偷偷地看了安娜一眼。

8.For her, books were nothing.For me, they were everything.(Para.2)For my mother, books meant nothing;whereas for me, books meant everything.9.In my childhood I didn’t have a big choice of books.(Para.3)When I was small, there weren’t enough books for me to read.a big / wide choice of: much to choose from很多選擇 There is a wide choice of software available for this model.適于這種型號使用的軟件，有許多種類可供選擇。

We found a big choice of vegetables in the market.我們看到市場上的蔬菜品種繁多。

10.At home, he loved to sit in his fantasy with all kinds of books.(Para.4)At home, my uncle loved to sit there, totally lost in the imaginary world as a result of the inspiration given by the books he was reading.fantasy: n.1)[U] imagination, esp.when unlimited or allowed complete freedom 幻想；胡思亂想 He indulged himself in fantasy when watching the television series Fantasy Island.在看電視連續(xù)劇《夢幻島》時，他就沉湎于幻想之中了。

Fantasy and reality often overlap.幻想與現(xiàn)實時常部分交叉。

2)[C] something produced from the imagination, whether expressed in words or not 幻想（想象）的產(chǎn)物

The whole story is a fantasy.整個故事都是幻想出來的。

He is always having fantasies about becoming rich and famous.他老是抱著發(fā)財成名的幻想。

3)[C/U] genre of imaginative fiction involving magic and adventure, esp.in a setting other than the real world 魔幻小說，幻想小說

As a series of fantasies, The Lord of the Rings, written by John Ronald R.Tolkien(1892～1973), first appeared in 1945～1955 in trilogy: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King.作為一部系列魔幻小說，由約翰·羅納德·R·托爾金（1892～1973）創(chuàng)作的《指環(huán)王》于1945至1955年期間首次以三部曲形式出現(xiàn)：《護戒使者》、《雙塔奇兵》和《王者歸來》。

The stories of Poe are fantasies of horror.坡的小說屬充滿恐怖的幻想作品。

11.If he happened to read a bestseller or a romance, when he was done he would give it to my mother …(Para.4)

When my uncle finished reading a book, if it was a bestseller or a romance, he always gave it to my mother …

romance: n.1)[C] story of love, adventure, mystery, etc., often set in a distant time or place, whose events are happier or grander or more exciting than those of real life（常以古代或異域為背景，以愛情、歷險、奇遇為內(nèi)容、富于想象色彩的）浪漫故事/小說；浪漫作品；傳奇 Her taste in fiction was for historical romances.她喜歡閱讀歷史愛情故事。

a romance about a king who married a beggar girl 一位國王娶了一個窮人家女孩的傳奇故事

a cheap romance in a magazine 雜志中的低俗浪漫故事

2)[C] exciting, enjoyable love affair, esp.one that is not very serious and long-lasting（往往短暫而刺激的）羅曼史；浪漫關(guān)系；風(fēng)流韻事

a holiday romance with a happy ending 結(jié)局圓滿的假日艷遇

It was just a summer romance.那不過是夏日里的一段羅曼史。

3)[U] love, esp.when sentimental or idealized（尤指充滿柔情或理想化的）愛情；戀愛；浪漫

There’s romance in the air between her and Michael.她和邁克爾之間有點戀愛的味道。

She wasn’t in a mood of romance.她沒有心情談戀愛。

Despite the age gap, romance developed.盡管存在年齡差距，愛情之花還是盛開了。

Spring is here and romance is in the air.春天來了，到處洋溢著浪漫的氣息。

12.But I would get to read the precious book anyway, even if I needed to do this in a hiding place, little by little.(Para.4)

I would try every means to read the book which I wanted so much, even though I had to hide myself somewhere again and again to read the book, doing only a part of it each time.get to do…: have permission or an opportunity to do something that you want to do 得到允許/有機會做??

Tom gets to go to Disneyland this summer.今年夏天湯姆可以去迪斯尼樂園了。

You’ll get to like it in time.你終究會喜歡它的。

precious: a.1)rare or very necessary and not to be wasted 寶貴的，可貴的 Salt is as precious as gold in many places.鹽在很多地方同黃金一樣珍貴。

My time is precious: I can only give you a few minutes.我的時間是寶貴的，我只能給你幾分鐘時間。

2)greatly loved or treasured by someone 珍愛的；心愛的；珍視的 precious works of art 藝術(shù)珍品

Her daughter is the most precious thing in the world to her.對于她來說，女兒就是掌上明珠。

13.series(Para.5): n.[C]

1)set of books, documents, etc.that are published with the same design in order to show that they belong to the same group 叢書；輯

a popular new series of children’s books 一套新出版的廣受歡迎的兒童叢書 We’re publishing a new series on ethnic music next year.明年我們將出版一套新的關(guān)于少數(shù)民族音樂的叢書。

2)set of similar things that follow one after another 連續(xù)發(fā)生的一組類似事件；系列 They carried out a series of experiments to test the new drug.他們對這種新藥物進行了一系列試驗。

We need to do a series of tests before we do anything else.我們需要做一系列的測試后才能做別的事情。

3)set of television or radio programs that are all about a particular subject, person, or group of people（電視或廣播的）系列節(jié)目 a hit television series 熱門電視系列片

Tonight’s program is the second in a three-part series.今晚節(jié)目是一部三集系列片的第二集。

14.Although the books were old, for me they seemed alive, and for a long time I devoured

them, one by one, pretending that I was the heroine and my lover would soon come to rescue me.(Para.5)

The books were old, but the stories seemed to be fresh and lively to me.For a long time I kept reading them with great enthusiasm one by one, and I imagined myself getting involved in a romance there, waiting for my prince to come to me.devour: vt.1)read, watch, or listen to something with a lot of interest or enthusiasm熱切地讀，凝視，傾聽

For 12 hours each day, he devoured books on mathematics, physics, and chemistry.他如饑似渴地攻讀數(shù)理化，每天長達12小時。

He was already devouring detective fiction as a young child.他小時候就已經(jīng)在如饑似渴地閱讀偵探小說。

2)eat something very fast because you are hungry 狼吞虎咽地吃；吞食

The hungry boy was devouring his dinner.那個饑餓的孩子在狼吞虎咽地吃飯。

According to one estimate, spiders devour enough bugs worldwide in a single day to outweigh the entire human population.根據(jù)一項估計，全世界的蜘蛛一天內(nèi)吞食的害蟲數(shù)量足以超過人類的總數(shù)量。

rescue:

vt.save or set free from harm, danger, or loss 拯救；救援；使免遭（損失）

He rescued a child from drowning.他救起了一名落水兒童。

You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.我正感到尷尬，你為我解了圍。

n.[C/U] act of saving someone or something from danger, failure, or unpleasant situation 營救 A rescue team is trying to reach the trapped miners.營救隊正設(shè)法趕到礦工被困的地方。

We were about to close down the business, but the bank came to our rescue with a huge loan.我們幾乎要停業(yè)了，但銀行借出一大筆錢救了我們。

15.He didn’t come, of course.(Para.5)

In fact, my lover didn’t come to me.(The romance didn’t happen actually as it was only the author’s fantasy as a little girl.)

16.But inside myself I was taking my passion for books that would never abandon me.(Para.5)

I never left behind my desire for reading and pursuing knowledge.(Though I had to leave behind a lot of things in order to study and live in another city.)passion: n.1)[C] strong desire or enthusiasm for something 熱情；極度喜愛，酷愛

Sports are the passion of the city’s masses.該市群眾酷愛體育運動。

The English have a passion for gardens.英國人對花園情有獨鐘。

2)[C/U] powerful emotion such as love or anger（愛情、憤怒等）強烈的情感

She sang with great passion.她滿懷激情地歌唱。

Passions run high when marriages break up and children are involved.當(dāng)婚姻破裂且殃及孩子們的時候，人們的情緒就很激憤。

abandon: vt.1)leave(a person or thing or place)not intending to return;desert;forsake 離開（某人、某物或某地）；拋棄；遺棄；離棄 His natural mother abandoned him when he was five days old.他出生才五天生母就遺棄了他。

When the fire got out of control, the captain told the sailors to abandon the ship.當(dāng)火勢無法控制時，船長吩咐水手棄船逃生。

2)give up completely(esp.something begun)完全放棄（尤指已開始的某事物）abandon a project / plan / scheme 放棄一項方案/計劃/設(shè)計 The match was abandoned because of bad weather.比賽因為天氣惡劣而取消。

17.boarding school(Para.6):(or residential college)寄宿學(xué)校

A boarding school is a school in which most or all of the students live during the part of the year when they go to lessons.The students who live in boarding school are called boarders or resident students.Most British public schools are boarding schools.Cf.day school 日校，走讀學(xué)校

A day school is a school whose students attend only during the day, returning home at night and at weekends.18.…the lives of saints and the miracles of Christ.(Para.6)

saint: n.[C](abbr.St or S;pl.Sts)person who is officially recognized after death by Christian church as specially holy and worthy of formal honor 圣徒，圣人 Joan of Arc was made a saint in 1920.1920年，貞德被追封為圣女。

It was a holy place, the shrine of a saint.這是個神圣的地方，一個圣徒的神殿。

Note: “the lives of saints” refers to the activities of the holy people in the Bible.According to the Bible, Christ worked many miracles, such as turning water into wine.miracle: n.[C]

1)action / event that cannot be explained according to the laws of nature and is considered to be an act of God 奇跡；奇事；不可思議的事 The story of the weeping statue is hailed as a miracle by some people.會哭泣的雕像的故事被一些人驚嘆為奇跡。

It’ll need a miracle to save the company from ruin.需要出現(xiàn)奇跡，才能使公司免于破產(chǎn)。

Miracle is everywhere as long as you believe in yourself.只要你相信自己，奇跡無處不在。

2)excellent achievement or example of something 卓越成就

a miracle of modern technology 現(xiàn)代技術(shù)的一大奇跡

He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to two pounds each.他居然種出了200個大得出奇的西紅柿，每個重達兩磅。

19.very(Para.6): a.(used for giving force to an expression)actual（用于加強語氣）正是的This is the very pen he used when he was writing the book.他寫這本書時用的正是這支筆。

I’ll go this very moment.我這就去。

The very thought of that terrible meal makes me feel sick.我一想起那頓糟糕的飯就惡心。20.spot(Para.6):

vt.1)pick out with the eye;see or recognize, esp.with effort or difficulty 找出，認出，看出

They’ve spotted us — let’s get out of here.他們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了我們——咱們出去吧。

They were spotted by the police as they were entering the bank.他們進入銀行時便被警察發(fā)現(xiàn)了。

2)(usu.pass.)mark with spots 使??有斑點

I chose a white cloth spotted with green.我選擇了一塊帶有綠色斑點的白布。

The dress is spotted with white and black dots.衣服上印有黑白小點。

n.[C]

1)small round area on a surface different in color from its surroundings 斑點； The flower is yellow with red spots.花是黃色的，帶有紅色斑點。He has a bald spot on the top of his head.他頭頂有塊斑禿。

2)particular place 地點，場所

We found him sitting in a sunny spot in the garden.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他正坐在花園里一個陽光充足的地方。It took me about twenty minutes to find a parking spot.我花了差不多20分鐘才找到停車的地方。

on the spot: at once;at the place of the action 立即；在現(xiàn)場 Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot.任何違反規(guī)則的人都要被責(zé)令立即離場。We’ll have a police officer on the spot immediately.我們馬上派一名警察前往現(xiàn)場。

hit the spot: AmE(infml.)satisfy one’s hunger 滿足某人的食欲 That pie really hit the spot, Michael.那個餡餅味道真合我口味，邁克爾。A cool glass of beer would really hit the spot.一杯冰啤酒正合我意。

a bright spot:(fig.)something encouraging despite the unfavorable situation 令人欣慰的事，亮點

It’s been a terrible week at the office, but there was one bright spot: the new assistant is very good.這個星期公司遭透了，還好新來的助手非常棒。

The one bright spot for the team last year was the match in France.這個隊去年的一個亮點就是在法國的那場比賽。

21.intriguing(Para.6): a.very interesting, arousing the curiosity of, esp.because of being strange or mysterious 令人非常感興趣的；引人入勝的；迷人的 an intriguing subject for future research 有待深入研究的有趣學(xué)科

To me that’s what is really intriguing about him.對我來說，他讓人感興趣的地方即在于此。

22.curious(Para.6): a.1)eager to know or learn, esp.about something unfamiliar or mysterious 好奇的；有求知欲的

Children are all curious about animals and how they live.孩子們對動物及其生活方式感到非常好奇。

A curious child is a teacher’s delight.老師喜歡有求知欲的孩子。（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）

2)odd or unusual, esp.in a way that is hard to explain 奇特的；離奇的；難以解釋的The visitors were attracted by a curious piece of 19th century art.參觀者被一件19世紀的藝術(shù)珍品深深地吸引。

He felt a curious mixture of happiness and fear.他有一種幸福和恐懼交織在一起的奇特感覺。

23.…was already fascinated by Santiago, the fisherman.(Para.6)

…was already attracted by the hero and his story.fascinate: vt.capture the interest of;attract 迷住，吸引?。皇股窕觐嵉?The changing vivid colors of the sunset fascinated the eye.日落時變化多端的色彩使人看得入迷。

I’d be fascinated to know what you really think.我非常想知道你真實的想法。

The public is fascinated with the private lives of public figures.公眾對社會名流的私生活具有濃厚的興趣。We are all fascinated by new technology.我們都對新技術(shù)著迷。

24.…only one teaspoon at a time.(Para.7)

…each time I only read a little.The word “teaspoon” is used figuratively, meaning “a small amount of reading”.25.At the age of thirteen I was deeply in love with Ernest Hemingway.(Para.7)

When I was 13 years old, I liked Ernest Hemingway’s works very much.deeply: ad.1)very or very much 很；非常

deeply rooted customs / ideas根深蒂固的習(xí)俗/思想

deeply held beliefs / convictions / views 堅定不移的信仰/信念/觀點

Opinion is deeply divided on this issue.對這個問題的意見分歧很大。

The government said it was deeply concerned about the situation.政府表示對局勢非常關(guān)注。

2)long way down or through something 深深地 The needle had penetrated deeply into his skin.那根針深深地刺入到他的皮膚里。

The dog bit him deeply into his arm.狗咬了他的胳膊，咬得很深。

26.At that time I thought that my relationship with books was kind of odd, something that set me apart from the world.(Para.8)

At that time I considered my relationship with books strange.I was so indulged in the world of books instead of the real world around me that I felt myself to be different from the others in the world.kind of:(infml.)in a certain way, rather 有幾分；有點兒 I guess I got kind of carried away, seeing you and Mom again.我想大概因為我又見到您和媽媽，有點暈頭轉(zhuǎn)向了。

In fact, she kind of enjoyed being in the minority, she says.其實，她說她還有點喜歡處于少數(shù)人的地位。

odd: a.1)different from what is ordinary or expected;unusual 奇特的，古怪的，異常的It’s odd that I cannot remember Mary’s address.奇怪的是我竟記不起瑪麗的地址。

Mankind is very odd creature: one half censure what they practice, the other half practice what they censure.人類是非常奇怪的生物：一邊指責(zé)自己的所作所為，一邊做著自己所指責(zé)的事情。

2)not happening frequently or regularly;occasionally偶爾的

During the spring break, he did some odd jobs to earn a little pocket money.春假期間他打了點零工，以掙些零花錢。

The weather will remain cloudy with odd showers here and there.天氣將仍為多云，部分地區(qū)偶有陣雨。

3)not integrally divisible by two（數(shù)目）奇數(shù)的，單數(shù)的Numbers like 3, 15, and 181 are odd numbers.3、5和181等數(shù)字都是奇數(shù)。

You must park your cars on the odd-numbered side of the street.請您務(wù)必將車停在街道兩側(cè)中門牌號碼為奇數(shù)的那一側(cè)。

4)separated from its pair or set（一雙、一套中）單只的，不成雙的an odd shoe 單只鞋

He went out wearing odd socks.他穿著不成雙的襪子出門了。

set apart:

1)make someone or something special or different 使與眾不同 Tom’s natural athleticism set him apart from other tennis players.湯姆天生的運動素質(zhì)使他顯得和其他網(wǎng)球運動員不同。Being good had been his way of setting him apart.他一貫以“為人誠實正派”使自己不同于一般人。

2)(usu.pass.)keep something separate in order to use it for a particular purpose（為特定用途）留出，劃出 set some food apart for winter 儲備一些食物過冬

Several acres of public land have been set apart for recreation.已經(jīng)留出來幾英畝的公共用地來建造娛樂設(shè)施。

27.Only when I read a short story by a Brazilian author, did I discover that other people could enjoy books as much as I did.(Para.8)Note: This is an inverted sentence using “only” at the beginning of a sentence to introduce an adverbial.Other examples: Only in this house do I feel safe and secure.只有在這個房子里我才感到安全。

Only in Paris can you buy these shoes.只有在巴黎你才能買到這樣的鞋子。

28.For the first time I wasn’t alone.(Para.8)

For the first time in my life I found that I wasn’t the only person who enjoyed reading books.29.…to surmount another big challenge.(Para.9)

… to succeed in overcoming another difficulty.surmount: vt.1)(fml.)overcome;succeed in dealing with(esp.a difficulty)克服（困難等）

We had many problems to surmount before we could start the project.我們得克服許多困難才能著手做這項工作。

John was able to surmount all these obstacles to become an outstanding leader.約翰能夠克服所有這些障礙并成為一位出色的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。

2)(usu.pass.)be above or on top of 置于??之上

The house was surmounted by a tall chimney.屋頂上有一個高高的煙囪。

The peak is surmounted by the ruins of an ancient fort.峰頂有一座古老要塞的廢墟。

30.For some years I was condemned again to the darkness;condemned to live without books, my friends, my guides, my lovers.(Para.9)

During the years when I was forced to give up reading books, which had been playing the important parts of friends, guides and lovers, I felt myself to be thrown back into the dark world of ignorance.condemn: vt.1)force someone into an unhappy state or situation 迫使??陷入 His bad leg condemned him to a wheelchair.他的殘腿使他離不開輪椅。

They were condemned to a life of hardship.他們不得不過著艱難的生活。

Most of the children will be condemned to spend their lives in abject poverty.這些孩子中，大多數(shù)都將終生生活在赤貧中。

2)express strong disapproval of 譴責(zé)；責(zé)備

The minister condemned the proposal as “very damaging”.大臣強烈指責(zé)這一提議“非常有害”。

We all condemn cruelty to children.我們一致譴責(zé)對兒童的摧殘。

The law has been condemned by its opponents as an attack on personal liberty.這項法律被反對者指責(zé)為對人身自由的侵犯。

3)judge guilty 宣告??有罪

He was condemned to life imprisonment.他被判無期徒刑。

They condemned him to be hanged.他們判他絞刑。

31.obstacle: n.[C] something which prevents somebody from achieving progress 障礙 We have managed to overcome all the obstacles that have been placed in our path.我們已設(shè)法排除了設(shè)置在道路上的一切障礙。

A lack of qualifications can be a major obstacle to finding a job.學(xué)歷不足可能成為求職的主要障礙。

All major obstacles to peace have now been removed.所有通往和平的主要障礙都已被清除。

32.…they still hold a mystery for me…(Para.11)…for me books have always been a fascinating world(through which I was led into an unknown life)…

mystery: n.1)[C] something which cannot be explained or understood 神秘的事物；謎 It’s a mystery to me how she manages to work so fast.我真無法理解她如何做得那么快。

The exact origin of the universe remains a mystery.宇宙的確切起源仍然是個謎。

The police are trying to solve the mystery of his disappearance.警方試圖解開他的失蹤之謎。

2)[U] strange secret nature or quality 神秘性；神秘；不可思議性 I’d love to read stories full of mystery.我喜歡讀充滿神秘感的故事。

The trees and the mountains made a landscape with mystery and charm.樹木和山脈構(gòu)成了神秘而迷人的風(fēng)景。

33.…which routes I am about to travel, which emotions I am about to sink into.Will this new book touch me as a woman, as a foreigner, as a romantic soul, as a curious person? Which horizon is it about to unfold to me, which string of my soul is it bound to touch, which secret is it about to unveil for me?(Para.11)

…every time I opened a new book, I felt curious about what new experience this book would offer me and what kind of emotional state this book would lead me into.Would this book have any emotional impact on me as a foreign woman with a romantic heart and an intense yearning for knowledge? What kind of new world would this book open before me? What effect would this book exert on me? What unknown thing of any sort would this book reveal to me?

route: n.[C] way or course taken(esp.regularly)from one place to another 路，路線（尤指固定路線）

What’s the shortest route from London to Cambridge?

從倫敦到劍橋的最短路線怎么走？

We’ve had to take two of the evening buses off this route because of a shortage of fuel.由于缺乏燃料，我們不得不取消了這條線路的兩班夜車。

emotion: n.1)[C] any of the strong feelings of human spirit情感，感情

As a nurse I learned to control my emotions.作為護士，我學(xué)會了控制自己的情感。

He left the scene with mixed emotions.他百感交集地離開了現(xiàn)場。

2)[U] strength of feelings;excited state of the feelings 激情；感動 She choked with emotion when she spoke about her late husband.當(dāng)她說起她已故的丈夫時，她情緒激動得哽住了。

She described the accident in a voice shaking with emotion.她以激動而顫抖的聲音描述事故發(fā)生的經(jīng)過。

be about to do: be going to happen or do something very soon 正要發(fā)生；即將做

We arrived just as the ceremony was about to begin.我們到時典禮正要開始。

I’ve never done any cooking and I’m not about to start now.我從來沒做過飯，也不想從現(xiàn)在開始做起來。sink into: go gradually into a state of 逐漸進入??狀態(tài)

Don’t allow yourself to sink into grief.It can do no good.不要使自己陷入悲哀之中，這樣一點好處也沒有。

He sank himself word by word into the literature.他字斟句酌，陶醉于文學(xué)作品之中。soul: n.1)[C](usu.sing.)an individual 人，個人

He’s had a lot of troubles to put up with,(the)poor soul!他有好多煩惱的事，可憐的人！

There wasn’t a soul in sight.一個人影也沒有。

2)[C] part of a person that is capable of thinking and feeling 心靈；精神 Charms strike the sight, but merit wins the soul.美色中看，美德感人。

They say that hardship is good for the souls.他們說艱難困苦對心靈有益。

3)[U] moral, or emotional nature of a person 情操；熱情

She puts soul into her teaching.她在教學(xué)中傾注了自己的熱情。

It was a very polished performance, but it lacke soul.這場演出技藝很精湛，但缺少真摯的情感。

horizon: n.1)[C] line in the distance where the sky seems to meet the earth 地平線 The sun was setting on the horizon.太陽剛剛落在地平線上。

The moon rose slowly above the horizon.月亮從地平線上冉冉升起。

2)(pl.)limit of one’s mental perception, experience, or interest 閱歷的范圍；眼界 Traveling has really helped to expand her horizons.旅行確實有利于開闊她的眼界。

Science gives us new horizons.科學(xué)給我們新的視野。

unfold:

vt.open something that was folded 展開；打開；攤開 Lewis unfolded the note and read it quickly.劉易斯展開條子并很快地看了一下。

We need to unfold the chairs before everyone arrives.我們必須在大家到達前把椅子都打開。

vi.become open after being folded 張開；伸展

The first bright green leaves were unfolding in the hedge.樹籬上長出了翠綠的新葉子。

Modern films can show a rose unfolding.現(xiàn)代電影技術(shù)可以展示玫瑰開放的過程。string: n.1)[C] one of several long pieces of nylon, wire, or another substance stretched across a musical instrument, and used for producing sounds(樂器上的)弦

guitar / violin / harp strings 吉他/小提琴/豎琴弦

2)[C] group of similar or connected things 一連串，一系列（類似或相關(guān)的事物）

A string of cars traveled up the narrow mountain road.一長串汽車行駛在狹窄的山路上。

I was confused by a string of questions.我面臨著一連串的問題。

3)[C/U] thin rope, usu.made of twisted fibers and used for tying things together 線；細繩 a parcel tied with string用細繩捆著的包裹

Puppets are worked by strings.木偶是用繩來操縱的。

The balloon was attached to a long string.氣球系在一根長線上。

be bound to do: be certain or likely to happen, or to do or be something 一定會；很可能會 If you have problems at home, it’s bound to affect your work.如果你家里有問題的話，一定會影響你的工作。

You’ve done so much work that you’re bound to pass the exam.你下了這么大工夫，一定能考及格。

unveil: vt.uncover;announce something officially that was previously a secret 揭開；透露，使公布于眾

They will be unveiling their new models at the Motor Show.他們將在汽車大展上首次推出自己的新款汽車。

In his statement, Brown unveiled a series of plans.布朗在陳述中首次提出了一系列計劃。

34.After reading so many books that touch me deeply, each one in its special way, I understand now that my mother had a point when she tried to keep me away from books in my childhood.(Para.12)

I understand now that my mother had good reasons for stopping me from reading books when I was a child.My mother must have realized that books would influence me greatly and in various ways as they really did later.have(got)a point: said when you think someone’s idea or opinion is right（某人）說得有道理

You have got a point.If we’re going to work overtime, they’re going to have to pay us a lot extra.你說的是。如果我們要加班，他們就得額外給我們多得多的報酬

She has a point — some of the so-called family movies are the worst things you could take your kids to.她說得有道理——有些所謂的家庭影片是你能帶孩子去看的最糟的東西。

keep sb./ sth.away(from):(make someone or something)stay away(from)（使）不靠近，（使）離開

The spectators have to keep away.旁觀者不得靠近。

Children should be kept away from the river.不可讓孩子們靠近河邊。

He kept away from liquor and tobacco.他煙酒不沾。

Would you keep that dog away? 把那條狗牽走好嗎？

35.She wanted me to stay in my little town, to marry a rich and tiresome man, to keep up with the traditions.(Para.12)My mother wished me to marry a rich but boring man and live an ordinary life as other women did in our small town.tiresome: a.making one feel annoyed or bored 令人討厭的 Checking all the address labels was a tiresome task.核對所有的地址標簽是件令人厭煩的工作。

Regular weeding is a tiresome but essential job.定期除草雖累人，但很有必要。

keep up(with): learn as fast or do as much as other people 趕上（人，潮流，形勢等）a woman who always keeps up with the latest fashions 一個最趕時髦的女人 He reads newspapers every day to keep up with the latest happenings.他每天讀報紙，了解最近發(fā)生的事情。

36.They made me dare to live another kind of life.They made me wish for more, and when I couldn’t have all I wished for, they were still there to comfort me, and to show me new options.(Para.12)

Books gave me courage to live a different life.Books gave me more hope for the future;and if my desires weren’t all fulfilled, it was books that eased my souls and showed new choices.comfort:

vt.make someone feel less sad, worried, or disappointed 安慰；寬慰

He went upstairs to comfort the baby.他上樓去哄嬰兒。

She will be comforted to learn the news.聽到這個消息她將得到安慰。n.[U] 1)physically relaxed state, without any pain or other unpleasant feelings 舒適，舒服

There is no comfort in the room.這個房間一點也不舒服。

There is plenty of room to lie down and sleep in comfort.有足夠的空間可以躺下舒服地睡一覺。2)feeling of being less sad or worried about something than you were previously 安慰；慰藉

My mother was always there to offer comfort.我母親總能及時出現(xiàn)給予安慰。

I found comfort in his words.我從他的話中得到安慰。

option: n.[C] thing that is or may be chosen 選擇

She had no option but to admit the truth.她沒有別的選擇，只好說了實情。

We’ve discussed all the marketing options and decided to go for television advertising.我們對所有供選擇的市場推廣方案進行了討論，決定選擇電視廣告。

We have three options for financing the house.我們有三種不同的供房方案。

The government has two options: to reduce spending or to increase taxes.政府有兩種選擇：或是削減開支，或是增加稅收。

37.Books are dangerous;books are subversive.Because of them I left a predictable future for an unforeseeable one.(Para.13)

Books are powerful in that they may change people’s fate.Because I loved to read books, my entire life was changed from a small-town married life to something whose future is hard to predict.subversive: a.intended to destroy the power or influence of a government or an established belief（對于政府或已確立的信仰）破壞性的；顛覆性的 subversive speeches / warfare 顛覆性講話/戰(zhàn)事

They were expelled from the country for subversive activities.他們因為進行顛覆性活動被驅(qū)逐出這個國家。

predictable: a.1)that can be predicted or is to be expected 可預(yù)言的；可預(yù)料的

Most of the films we’ve reviewed this summer have had one thing in common — predictable plots.今年夏天我們評論過的大部分電影都有一個共同點——情節(jié)一看便知。The outcome of these experiments is not always entirely predictable.這些試驗的結(jié)果并不是完全可以預(yù)測的。

2)always behaving or reacting in the same way 刻板的，墨守成規(guī)的；老套乏味的 Rock music is getting so predictable these days.搖滾樂近來變得愈來愈乏善可陳了。

How very predictable you are sometimes!你有些時候太墨守成規(guī)了。

unforeseeable：a.impossible to know about or expect 無法預(yù)見的；無法預(yù)料的 Too many unforeseeable political consequences could arise from such a decision.這一決定可能引發(fā)太多不可預(yù)見的政治后果。

She showed an unforeseeable willingness to discuss this awkward matter.沒想到她好像很愿意討論這個令人尷尬的問題。38.instead of(Para.13): in place of 而不是；代替

We should do something instead of just talking about it.我們應(yīng)該有所行動，而不僅僅是在紙上談兵。Instead of going to work thinking it’s totally boring, try to be positive.積極樂觀起來，不要帶著認為一切無聊透頂?shù)男那槿ド习唷?/p>

39.lackluster(Para.13): a.not lively, exciting, or impressive;uninspired 不精彩的；沒有生氣的；枯燥乏味的 The coach criticized his team’s lackluster performance.教練批評了球隊死氣沉沉的表現(xiàn)。

They are dissatisfied with their country’s lackluster economy.他們對自己國家的蕭條經(jīng)濟不甚滿意。

PART III Guided Writing

Learning to Write The task of writing has its own benefits for the writer: ? Writing is a means of self-discovery.? ? Writing is a way to share these discoveries with a reader.The process of writing has its own rewards.To write clearly, the writer, whether a beginning college student or a professional author, must turn inward, listen to his or her inner voice, and give that voice expression.The results are often surprising.Effective writers are intellectually curious and driven by a need to understand their environment and their places within it.Writers not only write to express personal feelings, but also to share their discoveries with others — sometimes by providing the reader with useful information(i.e.to inform), by persuading the reader to accept the writer’s point of view(i.e.to persuade), or by entertaining the reader through humor(i.e.to entertain).Examples of informational writing include textbooks, technical manuals, and encyclopedias, and things like news articles in newspaper, etc.Persuasive writings include newspapers editorials and columns, print advertisements, sermons, letters of recommendation, and business proposals, etc.Magazine and newspaper columnists like to amuse the reader by relating a story or making fun of some aspect of their readers’ daily lives.And finally, any written communication involves risks on the part of the writer.“Will the reader enjoy what I have to say?” “Will the reader understand my message?” “Will the reader agree with my position?” All of these questions can lead initially to self-doubt.Yet for the writer who accepts these risks and communicates a message as well as he or she can, the most satisfying moment comes when the writing is finished and ready for the reader.Seeing the finished product, the writer can be proud of his or her accomplishment.Key to Guided Writing

Exercise 1.I

2.I

3.X

4.P

5.P

6.I

7.E

8.I

Now You Try It 1.The writer writes this article to, on the one hand, express her personal feelings towards books, namely, she loves book;on the other hand share her personal discovery regarding books, namely, books change her life.2.Books give me the greatest pleasure I can ever have.Part IV Key to Exercises II.1.The author thought that books were magical.By reading books, she was given the chances of stepping into another wonderful world.2.The author’s mother didn’t like her to read books since she thought that too much knowledge would ruin her daughter’s life.However forbidden fruit is always the sweetest.Mother’s disapproval would do nothing but encourage the author to seek any opportunity to read books.It was Uncle who greatly influenced the author’s reading habit since he loved to read books of all kinds and books she read were from him.3.Among a very small number of books at school, most of which were religious readers, the author found Ernest Hemingway by chance, and his works initiated her interest in literature.4.When the author left Brazil for America, the big difficulty was that she had no books to read.5.Books are the author’s lifelong companions without whom her life would be dull and unexciting.6.The author is a woman living in a foreign country, with a heart full of romance and curiosity.7.Mother was reasonably right because the author WAS carried away and chose an unusual kind of life as a result of reading books.8.No, she wasn’t.The “predictable” life was what most of the women had — “to keep up with the traditions.”

9.By using the present tense, the author expresses her attitude towards books.Books, as an indispensable part of her life, have already changed the author and will still influence her.10.The hunger for reading has led the author far away from home, venturing into a different world of life.And the passion for books have given the author full enjoyment of life.III.1.fascinates 6.odd

2.passion 7.abandon

3.predictable 8.fall in love

4.bound 9.miracle

5.obstacle 10.horizon IV.1.nevertheless 6.unfolded 11.opportunity 2.addicted 7.option 12.condemns

3.Kind of 8.rescued 13.heroine

4.In spite of 9.recall 14.soul

5.faithful 10.effect 15.at a time V.1.to 5.with 2.of 6.from

3.for 7.away

4.with 8.up VI.1.envious 6.furious 2.functional 7.changeable

3.painful 8.directional

4.masterful 5.knowledgeable 9.conventional

VII.1.Do I need to make a reservation for a room in Shangri-La Hotel? 2.You needn’t worry./ You don’t need to worry.He’s old enough to make his own choice.3.The house needs fixing up.4.Additional expenses don’t need reporting.5.To pass examinations you need to work effectively.VIII.1.need watering 2.needs a good wash/needs washing 3.you don’t need to apologize / you needn’t apologize 4.Need there be

5.Do I need to / Need I IX.1.He was so cruel that he was hated by everyone.2.His hometown has changed so much that he can hardly recognize it.3.The story is so interesting that I read it twice.4.He spoke so loudly that people in the next room could hear him.5.The city is so beautiful that it leaves a deep impression on foreign visitors.X.1.The girl was left alone in the room, weeping bitterly.2.They stood there for half an hour, watching the stars in the sky.3.We enjoyed ourselves in the park, singing and dancing.4.I just stood there, feeling foolish and watching him.5.The thief sneaked out of the house by the back entrance, looking over his shoulder to see if he was followed.XI.1.Having given up the bad habit of smoking before bedtime, I no longer have to hear my wife complaining all the time.2.What sets him apart from other people of his age is that he is addicted to Peking Opera.3.She is so much in love with him that she’s ready to overcome any obstacle to marry him.4.Only after the result of the exam came out did I realize I would have to work harder to keep up with the others.5.As chief negotiator she has performed miracles in breaking down barriers between the two sides.6.You don’t need to worry.Men are not allowed to get into this room.7.If I had to make a choice between going to college and finding a job, I would choose the former instead of the latter.8.In spite of the instruction of taking one pill at a time, he took three all at once.Part V Translation

書之戀 小時候，我認為讀書就像服用麻醉劑，一次僅可服一匙，但足以令我進入一個魔幻世界。隨著時間的推移，一次次服用之后，我便對這一麻醉劑上了癮。書就像這藥劑，已然成為我生活中不可或缺的一部分，猶如我的朋友、我的導(dǎo)師、我的愛人。我最忠誠的愛人。2 一開始我從未想到自己會愛上書，甚至現(xiàn)在都回憶不起來自己是何時以及怎樣開始讀書的。只記得母親不喜歡我讀書。即便如此，一有機會我就會拿上一本，偷偷找個地方讀上一兩頁；如果足夠幸運不被發(fā)現(xiàn)的話，就可以讀上三頁。讀書的時候心跳得厲害，總擔(dān)心被母親發(fā)現(xiàn)。對她而言，書百無一用；對我而言，書即是一切。小時候，因為我住在巴西的一個小鎮(zhèn)里，書很難到我們鎮(zhèn)上，因此我并沒有很多書可讀。不過，幸好舅舅是名飛行員。在家時舅舅總喜歡坐在那里讀書，沉浸在書的世界里。每每讀完一本暢銷書或是一 本愛情小說，他就會把書送給母親。母親也愛讀書，但她卻不喜歡我讀書。可無論如何我 都會想方設(shè)法讀上那本寶貝書的，即便是要我躲起來一點點地讀完整本書也罷。5 還記得有一套小書，已經(jīng)很舊了，可我卻覺得一點兒都不舊。很長一段時間里，我一本本如饑似渴地讀著，把自己假想為書中的女主人公，等待心上人早日前來拯救。當(dāng)然，他并沒有來。倒是我離開了小鎮(zhèn)，僅僅帶著衣物到里約熱內(nèi)盧開始求學(xué)生活。但我心底卻帶著對書籍那永遠揮之不去的深情。我被送到一所寄宿學(xué)校上學(xué)。教室的書架上大概有50本書，幾乎都是關(guān)于圣徒生活和耶穌故事的。正愁沒什么可讀之時，我在書架的末端發(fā)現(xiàn)了一本塵封已久的小書。書的內(nèi)容似乎與宗教無關(guān)，因為書名格外引人注意 ——《老人與海》。書的作者我以前從未聽說過，叫歐內(nèi)斯特·海明威。于是，我好奇地讀了起來，沒過幾分鐘就被書中的漁夫圣地亞哥深深地吸引住了。我太喜歡那本小說了，去姨媽家度周末時，我就問她是否有海明威寫的書。她借給我一本《喪鐘為誰而鳴》，我每周日去她家都要讀一點，每次只讀一點。那段日子里，我總是焦急地期待著下一個周日的到來。13歲時我便深深地迷戀上了海明威的作品。8 那時，我覺得自己與書的關(guān)系有些奇怪，它讓我覺得自己與眾不同。只是在讀了一位巴西作家的小說之后，我才突然發(fā)覺有人同我一樣愛著書。我第一次感覺到自己并非形單影只。我一生自始至終保持著那份對于書的熱情。但在31歲搬到紐約的那年，這一熱情卻不得不經(jīng)受了又一個巨大的考驗。當(dāng)時我?guī)缀跻晃牟幻?，所以不得不將所有的書都留在了巴西。而且，我對英語知之甚少，無法用英語閱讀。有好幾年，我又被打入黑暗的世界，被迫在沒有書的天地中度日，離開了我的朋友，我的導(dǎo)師，我的愛人啊。但是對于書的深深愛戀讓我還是克服了這一困難。我學(xué)會了英語，并且最終又可以賞讀我最喜愛的作品了。書已成為我生命中的一部分，但對我而言，它仍然保持著一份神秘感。每每翻開一本新書，我都會問自己：我會從中發(fā)現(xiàn)怎樣的樂趣，踏上怎樣的征程，進入怎樣的感情世界呢？它會觸動像我這樣的一個女人、一個外鄉(xiāng)人、一個浪漫的人、一個好奇的人嗎？它又將向我呈現(xiàn)什么樣的景象，觸動我的哪根心弦，為我揭開哪些秘密呢？ 我讀過許多書，它們以各自獨特的方式深深地打動著我?，F(xiàn)在我終于明白了，兒時母親試圖讓我遠離書籍是有一定道理的。她想讓我呆在小鎮(zhèn)里，嫁給一個有錢的無聊男人，循規(guī)蹈矩地生活。但是書籍把我?guī)щx了家鄉(xiāng)，為我插上了飛翔的翅膀，去找尋新的世界。書籍使我敢于嘗試別樣人生。它使我期盼更多，而當(dāng)我所期盼的不能全實現(xiàn)時，它仍然在那兒安慰我，給我新的選擇。是啊，母親是對的。書是危險的，是有顛覆性的。正是因為書，我放棄了可以預(yù)見的未來，去追尋不可預(yù)知的明天。然而，如果要我重新做出選擇，我仍然會選擇書，而不是我可以擁有的枯燥乏味的生活。畢竟，離開了書，離開了我最忠實的愛人，我的內(nèi)心深處還能找到什么快樂呢？

Unit One Enjoyment of Learning

Section B How to Find Time to Read PART I Background Information

1.Sir William Osler(1849 ~ 1919)

William Osler was born in Bond Head and raised in Dundas, Ontario, Canada.He trained in medicine at the University of Toronto and McGill, where he began his teaching career.In 1889 he became the first professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins University.He was particularly expert in diagnosis of diseases of the heart, lungs and blood.His textbook, The Principles and Practice of Medicine, published in 1892 and frequently revised, was considered authoritative for more than 30 years.He helped create the system of postgraduate training for physicians that is followed today.His description of the inadequacy of treatment methods for most disorders was a major factor leading to the creation of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City.He moved to England in 1905 on being appointed Regius Professor of Medicine at Oxford, and was created a baronet in 1911.His ashes rest in the Osler Library, Montréal.William Osler has been considered the “best-known physician in the English-speaking world at the turn of the century.” 2.Oxford University

Oxford is the oldest university in the English-speaking world and lays claim to nine centuries of continuous existence since it was established in 1168 in Town of Oxford, Oxford Region, England.As an internationally renowned centre for teaching and research, Oxford attracts students and scholars from across the globe.PART II Language Study 1.rate(Para.1):

n.[C]

1)speed at which something happens within a particular period of time 速度

Most people walk at an average rate of 5 kilometres an hour.大多數(shù)人步行的平均速度為每小時五公里。

Doctor monitors the patient’s heart rate.醫(yī)生監(jiān)控病人的心跳速度。

2)measurement of the number of times something happens or exists during a particular period 率

a high / low / rising rate of unemployment 高/低/不斷增長的失業(yè)率

Local businesses are closing at the rate of three a year.地方企業(yè)正在以每年三家的速度關(guān)閉。

vt.consider that someone or something has a particular quality of 對??作出估價；評價

The university is highly rated for its research.這所大學(xué)因其研究工作而受到高度評價。

Voters continue to rate education high on their list of priorities.選民們繼續(xù)把教育看作是頭等重要的大事。

2.You cannot maintain that average, however, unless you read regularly every day.(Para.1)

Make sure that you do a certain amount of reading every day, or you can’t keep the average reading speed of 300 words per minute.maintain: vt.1)make something stay the same;keep 保持；維持 The two countries have always maintained close relations.這兩個國家一直保持著密切的聯(lián)系。

Maintaining your current weight through exercise and healthy eating is important.通過鍛煉和健康飲食來保持你目前的體重是很重要的。

2)make regular repairs to a building, road, vehicle, etc.so that it stays in good condition 修繕（房屋）；養(yǎng)護（道路）；修理（機器）

I can buy a car on a monthly payment plan, but I still will not have the money to maintain it.買車可以分期付款，但保養(yǎng)費我就付不出了。The house costs a fortune to maintain.保養(yǎng)這所房子花了不少錢。

average:

n.[C/U] usual amount, extent, or rate 常量；平均值 The paper receives an average of nearly 100 articles a day.那個報紙一天平均要收到近百篇來稿。

Incomes here are nowhere near the national average.這里的收入根本達不到全國的平均水平。a.around a usual or ordinary level or standard

a child of average intelligence 智力平常的孩子

I was just an average sort of student.我只是一個普通的學(xué)生。

3.Nor can you attain that speed with hard books in science, mathematics, agriculture, business, or any subject that is new or unfamiliar to you.(Para.1)You can not keep the usual reading speed when you read difficult books concerning subjects such as science, mathematics, agriculture, business, etc., or when the subject matter is new or not familiar to you.Note: This is an inverted sentence because “nor”(which is a negation)appears at the beginning of the sentence.Examples:

She isn’t rich;nor do I imagine that she ever will be.她現(xiàn)在不富，我看她將來也富不了。

He can’t see, nor could he hear until a month ago.他現(xiàn)在看不見，一個月之前他還聽不見。

attain: vt.1)reach a particular age, amount, or level 達到（某一年齡、數(shù)量或水準）

Dolphins can attain speeds in water which man cannot yet surpass.海豚在水中可以達到人類無法超越的速度。Not all athletes attain this standard of physical fitness.并非所有的運動員都能達到這個身體素質(zhì)標準。

2)succeed in achieving something, esp.after a lot of effort;achieve（尤指經(jīng)過努力）達到，獲得

attain success by hard work 通過努力工作獲得成功 Most of our students attained five “A” grades in their exams.我們多數(shù)學(xué)生的考試成績都是五個優(yōu)。

hard books: books dealing with difficult subjects 內(nèi)容艱澀難懂的書

unfamiliar: a.having no knowledge or experience of;not familiar 不了解的，不熟悉的 The joke would not be understood by readers unfamiliar with Jewish tradition.不太了解猶太傳統(tǒng)的讀者可能無法理解這個笑話。

That city is not unfamiliar to me.那座城市對我來說并不陌生。

4.The chances are you will never attempt that speed with poetry or want to race through some passages in fiction over which you wish to linger.(Para.1)It is likely that you will not try to read poetry at the speed of 300 words per minute(since poetry always calls for more contemplation);nor will you read through at such speed a fiction which fascinates you and which you’d like to enjoy bit by bit.(The)Chances are(that)…: It is likely(that)… 可能?? The chances are ten to one that we’ll succeed.我們十有八九會成功。

The chances are that she’s already heard the news.她可能已經(jīng)聽到那條消息了。

fiction: n.1)[U] books and stories about imaginary events and people（虛構(gòu)）小說 She has no rival in the field of romantic fiction.她寫的浪漫小說誰也比不了。

Truth is often stranger than fiction.事實往往比小說更離奇。

2)[C/U] report, story, or explanation that is not true 虛構(gòu)（的故事）；捏造的事；謊言

What he has said is a mere fiction.他說的純屬謊言。

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish fact from fiction in the book.有時很難區(qū)分書中的事實和虛構(gòu)成分。

race: vi.move or progress swiftly or at full speed 快跑；快速移動 He raced to the bathroom when he heard Jack scream.聽見杰克的尖叫聲，他快速奔向浴室。

You’d better not race through it.You should pay more attention to the details.你最好不要一目十行。你應(yīng)該更加注意細節(jié)。linger: vi.1)stay somewhere longer or spend longer doing something than necessary for your own enjoyment or benefit 逗留；留戀；磨蹭，拖延 He lingered about after all the others had gone.其他的人都離開后，他依然在附近徘徊。It is a dreary little town where few people would choose to linger.那是個沉悶的小鎮(zhèn)，不會有幾個人愿意在那里逗留。I like to linger over breakfast and read the newspapers.我喜歡一邊慢騰騰地吃早飯，一邊讀報紙。

2)last or continue for a long time 長時間持續(xù)（或維持）The smell of fish lingered in the kitchen.廚房里仍有魚腥味。

Did the ghost of that grand passion linger in some corner of his heart? 難道那種崇高的情感還縈繞在他心靈的某一角落嗎? The custom still lingers on in some villages.此風(fēng)俗在有些村里至今猶存。

Doubts about Tom’s honesty still linger on.人們對湯姆的誠實仍存有疑問。

5.…h(huán)ave no trouble at all absorbing meaning and pleasure out of 300 printed words every 60 seconds.(Para.1)

…h(huán)ave no difficulty at all understanding the meaning and enjoying the book at an average rate of 300 words per minute.absorb: vt.take in gradually 吸收

The walls of the house absorb heat during the day.房屋的墻白天吸熱。

Anything black absorbs most of the light rays that fall on it.任何黑色的東西都能吸收照射到它上面的大部分光線。

6.Statistics are not always practicable, …(Para.2)

Statistics are not always true to facts / realities, …

practicable: a.able to be done or put into practice successfully 能實行的，可行的 turn principles into practicable policies 把原則變?yōu)榍袑嵖尚械恼?The measures will be put into effect as soon as they are reasonably practicable.一旦切實可行，這些措施就會得到實行。7.multiplication(Para.2): n.[U]

1)process or skill of multiplying 乘法

the multiplication sign 乘號（×）

There will be simple tests in addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.會有有關(guān)加、減、乘、除運算的簡單的測試。2)large increase in something 劇增

This is the newest drug that can slow the multiplication of the AIDS virus.這是最新研發(fā)出來的可以減緩艾滋病毒劇增的藥物。

Increasing gravity is known to speed up the multiplication of cells.眾所周知，引力的增強會加速細胞的增長。

8.result in(Para.2): cause or produce something 導(dǎo)致；造成 A sudden change in temperature will inevitably result in rain.氣溫的驟變會不可避免地導(dǎo)致下雨。

Excessive dosage of this drug can result in injury to the liver.這種藥使用過量會損害肝臟。

The traffic accident resulted in the death of 14 passengers.車禍導(dǎo)致14名乘客死亡。

result from: arise as the actual, or followed as a logical, consequence 由??而造成（產(chǎn)生），是??的結(jié)果

The arrest resulted from an anonymous telephone call.一個匿名電話導(dǎo)致這些人被捕。

Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises resulted from his experience in the Spanish Civil War.海明威小說《太陽照常升起》源于他在西班牙內(nèi)戰(zhàn)的親身經(jīng)歷。

9.grand(Para.2): a.1)very impressive 壯麗的，壯觀的

How grand the mountains look in the early light!

晨曦中的群山是多么宏偉壯觀！

We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to the top of the mountain.當(dāng)我們爬上了山巔時，看到了云海的壯觀景象。

2)(colloq.)very good or enjoyable;great 極好的；美妙的 We’ve been having a grand time.我們開心極了。

I’ve had a grand rest.我已經(jīng)美美地睡了一陣子。

10.vary(Para.3):

vi.be different in different situations（情況）有變化，相異

The students’ work varies considerably in quality.學(xué)生作業(yè)的質(zhì)量甚是參差不齊。Customs vary from place to place.各地風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是各不相同的。

Her mood varied from optimism to extreme depression.她的情緒由樂觀變?yōu)闃O度消沉。

These ropes vary in length from 10 inches to 20 inches.這些繩子長10英尺到20英尺不等。

Test scores vary from school to school.測試成績因?qū)W校而異。vt.change something 改變；更改

We may vary these rates in line with interest rates.我們可能改變這些費率，使之與利率一致。He has varied his method of study.他已改變了學(xué)習(xí)方法。

11.At some point, nearly all of the practicing doctors had been brought up on his medical textbook.(Para.4)At some moment almost all of the practicing doctors had been educated by Osler’s medical textbook.at some point: at some moment in time that is not made specific 有時 At some point I decided she was no longer my friend.有時我認定她不再是我的朋友了。At some point I like to be on my own.有時候我喜歡一個人待著。bring up(usu.pass.):

1)used for saying where and how someone lived when they were a child 伴著??成長；在（某地）長大

These kids have been brought up on endless television.這些孩子伴著沒完沒了的電視節(jié)目長大。He was brought up on Mother Goose.他是讀著《鵝媽媽童謠》長大的。He was born and brought up in India.他在印度出生和長大。2)care for, raise 養(yǎng)育

He was well / badly brought up.他受過很好/不好的教育。

It is harder to marry a daughter well than to bring her up well.養(yǎng)女易，嫁女難。

practicing: a.AmE(= practising)working in a particular profession 執(zhí)業(yè)的 a practicing attorney 開業(yè)律師

12.His greatness is attributed by his biographers and critics not alone to his profound medical knowledge and insight to his broad general education, for he was a very cultured man.(Para.5)

His biographers and critics think that only profound medical knowledge itself is not enough to make possible the greatness of Sir William Osler, and that only general education itself is not enough to make possible the considerable insight of him, because Sir William Osler is very well educated, which makes him not only an expert in certain fields(such as the field of medicine)but also a person of broad knowledge.Note: This is a sentence with some of the words and phrases already omitted from it.The full version of the sentence should be: His greatness is attributed by his biographers and critics not alone to his profound medical knowledge, and his insight is attributed by his biographers and critic not alone to his broad general education, for he was a very cultured person.greatness: n.[U] quality of being great, in particular distinguished or eminent偉大，杰出 She is a woman destined for greatness.她是一個注定會有所建樹的女人。

Michelangelo’s greatness was recognized in his lifetime.米開朗琪羅的偉大生前就被人們認可了。

attribute:

vt.1)regard something as being caused by 把??歸因于；把??歸咎于

He attributes his success to hard work / working hard.他把自己的成功歸因于努力工作。

One day a neighbor asked him, “ To what do you attribute your good health and longevity?”

一天，一位鄰居問他，“你認為健康長壽的原因何在？”

2)believe or say that something was written, said, painted, etc.by a particular person 認為??由（某人）而作；認為??出自（某人）

This song is usually attributed to Schubert.這首歌曲通常被認為是舒伯特的作品。

This play is usually attributed to Shakespeare.人們通常認為這出戲劇是莎士比亞所寫。

n.[C](fml.)quality or feature of someone or something 屬性；特征；特質(zhì)

Peter had all the attributes of a first-class athlete.彼得擁有一流運動員應(yīng)具有的所有特質(zhì)。

Patience is one of the most important attributes in a teacher.耐心是教師最重要的品質(zhì)之一。critic: n.[C]

1)someone whose job is to write or broadcast their opinions about things such as books, films, or plays, etc.（書、電影、戲劇等的）評論家，評論員 The critics loved the movie.評論家喜愛這部電影。

Michael is the paper’s literary critic.邁克爾是這家報紙的文學(xué)評論員。

2)someone who dislikes something and states their opinion about it 批評者；愛挑剔者

He is his own severest critic.他是個嚴以律己者。

She is one of the ruling party’s most outspoken critics.她是最直言不諱地批評執(zhí)政黨的一個人。

profound: a.1)showing great knowledge and understanding 博學(xué)的，淵博的 Much of what he said is very profound.他說的東西有很多非常深奧。

His intellect and range of interests were wide and profound.他的知識淵博，興趣廣泛。

2)important and having a strong influence or effect 深刻的，意義深遠的 The impact of these changes will be profound.這些變化的影響將是非常深遠的。This mission was profound in its implications.這一使命含意深刻。

insight: n.1)[C/U] chance to understand something or learn more about it 洞悉；深入了解；見解 The book offers a revealing insight into the mind of a violent murderer.這本書對于深入揭示暴力殺人犯心理有精辟的見解。I hope you have gained some insight into the difficulties we face.我希望你對我們面臨的困難有所了解。

2)[U] ability to notice and understand a lot about people or situations 洞察力；領(lǐng)悟力 Children can sometimes show quite remarkable insight.兒童有時能表現(xiàn)出超乎尋常的洞察力。He was beginning to have a little insight into his friends.他這時已經(jīng)多少看透了他的朋友了。

cultured: a.well-educated and polite and knowing a lot about music, literature, and other arts 有教養(yǎng)的；有修養(yǎng)的；有知識的；文雅的 He is a cultured man with a wide circle of friends.他是個交游甚廣的文雅之士。

Cultured and fine manners are everywhere a passport to regard.得體的、優(yōu)雅的風(fēng)度常常是通行無阻的護照。13.He thought throughout the ages.(Para.5)Osler never stops thinking all his life.throughout:

prep.during the whole of a period of time or an event 在整個其間；自始至終；從頭至尾

Movie music can be made memorable because its themes are repeated throughout the film.電影里的音樂很容易被人們記住，因為它的主題會在整部電影中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。Pollution is a serious problem in major cities throughout the world.污染是全球各大城市的一個嚴重問題。

adv.in every part or respect 到處；全部地

It was a wonderful game and Johnson played brilliantly throughout.比賽非常精彩，約翰遜整場表現(xiàn)都非常出色。He remained silent throughout.他始終保持沉默。

14.find out(Para 5):

1)learn something by study or inquiry（經(jīng)研究或詢問）獲知（某事物）

Can you find out what time the train leaves? 你能查出火車什么時候開嗎?

I was relieved to find out that my healthy problems were just due to sleep deprivation.查出來我的健康問題只是由于缺少睡眠，我就放心了。

2)discover somebody who has done wrong, lied, etc.發(fā)現(xiàn)某人做錯事、說謊等 He had been cheating the taxman but it was years before he was found out.他一直騙稅, 但多年之后才被查出.The teacher was very angry when he found out that the students had been cheating.老師發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生們一直在作弊異常生氣。

15.But Osler’s problem was the same as everyone else’s, only more so.(Para.5)Osler was engaged with the problem faced by all the other people, and the problem he was faced with was even bigger.16.There was no time in a 24-hour day that did not rightly belong to one of these three occupations, except the few hours for sleep, meals, and bodily functions.(Para.5)Besides the few hours of eating, sleeping and dealing with bodily functions, the rest of Osler’s 24-hour day, as was very reasonable, was fully occupied with the busy work of being a physician, a teacher of physicians, and a medical-research specialist at the same time.rightly: ad.for a good reason 合理地；有充分理由地 The school was rightly proud of the excellent exam results.學(xué)校為這次出色的考試成績感到驕傲，這是理所當(dāng)然的。Whether rightly or wrongly, she is promoted to the position.不管是否合理，她還是被提拔到了這個位置上了。

belong to:

1)come from or be part of a group of similar things or people 來自；是??的一部分

What party do you belong to?

你是哪個黨派的？

We belong to the teaching profession.我們是當(dāng)教師的。

2)be owned by someone 屬于（某人）

The Porsche belongs to the woman next door.這輛保時捷是隔壁那個女人的。

All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people.中華人民共和國的一切權(quán)力屬于人民。

occupation: n.1)[C/U] job or profession(esp.on forms and in formal writing)職業(yè)，工作 I suppose I was looking for an occupation which was going to be an adventure.我想我在找一份有冒險性的工作。What is your present occupation? 你目前從事什么職業(yè)？ 2)[C] pastime 消遣

Walking is now Dad’s favorite occupation.散步如今成了父親最喜愛的消遣。

Bungee jumping is a dangerous occupation.蹦極是個危險的消遣方式。

3)[U] act of living or staying in a building, room, or other places（房屋等的）占有，占用；居住

Their occupation of the flat lasted only for six months.這套住房他們只住了半年。

The room showed signs of human occupation.這屋子顯出有人居住的跡象。

4)[U] action of going into a place and taking control away from the people or government there 占領(lǐng)；占據(jù)

the Roman occupation of Britain 羅馬帝國對英國的占領(lǐng)

The movie is about a story that happened during the Nazi occupation.電影講述的是一個發(fā)生在納粹占領(lǐng)期間的故事。

bodily: a.relating or affecting your body 身體的；肉體的bodily functions / changes / needs 身體功能/變化/需要

bodily harm(= physical injury)對身體的傷害

17.Osler arrived at his solution early.(Para.6)Osler soon found out the solution to the problem of how to find time to read.arrive at: reach(a conclusion or decision)得出（結(jié)論）；做出（決定）After many hours’ talk, the committee arrived at a decision.委員會討論了幾小時以后作出了一項決議。The two studies arrive at very different conclusions.兩項研究得出大相徑庭的結(jié)果。

solution: n.[C] way to solve a problem or deal with a bad situation 解決辦法 Resorting to violence is not the best solution to the argument.使用武力不是解決爭執(zhí)的上策。

UN leaders are working hard to find a peaceful solution to the conflict.聯(lián)合國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在努力尋找和平解決這場沖突的方法。

18.bedtime(Para.6): n.[U] usual time for going to bed 上床時間，就寢時間 In this case, supper may be a light snack before bedtime.在這種情況下,“supper”可能指臨睡前吃的夜宵。Drinking alcohol near bedtime is something which also causes snoring.臨睡前喝酒也會引起打鼾。He is telling his son a bedtime story.他正在給兒子講睡前故事。

19.keep sb.up(Para 6): prevent someone from going to bed 使熬夜

It’s late;I’d better not keep you up any longer.時間很晚了，我最好別再耽擱你了。

Don’t keep the children up too late.別讓孩子們睡得太晚。

20.Over a very long lifetime, Osler never broke the rule once he had established it.(Para.6)

Throughout his long lifetime, Osler never broke the habit of reading 15 minutes before sleep from the time that he set up the rule for himself.lifetime: n.[C](usu.sing.)period of time when someone is alive 一生，終生 He achieved a lot in his short lifetime.他在短短的一生中取得了很多成就。

In your lifetime you must have seen many changes.你一生中一定目睹了許多變革。

once：conj.from the moment that;when 一??便，一經(jīng)，一旦

Once she arrives, we can start.她一來，我們就可以開始。

Once in bed, the child began to ask his mother to read stories for him.一上床，孩子就開始讓媽媽為他讀故事。

establish: vt.set up;begin;create 建立；創(chuàng)立；使開業(yè)

The company has established a new system for dealing with complaints.這家公司為應(yīng)付投訴制定了一套新方法。

This school has established a successful relationship with the local community.這所學(xué)校與當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)建立了良好的關(guān)系。

The government agreed to establish two committees to examine the proposals.政府同意成立兩個委員會來審議這些提議。

21.We have evidence that after a while he simply could not fall asleep until he had done his 15 minutes of reading.(Para.6)

Evidence proved that soon after he set up his reading rule, Osler just could not go to sleep without doing his 15-minute bedtime reading.simply: ad.1)completely or as much as possible 完全地；非常；實在；的確

I’d had a hard day and was simply exhausted.我已經(jīng)辛苦一天了，實在是疲憊不堪。Joe was simply astonished to hear their news.喬聽到他們的消息時的確大吃一驚。2)merely 僅僅，只不過

I simply don’t believe what she said.我壓根兒不相信她說的話。

I don’t like driving;I do it simply because I have to get to work each day.我不喜歡開車，而我之所以開車只是因為我每天必須去上班。3)in a very ordinary or plain way 簡單地；樸素地

To put it simply, the new proposals mean that the average worker will be about 10% better paid.簡單地說，新的建議意味著普通工人的工資將增加約10%。On her small income they live very simply.他們靠她微薄的收入過著非常簡樸的生活。

22.In his lifetime, Osler read a significant library of books.(Para.7)Osler read a great number of books during his lifetime.significant: a.1)very large or noticeable 相當(dāng)數(shù)量的；顯著的I think we can save a significant amount of time.我想我們可以節(jié)省相當(dāng)多的時間。

Due to successful management the company has got a significant rise in profits.公司管理有方，因此利潤獲得巨大增長。2)very important 重要的，意義重大的There will be a significant change in tax laws.稅收法將有重大變革。

This is one of the most significant studies of the subject.這是該領(lǐng)域最重要的研究課題之一。

23.range(Para.7):

n.1)[C] group or series of similar things;selection or variety 成套或成系列的東西；種類

The hotel offers a wide range of facilities and services.酒店提供一系列設(shè)施和服務(wù)。

Our training programme covers all ranges of ability.我們的訓(xùn)練計劃包括了對各種能力的培訓(xùn)。

2)(sing.)region between limits of variation, esp.scope of effective operation 變化幅度；變動范圍；有效范圍 Such a decision is not within the range of my responsibility.做這樣的決定不屬于我的職責(zé)范圍。Several cars are available within this price range.在這個價格范圍內(nèi)，有幾種汽車可供選購。

v.1)include a variety of things 范圍涉及??；范圍在??之間

The paper deals with the nation’s problems, ranging from runaway inflation to a lowering of literacy levels.這篇論文論及了國家所面臨的諸多問題——從失控的通貨膨脹到文化程度普遍下降等等。

His expression ranges from a painful glimpse to a slight smile.他的面部表情十分豐富，時而痛苦一瞥，時而莞爾一笑。

2)be included in a group of numbers, ages, measurements, etc.with particular fixed limits 處在??范圍內(nèi)

The prison terms of the five men range from 35 years to 105 years.這五人的刑期從35年至105年不等。Costs range from 50 to several hundred pounds.花費在50英鎊到幾百英鎊之間。

24.variety(Para.7): n.(sing.)number or collection of different sorts of the same general type 種種，各式各樣的事物 People study yoga for a variety of reasons.人們出于各種各樣的原因而學(xué)習(xí)瑜伽。

Students are offered a wide variety of courses in this department.這個系為學(xué)生開設(shè)各種各樣的課程。

25.specialty(Para.7): n.[C] AmE(=speciality)

1)special field of work or study 專業(yè)；專門研究；專長 His specialty is barbecued steaks.烤牛排是他的拿手好菜。Her specialty is ancient Greek poetry.她專門研究的領(lǐng)域是古希臘詩歌。

2)particular fine or excellent product 名產(chǎn)品；特產(chǎn)

I can recommend the vegetable pie — it’s the specialty of the restaurant.我推薦一道蔬菜餡餅，它是這家餐館的名菜。The menu changes daily, though the specialty is seafood.菜單每天都變，不過特色菜是海鮮。

26.Indeed, he developed from the 15-minute reading habit an avocational specialty to balance his vocational specialization.(Para.7)In fact, due to the 15-minute reading habit, Osler developed other talents beyond his professional work.balance: vt.treat different features or aspects in the correct relationship to each other 使均衡；使協(xié)調(diào)；權(quán)衡

We have to balance the needs and tastes of all our customers.我們得平衡所有顧客的需求和趣味。

Development has to be balanced against environmental concerns.發(fā)展必須與環(huán)境問題相協(xié)調(diào)。

n.1)[U] position in which your body remains steady and upright平衡

I struggled to keep my balance on my new skates.我穿著新冰鞋，努力保持平衡。

She cycled round the corner, lost her balance and fell off.她騎車拐彎時失去平衡，摔了下來。

2)[C] amount of money you have in your bank account 結(jié)余；結(jié)存

check your bank balance 核對銀行結(jié)存

The current balance in your account is ￡1,800.現(xiàn)在你賬戶上的結(jié)余為1 800英鎊。

specialization: n.[U] the study of a particular part of a wide subject 專門研究；專修 There is too much of specialization of subjects too early in our schools.在我們的學(xué)校里，分科過專且過早。

The course offers three areas of specialization — fine art, graphic design, and fashion.該課程有三個專業(yè)領(lǐng)域：美術(shù)、平面造型設(shè)計和時裝設(shè)計。

27.authority(Para.7): n.1)[C] person, book, etc.whose knowledge or information is dependable, good and respected 權(quán)威者，大師，泰斗；權(quán)威著作

The book is widely acknowledged to be the authority on regional English expressions.這本書被廣泛認可為有關(guān)不同地區(qū)英語表達的權(quán)威著作。He is an authority on Ming china.他是中國明朝瓷器的鑒賞權(quán)威。

2)[U] power to give orders and make others obey 權(quán)力，權(quán)威 He doesn’t have the necessary authority to make this sort of decision.他沒有作這種決定的權(quán)力。

In practice it is difficult for the President to exercise his authority.實際上總統(tǒng)很難行使其權(quán)力。

He had absolute authority over his subordinates.他對下屬有絕對的管轄權(quán)。

28.No universal formula can be prescribed.(Para.8)It’s hard to find a method that can apply to everyone.universal: a.of or for everything;widespread;general 普遍的;一般的 a subject of universal interest 一個普遍關(guān)心的題目 universal primary education 普及的小學(xué)教育

formula: n.[C](pl.-s or-lae)plan or method for dealing with a problem or achieving a result 方案；方法

The company’s winning formula includes excellent service and quality products.該公司獲勝的法寶是優(yōu)質(zhì)的服務(wù)和產(chǎn)品。

A good education and hard work seem to be a formula for success.良好的教育和勤奮的工作似乎是通向成功的定則。

prescribe: vt.1)say what should be done or how something be done 規(guī)定；指示

The syllabus prescribes precisely which books should be studied.教學(xué)大綱明確規(guī)定了哪些是必讀的書。

All the conditions prescribed by law have been complied with.法律規(guī)定的所有情況均已得到遵守。

2)advise the use of(a medicine etc.)開處方，下醫(yī)囑

What can you prescribe for the pain in my back, doctor?

醫(yī)生，我背痛，你看該怎么辦？

The drug should not be taken unless prescribed by a doctor.請遵醫(yī)囑服藥。

29.Then all additional spare minutes are so many bonuses.And, believe me, the opportunity for reading-bonuses are many and unexpected.(Para.8)Apart from that fixed 15 minutes of regular reading, any extra time you can find to read is your unexpected gift.And this extra time is easy to find and usually comes out of your expectation.additional: a.extra and often more than expected 附加的；額外的

additional resources / funds / security 額外資源/附加基金/外加保安措施

The government is providing an additional $25 million to expand the service.政府打算另撥2 500萬美元擴展該服務(wù)項目。

reading-bonus: something good that you get from reading beyond what you expect 閱讀所帶來的意外的好處

30.Last night an uninvited guest turned up to make five for bridge.(Para.8)

Last night a guest came unexpectedly so that there were five people ready for playing bridge.turn up: come somewhere unexpectedly or without making a firm arrangement（出其不意地或未做安排就）出現(xiàn)，來到 We thought he had been killed, but he turned up safe and sound.我們以為他已經(jīng)遇害，但他卻安然無恙地出現(xiàn)了。She failed to turn up for work on Monday.她星期一沒來上班。

This is similar to waiting for a bus that never turns up.這類似于在等一輛永遠也不會來的公共汽車。

bridge: n.[U] card game for four players developed from whist, in which one player’s cards are exposed on the table and played by his partner 橋牌 Make up a four for bridge at Sally’s.湊四個人到莎莉家打橋牌。Do you play bridge? 你玩橋牌嗎？

31.I had the kind of paperback book at hand to make being the fifth at bridge a joy.(Para.8)Since bridge is a card game for four players, I didn’t join them.This turned out to be a joyful thing because I had a paperback book with me and by reading it I also enjoyed myself.paperback: n.[C] book with cover made of thick paper 簡裝書，平裝書 Has this book come out in paperback yet? 這本書出平裝本了嗎？

His collection of poetry is now out in paperback.他的詩集現(xiàn)在以平裝本的形式出版了。

Paperback editions of books are usually much cheaper than hard cover editions.平裝本通常比精裝本便宜得多。

at hand: quite close to you and easy to reach 在手邊；在附近Help is always at hand if you need it.如果需要，你隨時都能得到幫助。We believe that peace is at hand.我們相信和平近在咫尺。They live near at hand.他們就住在附近。

32.set out(Para.9): put something where it can be seen or used 放置；擺放 We will need to set out chairs for the meeting.我們要為會議擺好椅子。The meal was set out on a long table.飯菜擺在一張長桌子上。

33.in advance(Para.9): ahead of time, beforehand 預(yù)先，提前

Details of the meeting had been circulated well in advance.會議的詳細內(nèi)容事先已被傳閱。We had to pay the rent two weeks in advance.我們不得不提前兩周交付租金。

When you pay in advance, you receive a discount.若你提前付款，你就會享有折扣。

34.read(Para.10): a.(of a person)knowledgeable and informed as a result of extensive reading（人）書讀得多的，有學(xué)問的，知識淵博的 Ada was well read in French and German literature.埃達對法國和德國文學(xué)涉獵甚廣。

She is respected as a well-read woman.她學(xué)識淵博，受人尊敬。

PART III Reading Skills

Identifying the Topic Sentence A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with a single topic or idea.Usually, one sentence, called the topic sentence, states the main idea of the paragraph.All the other sentences are related to this topic sentence, explaining or supporting the main idea.Topic sentences are useful to readers because they guide them through sometimes complex arguments.As the thesis statement is the unifying force in the essay, so is the topic sentence in the paragraph.There are some rules for finding the topic sentence.1.The topic sentence is usually at the beginning, though it could be in any position in the paragraph.2.A topic sentence is usually more general than the other sentences, that is, it talks about many things and looks at a bigger picture.Plurals and the words many, numerous, or several often signal a topic sentence.3.Detail sentences are usually more specific than the topic, that is, they usually talk about one single or small part or side of an idea.Also, the words for example, i.e., that is, first, second, third, finally, etc., often signal a detail.4.Most of the detail sentences support, give examples for, prove, talk about, or point toward the topic in some way.You may try this trick to ensure that you are having a topic sentence: switch the sentence around into a question.If the other sentences seem to answer the question, then you’ve got it.The Positions of Topic Sentences

Topic sentences usually occur at the beginning or end of the paragraph.Much less frequently, topic sentences may appear in the middle of the paragraph or may simply be implied.? At the beginning of the paragraph:

Topic sentences appear most frequently as the first sentence in a paragraph.This position helps readers become oriented immediately to the paragraph’s topic and facilitates communication.For example: A midwinter vacation at Club Tropic has its good points and bad points.The beaches are clean and uncrowded.The surrounding countryside is lush and soothing to winter-weary eyes.Furthermore, being able to take sailing and scuba diving lessons, while friends back home shovel snow, makes the outdoor activities extra-enjoyable.On the other hand, several features of Club Tropic are substandard.The food is poor, and, because the club is isolated, eating elsewhere is impossible.Security could also be better, as thefts from several guests’ rooms indicated.So for some vacationers, nice scenery and fun activities may not be enough ? to offset the possibility of poor service and lax security.At the end of the paragraph:

If the topic sentence is not the first sentence in the paragraph, it is often the last sentence in the paragraph, summarizing or generalizing the paragraph’s information.For example: Beginning at breakfast with flying globs of oatmeal, spilled juice, and toast that always lands jelly-side down, a day with small children grows into a nightmare of frantic activity, punctuated with shrieks, cries, and hyena-style laughs.The very act of playing turns the house into a disaster area: blankets and sheets that are thrown over tables and chairs to form caves, miniature cars and trucks that race endlessly up and down hallways, and a cat that becomes a caged tiger, imprisoned under the laundry basket.After supper, with more spilled milk, uneaten vegetables and tidbits fed to the cat under the table, it’s finally time for bed.But before they fall blissfully asleep, the children still have time to knock over one more bedtime glass of water, jump on the beds until the springs threaten to break, and demand a last ride to the bathroom on mother’s back.Constant confusion is a way of life for parents of small children.? In the middle of the paragraph:

The interior position is not very emphatic, therefore topic sentences are less frequently found there.But sometimes the writer creates a different form of emphasis — one based on tension rather than on position — to offset the emphasis lost by not using the beginning or ending sentence slot.In the following example, the first sentence is limiting;but is the turn word that introduces the topic sentence.When we think of Gandhi fasting, plastering mud poultices on his belly, and testing his vow of continence by sharing a bed with his grand-niece, we can easily regard him as a fanatic who happened to be politically lucky.But the links between his private fads and his political methods turn out to be quite logical.Gandhi’s pursuit of personal rigors helped him to achieve a rare degree of discipline that allowed him to approach political crises with amazing courage.The example of his self-control, furthermore, was contagious;a more worldly man could not have led millions of his countrymen to adopt the tactic of nonviolent resistance.? The topic sentence is simply implied: Sometimes, the writer doesn’t give a clear topic sentence.Instead, the main idea of the paragraph is implied by the details or examples given.Implied main idea of a paragraph is very popular in narratives.The readers can usually get the main idea by analyzing the logical relationship among the sentences in the paragraph.For example: Until the War of 1812, the United States had always bought its manufactured goods, especially its fine cloth, from England.During the war, however, the United States could neither sell its raw materials, nor buy manufactured goods in European markets.There were nothing to do but manufacture its own goods.By the end of the War of 1812 there were nearly 150,000 men and women working in cotton and woolen mills in the United States.We have no figures on the number of workers employed in the various stages of iron production, but we know that the iron industry had greatly increased.Besides the cloth and iron works, there was a great leather industry, including shoe factories, saddle shops, and harness-making shops, while American hatters were able to supply the market with wool hats and fur caps.By analyzing the details and examples given in this paragraph, we can get the main idea of this paragraph which is implied: After the War of 1812 the United States was far less dependent on Europe for its manufactured goods.Key to Reading Skills

Exercise 1.C.(The passage describes at length exactly how the parents were the big winners, making statement C the topic sentence.It’s the one general sentence that could sum up the paragraph.)2.B.(After this sentence is introduced, the remaining sentences describe the many deaths that have resulted from efforts to climb Mount Everest.)

PART IV Key to Exercises I.1.B 6.A 2.D 7.C 3.D 8.A

4.C 9.C

5.D

10.D

II.1.specialist 6.additional 11.arrived at 2.established 7.statistics 12.average 2.significant 6.occupation

3.universal 8.grand 13.critic 3.specialty 7.at hand

4.unexpected 9.attained 14.insight

5.turn up 10.lingered 15.variety III.1.maintained 5.outstanding

4.attempt

8.Chances are(that)IV.1.absorb 6.authority 2.varies 7.range

3.attributed 8.calculations

4.solutions 9.throughout

5.physician 10.formula PART V Translation

惜時如金破萬卷 如果你是一位普通讀者，你就能以每分鐘300詞的速度閱讀一般性讀物。但是，除非你每天堅持，否則就不能保持這個平均速度。如果讀的書是有關(guān)科學(xué)、數(shù)學(xué)、農(nóng)業(yè)、商業(yè)方面的，或是關(guān)于一門全新的、你不甚了解的科目，要達到這個閱讀速度也會很難。你若想以此速度閱讀詩歌或品味故事段落，那就更不可能了。但是如果讀小說、傳記或者關(guān)于旅行、愛好、個人興趣方面的書，一位普通讀者可以毫不費力地以每分鐘300詞的速度理解文章意義，享受閱讀樂趣。盡管統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)并不總是與事實相符，但看看下面這些數(shù)據(jù)：假如一位普通讀者讀普通讀物平均每分鐘能讀300詞，15分鐘就能讀4 500詞。一周七天讀31 500詞，一個月四周是126 000詞，一年12個月閱讀的詞匯總量可以高達1 512 000詞。這就是一位普通讀者讀普通讀物每天只讀15分鐘，在一年中所能閱讀的詞匯總量。書的篇幅從60 000詞到100 000詞不等，平均起來大約每本書有75 000詞。閱讀水平屬于中等的讀者，讀普通讀物，每天讀15分鐘，一年就可以讀上20本。這個數(shù)目非?？捎^，是美國公共圖書館人均借閱量的四倍，然而這卻并不難實現(xiàn)。威廉?奧斯勒爵士是當(dāng)代最偉大的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生之一。他曾任教于約翰斯·霍普金斯（大學(xué)）醫(yī)學(xué)院，在牛津大學(xué)結(jié)束了執(zhí)教生涯。當(dāng)今許多杰出的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生都曾是他的學(xué)生。曾經(jīng)有一段時間，幾乎所有執(zhí)業(yè)的醫(yī)生都是讀他的醫(yī)學(xué)教科書成長起來的。傳記作家和評論家們認為，威廉?奧斯勒爵士的杰出不僅僅來自其淵博的醫(yī)學(xué)知識，他卓越的見解也不只源于其豐富的通識教育，實際上，他是一位文化修養(yǎng)極高的全才。他一生都在思考。他知道，學(xué)習(xí)人類精華的惟一途徑，是讀人們寫下的東西。但是，奧斯勒也有著常人都有的困難，而且更大。他是位忙碌的內(nèi)科醫(yī)生，而且要從事內(nèi)科臨床教學(xué)，同時他還是個醫(yī)學(xué)研究專家。除了睡覺、吃飯、去衛(wèi)生間的幾個小時，他一天24小時中的其它時間都理所當(dāng)然地被上述三項工作占去了。奧斯勒很快想出了解決問題的辦法。他用每天睡前的15分鐘讀書。如果就寢時間定為晚上11點，他就從11點讀到11點15分。如果研究工作進行到凌晨2點，他就從2點讀到2點15分。自從立了這個規(guī)矩以后，年復(fù)一年，整個一生中他持之以恒，從未破例。事實上這樣開始后不久，他如果不讀上15分鐘書簡直就無法入睡。在奧斯勒的一生中，他讀了數(shù)目相當(dāng)可觀的書籍。不妨心算一下，若每天閱讀15分鐘，這樣堅持50年，你會讀多少書呢？想想吧，人的一生中可以涉獵多少有趣的東西和紛繁的學(xué)科啊。奧斯勒就閱讀了大量醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)以外的書籍。事實上，由于養(yǎng)成了每天閱讀15分鐘的習(xí)慣，他得以在專業(yè)之外發(fā)展了他的業(yè)余專長。在研究英國文學(xué)的學(xué)者中，奧斯勒是公認的研究17世紀英國散文大師托馬斯·布朗爵士的權(quán)威，他有關(guān)托馬斯·布朗的藏書被認為是世界一流的。我們還可以舉出眾多事例說明奧斯勒在醫(yī)學(xué)研究、醫(yī)學(xué)教學(xué)改革以及現(xiàn)代臨床方法運用等方面的貢獻。但是，我們這里所談的重點在于，他極好地解答了我們每一個工作繁忙的人必須回答的問題：如何才能找出時間讀書？ 這個問題沒有固定的答案。每個人每天都必須找到自己的那15分鐘。最好每天時間固定，那么這固定時間以外的許多閱讀時間就是給我們的額外獎賞。相信我，額外的閱讀機會很多，甚至是始料未及的。昨晚有位客人突然造訪，這樣打橋牌的人就多了一個。我手邊剛好有本書，這樣我雖沒能打上橋牌，但同樣樂在其中。讀書需要有毅力，這是惟一的要求。有了毅力，無論多忙，你總會找出用來讀書的15分鐘時間。你要確保身邊隨時有本書，從開始閱讀那刻起，這15分鐘閱讀時間一秒鐘也不能浪費。把要看的書提前準備好，穿衣時放進口袋里；再放一本在床頭；在浴室里放一本；在餐桌旁也放一本。你每天總能找出15分鐘讀書的。這意味著，一周下來你就會讀完半本書，一個月讀兩本，一年讀20本，一生就會讀1 000本，甚至更多。輕而易舉地，你就能成為一位博學(xué)之士。Unit One Enjoyment of Learning

Section C What’s the Secret to Getting Good Grades?

PART I Translation Techniques

Literal Translation and Free Translation Translating methods are undoubtedly the core problems we are faced with in the translation process.There are many kinds of translating methods, and among them literal translation and free translation are the two most commonly used.Literal translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation.It is aimed at preserving both the contents and the form of the source language text in accordance with the cultural tradition.During the translation process, we are supposed to replace individual source text words with individual target language words wherever possible, and cling as closely as possible to the source language word order in the target language.Free translation is also known as sense-for-sense translation.It lays more stress on the transfer of the meaning or the “spirit” of a source language text than on the accurate reproduction of the original wording.Unlike literal translation, free translation is aimed at producing a text that conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture.As to how to use literal translation and free translation properly, the discussion can be dated back to the ancient times when Buddhist scripture and the Bible were translated.Now people seem to have reached a general consensus that we should translate literally if possible, otherwise we just appeal to free translation.In other words, literal translation should be adopted whenever possible and free translation adopted whenever literal translation is not so good a choice.Therefore, literal translation and free translation are not contradictory, but complementary.Both can be used in translating words, idioms, proverbs and sentences.1.Words

Example 1: the moon

literal translation: 月亮

free translation: 玉兔；月桂；嬋娟 Example 2: 筆記本（電腦）

literal translation: notebook free translation: laptop

2.Idioms

Example 1: to teach a pig to play on a flute

literal translation: 教豬吹笛 free translation: 對牛彈琴 Example 2: 人云亦云

literal translation: to repeat what others say free translation: to have no views of one’s own 3.Proverbs

Example 1: The worst wheel of a cart creaks most.literal translation: 最壞的車輪最會嘎嘎響。

free translation: 才學(xué)最差，叫喊最響；出力最少，抱怨最多。

Example 2: 樹倒猢猻散。

literal translation: When the tree falls, the monkeys scatter.free translation: When an influential person falls from power, his hangers-on disperse.4.Sentences

Example 1: He had one foot in the grave.literal translation: 他的一只腳踏進了墳?zāi)?，離死不遠了。

free translation: 他已是風(fēng)燭殘年。

Example 2: 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。

literal translation: A dog’s mouth doesn’t spit out an ivory.free translation: A filthy mouth cannot utter decent language.It can be concluded from the above examples that some words, idioms, proverbs and sentences can be translated both literally and freely, so it is up to the translator to decide according to the context whether to adopt literal translation or free translation.Generally speaking, literal translation is used more in translating laws, political articles, academic works and news reports, while free translation is used more in translating lyrics, poetry, prose, plays, novels as well as biography.Key to Translation Techniques

Exercise 1

1.中國人的紀律性天下無雙。

2.我那時預(yù)感他肯定要領(lǐng)著咱們?nèi)ヒ娮嫦攘恕?.魯思一直在擾亂別的孩子，所以我把她攆了出去。4.船到橋頭自然直。

5.直譯：她解雇約翰時流著鱷魚的眼淚。意譯：她解雇約翰時假裝傷心。6.你以為我是好欺負的嗎？ 7.直譯：小魚吃不了大魚。意譯：胳膊擰不過大腿。

8.直譯：再丑的罐兒也不愁配個蓋兒。意譯：再丑的姑娘也不愁找不著婆家。9.舌頭闖禍，脖子遭殃。

10.希特勒在發(fā)動第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時是武裝到牙齒的，可是不過幾年，就被徹底擊敗了。

Exercise 2 1.If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.2.People of accomplishment never let a day slip by doing nothing.3.He has been wedded to translation.4.Laziness is his Achilles’ heel.5.When I think about what she said to me, it still makes my blood boil.6.We may call him Adam when we meet again.7.Don’t shed crocodile tears over his leaving.8.Speak of the devil(and he will appear).9.All eyes were on the President during the recent crisis.10.Mao Tse-tung was well bred, but inside he was made of steel.PART II Key to Exercise 1.N 6.N 2.N 7.NG 3.Y 8.Y

4.N 9.Y

5.Y 10.NG

PART III Translation

高分秘訣 作為一名畢業(yè)班的學(xué)生，基于個人經(jīng)驗以及對許多成績優(yōu)秀學(xué)生的調(diào)查，我總結(jié)出了一套應(yīng)對大學(xué)課程、永不掛科的方法。這些方法是每位學(xué)生在校獲得好成績的秘訣。2 歸根結(jié)底不就是要成績么？畢竟，來念大學(xué)都是事出有因的，而只有及格才能取得學(xué)分或?qū)W位。很多人在高中時未曾努力學(xué)習(xí)過，而且，學(xué)東西也主要是老師教。然而，大學(xué)與高中大不相同。說到過科你只能靠自己。事實上，有時你會發(fā)覺似乎沒人在乎你是否通過。因此，必須想出取得好成績的學(xué)習(xí)策略。你遲早要只身拼搏于云云書海，而后坐在教室里面對著一張考試卷。是心里惴惴不安地盯著它發(fā)呆，還是信心十足地速戰(zhàn)速決，就全看你的學(xué)習(xí)技巧了。在與我交談的優(yōu)等生中，大部分人認為，以下八條學(xué)習(xí)小竅門會使你取得優(yōu)異的成績。1．選擇學(xué)習(xí)地點。你所看到的在餐廳或游戲廳里“學(xué)習(xí)”的學(xué)生，其實他們收獲甚微。當(dāng)受到他人或噪音的干擾時，你根本就沒法學(xué)進去。如果坐在圖書館里你也總是發(fā)覺自己不是凝望窗外的浮云就是觀望穿梭于書架間的學(xué)生，那么，連圖書館也不是學(xué)習(xí)的好地方。為了學(xué)習(xí)，找個寧靜的地方獨自安坐下來，這需要勇氣。但你不得不這樣。在家里找一間安靜且單調(diào)的房間吧，或在圖書館尋一個安靜且單調(diào)的角落吧。這樣，當(dāng)你坐在那里時，就只有學(xué)習(xí)這一件事可做了。2．進入學(xué)習(xí)狀態(tài)。當(dāng)你坐下來的時候，就應(yīng)該懷有這樣一種態(tài)度：我要學(xué)習(xí)了。不要無聊地在筆記本上信手亂畫甚至列起了超市購物單。堅定信念：現(xiàn)在就是學(xué)習(xí)，這樣才能盡快去做自己更感興趣的事兒。3．犒賞自己。如果你鏖戰(zhàn)良久，又收效甚多，不妨款待自己一下。這是你應(yīng)得的。許諾給自己點獎勵借以鼓舞自己的斗志。任何禮物都可以——看最喜愛的電視節(jié)目，放松一下洗個澡，或一碟雙份巧克力冰淇淋。4.先瀏覽內(nèi)容。對于一個像“閱讀第五章125頁至150頁”這樣的作業(yè),很多學(xué)生一坐下就直接翻到125頁開始閱讀，很快就發(fā)覺一頭霧水，不知所云。在最后的十分鐘時間里,他們一直在遙想孩提時代或暢想晚餐盛宴。最后當(dāng)磨磨蹭蹭讀完,記住的內(nèi)容已所剩無幾。為防止這種情況的出現(xiàn)，首先要瀏覽整章，即瀏覽標題、副標題、各章節(jié)標題、插圖、第一段和最后一段。努力思考作者如此這般組織章節(jié)的意圖，做標題或標注成粗體字的部分到底重要在哪兒？瀏覽之后，你應(yīng)該能夠?qū)Ρ菊鹿?jié)的要點心中有數(shù)。只要你不是那種進電梯前頭不抬眼不睜，然后一不留神跌入電梯井的粗心大意之人，你很快就會體會到這么做的價值。5．邊學(xué)邊記筆記。這聽起來有些麻煩，但卻很有效。材料讀完后，應(yīng)再復(fù)習(xí)一遍，然后在頁邊記下關(guān)鍵詞和詞組。這樣，考試前復(fù)習(xí)本章時，記在書邊上的“‘合理化’的定義”或“有關(guān)同化的例子”這樣的簡便記錄就會非常有用。如果材料特別難，就把筆記單獨記在一張紙上，記下定義、例子、一覽表和大意，這樣就可以把一整章內(nèi)容壓縮成簡單易懂的寥寥數(shù)筆。6．完成閱讀和記錄后要及時復(fù)習(xí)。有人堅持認為自言自語成效顯著。自己跟自己說說這章的重點，一旦你能大聲地把它們說出來，那它們在你腦子里扎的根就更深了。若非如此，那肯定就意味著你并未真正理解。7．放棄。這聽起來也許有點兒自相矛盾，但當(dāng)你學(xué)到一定程度時就應(yīng)該停下來。不過每次至少應(yīng)連續(xù)學(xué)上一個小時。東一下西一下地學(xué)個十分八分是毫無用處的。頭腦發(fā) 沉，眼睛布滿血絲時就不要再學(xué)了。身心俱疲時，你是學(xué)不到什么東西的。8．必要時參加大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)技巧培訓(xùn)班。不必為報名參加技巧學(xué)習(xí)課程而猶豫不決或?qū)擂尾灰?。許多學(xué)生說沒有培訓(xùn)課程的輔助，他們是不會通過考試的。新學(xué)期的新鮮感過后，必須安下心來，準備度過漫長的學(xué)習(xí)征途。如果遵循上述建議，當(dāng)考試來臨時你就會胸有成竹。最后，大學(xué)時代可以成為一段令人激動的美好時光。你必定會有所收獲。當(dāng)學(xué)有所得時，這個世界將會變得更加趣味盎然。

第二篇：新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

課內(nèi)閱讀參考譯文及課后習(xí)題答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？

聽了一個有趣的故事會發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會使一個故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨識出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

為什么聽我講完一個笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報一樣呢？顯然，有些人對幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點有趣的事卻要費好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住?！庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個笑話，就會從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會上也往往是人們注意的焦點。這么說是有道理的。

甚至有些動物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)。”

典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個笑話便會很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強效果。6

我們可以對幽默這種娛樂形式，進行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀的每個講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆?！边@個笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個高雅的女人。這個笑話并沒有因為經(jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因為大家對這個笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。

中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式。

“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)?！薄拔乙彩?，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧?！蔽覀冎郎狭四昙o的人往往耳背，因此會把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。

著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道?！边@位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個傻瓜?！?這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因為它們貼近現(xiàn)實生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。

雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個詞的不同意思。有些批評家認為雙關(guān)語是最低級的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時我聽到了下面這個謎語。一個人問：“什么東西整個兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報紙?！比绻阒涝谟⒄Z中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個意思往往很不相同，一個比較恰當(dāng)，另一個往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對學(xué)生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻?！甭牭叫β?，她意識到她沒有把意思表達清楚，于是補充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了?！碑?dāng)然，這個解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

一些專業(yè)的幽默家認為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認為這不是幽默的過錯。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會繼續(xù)生存下去，只因為每天都有有趣的事情發(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便箋的力量

我當(dāng)體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報》工作，當(dāng)時我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。2

打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關(guān)于老虎隊的述評很不錯，再接再厲?！焙灻氖求w育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時我只是一個十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計達15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會樹起信心來。3

后來，我逐漸對堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說：“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時，我也感覺好極了?！?/p>

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報社，都來自于曾經(jīng)得到過他激勵（文字）的人們。

多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關(guān)心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因為我覺得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個慣于冷漠、無動于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時不時地需要鼓勵，大家知道幾行贊揚的話會改變一個人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，這些激勵人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因為他們太看重人們的看法。他們擔(dān)心會被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時間，遠不如打電話方便。7

當(dāng)然打電話的缺點是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀，細細品味并珍藏起來。8

盡管寫便箋會多花一些時間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時準備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚信，感到很驚訝。

那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學(xué)習(xí)寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?！拔抑徊贿^匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道?！懊刻熳钪匾囊欢螘r間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘?！?10

“太多的時候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時候，我們會以為，我并沒有說過什么批評的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵——事實上，我們靠這個取得進步，獲得成功！” 11

怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。

２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。14

３）具體(specific)。贊揚一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。

當(dāng)你非得到處找寫信用品時，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達的思想。17

那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵呢？一位鄰居？為你服務(wù)的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個寫的理由，就找一個生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個特殊事件的周年紀念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠方的朋友每年準備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。18

不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級的表達法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點也沒關(guān)系，記住，夢想的實現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會不會使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對我自己確實如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 從文化角度看性別角色

在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實了這樣一個事實：構(gòu)成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長的過程中，每個孩子學(xué)會了細微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標準。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無意識地或間接地學(xué)會的，因為文化為女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目標以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2

例如，最近對美國公立學(xué)校的一項研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠比女生多。這對學(xué)習(xí)過程有著巨大的影響，因為總的來說，那些積極的課堂活動參與者對學(xué)習(xí)更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實上，在20世紀60年代末期，當(dāng)美國東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。

賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實驗”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。

美國教師中一個具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國的男孩們確實在閱讀上出了問題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗的一個例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。

在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠，這時男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發(fā)展求知欲和動手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的；對女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處?，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時間，社會則通過這一過程加強了它固有的價值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵孩子思考

教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會有遮護膠帶這種用品

了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時就職于“明尼蘇達制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時間改進了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認為，對待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認為，如果我們教育孩子進行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。

創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。

遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分數(shù)，強調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。

然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認識到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動結(jié)合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會是如何。要回答這一問題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識。教師們認為即便學(xué)生的回答會很可笑，也毫無關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子，同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家認為必須創(chuàng)造一個可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑椤Ｋ季S能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。

具有幽默感對于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要創(chuàng)造往往也得如此。

給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢；當(dāng)他們作出錯誤的決定時，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關(guān)系。因為富有創(chuàng)造力的人有很強的動力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個最重要的特點。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 風(fēng)險與你

在說不定的某個時候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險也并非我們唯一會遇上的危險?，F(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對我們生命的威脅，對我們平和心境的威脅，對我們家人的威脅，對我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時會不會遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。2

對生活中風(fēng)險的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險時，事情就要困難得多，因為對許多風(fēng)險來說，情況并不那么簡單。

風(fēng)險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車里，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個保險氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時，保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 4

上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險——與我們的每個業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說，與所進行的任何活動有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險，然后相機行事。5

例如，兩車相撞時，大車總的說來要比小車安全些?？删烤鼓馨踩嗌倌?？答案是這樣：在一起嚴重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險?。?。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時候值得為降低風(fēng)險增加花費呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？

在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險程度呢？有些人似乎認為答案只不過是一個簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎？未必。事實是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評估一種風(fēng)險時，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個比率或分數(shù)。該分數(shù)的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由于從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險程度都是由比率或分數(shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風(fēng)險）到1（完全風(fēng)險）之間。7

通過把所有風(fēng)險都簡化為這種比率或分數(shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動的風(fēng)險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠比采礦要多，其實后者的風(fēng)險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒踊蚯樾蔚奈ｋU性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險，你就會選擇風(fēng)險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會對高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。

我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險是永遠無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對安全的事，我們也就會明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險。風(fēng)險管理需要兩大要素：常識以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 機器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in

第三篇：21世紀大學(xué)英語第三冊課文翻譯及課后答案(1-2)

21世紀大學(xué)英語讀寫教程課文翻譯（第三冊）（1-2）上學(xué)的孩子們中間有一種普遍的錯誤想法，即認為他們的老師當(dāng)年都是些神童。不管怎么說，除了不像一般孩子那樣生性貪玩、不愿學(xué)習(xí)的書呆子之外，還有誰愿意長大后當(dāng)老師呢？

我竭力向我的學(xué)生們解釋我在他們心目中的形象----一個在青春期熱衷于書本和作業(yè)的人----有一點被扭曲了。相反，我極為憎恨義務(wù)教育。我永遠都無法接受在魚兒上鉤時不得不去上學(xué)的想法。

但是，在我中學(xué)二年級的時候，發(fā)生了一件美妙而又激動人心的事。愛神丘比特瞄準他的箭，正好射中了我的心。突然間，我喜歡上學(xué)了，而這只是為了能夠凝視英語二班里那張可愛的臉。

我的公主坐在卷筆器旁邊，那一年我削的鉛筆足以點燃一堆篝火。可黛比卻遠遠超出了我的期望。將我們隔開的不僅有五排課桌，還有約50分的智商。她是英語二班的尖子，拉里維太太的掌上明珠。

偶爾，黛比會發(fā)覺我在盯著她看，這時她便會露出一個閃爍著智慧光芒，令我心跳加快的微笑。這是一個標志著希望、使我暫時忘記將我們分開的智力上的鴻溝的微笑。

我想盡辦法去跨越那條鴻溝。有一天，我經(jīng)過超市，突然想到了一個主意。櫥窗里的一塊廣告牌稱商店正以29美分的特價供應(yīng)一套百科全書的第一卷。其余各卷則為每卷2.49美元。

我買下了第一卷----從Aardvark（土豚）到Asteroid（海星）----然后開始了在知識世界中的冒險歷程。打那以后，我將成為一個事實探尋者。我將成為英語二班的首席智者，以淵博的知識使我的公主傾心于我。我全都計劃好了。一天，在自助餐廳排隊時，我的第一個機會來了。我往身后一看，她正好在那兒。

“嘿，”她說。

我猶豫了一下，然后潤了潤嘴唇說，“知道鳳尾魚是從哪兒來的嗎？”她顯得有點驚訝?！安?，我不知道?！?/p>

我松了口氣?！傍P尾魚生活在咸水里，淡水里很少見?！蔽也坏貌恢v得很快，以便在我們到達收銀臺之前，道出所有的細節(jié)?！皾O民們在地中海和鄰近西班牙、葡萄牙的大西洋海岸捕捉鳳尾魚?！?/p>

“真有意思，”黛比一邊說一邊疑惑地搖著頭。顯然我已經(jīng)給她留下了一個挺深的印象。

幾天之后，在一次消防演習(xí)時，我裝作不經(jīng)意地走到她身邊，問，“去過阿留申群島嗎？”

“從來沒去過，”她答道。

“也許是一個旅游的好去處，但我肯定不愿意住在那兒，”我說。

“為什么不愿意呢？”黛比說，這正中了我的計。

“呃，那兒的氣候太險惡。在群島的100多座島嶼中，沒有一座有樹木。地上遍布巖石，幾乎沒有植物能在上面生長。”

“我想我連去旅游也不愿意，”她說。

消防演習(xí)結(jié)束了，我們開始排隊進入大樓，所以我不得不趕緊再談?wù)勍林?1

民?！鞍⒘羯耆松聿陌。w格健壯，有著深色的皮膚和黑色的頭發(fā)。他們以魚為主食，他們設(shè)陷阱捕捉北極狐和海豹，以獲得它們珍貴的毛皮。”

黛比驚訝地睜大了眼睛。

一天，我正在圖書館里瀏覽書刊。我發(fā)現(xiàn)黛比坐在一張桌子旁，正專心致志地做著一個填詞游戲。她皺著眉頭，顯然被一個詞難住了。我彎下身去問我是否能幫上忙。

“一個意為東方女傭的四字母詞，”黛比說。

“試一試amah,”我以閃電般的速度說。

黛比填入空格，然后轉(zhuǎn)過頭驚訝地盯著我?！拔艺娌桓蚁嘈?，”她說。“簡直不敢相信?！?/p>

那個光輝燦爛的、充滿歡樂的、富有浪漫色彩的二年級就這樣繼續(xù)著。黛比似乎很喜歡我們的簡短交談，全神貫注地聽著我的每一句話。自然，我讀得越多，信心也越強。

在教室里，我也漸漸讓別人感到了我的存在。一天，在一次關(guān)于柯爾律治的《古舟子詠》的討論中，我們碰到了albatross（信天翁）這個詞。

“有誰能告訴我們信天翁是什么嗎？”拉里維太太問。

我立刻舉起了手?！靶盘煳淌且环N大鳥，主要棲息在赤道以南的海域，不過也有可能在北太平洋發(fā)現(xiàn)它們。信天翁身長達4英尺，翼幅是鳥類中最大的。它以魚類和帶殼的水生動物為食。信天翁胃口很大，吃飽后便很難再飛上天。”許久，教室里鴉雀無聲。拉里維太太無法相信她剛剛所聽到的內(nèi)容。我偷偷地瞥了黛比一眼，對她使勁眨了眨眼。她自豪得笑容滿臉，也對我眨了眨眼。我未能察覺到的是那一陣子黛比正同一個鄰近學(xué)校的三年級學(xué)生約會----一個平均分為C+的籃球運動員。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)對我打擊很大，有一度我真想忘掉所有學(xué)過的東西。當(dāng)時我已攢夠了錢買第二卷----從Asthma（哮喘?。┑紹ullfinch（紅腹灰雀）----但我真想去買一只籃球。

我覺得自己不僅受到了傷害，而且還遭到了背叛。就象阿伽門農(nóng)一樣，不過感謝上帝，后果并沒有那么嚴重。

最終我從傷痛中恢復(fù)了過來。第二年，黛比搬離了這個街區(qū)，轉(zhuǎn)到了另一所學(xué)校。很快，她便成了記憶中的人物而已。

雖然最初的動力沒有了，但我卻繼續(xù)鉆研百科全書，以及越來越多的其它書籍。已經(jīng)品嘗過知識的美酒，此時我已無法改變我的前進方向了。因為：“一知半解，為害匪淺：

開懷暢飲吧，否則就不要品嘗埃里亞圣泉?！?/p>

亞歷山大? 蒲柏如此寫道，見第十四卷----從Paprika（紅燈籠辣椒）到Pterodactyl（翼手龍）。

Vocabulary（詞匯）

Ⅲ

1.compulsory 2.relish 3.confidence 4.consequences 5.incentive 6.henceforth 7.invest

8.perceive 9.passion 10.scheming

Translation（翻譯）

Ⅻ

正在上學(xué)的孩子們中有一種普遍的錯誤觀念，即他們的老師們曾是些神童。不管怎么說，除了不像一般孩子那樣生性貪玩、不愿學(xué)習(xí)的書呆子之外，還有誰愿意長大后當(dāng)老師呢？

我竭力向我的學(xué)生們解釋他們對我的印象——一個青春期沉溺于書本和家庭作業(yè)的人——有所偏差。恰恰相反，我極為憎恨義務(wù)教育。我永遠都無法接受當(dāng)魚兒正在咬鉤時不得不去上學(xué)的想法。

ⅪⅡ

1． Tom was translation to our school last year.He hung on Miss Yang’s every word in class and soon became the apple of her eye.2． Seeing his daughter graduate from high school,he felt a surge of love and pride that he couldn’t express in word.3． Last year when Mr.Li began first venture into the stock market,becoming a millionaire was beyond his wildest dream.4． On my holiday ,I was lucky enough to witness some wild seals feeding on fish.I took sXXXXXX photos of them,but unfortunately they were all out off focus.5． The price has been going steady with the actress for three years and nothing can alter their decision to get married next week.6． It is complete misconstruction that the poor do not need compulsory education because they do not even have enough to feed on.But without education,how can people ever overcome their poverty.7． All of David’s classmates are completely stumped---no one can work out how he became a top student overnight.8． It was obvious that her rejection of his proposal hit him hard, but in time he recoverd from his wounds.一位真正的女權(quán)主義者應(yīng)該接受上救生船的優(yōu)先權(quán)嗎？查爾斯? 克勞瑟莫

你在泰坦尼克II號輪上。它剛撞上一座冰山，正在下沉。像上一次一樣，沒有足夠的救生船。船長喊道：“婦女和孩子們先上！”但這一次，人們聽到了另一個聲音：“為什么婦女先上？”的確，為什么？大獲成功的電影《泰坦尼克號》的部分魅力在于那個時代的服裝，那個時代的奢華，和那個時代的偏見。時隔多年，觀眾能夠欣賞這些東西。然而，奇怪的是，電影中的所有那個時代的觀念中，“婦女和兒童優(yōu)先”這一古老的海事傳統(tǒng)卻被現(xiàn)代觀眾全盤接受了。聽一聽觀眾對那些試圖同女士們一起----或搶在她們前面----偷偷溜上救生船的壞家伙發(fā)出的噓聲就知道了。

但是將婦女和兒童歸為一類難道不是一種與時代極不相稱的行為嗎？難道任何一個自尊的現(xiàn)代人----更不用說女權(quán)主義者----不該視其為對女性的侮辱而加以反對嗎？

然而如今這種做法仍像1912年時一樣普遍。看看這些幾乎是隨意從最近的報紙上摘選的例子吧：

“入侵者槍殺了印第安人，其中大多數(shù)為婦女和兒童??”

“200名平民被殺，其中大多數(shù)為婦女和兒童??”

“在阿米奇的大屠殺中，103名穆斯林被殺，其中包括33名婦女和兒童??”

在一個婦女駕駛戰(zhàn)斗機、經(jīng)營跨國公司的時代，這種將成年婦女與兒童歸為一類的慣常做法，怎能不讓人皺眉蹙額呢？在阿米奇好像也有70名成年男子被殺。那么有多少名成年婦女被殺呢？不清楚。在事態(tài)嚴重時，在鮮血開始流淌或者輪船開始沉沒時，你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)她們是和孩子們算在一起的。

孩子們之所以有權(quán)享受特殊照顧有兩個理由：無助和無辜。他們還不具備推理的能力或來自經(jīng)驗的智慧。所以，他們不能自衛(wèi)（不能照料自己），無可指責(zé)（不可能真正犯罪）。這就是我們給予他們特殊保護的原因。在緊急情況下，我們有責(zé)任先救他們，因為他們軟弱無助，已將生命交付于我們手中。在戰(zhàn)時，他們應(yīng)該受到特殊豁免權(quán)的保護，因為他們不可能會威脅或冒犯任何人。

“婦女和兒童”這句話將我們在五歲的孩子們身上看到的依賴性和道德上的單純也賦予了婦女。這樣一種態(tài)度在男性特權(quán)占統(tǒng)治地位的時代也許還講得通?？紤]到1912年時婦女被視為軟弱無能的情況，在安排救生船的座位時，確實不宜突然宣布一種性別平等的新標準。這種禮讓----同在公共汽車上給女士讓座一樣，只不過更有點緊迫----對當(dāng)時加在婦女身上的法律和社交限制是一種補充，或許在一定程度上是一種補償。

但我們正在進行廣泛的社會重組，在教育、就業(yè)、政府、管理、體育運動中給婦女以平等地位，在這樣一個時代，是什么使婦女享有兒童的特權(quán)，并將她們貶至兒童的地位呢？

進化心理學(xué)家們也許會說女士上救生船是一種為繁衍物種而形成的本能：婦女是必不可少的生兒育女者。如果全部婦女和只有為數(shù)不多的男子幸存下

來，一個村莊可以重新人丁興旺，但如果全部男子和只有為數(shù)不多的婦女幸存下來，情況則不然。因為從生物學(xué)的角度來講婦女比男子更為珍貴，所以進化論的影響使我們把給予未來的另一顆種子----兒童的那份保護生命的禮讓給予了她們。

然而，這種邏輯的問題在于它那種對婦女的簡單貶低令人沮喪。這完全像遺傳學(xué)家的那個老笑話----蛋要生蛋只有變成雞----的一種翻版。但人類絕不僅僅是下蛋的雞。傳統(tǒng)的禮讓絕不只是偽裝掩蓋下的生存策略。那我們?yōu)槭裁凑f“婦女和兒童”呢？

也許事實上是“婦女為了兒童”。最基本的親情紐帶來自于母親。父母同等的養(yǎng)育固然偉大，但是婦女，從哺乳、撫育到安撫的擁抱，能夠以男性做不到的方式養(yǎng)育子女。就這樣，因為我們珍視孩子，所以婦女就該位居其后。孩子們需要她們。

但是兒童中心論只能解釋到這一步為止。如果船上沒有孩子又會怎樣呢？你現(xiàn)在是在泰坦尼克III號輪上，這次是一群未婚者的航游。沒有孩子，沒有父母。瞧！撞上了冰山！快上救生船！馬上行動！

我的鏡頭設(shè)計是這樣的：男士們出于完全非理性的英雄主義，應(yīng)讓女士們優(yōu)先上船。而女士們出于純粹女權(quán)主義者的自尊，應(yīng)予以拒絕。

結(jié)果呢？僵局。這部電影怎么結(jié)局呢？它應(yīng)該怎么結(jié)局呢？快，輪船正在下沉。

Vocabulary

Ⅲ

1.complement 2.indispensable 3.privileges 4.strategy 5.constraints 6.entitled

7.survival 8.instinct 9.randomly 10.faculty 11.urgent 12.depressing

Translation

Ⅹ

兒童之所以又資格享受特殊的照顧基于兩種原因：不能自主和無知。他們既沒有推理的能力，也沒有實戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗。所以他們沒有防衛(wèi)能力，也不可指責(zé)。這就是我們給予他們特殊保護的原因。在緊急情況下，我們有責(zé)任先救他們，因為無助的他們已將生命交給了我們。

Ⅺ

1． The ability to fend for oneself is indispensable to any adult , but real maturity is more than just a set of survival strategies.2． On Children’s Day,kids are entitled to free entry to all the city parks.It’s a way of compensating them for the long hours they spend in school all your.3． You’re giving more priority to your personallife than to your studies.It’s no wonder your grades are suffering.4． Given that most women nowadays have jobs outside the home ,it’s natural that they object to their husbands treating them like housekeepers.5． Quite a number of American millionnaires owns at least two house and private plane.6． When John recovered unexpectedly from cancer,his doctors attributed it to his strong will and faith in the future.7． There is no practical reason to perpetuate the custom of opening doors for women,let alone the tradition of “women and children first”.8． Many feminists object to the notion that men can’t nurture children as well as women can

第四篇：大學(xué)英語第課后翻譯答案

1.她砰地關(guān)上門，一聲不吭地走了，他們之間那場爭執(zhí)就此結(jié)束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人對那個美國人威嚴的語氣感到有點意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.約翰尼已長大成熟，不再害怕獨自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.這封信必須交給威爾遜博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希雖然很想?yún)⒓愚q論，但靦腆得不敢開口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你覺得什么時候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)會上有人建議任命一個十一人委員會來制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)這些青年科學(xué)家通過現(xiàn)場觀察，獲得了研究工作所需的第一手資料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能會因視力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委員會成員在新機場最佳選址(location)這一問題上持有不同意見。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)品在許多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在當(dāng)?shù)匾患毅y行找到一份出納員的工作，但不久因不稱職而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明顯是他的年輕助手在經(jīng)營這家書店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.這項建議在會上一宣布，她就站起來提出異議。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏資金，他們正在想辦法吸引外資。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.這個房間有股霉味，一定是好久沒人住了。1)那小女孩跑得太快，身體一下失去平衡，跌倒了。3)千萬別說可能會被人誤解的話。4)我被他們互相矛盾的意見搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。6)體育代表團團長在少先隊員向他獻上一束鮮花時愉快地笑了。8)我相信比較高級的|(higher)|動物是由比較低級的|（lower）|動物進化而來|（develop from）|的這一學(xué)說。3)吉姆的朋友說，他們那個城市的噪音污染十分嚴重，但是他們只好忍著。4)湯姆起初認為，憑他的知識、技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗，一定能夠找到一份稱心如意的工作。5)冷靜耐心地處理這個微妙(delicate)問題是明智的。6)迪克以為，如果他拆不開那臺機器，那么很可能廠里別的工人也拆不開。7)你是否認為公共汽車司機應(yīng)對乘客的安全負完全的責(zé)任？ 1)在當(dāng)?shù)卣念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，村民們奮起應(yīng)付由水災(zāi)造成的嚴重糧食危機。2)這個展覽會很受歡迎，吸引著源源而至的參觀者。3)媽媽上樓來查看我們這些孩子時，我轉(zhuǎn)過身假裝睡著了

完形填空：

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing 1.她砰地關(guān)上門，一聲不吭地走了，他們之間那場爭執(zhí)就此結(jié)束。Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.2.出席晚宴的客人對那個美國人威嚴的語氣感到有點意外。The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.3.約翰尼已長大成熟，不再害怕獨自呆在家里了。Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone.5.這封信必須交給威爾遜博士本人。The letter is to be handed to Dr.Wilson himself.6.南希雖然很想?yún)⒓愚q論，但靦腆得不敢開口。While she felt like joining in the argument, Nancy was too shy to open her mouth.7.你覺得什么時候最有可能在家里找到他？What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at home? 1)會上有人建議任命一個十一人委員會來制定新章程。It was suggested at the meeting that a committee of eleven be appointed to make a new constitution.2)這些青年科學(xué)家通過現(xiàn)場觀察，獲得了研究工作所需的第一手資料。By making on-the-spot observations, the young scientists obtained first-hand information they needed in their research work….3)他很可能會因視力不好而被拒收入伍。It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight…….4)委員會成員在新機場最佳選址(location)這一問題上持有不同意見。The committee members have conflicting opinions as to the best location of the new airport.5)亨利創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)品在許多方面比他兄弟的要好。Henry's works of art are superior in many respects to those of his brother's……….1.She got a post as a cashier at a local bank.But she was soon fired because she proved to be incompetent.她在當(dāng)?shù)匾患毅y行找到一份出納員的工作，但不久因不稱職而被解雇了。2.It is obviously/clearly his young assistant who is running the book store.很明顯是他的年輕助手在經(jīng)營這家書店。3.No sooner had the proposal been announced at the meeting than she got to her feet to protest.這項建議在會上一宣布，她就站起來提出異議。5.Being short of funds, they are trying to attract foreign capital.由于缺乏資金，他們正在想辦法吸引外資。6.The room smells of stale air.It must have been vacant for a long time.這個房間有股霉味，一定是好久沒人住了。

1)那小女孩跑得太快，身體一下失去平衡，跌倒了。3)千萬別說可能會被人誤解的話。4)我被他們互相矛盾的意見搞糊涂了，不知如何去做才是。6)體育代表團團長在少先隊員向他獻上一束鮮花時愉快地笑了。8)我相信比較高級的|(higher)|動物是由比較低級的|（lower）|動物進化而來|（develop from）|的這一學(xué)說。3)吉姆的朋友說，他們那個城市的噪音污染十分嚴重，但是他們只好忍著。4)湯姆起初認為，憑他的知識、技術(shù)和經(jīng)驗，一定能夠找到一份稱心如意的工作。5)冷靜耐心地處理這個微妙(delicate)問題是明智的。6)迪克以為，如果他拆不開那臺機器，那么很可能廠里別的工人也拆不開。7)你是否認為公共汽車司機應(yīng)對乘客的安全負完全的責(zé)任？ 1)在當(dāng)?shù)卣念I(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，村民們奮起應(yīng)付由水災(zāi)造成的嚴重糧食危機。2)這個展覽會很受歡迎，吸引著源源而至的參觀者。3)媽媽上樓來查看我們這些孩子時，我轉(zhuǎn)過身假裝睡著了 完形填空：

一、1、bewildered

2、impressed

3、modest

4、profound

5、displayed

6、ambition

7、singled out

8、puzzle

9、capable

10、at ease

二、1、advertised

2、local

3、slim

4、apply

5、disapproval

6、consisted

7、attached importance

8、obriously

9、incommon

10、salary

11、praspect

三、1、action

2、obtain

3、humble

4、origins

5、go out of one’s way

6、conflict

7、acted on

8、own to

9、behind

四、1、surgical

2、confident

3、dwell on

4、emergency

5、sweat

6、competent

7、at one time or another

8、relax

五、1、moved in

2、waged 3.property 4.take a stand 5.drifted 6.trageday 7.prompt 8.impact 9.took to 10.get through to 11.run into 12.fussing

第五篇：新編大學(xué)英語4課文翻譯和課后習(xí)題答案

Unit 1享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？

1聽了一個有趣的故事會發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會使一個故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？

2我是第一次辨識出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。

3為什么聽我講完一個笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預(yù)報一樣呢？顯然，有些人對幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點有趣的事卻要費好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住?！庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學(xué)之類的才能一樣。一個真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個笑話，就會從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會上也往往是人們注意的焦點。這么說是有道理的。

4甚至有些動物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)?！?/p>

5典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個笑話便會很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強效果。6我們可以對幽默這種娛樂形式，進行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默?！盎鼊　笔亲蠲黠@的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀的每個講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆?！边@個笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個高雅的女人。這個笑話并沒有因為經(jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因為大家對這個笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。

8中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關(guān)個人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽

默形式。

9“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車慢慢停下來時，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)?！薄拔乙彩?，”第三位說道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧?！蔽覀冎郎狭四昙o的人往往耳背，因此會把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。

10著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道?！边@位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個傻瓜?！?這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因為它們貼近現(xiàn)實生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。

11雙關(guān)語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個詞的不同意思。有些批評家認為雙關(guān)語是最低級的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點。雙關(guān)語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關(guān)語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問題常使用雙關(guān)語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關(guān)語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時我聽到了下面這個謎語。一個人問：“什么東西整個兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報紙?！比绻阒涝谟⒄Z中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。

12DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語的特殊形式,其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個意思往往很不相同，一個比較恰當(dāng)，另一個往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長因看見學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對學(xué)生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場上接吻?！甭牭叫β暎庾R到她沒有把意思表達清楚，于是補充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了。”當(dāng)然，這個解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

13一些專業(yè)的幽默家認為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認為這不是幽默的過錯。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會繼續(xù)生存下去，只因為每天都有有趣的事情發(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。

Unit 4關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵孩子思考

1教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說,具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。

2如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會有遮護膠帶這種用品 了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當(dāng)時就職于“明尼蘇達制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時間改進了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

3現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認為，對待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認為，如果我們教育孩子進行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

4受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。

5創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。

6遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分數(shù)，強調(diào)閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會用它來解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。

7然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認識到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動結(jié)合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學(xué)生哥倫布何時發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會是如何。要回答這一問題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識。教師們認為即便學(xué)生的回答會很可笑，也毫無關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子，同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家認為必須創(chuàng)造一個可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

8在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的各種后果。家長還應(yīng)鼓勵孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑?。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z言能力和思維能力。

9具有幽默感對于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要創(chuàng)造往往也得如此。給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢；當(dāng)他們作出錯誤的決定時，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關(guān)系。因為富有創(chuàng)造力的人有很強的動力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個最重要的特點。

Unit 6風(fēng)險與你

1在說不定的某個時候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險也并非我們唯一會遇上的危險。現(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對我們生命的威脅，對我們平和心境的威脅，對我們家人的威脅，對我們未來的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時會不會遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。對生活中風(fēng)險的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通常可以求助于醫(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險時，事情就要困難得多，因為對許多風(fēng)險來說，情況并不那么簡單。風(fēng)險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車里，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內(nèi)安一個保險氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開車時，保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來絕不會發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險——與我們的每個業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說，與所進行的任何活動有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險，然后相機行事。例如，兩車相撞時，大車總的說來要比小車安全些?？删烤鼓馨踩嗌倌?？答案是這樣：在一起嚴重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風(fēng)險?。?。那么我們該怎樣確定什么時候值得為降低風(fēng)險增加花費呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風(fēng)險程度呢？有些人似乎認為答案只不過是一個簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎？未必。事實是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評估一種風(fēng)險時，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個比率或分數(shù)。該分數(shù)的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由于從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險程度都是由比率或分數(shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風(fēng)險）到1（完全風(fēng)險）之間。通過把所有風(fēng)險都簡化為這種比率或分數(shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風(fēng)險，如比較

采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動的風(fēng)險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風(fēng)險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠比采礦要多，其實后者的風(fēng)險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒踊蚯樾蔚奈ｋU性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險，你就會選擇風(fēng)險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會對高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險是永遠無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對安全的事，我們也就會明白問題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險。風(fēng)險管理需要兩大要素：常識以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。

unit7

我們這些教師對于在你們身上取得的教育成就一點都不感到自豪。

我們培養(yǎng)你們?nèi)ミm應(yīng)的是一個根本不存在的世界——事實上也是不可能存在的。在這里度過的四年時間里，你們一直以為失敗是不會留下任何記錄的。

要是學(xué)得不好，一個最省事的辦法就是中途退出（不修這門課），在布朗大學(xué)你們學(xué)會了這一點。

但是，從現(xiàn)在開始，在你們要涉足的世界里，失敗是要給你留下疤痕的。

知難而退也會使你變成另一個人。走出布朗，知難而退的人絕不是英雄。

你們可以跟我們爭辯，說服我們?yōu)槭裁茨銈兊腻e誤不是錯誤，為什么平庸的作業(yè)是優(yōu)秀的，為什么你們會對普普通通并不出色的課堂報告感到驕傲。

回想一下，畢竟你們中的大多數(shù)人在你們所學(xué)的大部分課程中都得了高分。

因此，在這里分數(shù)并不能作為區(qū)分優(yōu)秀學(xué)生與學(xué)業(yè)平平的學(xué)生的依據(jù)。

但是，今后，在你們所要去的世界里，你們最好不要為自己的錯誤辯護，而應(yīng)該從中吸取教訓(xùn)。

假如你們要求得到你們不該得到的表揚，詆毀那些不給你們表揚的人，這是不明智的做法。多年來，我們創(chuàng)造了一個完全寬容的世界。這里所要求于你們的僅僅是一點微不足道的努力。當(dāng)你們沒有按約定的時間赴約時，我們就再約時間。當(dāng)你們沒有按期交作業(yè)時，我們裝作不在乎。

更糟糕的是，當(dāng)你們的言談枯燥無味時，我們卻裝作你們說的是重要的事情；當(dāng)你們喋喋不休、不知所云時，我們認真傾聽，似乎你們說的東西事關(guān)重大；

當(dāng)你們把根本沒有花心思寫的作業(yè)扔到我們桌上時，我們不僅拜讀，甚至批改給評語，好像值得為你們這樣做似的。

當(dāng)你們犯傻時，我們裝作你們聰明過人；當(dāng)你們老生常談、毫無想象力、平平淡淡時，我們

卻裝作像在聽什么美妙絕倫的新鮮事情一樣；

當(dāng)你們要不勞而獲時，我們拱手奉上。所有這一切究竟是為了什么？

對這一切盡管你們可以想入非非，但我們決不是因為想要討你們的歡心，而是因為我們不想讓你們來啰唆。一個簡單的辦法就是作假：微笑，讓你們輕輕松松都得B。

在這一類的演說中人們往往習(xí)慣于引用，在此讓我來引用一個你們從來沒有聽說過的人的話，這個人是拉特格斯大學(xué)的卡特·A.丹尼爾教授。

他說：“大學(xué)毀了你們，讓你們閱讀那些不值得一讀的論文，聽那些不值得一聽的評論，甚至要去尊重那些無所事事、孤陋寡聞、極不文明的人。

為了教育，我們過去不得不這樣做，但是今后不會有人再這樣做了。

在過去的50年中，大學(xué)使你們喪失了得到充分培養(yǎng)的機會。

由于大學(xué)成了一個輕松、自由、包容、體貼、舒適、充滿樂趣、好玩的地方，它沒有對你們盡到責(zé)任。但愿你們今后好運?！?/p>

這就是為什么，在今天進行畢業(yè)典禮之際，我們沒有任何可引以自豪的東西。

哦，對了，還有一點。盡量不要像對待我們那樣去對待你們的同事和老板。

我的意思是，當(dāng)他們把你們想要但不是你們應(yīng)得的東西給了你們時，要善待他們，不要侮辱他們，不要在他們身上重演你們與父母之間的那種糟糕的關(guān)系。

這一切，我們也都忍受了。

正如我剛才所說的，這不是為了討你們的歡心。

有一些年輕人只能在同齡人的眼中找到自我，是一些愚昧無知的人，竟然膚淺到以為教授們關(guān)心的不是教育，而是自己的人緣。實際上，很少有教授在乎這類年輕人是否喜歡他們。我們?nèi)萑踢@一切，只是為了擺脫你們。摒棄我們在教學(xué)中給你們造成的這些假象，投身到真實的生活中去吧。