第一篇：【藝術(shù)類(lèi)院校大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè)】課文翻譯及課后答案

英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè) 課文翻譯及課后答案（9~16）

第九單元 歌劇的性質(zhì)

三百多年以來(lái)，歌劇已經(jīng)成為一種最吸引人的音樂(lè)娛樂(lè)形式。各具獨(dú)特的魅力與和他有關(guān)的一些分不開(kāi)——詠嘆調(diào)，歌唱家和角色，更不用說(shuō)它的首映夜了。卡門(mén)，咪咪，維奧萊塔，特里斯坦無(wú)論是在現(xiàn)實(shí)中還是故事中，是什么樣的人物能擁有一代又一代那么重視的觀眾呢？

歌劇就是演唱出來(lái)的戲劇。它把聲樂(lè)、器樂(lè)資源---獨(dú)唱家、合奏，合唱團(tuán)、樂(lè)隊(duì)、芭蕾與詩(shī)歌、戲劇、表演、啞劇、舞臺(tái)場(chǎng)景、還有戲服等辦法融合起來(lái)。把多種元素融為一體并不簡(jiǎn)單，這一點(diǎn)一直讓音樂(lè)史上一些最有聰明才智的人大傷腦筋。乍一看，歌劇似乎不太可能讓觀眾那么容易相信它。因?yàn)樗尸F(xiàn)給我們的是一些人沉浸在劇情中不用對(duì)話用歌聲來(lái)表達(dá)感情。有理由問(wèn)這樣一個(gè)問(wèn)題（從歌劇誕生以來(lái)文學(xué)家們既已經(jīng)尖銳地問(wèn)過(guò)了）：一種這么不自然的藝術(shù)如何讓人信服呢？這個(gè)問(wèn)題忽略了一點(diǎn)：讓藝術(shù)一直都具有激情的最基本的東西：不是去復(fù)制自然，而是提高我們對(duì)自然的意識(shí)。的確，現(xiàn)實(shí)中的人們不會(huì)對(duì)唱，也不會(huì)像莎士比亞筆下的人物那樣用無(wú)韻詩(shī)對(duì)話，他們也不住在為方便觀眾看見(jiàn)里面而缺少一面墻的房間里。所有的藝術(shù)使用一些藝術(shù)家和觀眾都能接受的傳統(tǒng)，歌劇使用的傳統(tǒng)比詩(shī)歌、繪畫(huà)、戲劇、或電影更明顯但本質(zhì)有不一樣。一旦我們已經(jīng)接受毯子能飛的事實(shí)，也就很容易相信它也可以帶上把王子的行李。歌劇在詩(shī)化的戲劇中具有獨(dú)特的作用。他利用人類(lèi)的聲音以其獨(dú)有的力量把人類(lèi)最基本的情感——愛(ài)、恨、妒嫉、快樂(lè)、悲傷對(duì)觀眾形成強(qiáng)大的沖擊?，F(xiàn)實(shí)的邏輯在歌劇的舞臺(tái)上被藝術(shù)超越現(xiàn)實(shí)的邏輯所替代，被音樂(lè)對(duì)心靈產(chǎn)生的力量所替代。

Structure

V.1.Paul couldn’t dance, neither could he sing.2.My bother Joe never learned to swim, neither does he want to start now.3.I was not surprised at the news and neither were my family.4.Cathy had hardly said anything today, neither had her mother.VI.1.those

2.those

3.ones

4.one

5.that

Translation

VIII.1.An opera is a drama that is sung.But they are not different in kind.2.He will give up the dream once he accepts the fact that he can’t be a good actor.3.Movie, opera, painting and poetry are all alluring forms of art.4.A special glamour of opera is that it combines the resources of vocal and instrumental music with other diverse elements into a unity.5.Mary does not like Ballet, nor does she like drama, not to mention opera.第十單元

威廉?莎士比亞

威廉?莎士比亞是世界上最偉大的劇作家和最好的用英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作的詩(shī)人。他也是最受歡迎的作家。沒(méi)有一個(gè)作家的作品像他那樣被如此多的國(guó)家的人廣為閱讀。威廉莎士比亞比別的作家更理解人。他創(chuàng)作出人物所具有的意義超越了劇本反映的時(shí)間和空間。這些任務(wù)是獨(dú)立的個(gè)人，他們?cè)谏钪锌範(fàn)幷?，向現(xiàn)實(shí)中的人們一樣，有時(shí)成功，有時(shí)又以痛苦和悲哀的結(jié)局告終。莎士比亞寫(xiě)了至少37部喜劇，表現(xiàn)了他在各方面學(xué)科的指示。包括音樂(lè)、法律、圣經(jīng)、軍事科學(xué)、舞臺(tái)、藝術(shù)、政治、海洋、歷史、狩獵和體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。莎士比亞出生在一個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)上的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭，18歲結(jié)婚后不久就離開(kāi)家鄉(xiāng)去了倫敦。幾年內(nèi)就成了倫敦城的注腳演員和劇作家。到16162年時(shí)，他已經(jīng)是英國(guó)最受歡迎的劇作家了。

威廉?莎士比亞是最偉大的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)天才。盡管今天的人們記住他是因?yàn)樗亲钤绲挠⒄Z(yǔ)劇作家，然而他早在16世紀(jì)90年代就因?yàn)槭闱樵?shī) 和敘事詩(shī) 而享譽(yù)世界了。在寫(xiě)出《亨利四世上篇后》他第一次作為劇作家獲得成功。接下來(lái)的二十多年，他寫(xiě)了一系列的廣受稱(chēng)贊的劇本，這些劇本大體上分三類(lèi)，歷史劇、喜劇、悲劇或悲喜劇。他的歷史劇和戲劇都很成功。但是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，莎士比亞的盛譽(yù)在于它在《羅密歐與朱莉葉》、《澳賽羅》和《哈姆雷特》等悲劇中對(duì)人物所作的深刻的探索。在統(tǒng)治了倫敦劇場(chǎng)20多年后，他回到了家鄉(xiāng)，過(guò)著比較安逸的舒適的生活，直到1616年去世。

Structure

V.1.The Americans spend Christmas Day just as Chinese People spend Spring Festival.2.English is taught in your country just as Spanish is taught in ours.3.Animals feel pain just as we do.4.He is keen on disco just as I am fond of classical music.VI.1.He was ill for about one month, which set him back a lot in his studies.2.It was raining hard, which kept us indoors.3.He said he had lost the book, which was untrue.4.Jim’s first novel was published, which may hardly believe it.Translation

1.He found a good job shortly after he arrived America.2.Shakespeare is not only the greatest playwright but also one of the most popular poet in the world.3.The earth runs around the sun just as the moon runs around the earth.4.He lived in relative ease and comfort in the countryside.第十一單元

假如你是個(gè)演員，在臺(tái)上忘了自己的臺(tái)詞，那你會(huì)怎么辦呢？

機(jī)智的反應(yīng)

有些劇目十分成功，以致連續(xù)上演好幾年。這樣一來(lái)，可憐的演員們可就倒霉了。因?yàn)樗麄冃枰灰惯B著一夜地重復(fù)同樣的臺(tái)詞。人們以為，這些演員們一定會(huì)把臺(tái)詞背得爛熟，決不會(huì)臨場(chǎng)結(jié)巴的，但情況卻并不總是這樣。

有一位名演員曾在一出極為成功的劇目中扮演一個(gè)貴族角色，這個(gè)貴族已在巴士底獄被關(guān)押了20年。在最后一幕中，獄卒手持一封信上場(chǎng)，然后將信交給獄中那位貴族。盡管那個(gè)貴族每場(chǎng)戲都得念一遍那封信，但他還是堅(jiān)持要求將信的全文寫(xiě)在信紙上。一天晚上，獄卒決定與他的同事開(kāi)一個(gè)玩笑，看看他反復(fù)演出這么多場(chǎng)之后，是否已將信的內(nèi)容記熟了。大幕拉開(kāi)，最后一幕戲開(kāi)演，貴族一個(gè)人坐在鐵窗后陰暗的牢房里。這時(shí)獄卒上場(chǎng)，手里拿著那封珍貴的信。獄卒走進(jìn)牢房，將信交給貴族。但這回獄卒給貴族的信沒(méi)有象往常那樣把全文寫(xiě)全，而是一張白紙。獄卒熱切的觀察著，急于想了解他的同事是否記熟了臺(tái)詞。貴族盯著白紙看了幾秒鐘，然后，眼珠一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)道：“光線太暗，請(qǐng)給我讀一下這封信。”說(shuō)完，他一下子將信遞給了獄卒。獄卒發(fā)現(xiàn)自己連一個(gè)字也記不住，于是便說(shuō)：“陛下，這兒光線的確太暗了，我得去把眼鏡拿來(lái)?！彼贿呎f(shuō)著，一邊匆匆下臺(tái)。貴族感到非常好笑的是：一會(huì)兒工夫，獄卒重新登臺(tái)，拿來(lái)

一副眼鏡以及平時(shí)使用的那封信，然后為那囚犯念了起來(lái)。

Structure

V.1.Mother insisted that we should be back before 9 in the evening.2.The teacher insisted that he should read the book once again before he writing the report.3.The monitor insisted that we should put on a short play at the English evening.4.The director insisted that the novel should be made into a film.VI.1.His reactions are so quick that no one can match him.2.He was so tired that he couldn’t wake up.3.They are such wonderful players that no one can beat them.4.He is such a marvelous joker that you can’t help laughing.VII.1.went on working 2.go on living 3.went on to tell 4.went on to show

Translation

IX.1.Some movies are so successful that they run for months on end.2.The actress will be cast in the role of a queen in her next film.3.He soon learnt the lines by heart.4.She nodded, smiled, and went on stitching.5.One would expect them to know their parts by heart.Yet this is not always the case.第十二單元

你知道嗎，第一批舞蹈大師是在意大利出現(xiàn)的，就連芭蕾這個(gè)詞也起源于意大利語(yǔ)，源生于動(dòng)詞“舞蹈”。你還想多了解一些舞蹈的知識(shí)嗎？

舞蹈簡(jiǎn)史 舞蹈的歷史和人類(lèi)在地球上生存的歷史一樣久，運(yùn)動(dòng)藝術(shù)是最古老的藝術(shù)之一，實(shí)際上這并不足為奇，因?yàn)槲覀冎車(chē)脑S多事物處于永恒的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)。江河奔騰，潮漲潮落，季節(jié)交替，日夜更迭。我們因害怕而哭喊，因吃驚而舉手，或者伸出手去擁抱所愛(ài)的人。處在一個(gè)自身運(yùn)動(dòng)的世界里，人們總是通過(guò)舞蹈跳出他們對(duì)于世界的情感。舞蹈的起源可追溯到史前時(shí)代。早在舞蹈成為復(fù)雜藝術(shù)之前，人們就喜歡搖擺，轉(zhuǎn)圈，踩出節(jié)奏，如同現(xiàn)在小孩仍在玩耍的那樣。意識(shí)到自然力的運(yùn)動(dòng)，史前人類(lèi)以各種方式舞蹈，他們希望這些方式能取悅那些力量或給這些力量以新的威力。獵人在出發(fā)狩獵前狂舞，武士在戰(zhàn)斗前跳舞。部落為驅(qū)除魔鬼，祈求神靈恩賜而舉行舞蹈。有祈求降雨的舞蹈，有慶祝豐收的舞蹈，有祝賀誕生的舞蹈。有表明青春期發(fā)育的舞蹈，有舉行婚禮的舞蹈，有舉行葬禮的舞蹈，也許還有只為娛樂(lè)而舉行的舞蹈。

從某種意義上說(shuō)，所有利用人體的運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的舞蹈都是相似的，但是由于人體活動(dòng)方式多種多樣，舞蹈在文化之間差異大得驚人。不過(guò)，根據(jù)其功能或目的，將舞蹈分類(lèi)還是可能的。例如，根據(jù)目的，舞蹈可分為三大類(lèi)：跳舞者自?shī)首詷?lè)的舞蹈，為取悅神靈的舞蹈，也有取悅別人的舞蹈。

象亞洲的大多數(shù)藝術(shù)一樣，亞洲舞蹈通常與宗教聯(lián)系在一起，或許具有懺悔祈禱的特征。印度舞蹈的某些形式成為精神舞蹈，因?yàn)橛《热讼嘈攀澜缡怯晌枭衤宓略?shī)華 創(chuàng)造的。印度人發(fā)展了舞蹈，它不僅包括胳臂和腿部的復(fù)雜活動(dòng)，還包括諸如頸、鼻、腕、眼等身體部位的活動(dòng)，這些活動(dòng)在西方舞蹈中并不受重視。古代西方文明中最有影響的要數(shù)希臘文明。希臘人相信舞蹈是受神靈的啟示而產(chǎn)生的，這種藝術(shù)在希臘宗教、教育和戲劇中起著舉足輕重的作用。

Structure

V.1.Finding the door unlocked, I went into the kitchen.2.Hoping to find buried treasure, he entered the cave.3.Wanting to do something useful, she taught some school children French free.4.Realizing that this was no ordinary fish, the fisherman made effort not to damage it.Translation

VIII.1.Customs vary greatly from country to country.2.The world population can be divided into 3 broad categories according to its skin color.3.The origins of Fine Arts are rooted in the prehistoric past.4.In the children’s minds, summer is associated with picnics.5.Dance played an important part in Greek religion, education, and theatre.第十三單元

著名勤奮的表演者，38歲的烏韋·素茲是芭蕾界赫赫有名的舞蹈指導(dǎo)兼芭蕾舞總監(jiān)。

為了心中的芭蕾

在德國(guó)如果一家歌劇院被迫精簡(jiǎn)，通常是舞蹈演員首先感到壓力。這便是萊比錫歌劇院的遭遇。有一個(gè)人對(duì)確保芭蕾舞團(tuán)的存活功不可沒(méi)。三十八歲的舞蹈指導(dǎo)兼芭蕾舞總監(jiān)烏韋·素茲因全力挽救萊比錫芭蕾舞團(tuán)及其對(duì)德國(guó)舞蹈事業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)剛剛獲得著名的德國(guó)舞蹈大獎(jiǎng)。身為古典舞及現(xiàn)代舞大師的烏韋·素茲被不少評(píng)論家譽(yù)為德國(guó)最佳舞蹈指導(dǎo)。他十八歲時(shí)發(fā)覺(jué)了自己對(duì)舞蹈的狂熱，對(duì)此至今仍津津樂(lè)道。

烏韋：我接觸舞蹈藝術(shù)就像處女成為母親，完全是機(jī)遇使然。我想對(duì)這問(wèn)題你可能會(huì)再問(wèn)我一次。每當(dāng)我編寫(xiě)舞蹈設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)，每當(dāng)我想到莫扎特及其音樂(lè)時(shí)，每當(dāng)我試著寫(xiě)出開(kāi)始的幾個(gè)舞步時(shí)，我便知道那是我的工作，是單純的跳舞遠(yuǎn)不能及的。三十來(lái)歲的烏韋·素茲已有二十二年的國(guó)際事業(yè)。自91年開(kāi)始他已是萊比錫芭蕾舞團(tuán)的芭蕾舞總監(jiān)兼主要舞蹈指導(dǎo)。他以自己對(duì)巴赫的創(chuàng)意激動(dòng)著評(píng)論家和觀眾。不久前他贏得蠻夷戲劇獎(jiǎng)，現(xiàn)在又獲得德國(guó)舞蹈大獎(jiǎng)。但盡管如此，多年來(lái)，烏韋仍要掙扎著維持公司，避免其成為萊比錫市嚴(yán)格、繁瑣的制度的犧牲品。

烏韋：由于萊比錫市的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況，我被迫或多或少去親自演出每晚的芭蕾，這樣一直持續(xù)了八年。我嘗試不一次次重復(fù)演出節(jié)目，以免讓觀眾厭倦。我想我一定有些瘋了，堅(jiān)持了這么久。那種斗爭(zhēng)是殘酷的，經(jīng)常是你死我活的斗爭(zhēng)。沒(méi)有正常人能夠忍受。

他還要再多捱兩年，然后與萊比錫市的合約才到期。他認(rèn)為到時(shí)的情況要看資金而定。因?yàn)榫退囆g(shù)上來(lái)說(shuō)呀幾乎愿為觀眾做一切演出，甚至是像《睡美人》這樣的老掉牙的戲。

Structure

V.1.Henry couldn’t take part in the sports meet because of his broken leg.2.We were sorry to hear that Mr.Davidson had to retire at the age of fifty because of his poor health.3.They didn’t go to the concert because of the storm.4.It was because of the noise that I didn’t fall asleep.VI.1.as far as I am concerned

2.as far as the acting and music are concerned 3.As far as ability is concerned

4.As far as we students are concerned

Translation

VIII.1.I have made sure that her conclusion was based on the facts.2.Uwe Scholtz, master of classical and modern dance hailed by many reviewers as Germany’s best choreographer.3.I’m forced to do more or less every ballet evening myself.4.I bumped into Sally purely by chance.5.We were thrilled to hear your wonderful news.第十四單元

你看過(guò)電影《臥虎藏龍》嗎？你知道誰(shuí)是這部電影的導(dǎo)演嗎？

導(dǎo)演李安

《臥虎藏龍》在星期日（美國(guó)當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間）贏得了四項(xiàng)學(xué)院獎(jiǎng)，其中包括最佳外語(yǔ)片獎(jiǎng)，最佳攝影獎(jiǎng)，最佳藝術(shù)指導(dǎo)獎(jiǎng)和最佳原創(chuàng)音樂(lè)獎(jiǎng)。星期一，美國(guó)洛山磯的華裔們涌出家門(mén)為導(dǎo)演李安喝彩，激賞他通過(guò)電影使中國(guó)文化引人注目。

1954年李安出生于臺(tái)灣。他于1983年畢業(yè)于紐約大學(xué)電影制作專(zhuān)業(yè)。在第二個(gè)兒子出生時(shí)，他在銀行里只有26美元的存款。李安在家里勞碌了六年，他一邊打理家務(wù)，一邊夢(mèng)想著自己的電影制作事業(yè)。李安的父親是個(gè)中學(xué)校長(zhǎng)，他總是為兒子設(shè)定很高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。因此，李安知道他命里注定得做大事。第二個(gè)兒子出生的那天，他意識(shí)到自己再不能整天在家洗盤(pán)子了。突然有了靈感，李安寫(xiě)了兩個(gè)劇本并把它們拿去參加比賽。讓他驚訝的是自己竟獲得了第一、二等獎(jiǎng)，還有16000美元的獎(jiǎng)金 —一筆可使他的劇本搬上銀幕的資金。有了這筆錢(qián)的資助,李安的好萊塢之夢(mèng)有了實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能?！锻剖帧泛汀断惭纭肥抢畎驳膬刹烤闹?，這兩部影片一經(jīng)上映便廣受好評(píng)。

在隨后的五年里，李安執(zhí)導(dǎo)了5部電影，其題材均是有關(guān)美國(guó)和英格蘭生活的故事。雖然李安在好萊塢已聲名鵲起，但他仍然心系東方文化。他渴望能用電影講述一個(gè)女子和一場(chǎng)寶劍爭(zhēng)奪戰(zhàn)的故事，來(lái)向西方的觀眾展現(xiàn)中國(guó)武術(shù)的魅力。過(guò)了好些年，李安才覺(jué)得自己足夠成熟去著手《臥虎藏龍》的制作。

這部電影的巨大成功讓蟄伏已久的李安得到了回報(bào)?！杜P虎藏龍》在北美贏得了一億多美元的票房收入。而他的運(yùn)途還不止于此。李安繼續(xù)制作其他的影片，其中《綠巨人》是（2003年）暑期的一部賣(mài)座電影，該片已經(jīng)賺了好幾百萬(wàn)美元。就是這樣的綠花花的美元確保李安在好萊塢有了未來(lái)而不必再在自家廚房里終日勞碌。

Structure

V.1.The man sat behind us, his dusty face masking his age.2.She noticed a man following her, her heart beating fast.3.The girl sat at the corner, tears streaming down her cheeks.4.The train being late, we missed our plane.VI.1.It was not until after his death that he was recognized as a talented artist.2.It was not until bedtime that Tom remembered to do his homework.3.It was not until recently that she knew much about computer.4.It was until after midnight that the party came to an end.Translation

VIII.1.The film Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon lets the western audiences see the beauty of Chinese martial arts.2.Not until he though of himself as a mature director did he undertake that film.3.She is always dreaming of making a name for herself in Hollywood some day.4.Ang Lee’s film Brokeback Mountain deals with the gay romance.This film won four best awards of the 63rd Golden Globe Awards, including the best director award for Ang Lee.5.The cast’s excellent performances assure the film’s success.第十五單元

你對(duì)電影節(jié)有所了解嗎？事實(shí)上，很多著名導(dǎo)演和演員都在追求下列電影節(jié)所頒發(fā)的獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。

電影 節(jié) 巡 禮

在某些特定的小鎮(zhèn)城市或者地區(qū)舉辦的電影節(jié)通常是一年一次或兩年一次的盛事，他們是新影片的展示會(huì)。大部分的電影節(jié)都包含競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的因素。影片被送交評(píng)委會(huì)審評(píng)，繼而一個(gè)或幾個(gè)獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)被評(píng)出。電影節(jié)也經(jīng)常是電影制造商與潛在的發(fā)行商會(huì)面并完成發(fā)行交易的市場(chǎng)。第一屆電影節(jié)是1932年在威尼斯舉辦的，當(dāng)時(shí)他是兩年一度的藝術(shù)節(jié)的一部分，旨在提高“新型的電影藝術(shù)在其他藝術(shù)中的地位”。1934年電影節(jié)重辦了一次，后他就成了獨(dú)立于兩年一度的藝術(shù)節(jié)的一年一度的盛會(huì)。

1951年舉辦了第一屆柏林電影節(jié)。其中三個(gè)電影節(jié)──嘎納電影節(jié)、威尼斯電影節(jié)、柏林電影節(jié)──現(xiàn)在是國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的三大電影節(jié)。盡管存在丑聞和政治混亂，例如這些不好的因素曾困擾過(guò)1968年嘎納電影節(jié)，1970年柏林電影節(jié)和1973年威尼斯電影節(jié)，但電影節(jié)的重要地位從未改變過(guò)。而他們的主要獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)──嘎納的金棕櫚獎(jiǎng)，威尼斯的金獅獎(jiǎng)和柏林的金熊獎(jiǎng)──仍然是電影獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)中的重要榮譽(yù)。

電影節(jié)現(xiàn)在遍布各地，目前世界范圍內(nèi)有四百多個(gè)電影節(jié)，并且每年的數(shù)量仍在增加。這種增加的一個(gè)原因是國(guó)家和地方政府都意識(shí)到電影節(jié)不僅會(huì)推動(dòng)文化的發(fā)展，而且會(huì)吸引游客。

盡管電影節(jié)不乏觀眾，但對(duì)于經(jīng)常出入電影院的觀眾來(lái)說(shuō)，他們并非十分吸引人。并且它們對(duì)于主流的好萊塢電影的巨大收益影響甚微。他們主要是展示藝術(shù)電影，、獨(dú)立的影片作品和非英語(yǔ)影片的地方。但是這些影片也依靠電影節(jié)來(lái)吸引大眾的主意。電影節(jié)也為在電影業(yè)中工作的人們提供了會(huì)面、交易和策劃新項(xiàng)目的機(jī)會(huì)。從這兩點(diǎn)上來(lái)說(shuō)，電影節(jié)有助于滋養(yǎng)電影業(yè)，并使他獲得勃勃生機(jī)。

Structure

Ⅴ.1.He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read.2.Hemingway won not only Pulitzer Prize but also Nobel Prize.3.Beethoven wrote not only long compositions but also short compositions.4.Christmas is not only a time for amusement, but also a day for family reunion.Ⅵ.1.What 2.that

3.that…which 4.what 5.that.Translation

Ⅷ

1.Cannes, Venice, and Berlin are currently recognized as the leading international film festivals in the world

2.On both points, then, film festivals help to nourish and revitalize the film industry.3.To governments, film festivals serve not only as a source of cultural development, but also as tourist attractions.4.Though film festivals rarely lack audiences, to some people, they are perhaps of limited interest

5.There are many excellent Chinese films have ever won the Golden Lion.第十六單元

勇敢的心

在《勇敢的心》這部影片中，梅爾.吉布森吉制片人、導(dǎo)演和主演于一身，震撼肋997年奧斯卡，奪得最佳影片和最佳導(dǎo)演獎(jiǎng)。影片的故事發(fā)生在13世紀(jì)后期，威廉.華萊士在異鄉(xiāng)生活多年后回到蘇格蘭的家鄉(xiāng)。蘇格蘭國(guó)王去世后沒(méi)有子嗣，于是暴虐的異教徒、英格蘭國(guó)王“長(zhǎng)腳愛(ài)德華”篡奪了王位。華萊士領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一支組織松散但勇猛無(wú)比的軍隊(duì)，立志要打敗強(qiáng)大的英格蘭軍隊(duì)。在著名的斯特靈戰(zhàn)役中，華萊士率領(lǐng)他的軍隊(duì)大勝英格蘭軍隊(duì)。華萊士被蘇格蘭貴族封爵，繼續(xù)將戰(zhàn)斗延伸到了蘇格蘭南部邊界，并且勇奪約克城。愛(ài)德華一世對(duì)始料不及的局勢(shì)感到震驚，由于不能依靠無(wú)能的兒子愛(ài)德華王子，長(zhǎng)腳國(guó)王將他的兒媳伊莎貝爾王妃派去與華萊士商討休戰(zhàn)。最終，華萊士戰(zhàn)敗，并被他的朋友出賣(mài)。

華萊士(對(duì)蘇格蘭貴族)：我和你們之間的不同在于，你們認(rèn)為這片土地上的人民活著就是為了確保你們的地位，而我則認(rèn)為你們享有的地位是為了讓人民獲得自由。我就是要確保他們擁有自由。

華萊士：蘇格蘭的子孫們，我是威廉華萊士。蘇格蘭人：威廉.華萊士身高七英尺！

華萊士：是的，我也聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，他殺過(guò)上百人！如果他在這里，他會(huì)從眼睛里噴出火球，把英格蘭人吞噬！（大笑）我就是威廉.華萊士！我看到在我眼前，一支眾鄉(xiāng)親組成的軍隊(duì)，立志要抗擊暴政。你們作為自由人來(lái)到這里參加戰(zhàn)斗，你們就是自由人。你們用那份自由干什么？你們?cè)敢鈶?zhàn)斗嗎？

蘇格蘭人：戰(zhàn)斗？為反抗暴政而戰(zhàn)斗？不，我們會(huì)逃跑，這樣才能活命。

華萊士：是的，戰(zhàn)斗，你可能會(huì)犧牲；逃跑，你會(huì)活下來(lái)，起碼活一陣子。很多年之后，你會(huì)死在你的床上，你是否愿意從今往后的所有這些年的時(shí)間來(lái)?yè)Q取一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)，就一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)---回到這里告訴我們的敵人，他們可以?shī)Z取我們的生命，但他們永遠(yuǎn)不能奪取我們的自由??！

Structure

1.Give him an inch, he will take a mile.Turn on the television or open a magazine, you will see advertisements showing happy, balanced families.Spare the rod, you will spoil the child.4

Imagine yourself to be successful, it may be true for you to succeed in your life.VI.1.Seeing

2.Seen

3.followed

4.Following

Translation

VIII.1.The president felt astonished by the unexpected terror attack on the eleventh of September.2.There is a great difference between how to read and how much you read.3.It is the director who leads her to the stage on which the best Oscar actress stands.4.In the past ten years, they had to rely on petrol for food.5.Medical scientists have made stunning achievements in fighting against diseases.

第二篇：新視野大學(xué)英語(yǔ)第一冊(cè)課后翻譯答案

新視野大學(xué)第三版英語(yǔ)課后翻譯原文及答案

Unit 1 原文：

Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher who is credited with laying the fundamentals(基礎(chǔ))of modern Western philosophy.He is a mysterious figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers, especially the writings of his most famous student Plato.Socrates has become well known for his contribution to the field of ethics.His method of teaching, known as the Socratic Method, by asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to explain ideas remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions.He also made important and lasting contributions to the field of epistemology（認(rèn)

識(shí)論）and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains a strong foundation for Western philosophy that followed.Socrates was the most colorful figure in the history of ancient philosophy.His fame was widespread in his own time, and his name soon became a household word although he constructed no philosophical system, established no school, and founded no sect(宗派).翻譯：

蘇格拉底是古希臘哲學(xué)家，被譽(yù)為現(xiàn)代西方哲學(xué)的奠基人。他是一個(gè)謎一般的人物，人們主要通過(guò)后來(lái)的一些古典作家的敘述，尤其是他最著名的學(xué)生柏拉圖的作品去了解他。蘇格拉底以他對(duì)倫理學(xué)的貢獻(xiàn)而聞名。他的教學(xué)法亦稱(chēng)為蘇格拉底法，即通過(guò)提問(wèn)和回答來(lái)激發(fā)批判性思維以及闡述觀點(diǎn)。該方法在各種討論中仍被普遍使用。他還在認(rèn)識(shí)論和邏輯領(lǐng)域做出了重大而深遠(yuǎn)的貢獻(xiàn)。他的思想和方法所帶來(lái)的影響一直是后來(lái)的西方哲學(xué)的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。蘇格拉底是古代哲學(xué)史上最豐富多彩的人物。他

在他那個(gè)時(shí)代已威名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)。雖然他未曾建立什么哲學(xué)體系，未曾設(shè)立什么學(xué)派，也未曾創(chuàng)立什么宗派，但他的名字很快就變得家喻戶曉了。

原文：

孔子是中國(guó)歷史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家（Confucianism）的創(chuàng)始人，被尊稱(chēng)為古代的“圣人”（sage）。

他的言論和生平活動(dòng)記錄在《論語(yǔ)》（The Analects）一書(shū)中?！墩撜Z(yǔ)》是中國(guó)古代文化的經(jīng)典著作，對(duì)后來(lái)歷代的思想家、文學(xué)家、政治家產(chǎn)生了很大影響。不研究《論語(yǔ)》，就不能真正把握中國(guó)幾千年的傳統(tǒng)文化?？鬃拥暮芏嗨枷?，尤其是其教育思想，對(duì)中國(guó)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。在21世紀(jì)的今天，孔子的學(xué)說(shuō)不僅受到中國(guó)人的重視，而且也越來(lái)越受到整個(gè)國(guó)際社會(huì)的重視。翻譯：Confucius was a great thinker and educator in Chinese history.He was the founder of Confucianism and was respectfully referred to as an ancient “sage”.His words and life story were recorded in The Analects.An enduring classic of ancient Chinese culture, The Analects has had a great influence on the thinkers, writers, and statesmen that came after Confucius.Without studying this book, one could hardly truly understand the thousands-of-years' traditional Chinese culture.Much of Confucius' thought, especially his thought on education, has had a profound influence on Chinese society.In the 21st century, Confucian thought not only retains the attention of the Chinese, but it also wins an increasing attention from the international community.Unit 2 Christmas is a widely observed cultural holiday, celebrated on December 25 by millions of people around the world.It commemorates（紀(jì)念)the birth of Jesus Christ.The festival dated from as early as 336 AD.Gradually it evolved into a religious as well as secular（非

宗

教的)celebration, celebrated by an increasing number of non-Christians.Today Christmas is observed as an important festival and public holiday around the world.Christmas customs differ in different countries.Popular modern customs of the holiday include an exchange of Christmas cards and gifts, Christmas singing, church attendance, the display of various Christmas decorations and trees, family gatherings, and a special meal preparation.To small children, the festival is full of fantasy and surprise.Legend（傳說(shuō))has it that Santa Claus will enter each house through the chimney and bring gifts to well-behaved children on Christmas Eve.Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival heighten economic activity among both Christians and non-Christians, the holiday has also become a significant event and a key sales period for businesses.翻譯： 圣誕節(jié)是一個(gè)被廣泛慶祝的文化節(jié)日，全世界有許許多多的人在1 2月2 5日慶祝這一節(jié)日。它是為了紀(jì)念耶穌基督的誕辰。該節(jié)日最早可追溯到公元3 3 6年。漸漸地，這一節(jié)日演變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)既是宗教又是非宗教的節(jié)日，越來(lái)越多的非基督徒也慶祝圣誕節(jié)。如今，圣誕節(jié)在全球被作為一個(gè)重大的節(jié)日和公共假日來(lái)慶祝。不同國(guó)家的圣誕節(jié)風(fēng)俗也各不相同。現(xiàn)代流行的圣誕節(jié)風(fēng)俗包括交換圣誕賀卡和圣誕禮物、唱圣誕歌曲、參加教堂活動(dòng)、擺放各種圣誕裝飾品和圣誕樹(shù)、舉行家庭聚會(huì)以及準(zhǔn)備一頓特別的大餐。對(duì)小孩子們來(lái)說(shuō)，這個(gè)節(jié)日充滿了幻想和驚喜。據(jù)傳說(shuō)，圣誕老人會(huì)在圣誕夜從煙囪進(jìn)入每戶人家，給乖巧聽(tīng)話的孩子帶來(lái)禮物。由于圣誕節(jié)送禮物以及許多其他方面推動(dòng)了基督徒和非基督徒的經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，圣誕節(jié)也因此成為商家的一個(gè)重大活動(dòng)和主要銷(xiāo)售季。原文：

每 年 農(nóng) 歷（Chinese lunar calendar）八 月 十 五 是我 國(guó) 的 傳 統(tǒng) 節(jié) 日 —— 中 秋 節(jié)（the Mid-Autumn Festival）。這時(shí)是一年秋季的中期，所以被稱(chēng)為中秋。中秋節(jié)的一項(xiàng)重要活動(dòng)是賞月。夜晚，人們賞明月、吃月餅，共慶中秋佳節(jié)。中秋節(jié)也是家庭團(tuán)圓的時(shí)刻，遠(yuǎn)在他鄉(xiāng)的游子，會(huì)借此寄托自己對(duì)故鄉(xiāng)和親人的思念之情。中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗很多，都寄托著人們對(duì)美好生活的熱愛(ài)和向往。自2008年起，中秋節(jié)成為中國(guó)的法定節(jié)假日 翻譯：

According to the Chinese lunar calendar, August 15 of every year is a traditional Chinese festival — the Mid-Autumn Festival.This day is the middle of autumn, so it is called Mid-Autumn.One of the important Mid-Autumn Festival activities is to enjoy the moon.On that night, people gather together to celebrate the Mid-Autumn Festival, looking up at the bright moon and eating moon cakes.The festival is also a time for family reunion.People living far away from home will express their feelings of missing their hometowns and families at this festival.There are many customs to celebrate the festival, all expressing people's love and hope for a happy life.Since 2008, the Mid-Autumn Festival has become an official national holiday in China.Unit 3 原文：

he London Underground is a rapid transit（交

通

運(yùn)

輸

系統(tǒng))system in the United Kingdom, serving a large part of Greater London.The underground system is also known as the Tube, due to the characteristic shape of the subway tunnels.It all started in the mid-1800s.The Tube wasthe world's first underground train system, with the first section opening in 1863.Since then it has grown to an underground masterpiece(杰作)of 12 lines, 275 stations, and over 250 miles of rail track, 45% of which is underground.It is the fourth largest metro system in the world in terms of route miles.It also has one of the largest numbers of stations.As an affordable and easy way to get around London, the Tube remains the first choice for millions of commuters each day, as well as tourists visiting the city on holidays.The Tube has been an international icon for London.The London Underground celebrated its 150 years of operation in 2013, with various events marking the milestone(里程碑).翻譯：

倫敦地鐵是英國(guó)的一個(gè)快速交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，服務(wù)于大倫敦的大部分地區(qū)。地鐵系統(tǒng)因其地鐵隧道的典型形狀也被稱(chēng)為地下管道。倫敦地鐵始建于19 世紀(jì)中期，是世界上最早的地下鐵路系統(tǒng)。它的第一段地鐵于1863 年開(kāi)始運(yùn)營(yíng)。自此，倫敦地鐵不斷延伸，發(fā)展成為一個(gè)包括12條線路、275個(gè)車(chē)站、鐵軌總長(zhǎng)超過(guò)250 英里的地鐵杰作，其中有45％在地下運(yùn)行。就路線長(zhǎng)度而言，它是世界上第四大地鐵系統(tǒng)，也是車(chē)站數(shù)量最多的地鐵系統(tǒng)之一。作為一個(gè)走遍倫敦的經(jīng)濟(jì)便捷的途徑，倫敦地鐵一向是每天數(shù)百萬(wàn)通勤者以及在節(jié)假日游歷倫敦的游客的首選。倫敦地鐵已成為倫敦的一個(gè)國(guó)際標(biāo)志。2013 年倫敦舉辦了各種各樣的活動(dòng)，慶祝地鐵運(yùn)營(yíng)150 周年，紀(jì)念這一里程碑。原文：

中國(guó)航天業(yè)開(kāi)創(chuàng)于1956年。幾十年來(lái)，中國(guó)航天事業(yè)創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)又一個(gè)奇跡。1970年，中國(guó)成功發(fā)射了第一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星，成為世界上第五個(gè)獨(dú)立自主研制和發(fā)射人造地球衛(wèi)星的國(guó)家。1992年，中國(guó)開(kāi)始實(shí)施載人航天飛行工程（manned spaceflight program）。2003年，中國(guó)成功發(fā)射了“神舟五號(hào)”載人飛船，使中國(guó)成為第三個(gè)發(fā)射載人飛船的國(guó)家。2007年發(fā)射了“嫦娥一號(hào)”，即第一顆繞月球飛行（lunar-orbiting）的人造衛(wèi)星。2013年，第五艘載人飛船“神舟十號(hào)”發(fā)射成功，為中國(guó)空間站的建設(shè)打下了基礎(chǔ)。翻譯：

China's space industry was launched in 1956.Over the past decades, China's space industry has created one miracle after another.In 1970 China launched its first man-made earth satellite, ranking China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch man-made earth satellites.In 1992 China began to carry out the manned spaceflight program.In 2003 China launched Shenzhou-5, a manned spaceship.The successful launch made China the third country to launch manned spaceships.In 2007 Chang'e-1, the first lunar-orbiting man-made satellite, was sent to space.In 2013 Shenzhou-10, the fifth manned spaceship, was launched successfully, laying the foundation for building the Chinese Space Station.Unit 4 原文：

As one of the first Europeans to travel across Asia through China, Marco Polo is perhaps the most well-known foreign merchant and voyager to the Chinese people.He traveled extensively（廣

泛地)with his family, journeying from Europe to Asia from 1271 to 1295.He remained in China for 17 of those years.His book The Travels of Marco Polo depicts his journeys throughout Asia, giving Europeans their first comprehensive look into the Far East, including China, India, and Japan.From his written accounts the Westerners learned of porcelain, coal, gunpowder, printing, paper money, and silk for the first time.The wealth of new geographic information recorded by Polo was widely used in the late 15th and the 16th centuries duringthe age of the European voyages of discovery and conquest（征服).In the centuries since his death, Marco Polo has received the recognition that failed to come his way during his lifetime.Marco Polo's story has inspired countless other adventurers to set off and see the world.譯：

作為通過(guò)中國(guó)游歷亞洲的首批歐洲人之一，馬可?波羅可能是中國(guó)人最熟知的外國(guó)商人和航海家。從1271 年到1295 年，他和他的家人游歷廣泛，遍及歐洲和亞洲。期間，他在中國(guó)留居了17 年。他的著作《馬可?波羅游記》描述了他游歷亞洲的旅程，讓歐洲人首次全面領(lǐng)略了包括中國(guó)、印度和日本在內(nèi)的遠(yuǎn)東地區(qū)的情況。從他的文字?jǐn)⑹鲋?，西方人第一次了解到瓷器、煤炭、火藥、印刷術(shù)、紙幣以及絲綢。在15 世紀(jì)末和16 世紀(jì)歐洲發(fā)現(xiàn)與征服的大航海時(shí)代，馬可?波羅所

翻記錄的大量新的地理信息得到了廣泛使用。在他去世后的這幾個(gè)世紀(jì)里，馬可?波羅獲得了他在有生之年未曾獲得的贊譽(yù)。馬可?波羅的故事鼓舞了其他無(wú)數(shù)的探險(xiǎn)者去踏上征程，發(fā)現(xiàn)世界。原文： 鄭和是中國(guó)歷史上最著名的航海家（maritime explorer）。公元1405 年，明朝的統(tǒng)治者為了穩(wěn)固邊防（border defense）和開(kāi)展海上貿(mào)易，派鄭和下西洋（the Western Seas）。在此后的28 年里，鄭和帶領(lǐng)船隊(duì)七下西洋，前后出海的人員有10 多萬(wàn)人，訪問(wèn)了30 多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)。船隊(duì)縱橫南亞、西亞，一直到非洲大陸。鄭和下西洋是世界航海（navigation）史上的壯舉，它展現(xiàn)了鄭和卓越的航海和組織才能，同時(shí)展現(xiàn)了明朝的國(guó)力和國(guó)威（national strength and prestige），加強(qiáng)了明朝和海外各國(guó)之間的關(guān)系。翻譯：

Zheng He was the most famous maritime explorer in Chinese history.In 1405 AD, the ruler of the Ming Dynasty sent Zheng He on a voyage to the Western Seas in order to strengthen border defense and develop trade by sea.In the following 28 years, Zheng He led his fleet, made seven voyages to the Western Seas with over 100,000 crew members in total, and visited more than 30 countries and regions.The fleet traveled far into South Asia and West Asia, and made all the way to the continent of Africa.Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas were a great feat in the world's navigation history.It showed Zheng He's outstanding navigation and organization talents;meanwhile, it exhibited the national strength and prestige of the Ming Dynasty, and strengthened the relationships between the Ming Dynasty and the overseas countries.Unit 5 原文：

The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC.The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 during a religious festival honoring Zeus（宙斯).The first modern Olympics were held in Athens, Greece, in 1896.The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games.The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris.Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony.The Winter Olympics debuted（問(wèn)世)that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon.Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.翻譯：

有關(guān)古代奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的最早文字記載可追溯至公元前776年。古代奧運(yùn)會(huì)每4年舉辦一次，在8月6日與9月19日之間的一個(gè)紀(jì)念宙斯的宗教節(jié)日期間舉行。第一屆現(xiàn)代奧運(yùn)會(huì)于1896年在希臘雅典舉辦。奧運(yùn)會(huì)的標(biāo)志由五個(gè)大小相同的套環(huán)組成，代表著五大洲的聯(lián)合和來(lái)自世界各地運(yùn)動(dòng)員的大聚會(huì)。奧運(yùn)會(huì)真正騰飛、成為一項(xiàng)國(guó)際體育盛會(huì)是在1924年之后，即第8屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)在巴黎舉辦之后。這一年，來(lái)自44個(gè)國(guó)家約3,000名運(yùn)動(dòng)員同場(chǎng)競(jìng)技，并且第一次在奧運(yùn)會(huì)上增加了閉幕式這一儀式。同年，冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)首次亮相，比賽項(xiàng)目包括花樣滑冰、冰球、雪橇和冬季兩項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。80年后，2004年夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)在相隔一個(gè)多世紀(jì)后再次在雅典舉辦，來(lái)自201個(gè)國(guó)家的近11,000名運(yùn)動(dòng)員展開(kāi)競(jìng)技，創(chuàng)下參賽國(guó)數(shù)量之最。原文： 太極拳（Tai Chi）是一種武術(shù)（martial arts）項(xiàng)目，也是一種健身運(yùn)動(dòng)，在中國(guó)有著悠久的歷史。太極拳動(dòng)作緩慢而柔和，適合任何年齡、性別、體型的人練習(xí)。太極拳既可防身，又能強(qiáng)身健體，因而深受中國(guó)人的喜愛(ài)。太極拳在發(fā)展的過(guò)程中，借鑒并吸收了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)哲學(xué)、醫(yī)術(shù)、武術(shù)的合理內(nèi)容（element），成為特色鮮明的一項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。作為中國(guó)特有的一種運(yùn)動(dòng)形式，太極拳也越來(lái)越受到眾多外國(guó)朋友的喜愛(ài)。翻譯：

Tai Chi is a kind of martial arts, and a fitness exercise as well.It has a long history in China.With slow and gentle movements, Tai Chi is suitable for people of any age, sex, or body type to practice.It can be used to provide self-defense as well as build the body.Therefore, it has become very popular among Chinese people.During its development, Tai Chi borrowed and absorbed desirable elements from traditional Chinese philosophy, medicine, and martial arts, and it has developed into a sport with unique features.As a unique sport in China, Tai Chi is also gaining increasing popularity among many foreign friends.Unit 6 原文： Gap year(間

隔

年)refers to a period of time

—not necessarily a year — in which students take time off and do something other than schooling, such as travel or work.The year out is most commonly taken after high school and before going to university.During this time, a student might travel, engage in volunteer work or undertake(承擔(dān))a working holiday abroad.A new trend is to participate in international education programs that combine language study, home stays, cultural exchange, community service, and independent study.The practice of taking a year out developed in the United Kingdom in the 1960s.It has grown very popular among students in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.In the United States, however, the practice of taking a year off remains the exception（例外).But in recent years, taking a year out has become slightly more common for Americans.Some 40,000 American students participated in 2013 in gap year programs, an increase of almost 20% since 2006.Universities such as Princeton University, Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have formal policies allowing students to defer(期)admission.翻譯：

延間隔年指的是學(xué)生休假不去上學(xué)而去旅游或工作等的一段時(shí)間，但不一定是一年。間隔年通常選在高中畢業(yè)和進(jìn)入大學(xué)之前的一段時(shí)間。在這段時(shí)間里，學(xué)生可以旅游、參加志愿者工作或者在國(guó)外邊打工邊度假。一種新潮流是參加集語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)、住家、文化交流、社區(qū)服務(wù)和自主學(xué)習(xí)于一體的國(guó)際教育活動(dòng)。間隔年的做法于20世紀(jì)60年代興起于英國(guó)。它在英國(guó)、澳大利亞、新西蘭和加拿大已經(jīng)變得非常流行。但是在美國(guó)，間隔年的做法仍然只是個(gè)別現(xiàn)象。不過(guò)近年來(lái)，間隔年對(duì)美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)變得稍微普遍起來(lái)。2013年有大約四萬(wàn)美國(guó)學(xué)生參加了間隔年活動(dòng)，比2006年增加了近20%。普林斯頓大學(xué)、哈佛大學(xué)、麻省理工學(xué)院等大學(xué)都有明文規(guī)定允許學(xué)生延遲入學(xué)。原文：

改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國(guó)的教育事業(yè)得到了快速發(fā)展，取得了引人矚目的成就。中國(guó)政府把教育擺在優(yōu)先發(fā)展的地位，堅(jiān)持科教興國(guó)（revitalize the country），全

面

提

倡

素

質(zhì)

教育(quality-oriented education)。同時(shí)，積極推進(jìn)教育公平，保障人人有受教育的機(jī)會(huì)。中國(guó)的教育成就反映在兩個(gè)不同的層面：一個(gè)是全面普及了九年義務(wù)教育（nine-year compulsory education），另一個(gè)是實(shí)現(xiàn)了高等教育大眾化（mass higher education）。教育的發(fā)展為中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。近年來(lái)，為適應(yīng)社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，中國(guó)政府不斷加快培養(yǎng)各領(lǐng)域的急需人才。翻譯： Since its economic reform and opening-up to the world, China's education has gone through rapid development and made remarkable achievements.The Chinese government gives top priority to the development of education, persists in revitalizing the country by science and education, and fully advocates quality-oriented education.Meanwhile, it actively promotes equality in education to guarantee everyone access to education.China's achievements in education can be reflected in two different layers: One is the popularization of the nine-year compulsory education;the other is the realization of mass higher education.The development of education has made significant contributions to China's economic development and social progress.In recent years, to satisfy the needs of social and economic development, the Chinese government has sped up the training of qualified personnel urgently needed in various fields.Unit 7 原文：

The belief in the freedom of the individual is probably the most basic and most strongly held of all American beliefs.The most important thing to understand Americans is probably their devotion（深?lèi)?ài))to “individualism”.They have been trained since very early in their lives to consider themselves as separate individuals who are responsible for their own situations in life and their own destiny.Americans view themselves as highly individualistic in their thoughts and actions.They resist being thought of as representatives of any homogeneous(由同類(lèi)組成的)group.When they do join groups, they believe they are special, just a little different from other members of the same group.Closely associated with the value they place on individualism is the importance Americans assign privacy.Americans assume people “need some time to themselves” or “some time alone” to think about things or recover their spent psychological energy.Americans have great difficulty understanding foreigners who always want to be with another person and who dislike being alone.翻譯：

在所有美國(guó)人的信念中，最基本、最強(qiáng)烈的信念可能就是崇尚個(gè)人自由。要理解美國(guó)人，最重要的也許就是了解他們對(duì)“個(gè)人主義”的熱愛(ài)。生活中他們很早就開(kāi)始受到教育，把自己看成獨(dú)立的個(gè)體，對(duì)人生中自己的處境以及自己的前途命運(yùn)負(fù)責(zé)。美國(guó)人認(rèn)為自己的思想和行為高度個(gè)性化。他們不愿被視為任何同質(zhì)群體的代表。如果確實(shí)加入了群體，他們也認(rèn)為自己有特別之處，與同一個(gè)群體中的其他成員有著些許的差別。與美國(guó)人對(duì)個(gè)人主義賦予的價(jià)值緊密相關(guān)的是他們對(duì)個(gè)人隱私的重視。美國(guó)人認(rèn)為，人“需要有自己的時(shí)間”或者“有時(shí)間獨(dú)處”，用來(lái)思考事情，或者恢復(fù)他們所消耗的心理能量。美國(guó)人很難理解那些總想與人結(jié)伴、不愛(ài)獨(dú)處的外國(guó)人。原文：

為人誠(chéng)信，以和為貴是中華民族的傳統(tǒng)美德?！昂汀钡乃枷塍w現(xiàn)在很多方面。在處理人與人的關(guān)系上，中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)思想主張“和為貴”以及“家和萬(wàn)事興”，從而創(chuàng)造一個(gè)和諧的社會(huì)環(huán)境。在人與自然的關(guān)系上，人類(lèi)應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會(huì)認(rèn)識(shí)自然，尊重自然，保護(hù)自然。人與人、人與社會(huì)、人與自然都需要“和諧”。如今，和諧發(fā)展依然是我們的治國(guó)之本和管理人才之道。隨著我國(guó)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化的發(fā)展，“和”的思想更加深入人心。中國(guó)正在向構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)的目標(biāo)邁進(jìn)。翻譯： Integrity and harmony are traditional Chinese virtues.“Harmony” is demonstrated in various aspects.In regard to interpersonal relations, traditional Chinese thoughts hold that “Harmony is most precious” and “A family that lives in harmony will prosper”.A harmonious social environment can be created based on these principles.As for relations between human beings and nature, people should learn to understand, respect and protect nature.Harmony is essential to interpersonal relations, relations between human beings and society, as well as between human beings and nature.Nowadays, harmonious development is still the way of running the country and managing talented personnel.With the development of China's society, economy and culture, the idea of “harmony” goes even deeper into people's hearts.China is on its way toward the goal of building a harmonious socialist society.Unit 8 原文：

As the world's only truly universal global organization, the United Nations(UN)has become the foremost forum to address issues that transcend(超越)national boundaries and cannot be resolved by any one country acting alone.The initial goals of the UN are safeguarding（保護(hù))peace, protecting human rights, establishing the framework for international justice and promoting economic and social progress.In recent years, the UN has been faced with new challenges, such as climate change, international terrorism and AIDS.While conflict resolution and peacekeeping continue to be among its primary efforts, the UN, along with its specialized agencies, is also engaged in a wide range of activities to improve people's lives around the world — from disaster relief, through education and advancement of women, to peaceful uses of atomic energy.The UN and its specialized agencies have helped the world become a more hospitable（熱

情

友

好的)and livable place and brought great benefits to people around the world.翻譯：

作為世界上唯一一個(gè)真正具有普遍性的世界組織，聯(lián)合國(guó)已經(jīng)成為處理超越國(guó)界、而且任何一個(gè)國(guó)家都無(wú)法獨(dú)立解決的問(wèn)題的首要論壇。聯(lián)合國(guó)最初的宗旨是維護(hù)和平、保護(hù)人權(quán)、建立國(guó)際公平正義的框架以及促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)進(jìn)步。近年來(lái)，聯(lián)合國(guó)又面臨著新的挑戰(zhàn)，諸如氣候變化、國(guó)際恐怖主義和艾滋病等?，F(xiàn)在，解決爭(zhēng)端及維護(hù)和平仍然是聯(lián)合國(guó)最主要的任務(wù)。除此之外，聯(lián)合國(guó)及其專(zhuān)門(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)還致力于各種旨在改進(jìn)世界人民生活的活動(dòng)，從賑災(zāi)到教育和婦女進(jìn)步，再到原子能的和平使用。聯(lián)合國(guó)及其專(zhuān)門(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)推動(dòng)世界成為一個(gè)更加友好、更加宜居的地方，為全世界人民帶來(lái)了福祉。原文：

新中國(guó)成立后，中國(guó)堅(jiān)持（persist in）獨(dú)立自主的和平外交政策，在外交領(lǐng)域取得了巨大成就。截至2011年，中國(guó)已與172個(gè)國(guó)家建立了外交關(guān)系（diplomatic relations）。近年來(lái)，隨著中國(guó)綜合國(guó)力的提升（enhancement），中國(guó)在國(guó)際事務(wù)中的作用越來(lái)越重要，中國(guó)的國(guó)際地位得到進(jìn)一步提升。在地區(qū)性事務(wù)中，中國(guó)積極推動(dòng)各種區(qū)域合作，為維護(hù)地區(qū)和平、促進(jìn)地區(qū)發(fā)展作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。中國(guó)外交（diplomacy）將高舉“和平、發(fā)展、合作、共贏”的旗幟（banner），在和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的基礎(chǔ)上，通過(guò)全面發(fā)展同各國(guó)的友好合作，為建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界作出不懈的努力（make unremitting efforts）。翻譯：

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China has persisted in the independent foreign policy of peace, and made tremendous progress in foreign affairs.By 2011, China had established diplomatic relations with 172 countries.Over recent years, with the enhancement of its comprehensive national strength, China has been playing an increasingly important role in international affairs, and China's international status has been further enhanced.In regional affairs, China actively promotes all kinds of regional cooperation.It has made important contributions in maintaining regional peace and promoting regional development.China's diplomacy will hold high the banner of “peace, development, cooperation and mutual benefit”.On the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and through all-round and friendly cooperation with various countries, China will make unremitting efforts to build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity.

第三篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第一冊(cè)英語(yǔ)課后翻譯答案

無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán)

Unit 1 英語(yǔ)期末考試翻譯背誦

1、史密斯太太對(duì)我抱怨說(shuō)，她經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)與自己的十六歲女兒簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法溝通。

Mrs.Smith complained to me that she often found it simply impossble to commynicate with her 16-year-old daughter.2、我堅(jiān)信，閱讀簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)的（simplified）英文小說(shuō)是擴(kuò)大我們?cè)~匯量的一種輕松愉快的方法。

I firmly believe that reading simplified English novels is an easy and enjoyable way of enlarging our vocabulary.3、我認(rèn)為我們?cè)诒Ｗo(hù)環(huán)境不受污染（pollution）方面還做得不夠。

I don’t think we’re doing enough to protect our environment from pollution.4、除了每周寫(xiě)作文外，我們的英語(yǔ)老師還給我們布置了八本書(shū)在暑假里閱讀。

In addition to /Apart from writing compositions on a weekly basis ,our English teacher assigned us eight books to read during the summer vacation.5、我們從可靠的消息來(lái)源獲悉下學(xué)期一位以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的人將要教我們英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)。

We’ve learned from reliable sources that a native English speaker is going to teach us spoken English next term/semester.6、經(jīng)?？从⒄Z(yǔ)電影不僅會(huì)提高你的聽(tīng)力，而且還會(huì)幫助你培養(yǎng)說(shuō)的技能。

Seeing English movies on a regular basis will not only improve your ear , but will also help you build your speaking skills.7、如果你們對(duì)這些學(xué)習(xí)策略有什么問(wèn)題，請(qǐng)隨便問(wèn)我。我將更詳細(xì)地進(jìn)行講解。

If you have any questions about these learning strategies, please feel free to ask me.And I’ll explain them in greater detail.8、那個(gè)加拿大女孩善于抓住每個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)講漢語(yǔ)，這就是她為什么三年不到就熟練地掌握了漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的原因。The Canadian girl is good at seizing every opportunity to speak Chinese.That’s why she has gained a good command of spoken Chinese in less than three years.Unit 2

1、幸好附近有家醫(yī)院，我們立刻把他送到了醫(yī)院。

Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at once.2、勝利登上喬治島后，船長(zhǎng)向指揮部發(fā)了一份無(wú)線電報(bào)。

After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to his headquarters.3、他決心繼續(xù)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)，不過(guò)這次他將用另一種辦法來(lái)做。

He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he’ll do it another way.4、她讀這部小說(shuō)時(shí)，不禁想起了她在農(nóng)村度過(guò)的那五年。

When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside.5、瑪麗覺(jué)得單靠自己的力量執(zhí)行她的計(jì)劃是困難的。

Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself.6、我們認(rèn)為他不能在一刻鐘內(nèi)走完那段距離，但他卻成功地做到了這一點(diǎn)。

We didn't think he could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, but he succeeded in doing it.7、甚至在他的醫(yī)生告訴他患有肺癌之后，奇切斯特仍不肯放棄環(huán)球航行的宿愿。

Even after his doctor told him he had lung cancer, Chichester would not give up his old dream of sailing round the world.8、我正忙著在做一種新的捕鼠(rats)裝置時(shí)，馬克走來(lái)拖著我出去看花展了。

I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flower show.無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán) 無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán)

Unit 3

1、那位演員似乎很樂(lè)意在劇中扮演一個(gè)次要角色。

That famous actor seemed content to play a minor part in the play.2、國(guó)慶節(jié)要到了，咱們把寢室徹底打掃一下吧。

National day is round the corner.Let’s give our bedroom a thorough clean.3、她非常勉強(qiáng)地同意讓一位年青的醫(yī)生為她作手術(shù)。

She agreed, very reluctantly, to be operated on by a young doctor.4、他們已安排好讓我們明天去游覽長(zhǎng)城，我相信我們?cè)谀莾阂欢〞?huì)玩得很開(kāi)心。

They’ve arranged for us to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.I’m sure we’ll have a good time there(we’ll enjoy ourselves there).5、老人讀完信后失望之極，竟用顫抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。

After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits with trembling fingers.6、老兩口為他們的孫子感到驕傲，因?yàn)樗诘诙鶎脢W運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得了兩塊金牌和一枚銅牌。

The old couple were proud of their grandson, who got/won two gold medals and one bronze medal at the 26rd Olympic Games.7、即使他的祖母不能來(lái)參加他的生日宴會(huì)，她也會(huì)寄給他一件可愛(ài)的禮物。對(duì)這一點(diǎn)湯姆深信不疑。

Even if his grandmother could not come to his birthday party, she would send him a lovely present.Tom was sure of that.8、昨天是瑪麗的二十歲生日。她父親寄給她一雙靴子，她母親為她買(mǎi)了一盒巧克力糖。而她的男朋友則給她一束紅玫瑰。

It was Mary’s twentieth birthday yesterday.Her father sent her a pair of boots.Her mother bought her a box of chocolates.And her boy friend brought her a bunch of red roses

Unit 4

1、接受這份工作就得經(jīng)常在周末上班，但約翰并不在意。

To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind.2、眾所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸煙過(guò)多而引起的。

It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much..3、我祖父母說(shuō)，發(fā)明電視的那個(gè)人曾住在他們那個(gè)地段。

My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood.4、我提議咱們會(huì)后馬上去辦公室找史斯密教授，邀請(qǐng)他參加我們的英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)。

I propose that we go to find Prof.Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening.5、她因那病開(kāi)過(guò)兩次刀，身體十分虛弱，幾乎站不起來(lái)。

Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.6、教育家們認(rèn)為，伴隨著電視機(jī)長(zhǎng)大的一代人，在電視機(jī)前花的時(shí)間太多，以致沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)了。Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study.7、我真希望你能拿出一個(gè)比這更好的解決辦法來(lái)。

I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this

無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán) 無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán)

8、乍一看，這幅畫(huà)并不好，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)觀察，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)它的的確觀察，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)它的確是一幅杰作。At first glance the picture didn’t look very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.Unit 5

1、史密斯醫(yī)生從窗口望出去，突然看到一個(gè)年輕人正向他的診所奔來(lái)。

Looking out of the window, Dr.Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic.2、艾米過(guò)去除了咖啡什么都不喝。Amy used to drink nothing but coffee.3、邁拉得知丈夫在事故中受了傷便哭了起來(lái)。

Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident.4、我們好幾天沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)懷特小姐了。她是病倒了還還是怎么了？

W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days.Has she fallen ill of something?

5、研究所所長(zhǎng)親自查明一切都沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。

The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right.6、倫尼今天早晨上學(xué)又遲到了。他應(yīng)該早一點(diǎn)起床的?？隙ㄊ亲蛲硭锰t了。

Lennie was late for school again this morning.He ought to /should have got up earlier.He must have stayed up too late last night.7、嗨，你不應(yīng)該把那些孩子趕跑。他們是來(lái)幫忙的，不是來(lái)?yè)v蛋的。

Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids.They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble.8、對(duì)護(hù)士來(lái)說(shuō)，堅(jiān)持這項(xiàng)規(guī)定是很重要的。It is important for nurses to stick to this rule.Unit 6

1、據(jù)報(bào)道，那條鐵路曾因洪水而停止修建。

It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood.2、罷工結(jié)果，資方接受了工人的要求。

The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands.3、煤礦工人們決定為爭(zhēng)取更好的工作條件舉行罷工。

The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions.4、我很想買(mǎi)下這本英文詞典，遺憾的是我身上帶的錢(qián)不夠。

I’d like very much to buy the English dictionary Unfortunately , I haven’t got enough money on me.5、我想先和你討論一下這篇文章的英譯稿，然后再把它寄給霍布斯先生。

I’d like to talk over with you the English translation of the article before sending it to Mr.Hobbs

6、那位外國(guó)專(zhuān)家希望在三年內(nèi)達(dá)到所有的目標(biāo)。

The Blacks happened to be at the cinema when their house caught fire.7、一個(gè)科學(xué)家要跟上本領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展，你認(rèn)為必須做些什么？

What do you think a scientist must do in order to keep up with the latest developments in his field?

8、作者認(rèn)為，如果優(yōu)秀工人經(jīng)常得到加薪和提級(jí)，他們就會(huì)有更大的生產(chǎn)積極性。

The author thinks that if excellent workers get frequent pay increases and promotions, they will have greater incentive to produce.無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán) 無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán)

Unit 7

1、薩姆買(mǎi)不起他極想要那種照相機(jī)，因?yàn)槟窍鄼C(jī)太貴了。

Sam could not afford(to buy)the camera he longed for because it was too expensive.2、整個(gè)上午他都在忙驚天動(dòng)地寫(xiě)那篇故事，只是偶爾停下來(lái)喝杯茶。

He was busy writing the story all the morning , only breaking off occasionally to have some tea.3、他是個(gè)富人家的兒子，不過(guò)看上去已經(jīng)家道中落了。

He is the son of a wealthy family, but he seems to have come down in the world.4、他常利用她缺乏(lack)生意頭腦(business sense)而欺騙她。He often took advantage of her lack of business sense to cheat her.5、王教授，請(qǐng)您賞光來(lái)參加我們星期六的英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)好嗎？

Prof.Wang , would you do us a favor by coming to our English evening this Saturday?

6、看外表他一點(diǎn)也不像是個(gè)八十多歲的老人。

He does not seem to be an old man in his eighties, considering his appearance.7、他們肯定沒(méi)打算把他培養(yǎng)成一名工程師，我猜想他們永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)這樣做。

Undoubtedly they do not have the intention of making an engineer of him, and I suspect they never will.8、我懷疑這家工廠什么質(zhì)量控制也沒(méi)有。經(jīng)過(guò)一周的觀察，我發(fā)現(xiàn)情況果真如此。

I suspected there was no quality control whatsoever in the factory.After making observations for a week I found it was indeed the cases.Unit 8

1、她彎腰撿起手帕在桌子上把它弄平。

She stooped to pick up the handkerchief and smoothed it out on the table.2、他那句話的含意是他想在政府部門(mén)找個(gè)工作。

The implication of his statement is that he'd like a job in a government department.3、她停頓了一會(huì)，用一塊小手帕擦了擦嘴，然后又繼續(xù)給我們講襯衫廠里發(fā)生的事情。

She paused a moment, wiped her mouth with a small handkerchief and then went on to tell us what had happened in the shirt factory.4、亞當(dāng)斯先生發(fā)現(xiàn)他十三歲的兒子正從他的皮夾子里偷錢(qián)大為震驚。

Mr.Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet.5、“請(qǐng)不要打斷我，”亞當(dāng)斯先生對(duì)妻子說(shuō)：“我正在跟湯姆談他剛才做的事情?！?/p>

“Please do not interrupt me , ” said Mr.Adams to his wife.“I’m talking to Tom about what he was just done.”

6、我怎么能為他講的話負(fù)責(zé)呢？

How can I be responsible for what he says?

7、小男孩急于想減輕那位婦人的痛苦，但不知道該怎么辦。

The young boy was eager to make the woman less unhappy, but he did not know what to do.8、他努力控制住自己的感情，假超前享受沒(méi)有聽(tīng)見(jiàn)那個(gè)令人悲痛的消息。With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news.Unit 9

1、某些化學(xué)藥品不該混和在一起，因?yàn)樗鼈兛赡芤饎×业姆磻?yīng)。

Certain chemicals should not be mixed, as they may have a violent reaction.2、最近的事件證明他們對(duì)政府新的外交政策所持的態(tài)度是正確的。

Recent events have proved that their attitude to the government's new foreign policy is correct.無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán) 無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán)

3、這位古希臘哲學(xué)家似乎能夠用簡(jiǎn)單的文字表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想。

This philosopher of ancient Greece seemed able to put complicated thoughts into simple words.4、那個(gè)國(guó)家一再卷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

Over and over again, the nation has got involved in foreign wars.5、我們就這個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了一番非常熱烈的討論，然而要確切地說(shuō)出每個(gè)人講了些什么卻不容易。

We had a very heated discussion about the question.However, it’s not easy to tell exactly what each person said.6、在過(guò)去二十年中，對(duì)于癌的起因的研究在數(shù)量上有了很大的增長(zhǎng)。

In the past twenty years, there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the cause of cancer.7、人們學(xué)習(xí)的能力似乎是無(wú)限的。

There seems to be no limit to human beings' ability to learn.8、科學(xué)家們一致認(rèn)為更好地了解人腦將有助于人們充分利用其無(wú)限的潛力。

Scientists all agree that a better understanding of the human brain will help man to make full se of its limitless potential.Unit 10

1、教授走進(jìn)教室時(shí)，我們正興致勃勃地討論中東的形勢(shì)。

We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in the Middle East when the professor walked into the classroom.2、一輛卡車(chē)駛進(jìn)了學(xué)校積雪覆蓋的操場(chǎng)。

A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school.3、午夜后某個(gè)時(shí)候，敵人被迫撤退了。

Sometime after midnight, the enemy was/were forced to retreat.4、就是在那間斗室里，他們勤奮地工作著，憧憬著美好的未來(lái)。

It was in that small room that they worked diligently and dreamed of better days to come.5、老太太聽(tīng)到鈴響，便從椅子上站起來(lái)，向門(mén)口走去。

When she heard the bell ringing, the old lady rose from her chair and made her way to the door.6、經(jīng)過(guò)一天的戰(zhàn)斗，我們的士兵成功地占領(lǐng)了敵人的一些重要陣地。

After a day’s fight, our soldiers succeeded in taking over some important enemy positions.7、老婦人憤憤地大聲叫喊說(shuō)，那個(gè)女店員欺騙了她。

The elderly woman angrily exclaimed that she had been cheated by the shop girl.8、我上汽車(chē)不久就注意到一個(gè)外貌很怪的男人。他穿著一件不合身的上衣，一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐在位子上。

Soon after I boarded the bus, I noticed a strange-looking man.He wore an ill-fitting coat, and sat rooted in his seat.無(wú)非（1）班委團(tuán)

第四篇：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)精讀第三版第一冊(cè)英語(yǔ)課后翻譯答案

Unit 1

1、他這次考試的失敗使他意識(shí)到定期復(fù)習(xí)功課的重要。

His failure in the exam has made him aware of the importance of reviewing his lessons regularly.2、請(qǐng)一定不要忘記離家前你父母對(duì)你說(shuō)過(guò)的話。

Be sure not to forget what your parents said to you before you left home.3、我確信她的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)對(duì)這項(xiàng)工作來(lái)說(shuō)是足夠的了。I'm sure her knowledge of English is adequate for the job.4、這篇文章的目的是告訴學(xué)生怎樣培養(yǎng)良好的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

The purpose of this article is to tell the students how to develop good study habits.5、在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，人們?cè)絹?lái)越多地依靠計(jì)算機(jī)(computers)來(lái)解決各種各樣的問(wèn)題。

In our age, people depend more and more on computers to solve various kinds of difficult problems.6、略讀不僅可以幫助你對(duì)將要閱讀的東西有所了解，還可以幫助你讀得快些，提高你的閱讀理解力。

Skimming not only helps you get some idea of what you are going to read but also helps you read faster and improve your comprehension.7、有些人以為男孩子比女孩子聰明。然而，事實(shí)未必如此。

Some people believe that boys are cleverer than girls.This is not necessarily the case, however.8、即使智力一般的學(xué)生也可以通過(guò)改進(jìn)學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣習(xí)慣而成為優(yōu)等生。

Even students of average intelligence can become top students by improving their study habits.Unit 2

1、幸好附近有家醫(yī)院，我們立刻把他送到了醫(yī)院。

Fortunately there was a hospital nearby and we took him there at one.2、勝利登上喬治島后，船長(zhǎng)向指揮部發(fā)了一份無(wú)線電報(bào)。

After succeeding in landing on George Island, the captain sent a radio message to his headquarters.3、他決心繼續(xù)他的實(shí)驗(yàn)，不過(guò)這次他將用另一種辦法來(lái)做。

He is determined to continue his experiment but this time he’ll do it another way.4、她讀這部小說(shuō)時(shí)，不禁想起了她在農(nóng)村度過(guò)的那五年。

When she read the novel, she couldn’t help thinking of the five years she had spent in the countryside.5、瑪麗覺(jué)得單靠自己的力量執(zhí)行她的計(jì)劃是困難的。Mary thought it difficult to carry out her plan all by herself.6、我們認(rèn)為他不能在一刻鐘內(nèi)走完那段距離，但他卻成功地做到了這一點(diǎn)。

We didn't think he could cover the distance in a quarter of an hour, but he succeeded in doing it.7、甚至在他的醫(yī)生告訴他患有肺癌之后，奇切斯特仍不肯放棄環(huán)球航行的宿愿。

Even after his doctor told him he had lung cancer, Chichester would not give up his old dream of sailing round the world.8、我正忙著在做一種新的捕鼠(rats)裝置時(shí)，馬克走來(lái)拖著我出去看花展了。

I was busy making a new device for catching rats when Mark came and dragged me out to a flower show.Unit 4

1、接受這份工作就得經(jīng)常在周末上班，但約翰并不在意。

To take this job would involve working on weekends frequently, but John didn’t mind.2、眾所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸煙過(guò)多而引起的。

It is well know that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much..3、我祖父母說(shuō)，發(fā)明電視的那個(gè)人曾住在他們那個(gè)地段。

My grandparents said that the man who invented television had once lived in their neighborhood.4、我提議咱們會(huì)后馬上去辦公室找史斯密教授，邀請(qǐng)他參加我們的英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)。

I propose that we go to find Prof.Smith in his office right after the meeting and invite him to our English evening.5、她因那病開(kāi)過(guò)兩次刀，身體十分虛弱，幾乎站不起來(lái)。

Having been operated on twice for the disease, she was so weakened that she could barely stand up.6、教育家們認(rèn)為，伴隨著電視機(jī)長(zhǎng)大的一代人，在電視機(jī)前花的時(shí)間太多，以致沒(méi)有足夠的時(shí)間學(xué)習(xí)了。

Educators think that the generation growing up with television spend so much of their time in front of the TV that they do not have enough time to study.7、我真希望你能拿出一個(gè)比這更好的解決辦法來(lái)。I do hope that you can come up with a better solution than this.8、乍一看，這幅畫(huà)并不好，但經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)觀察，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)它的的確觀察，我們才發(fā)現(xiàn)它的確是一幅杰作。At first glance the picture didn’t look very good, but after examining it carefully we found that it was indeed a masterpiece.Unit 7

1、薩姆買(mǎi)不起他極想要那種照相機(jī)，因?yàn)槟窍鄼C(jī)太貴了。

Sam could not afford(to buy)the camera he longed for because it was too expensive.2、整個(gè)上午他都在忙驚天動(dòng)地寫(xiě)那篇故事，只是偶爾停下來(lái)喝杯茶。

He was busy writing the story all the morning , only breaking off occasionally to have some tea.3、他是個(gè)富人家的兒子，不過(guò)看上去已經(jīng)家道中落了。

He is the son of a wealthy family, but he seems to have come down in the world.4、他常利用她缺乏(lack)生意頭腦(business sense)而欺騙她。He often took advantage of her lack of business sense to cheat her.5、王教授，請(qǐng)您賞光來(lái)參加我們星期六的英語(yǔ)晚會(huì)好嗎？

Prof.Wang , would you do us a favor by coming to our English evening this Saturday?

6、看外表他一點(diǎn)也不像是個(gè)八十多歲的老人。

He does not seem to be an old man in his eighties, considering his appearance.7、他們肯定沒(méi)打算把他培養(yǎng)成一名工程師，我猜想他們永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)這樣做。

Undoubtedly they do not have the intention of making an engineer of him, and I suspect they never will.8、我懷疑這家工廠什么質(zhì)量控制也沒(méi)有。經(jīng)過(guò)一周的觀察，我發(fā)現(xiàn)情況果真如此。

I suspected there was no quality control whatsoever in the factory.After making observations for a week I found it was indeed the cases.Unit 9

1、某些化學(xué)藥品不該混和在一起，因?yàn)樗鼈兛赡芤饎×业姆磻?yīng)。Certain chemicals should not be mixed, as they may have a violent reaction.2、最近的事件證明他們對(duì)政府新的外交政策所持的態(tài)度是正確的。

Recent events have proved that their attitude to the government's new foreign policy is correct.3、這位古希臘哲學(xué)家似乎能夠用簡(jiǎn)單的文字表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想。

This philosopher of ancient Greece seemed able to put complicated thoughts into simple words.4、那個(gè)國(guó)家一再卷入戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

Over and over again, the nation has got involved in foreign wars.5、我們就這個(gè)問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了一番非常熱烈的討論，然而要確切地說(shuō)出每個(gè)人講了些什么卻不容易。We had a very heated discussion about the question.However, it’s not easy to tell exactly what each person said.6、在過(guò)去二十年中，對(duì)于癌的起因的研究在數(shù)量上有了很大的增長(zhǎng)。

In the past twenty years, there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the cause of cancer.7、人們學(xué)習(xí)的能力似乎是無(wú)限的。

There seems to be no limit to human beings' ability to learn.8、科學(xué)家們一致認(rèn)為更好地了解人腦將有助于人們充分利用其無(wú)限的潛力。

Scientists all agree that a better understanding of the human brain will help man to make full se of its limitless potential.Unit 3

1、那位演員似乎很樂(lè)意在劇中扮演一個(gè)次要角色。That famous actor seemed content to play a minor part in the play.2、國(guó)慶節(jié)要到了，咱們把寢室徹底打掃一下吧。

National day is round the corner.Let’s give our bedroom a thorough clean.3、她非常勉強(qiáng)地同意讓一位年青的醫(yī)生為她作手術(shù)。She agreed, very reluctantly, to be operated on by a young doctor.4、他們已安排好讓我們明天去游覽長(zhǎng)城，我相信我們?cè)谀莾阂欢〞?huì)玩得很開(kāi)心。

They’ve arranged for us to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.I’m sure we’ll have a good time there(we’ll enjoy ourselves there).5、老人讀完信后失望之極，竟用顫抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。

After reading the letter the old man was so disappointed that he tore it into little bits with trembling fingers.6、老兩口為他們的孫子感到驕傲，因?yàn)樗诘诙鶎脢W運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得了兩塊金牌和一枚銅牌。

The old couple were proud of their grandson, who got/won two gold medals and one bronze medal at the 26rd Olympic Games.7、即使他的祖母不能來(lái)參加他的生日宴會(huì)，她也會(huì)寄給他一件可愛(ài)的禮物。對(duì)這一點(diǎn)湯姆深信不疑。

Even if his grandmother could not come to his birthday party, she would send him a lovely present.Tom was sure of that.8、昨天是瑪麗的二十歲生日。她父親寄給她一雙靴子，她母親為她買(mǎi)了一盒巧克力糖。而她的男朋友則給她一束紅玫瑰。

It was Mary’s twentieth birthday yesterday.Her father sent her a pair of boots.Her mother bought her a box of chocolates.And her boy friend brought her a bunch of red roses.Unit 5

1、史密斯醫(yī)生從窗口望出去，突然看到一個(gè)年輕人正向他的診所奔來(lái)。

Looking out of the window, Dr.Smith caught sight of a young man running towards his clinic.2、艾米過(guò)去除了咖啡什么都不喝。Amy used to drink nothing but coffee.3、邁拉得知丈夫在事故中受了傷便哭了起來(lái)。

Myra broke into tears when she learned that her husband had got injured in an accident.4、我們好幾天沒(méi)有看見(jiàn)懷特小姐了。她是病倒了還還是怎么了？ W haven’t seen Miss White for quite a few days.Has she fallen ill of something?

5、研究所所長(zhǎng)親自查明一切都沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。

The director of the research institute came in person to make sure that everything was all right.6、倫尼今天早晨上學(xué)又遲到了。他應(yīng)該早一點(diǎn)起床的?？隙ㄊ亲蛲硭锰t了。

Lennie was late for school again this morning.He ought to /should have got up earlier.He must have stayed up too late last night.7、嗨，你不應(yīng)該把那些孩子趕跑。他們是來(lái)幫忙的，不是來(lái)?yè)v蛋的。

Say you oughtn’t to have driven away those kids.They came to lend you a hand, not to make trouble.8、對(duì)護(hù)士來(lái)說(shuō)，堅(jiān)持這項(xiàng)規(guī)定是很重要的。It is important for nurses to stick to this rule.Unit 6

1、據(jù)報(bào)道，那條鐵路曾因洪水而停止修建。

It was reported that the building of the railway had been held up by a flood.2、罷工結(jié)果，資方接受了工人的要求。

The strike resulted in the management accepting the workers’ demands.3、煤礦工人們決定為爭(zhēng)取更好的工作條件舉行罷工。

The coalminers decided to go on strike for better working conditions.4、我很想買(mǎi)下這本英文詞典，遺憾的是我身上帶的錢(qián)不夠。

I’d like very much to buy the English dictionary Unfortunately , I haven’t got enough money on me.5、我想先和你討論一下這篇文章的英譯稿，然后再把它寄給霍布斯先生。

I’d like to talk over with you the English translation of the article before sending it to Mr.Hobbs.6、那位外國(guó)專(zhuān)家希望在三年內(nèi)達(dá)到所有的目標(biāo)。

The Blacks happened to be at the cinema when their house caught fire.7、一個(gè)科學(xué)家要跟上本領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)展，你認(rèn)為必須做些什么？

What do you think a scientist must do in order to keep up with the latest developments in his field?

8、作者認(rèn)為，如果優(yōu)秀工人經(jīng)常得到加薪和提級(jí)，他們就會(huì)有更大的生產(chǎn)積極性。

The author thinks that if excellent workers get frequent pay increases and promotions, they will have greater incentive to produce.Unit 8

1、她彎腰撿起手帕在桌子上把它弄平。

She stooped to pick up the handkerchief and smoothed it out on the table.2、他那句話的含意是他想在政府部門(mén)找個(gè)工作。

The implication of his statement is that he'd like a job in a government department.3、她停頓了一會(huì)，用一塊小手帕擦了擦嘴，然后又繼續(xù)給我們講襯衫廠里發(fā)生的事情。

She paused a moment, wiped her mouth with a small handkerchief and then went on to tell us what had happened in the shirt factory.4、亞當(dāng)斯先生發(fā)現(xiàn)他十三歲的兒子正從他的皮夾子里偷錢(qián)大為震驚。

Mr.Adams was greatly shocked to find his 13-year-old son stealing money from his wallet.5、“請(qǐng)不要打斷我，”亞當(dāng)斯先生對(duì)妻子說(shuō)：“我正在跟湯姆談他剛才做的事情?！?/p>

“Please do not interrupt me , ” said Mr.Adams to his wife.“I’m talking to Tom about what he was just done.”

6、我怎么能為他講的話負(fù)責(zé)呢？ How can I be responsible for what he says?

7、小男孩急于想減輕那位婦人的痛苦，但不知道該怎么辦。

The young boy was eager to make the woman less unhappy, but he did not know what to do.8、他努力控制住自己的感情，假超前享受沒(méi)有聽(tīng)見(jiàn)那個(gè)令人悲痛的消息。With an effort, he held in his feelings and pretended not to hear the sad news.Unit 10

1、教授走進(jìn)教室時(shí)，我們正興致勃勃地討論中東的形勢(shì)。

We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in the Middle East when the professor walked into the classroom.2、一輛卡車(chē)駛進(jìn)了學(xué)校積雪覆蓋的操場(chǎng)。

A truck pulled into the snow-covered playground of the school.3、午夜后某個(gè)時(shí)候，敵人被迫撤退了。

Sometime after midnight, the enemy was/were forced to retreat.4、就是在那間斗室里，他們勤奮地工作著，憧憬著美好的未來(lái)。

It was in that small room that they worked diligently and dreamed of better days to come.5、老太太聽(tīng)到鈴響，便從椅子上站起來(lái)，向門(mén)口走去。

When she heard the bell ringing, the old lady rose from her chair and made her way to the door.6、經(jīng)過(guò)一天的戰(zhàn)斗，我們的士兵成功地占領(lǐng)了敵人的一些重要陣地。

After a day’s fight, our soldiers succeeded in taking over some important enemy positions.7、老婦人憤憤地大聲叫喊說(shuō)，那個(gè)女店員欺騙了她。

The elderly woman angrily exclaimed that she had been cheated by the shop girl.8、我上汽車(chē)不久就注意到一個(gè)外貌很怪的男人。他穿著一件不合身的上衣，一動(dòng)不動(dòng)地坐在位子上。Soon after I boarded the bus, I noticed a strange-looking man.He wore an ill-fitting coat, and sat rooted in his seat.

第五篇：新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4課文翻譯及課后答案

新編大學(xué)英語(yǔ)4課文翻譯及課后答案

課內(nèi)閱讀參考譯文及課后習(xí)題答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么東西令人開(kāi)懷？

聽(tīng)了一個(gè)有趣的故事會(huì)發(fā)笑、很開(kāi)心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語(yǔ)言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會(huì)使一個(gè)故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨識(shí)出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學(xué)生議論和探討幽默。這些學(xué)生文化差異很大，有來(lái)自拉丁美洲的，也有來(lái)自中國(guó)的。我還認(rèn)真地思考過(guò)一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

為什么聽(tīng)我講完一個(gè)笑話后，班上有些學(xué)生會(huì)笑得前仰后合，而其他學(xué)生看上去就像剛聽(tīng)我讀了天氣預(yù)報(bào)一樣呢？顯然，有些人對(duì)幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說(shuō)一點(diǎn)有趣的事卻要費(fèi)好大的勁。我們都聽(tīng)人說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住?！庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂(lè)、數(shù)學(xué)之類(lèi)的才能一樣。一個(gè)真正風(fēng)趣的人在任何場(chǎng)合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個(gè)笑話，就會(huì)從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個(gè)缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個(gè)真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛(ài)，而且在任何聚會(huì)上也往往是人們注意的焦點(diǎn)。這么說(shuō)是有道理的。

甚至有些動(dòng)物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來(lái)我們家，并能住上很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過(guò)的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時(shí)候就常常戲弄外祖母，當(dāng)外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時(shí)，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來(lái)跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來(lái)去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來(lái)，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過(guò)一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無(wú)疑是在說(shuō)：“啊哈，你又上了我的當(dāng)。”

典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構(gòu)成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來(lái)是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語(yǔ)（即一個(gè)出人意料或令人驚訝的結(jié)尾）。如果這個(gè)妙語(yǔ)含有一定的幽默成分，這個(gè)笑話便會(huì)很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說(shuō)笑話的人使用聽(tīng)眾都熟悉的手勢(shì)和語(yǔ)言，則有助于增強(qiáng)效果。6

我們可以對(duì)幽默這種娛樂(lè)形式，進(jìn)行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個(gè)有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來(lái)說(shuō)，最常見(jiàn)的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見(jiàn)的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)單、直截了當(dāng)，常常以取笑他人為樂(lè)。說(shuō)笑打鬧這種形式過(guò)去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說(shuō)笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛(ài)。幾乎本世紀(jì)的每個(gè)講英語(yǔ)的滑稽說(shuō)笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說(shuō)過(guò)下面這則笑話。一位男士問(wèn)另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰(shuí)？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆?！边@個(gè)笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說(shuō)他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說(shuō)她不是一個(gè)高雅的女人。這個(gè)笑話并沒(méi)有因?yàn)榻?jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個(gè)經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說(shuō)什么，而且因?yàn)榇蠹覍?duì)這個(gè)笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛(ài)它。

中國(guó)的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國(guó)喜劇演員幽默地談?wù)撝T如官僚主義者、家庭問(wèn)題或其他一些有關(guān)個(gè)人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽(tīng)到，無(wú)論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺(tái)上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國(guó)人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式。

“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語(yǔ)言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個(gè)例子是三位年長(zhǎng)的紳士在英國(guó)乘火車(chē)旅行的故事。當(dāng)火車(chē)慢慢停下來(lái)時(shí)，第一位紳士問(wèn)道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說(shuō)：“是Thursday(星期四)。”“我也是，”第三位說(shuō)道，“讓我們下車(chē)喝杯啤酒吧?！蔽覀冎郎狭四昙o(jì)的人往往耳背，因此會(huì)把Wembley（溫布利）聽(tīng)成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽(tīng)成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來(lái)就為第三位老人的妙語(yǔ)做好了鋪墊。

著名的中國(guó)漫畫(huà)家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫(huà)中，一位老師說(shuō)：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學(xué)生回答道：“我沒(méi)有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫(huà)里，一位生氣的父親問(wèn)道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說(shuō)：“我不知道?！边@位不耐煩的父親接著說(shuō)道：“比方說(shuō)，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來(lái)一共是幾個(gè)，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個(gè)傻瓜?！?這些故事無(wú)論是漫畫(huà)還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說(shuō)還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛(ài)。人們喜愛(ài)這些有趣的故事，因?yàn)樗鼈冑N近現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語(yǔ)十分有趣。

雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個(gè)詞的不同意思。有些批評(píng)家認(rèn)為雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是最低級(jí)的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點(diǎn)。雙關(guān)語(yǔ)與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細(xì)微、更巧妙的語(yǔ)言技巧；然而，簡(jiǎn)單的雙關(guān)語(yǔ)甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語(yǔ)或腦筋急轉(zhuǎn)彎問(wèn)題常使用雙關(guān)語(yǔ)做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語(yǔ)部分。雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時(shí)我聽(tīng)到了下面這個(gè)謎語(yǔ)。一個(gè)人問(wèn)：“什么東西整個(gè)兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個(gè)人通常猜不出來(lái)，于是問(wèn)道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語(yǔ)的人回答：“是報(bào)紙?！比绻阒涝谟⒄Z(yǔ)中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語(yǔ)中的“一語(yǔ)雙關(guān)”）是雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語(yǔ)有雙重意思。兩個(gè)意思往往很不相同，一個(gè)比較恰當(dāng)，另一個(gè)往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個(gè)關(guān)于一位中學(xué)教師和校長(zhǎng)因看見(jiàn)學(xué)生在學(xué)校操場(chǎng)上接吻而感到擔(dān)心的故事。故事并不過(guò)火。那位教師對(duì)學(xué)生們說(shuō)；“我和校長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)決定停止在學(xué)校操場(chǎng)上接吻?！甭?tīng)到笑聲，她意識(shí)到她沒(méi)有把意思表達(dá)清楚，于是補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了?！碑?dāng)然，這個(gè)解釋并沒(méi)有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個(gè)笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

一些專(zhuān)業(yè)的幽默家認(rèn)為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過(guò)多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語(yǔ)言，而且覺(jué)得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認(rèn)為這不是幽默的過(guò)錯(cuò)。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會(huì)繼續(xù)生存下去，只因?yàn)槊刻於加杏腥さ氖虑榘l(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會(huì)看到聽(tīng)到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開(kāi)心的笑話和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便箋的力量

我當(dāng)體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導(dǎo)報(bào)》工作，當(dāng)時(shí)我很少收到體育迷的來(lái)信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來(lái)信把我吸引住了。2

打開(kāi)來(lái)信，我看到了下面的話：“關(guān)于老虎隊(duì)的述評(píng)很不錯(cuò)，再接再厲?！焙灻氖求w育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當(dāng)時(shí)我只是一個(gè)十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫(xiě)一英寸文字，稿酬總計(jì)達(dá)15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書(shū)桌的抽屜里，后來(lái)它的邊角都卷起來(lái)了。每當(dāng)我懷疑自己不是當(dāng)作家的料時(shí)，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會(huì)樹(shù)起信心來(lái)。3

后來(lái)，我逐漸對(duì)堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫(xiě)快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣。他告訴我說(shuō)：“當(dāng)我使別人充滿信心時(shí)，我也感覺(jué)好極了?！?/p>

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報(bào)社，都來(lái)自于曾經(jīng)得到過(guò)他激勵(lì)（文字）的人們。

多年來(lái)，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關(guān)心別人，常寫(xiě)一些鼓舞人心的話語(yǔ)，因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個(gè)慣于冷漠、無(wú)動(dòng)于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來(lái)了溫暖和安慰。我們都時(shí)不時(shí)地需要鼓勵(lì)，大家知道幾行贊揚(yáng)的話會(huì)改變一個(gè)人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，這些激勵(lì)人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫(xiě)，是因?yàn)樗麄兲粗厝藗兊目捶?。他們?dān)心會(huì)被誤解，怕別人覺(jué)得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫(xiě)也要花時(shí)間，遠(yuǎn)不如打電話方便。7

當(dāng)然打電話的缺點(diǎn)是：說(shuō)過(guò)的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫(xiě)下的字可以反復(fù)閱讀，細(xì)細(xì)品味并珍藏起來(lái)。8

盡管寫(xiě)便箋會(huì)多花一些時(shí)間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說(shuō)，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備寫(xiě)字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個(gè)職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫(xiě)封信，內(nèi)容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表?yè)P(yáng)的話，或一段感謝語(yǔ)。他不僅寫(xiě)給朋友和同事，還寫(xiě)給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來(lái)收到他熱情的贊揚(yáng)信，感到很驚訝。

那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)作風(fēng)只能被形容為強(qiáng)硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)寫(xiě)便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫(xiě)便箋鼓勵(lì)同事當(dāng)作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時(shí)走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?！拔抑徊贿^(guò)匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫(xiě)一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說(shuō)道。“每天最重要的一段時(shí)間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘。” 10

“太多的時(shí)候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說(shuō)，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時(shí)候，我們會(huì)以為，我并沒(méi)有說(shuō)過(guò)什么批評(píng)的話，為什么非得去說(shuō)好話呢？我們忘了，人類(lèi)需要正面的肯定或鼓勵(lì)——事實(shí)上，我們靠這個(gè)取得進(jìn)步，獲得成功！” 11

怎樣才能寫(xiě)出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫(xiě)這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真誠(chéng)(sincere)。沒(méi)人要聽(tīng)虛假的贊美。

２）簡(jiǎn)短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達(dá)出你的意思，你很可能過(guò)火了，寫(xiě)得太長(zhǎng)。14

３）具體(specific)。贊揚(yáng)一位業(yè)務(wù)伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關(guān)于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語(yǔ)中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長(zhǎng)久地感受這種生氣和熱情。

當(dāng)你非得到處找寫(xiě)信用品時(shí)，寫(xiě)出來(lái)的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時(shí)也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達(dá)的思想。17

那么，你周?chē)钟姓l(shuí)值得你寫(xiě)便箋表示感謝或鼓勵(lì)呢？一位鄰居？為你服務(wù)的那位圖書(shū)館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長(zhǎng)？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩(shī)意。如果你需要一個(gè)寫(xiě)的理由，就找一個(gè)生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個(gè)特殊事件的周年紀(jì)念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過(guò)去的25年里，我總是為遠(yuǎn)方的朋友每年準(zhǔn)備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫(xiě)上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來(lái)所取得的成功與得到的好運(yùn)特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。18

不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級(jí)的表達(dá)法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點(diǎn)也沒(méi)關(guān)系，記住，夢(mèng)想的實(shí)現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導(dǎo)師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚(yáng)信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機(jī)前來(lái)完成幾封我早就該寫(xiě)的信。我不知道這些信會(huì)不會(huì)使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對(duì)我自己確實(shí)如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說(shuō)的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺(jué)很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 從文化角度看性別角色

在過(guò)去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無(wú)數(shù)次地證實(shí)了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：構(gòu)成男子陽(yáng)剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類(lèi)型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結(jié)果。在成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程中，每個(gè)孩子學(xué)會(huì)了細(xì)微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計(jì)，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學(xué)到的。也就是說(shuō)，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。另一些跟性別有關(guān)的具體舉止是無(wú)意識(shí)地或間接地學(xué)會(huì)的，因?yàn)槲幕癁榕⒆雍湍泻⒆犹峁┑男蜗?、向往的目?biāo)以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2

例如，最近對(duì)美國(guó)公立學(xué)校的一項(xiàng)研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛(ài)的文化偏見(jiàn)。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛(ài)是無(wú)意的、不知不覺(jué)的，但它確實(shí)存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬(wàn)計(jì)學(xué)生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛(ài)，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認(rèn)為無(wú)性別偏愛(ài)的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請(qǐng)男生回答問(wèn)題的次數(shù)遠(yuǎn)比女生多。這對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程有著巨大的影響，因?yàn)榭偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，那些積極的課堂活動(dòng)參與者對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)更加樂(lè)觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實(shí)上，在20世紀(jì)60年代末期，當(dāng)美國(guó)東北部多所最好的女子學(xué)院向男生開(kāi)放之后，教授們和女學(xué)生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來(lái)，在法學(xué)院和醫(yī)學(xué)院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類(lèi)似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。

賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時(shí)候會(huì)按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務(wù)，這樣便不知不覺(jué)地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學(xué)課時(shí)，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學(xué)“實(shí)驗(yàn)”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動(dòng)手操作是早期教育的一個(gè)重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)歷，這會(huì)影響到她們今后的整個(gè)人生。

美國(guó)教師中一個(gè)具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長(zhǎng)數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，這些學(xué)科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會(huì)在語(yǔ)言和閱讀技能上比男孩強(qiáng)。這是教育中性別偏見(jiàn)的另一種表現(xiàn)。結(jié)果美國(guó)的男孩們確實(shí)在閱讀上出了問(wèn)題，而在數(shù)學(xué)方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強(qiáng)，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預(yù)言自我應(yīng)驗(yàn)的一個(gè)例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國(guó)，讀書(shū)學(xué)習(xí)都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問(wèn)題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當(dāng)。

在教育過(guò)程中對(duì)女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項(xiàng)研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學(xué)齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說(shuō)出家里允許他們走開(kāi)多遠(yuǎn)，這時(shí)男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵(lì)去發(fā)展求知欲和動(dòng)手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時(shí)有用的；對(duì)女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y(jié)果是：對(duì)自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對(duì)自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認(rèn)可。這類(lèi)教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾?lài)教師，更注重作業(yè)的形式和整潔而非內(nèi)容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨(dú)立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過(guò)程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時(shí)間，社會(huì)則通過(guò)這一過(guò)程加強(qiáng)了它固有的價(jià)值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵(lì)孩子思考

教育界和商業(yè)界的專(zhuān)家們說(shuō), 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵。本文將介紹一下學(xué)校和家長(zhǎng)如何才能鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)展這一至關(guān)重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德魯聽(tīng)從了他老板的意見(jiàn)，也許我們就不會(huì)有遮護(hù)膠帶這種用品

了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開(kāi)它。德魯當(dāng)時(shí)就職于“明尼蘇達(dá)制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱(chēng)為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質(zhì)，黏性很強(qiáng)，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進(jìn)一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時(shí)間改進(jìn)了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來(lái)工作過(guò)的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓(xùn)：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵(lì)員工抽出15%的工作時(shí)間專(zhuān)門(mén)用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來(lái)越多的公司所采用，而且全國(guó)各地的專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，對(duì)待孩子也應(yīng)仿效這種做法，無(wú)論是在家里還是在學(xué)校。他們認(rèn)為，如果我們教育孩子進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會(huì)中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂(lè)和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學(xué)生和成人都是那些會(huì)尋求各種辦法解決問(wèn)題的人。

創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來(lái)，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個(gè)人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點(diǎn)子，而這些點(diǎn)子有助于解決某方面的問(wèn)題。

遺憾的是，學(xué)校還沒(méi)有想到要促使學(xué)生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分?jǐn)?shù)，強(qiáng)調(diào)閱讀、寫(xiě)作和數(shù)學(xué)能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對(duì)創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學(xué)的知識(shí)，卻不知道如何靈活地應(yīng)用知識(shí)。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會(huì)用它來(lái)解決數(shù)學(xué)應(yīng)用題。

然而，在有些學(xué)校里，教育者們正逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到這一問(wèn)題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學(xué)方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和要求學(xué)生發(fā)揮想象力的活動(dòng)結(jié)合起來(lái)。比如，教師不再簡(jiǎn)單地問(wèn)學(xué)生哥倫布何時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學(xué)生思考如果哥倫布首先到達(dá)的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會(huì)是如何。要回答這一問(wèn)題，學(xué)生必須應(yīng)用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識(shí)。教師們認(rèn)為即便學(xué)生的回答會(huì)很可笑，也毫無(wú)關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長(zhǎng)和教師們則有責(zé)任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實(shí)可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過(guò)提問(wèn)來(lái)鼓勵(lì)孩子，同時(shí)對(duì)他們的想法和新點(diǎn)子表示贊賞。專(zhuān)家認(rèn)為必須創(chuàng)造一個(gè)可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個(gè)尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會(huì)荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

在家里，家長(zhǎng)可以做一些鼓勵(lì)孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問(wèn)題，家長(zhǎng)可以就該問(wèn)題征求孩子的意見(jiàn)，讓他們參與決策。家長(zhǎng)可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會(huì)帶來(lái)的各種后果。家長(zhǎng)還應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)孩子大聲談?wù)撍麄冋谧龅氖虑?。思維能力和語(yǔ)言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談?wù)撚兄谔岣哒Z(yǔ)言能力和思維能力。

具有幽默感對(duì)于開(kāi)發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當(dāng)家長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)出幽默時(shí)，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造往往也得如此。

給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應(yīng)該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開(kāi)始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長(zhǎng)大，家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)讓孩子自己做主支配時(shí)間或金錢(qián)；當(dāng)他們作出錯(cuò)誤的決定時(shí)，不要不假思索地給予過(guò)多的幫助。這種做法可能會(huì)使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒(méi)有關(guān)系。因?yàn)楦挥袆?chuàng)造力的人有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個(gè)最重要的特點(diǎn)。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與你

在說(shuō)不定的某個(gè)時(shí)候，我們大家都曾充當(dāng)過(guò)疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽(tīng)說(shuō)一種新的疾病，就會(huì)去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對(duì)疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險(xiǎn)也并非我們唯一會(huì)遇上的危險(xiǎn)?，F(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對(duì)我們生命的威脅，對(duì)我們平和心境的威脅，對(duì)我們家人的威脅，對(duì)我們未來(lái)的威脅。從而產(chǎn)生了好些問(wèn)題，我們不得不問(wèn)自己：我買(mǎi)的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會(huì)傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時(shí)會(huì)不會(huì)遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無(wú)休止地增加。2

對(duì)生活中風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的擔(dān)憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個(gè)明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通?？梢郧笾卺t(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒(méi)得。但當(dāng)涉及到其它形式的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，事情就要困難得多，因?yàn)閷?duì)許多風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來(lái)說(shuō)，情況并不那么簡(jiǎn)單。

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)幾乎總是一個(gè)可能性的問(wèn)題而無(wú)確定性可言。你也許會(huì)問(wèn)：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車(chē)要與其它車(chē)正面相撞，那當(dāng)然該系安全帶。倘若你的車(chē)側(cè)面被撞，結(jié)果你被困在車(chē)?yán)铮忠虬踩珟аb置遭破壞而無(wú)法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢(qián)在車(chē)內(nèi)安一個(gè)保險(xiǎn)氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險(xiǎn)氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬(wàn)一正當(dāng)你在高速公路上開(kāi)車(chē)時(shí)，保險(xiǎn)氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導(dǎo)致了本來(lái)絕不會(huì)發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 4

上面說(shuō)的這一切，只是從另一角度說(shuō)明我們所做的事沒(méi)有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——常常是潛在的重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)——與我們的每個(gè)業(yè)余愛(ài)好、所做的每項(xiàng)工作、所吃的每種食物有關(guān)，換句話說(shuō)，與所進(jìn)行的任何活動(dòng)有關(guān)。但我們又不能，也不該因危險(xiǎn)存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動(dòng)是比其它活動(dòng)更危險(xiǎn)。關(guān)鍵在于要讓自己了解相應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，然后相機(jī)行事。5

例如，兩車(chē)相撞時(shí)，大車(chē)總的說(shuō)來(lái)要比小車(chē)安全些?？删烤鼓馨踩嗌倌兀看鸢甘沁@樣：在一起嚴(yán)重的車(chē)禍中坐小車(chē)喪生的可能性是坐大車(chē)的兩倍左右。然而，大車(chē)通常比小車(chē)貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來(lái)了更大的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)?。?。那么我們?cè)撛鯓哟_定什么時(shí)候值得為降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加花費(fèi)呢？例如，避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)最保險(xiǎn)的做法也許是去買(mǎi)一輛坦克或裝甲車(chē)，從而把撞車(chē)時(shí)死亡或受傷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)降到最小。然而，即便你買(mǎi)得起，這筆額外的費(fèi)用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車(chē)所帶來(lái)的不便是否值得呢？

在我們尚不知所涉及的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度之前，我們還無(wú)法回答這些問(wèn)題。那么，我們?cè)撊绾稳ズ饬匡L(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度呢？有些人似乎認(rèn)為答案只不過(guò)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車(chē)禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災(zāi)難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車(chē)要比采礦危險(xiǎn)得多嗎？未必。事實(shí)是，在美國(guó)每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車(chē)代步；而大概只有70萬(wàn)人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們?cè)u(píng)估一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)時(shí)，所需要的有關(guān)數(shù)字是一個(gè)比率或分?jǐn)?shù)。該分?jǐn)?shù)的分子告訴我們?cè)谀硞€(gè)特定時(shí)期由于從事某種特定活動(dòng)而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們?cè)谶@一時(shí)期從事這種活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)。這樣，所有的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)程度都是由比率或分?jǐn)?shù)表示，其大小介于0（無(wú)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）到1（完全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）之間。7

通過(guò)把所有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都簡(jiǎn)化為這種比率或分?jǐn)?shù)，我們便可以開(kāi)始比較不同種類(lèi)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車(chē)。這個(gè)比率越大，也就是說(shuō)它越接近1，那么有關(guān)活動(dòng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動(dòng)中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動(dòng)的總?cè)藬?shù)，從而找出汽車(chē)旅行與采煤的相對(duì)安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車(chē)旅行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是每一萬(wàn)人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險(xiǎn)程度是每一萬(wàn)礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車(chē)禍中喪生的人遠(yuǎn)比采礦要多，其實(shí)后者的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠?qū)敛幌喔傻幕顒?dòng)或情形的危險(xiǎn)性加以比較，即便差別如蘋(píng)果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對(duì)冒險(xiǎn)，你就會(huì)選擇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比率較小的活動(dòng)。如果你無(wú)所畏懼，那么你往往會(huì)對(duì)高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。

我們一旦明白了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒(méi)有絕對(duì)安全的事，我們也就會(huì)明白問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵不是要徹底避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而是要理智地管理風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理需要兩大要素：常識(shí)以及與我們可能要承擔(dān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的性質(zhì)和程度相關(guān)的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 機(jī)器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in