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      實(shí)用英語口譯教程Unit3(范文)

      時間:2019-05-15 07:25:27下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《實(shí)用英語口譯教程Unit3(范文)》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《實(shí)用英語口譯教程Unit3(范文)》。

      第一篇:實(shí)用英語口譯教程Unit3(范文)

      1.一言既出,駟馬難追 2.海內(nèi)存知己,天涯若比鄰 3.千里之行,始于足下 4.王小二過年,一年不如一年 5.打開天窗說亮話

      6.一個和尚挑水吃,兩個和尚抬水吃,三個和尚沒水吃。7.為百合花上色,吃力不討好

      8.魚米之鄉(xiāng);洞天福地

      1.What is said cannot be unsaid

      2.Long distance separates no bosom friends

      3.A thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step.4.To be going from bad to worse 5.Frankly speaking

      6.To be simply nothing compared to… 7.To paint the lily

      8.(an area)flowing with milk and honey 二

      9.施展兩面手法 10.人人皆有得意之日 11.班門弄斧

      12三個臭皮匠,賽過諸葛亮 13.有錢能使鬼推磨

      14.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井繩 15.一寸光陰一寸金 16.天網(wǎng)恢恢,疏而不漏 17.你可不能食言啊 18.說到曹操,曹操就到 19.少壯不努力,老大徒傷悲 20.遠(yuǎn)親不如近鄰 21.換湯不換藥 22.搬起石頭砸自己腳 23.情人眼里出西施 24.醉翁之意不在酒

      9.to carry fire in one hand and water in the other 10.every dog has its day

      11.to teach your grandma to suck eggs;to offer to teach fish to swim 12.two heads are better than one

      13.money makes the mare go;money talks 14.once bitten, twice shy 15.time is money 16.justice has long arms

      17.you can’t break your promise

      18.speak of the wolf, and you will see his tail 19.a young idler, an old beggar

      20.neighbours are dearer than distant relatives.21.the same old stuff with a different label;a change in form but not in essence 22.to tread on one’s own tail

      23.love sees no fault.Beauty lies in the lover’s eyes.24.many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake 三

      25.血濃于水,落葉歸根 26.你在開玩笑 27.他過著非人的生活 28.八仙過海,各顯神通 29.每逢佳節(jié)倍思親 30.酒逢知己千杯少

      31.常言道:近朱者赤,近墨者黑 32.冰凍三尺,非一日之寒

      25.blood is thicker than water, the falling leaves settle on the roots 26.you are pulling my leg 27.he is leading a dog’s life

      28.like the Eight Fairies crossing the sea, each displaying his own talent

      29.on festive occasion, more often than ever, we think of our dear ones far away.30.among bosom friends, a thousand cups pf wine are not too many.31.as the saying goes, ”what’s near cinnabar goes red, and what’s nest to ink turns back.”

      32.it takes more than a day to freeze three feet of ice.Rome was not built a day.四

      33.now or never

      34.much cry and little wool

      35.a small leak will sink a great ship 36.behind the mountains there are people to be found.37.nothing succeeds like success 38.enough is as good as a feast

      39.little thieves are hanged, but great ones escaped 40.like attracts like

      41.speech is silver, silence is gold.33.機(jī)不可失,失不再來34.雷聲大雨點(diǎn)小 35.千里之堤,潰于蟻穴 36.山外有山,天外有天 37.一事成功,事事順利

      38.知足常樂39.竊鉤者誅,竊國者侯 40.物以類聚,人以群分 41.雄辯是銀,沉默是金 五

      1.滴水石穿 2.破釜沉舟 3.隔墻有耳 4.積少成多 5.三思而后行 6.無風(fēng)不起浪 7.一箭雙雕

      8.種瓜得瓜,種豆得豆

      1.constant dripping wears the stone 2.to burn one’s boats3.walls have ears 4.many a little makes a mickle 5.look before you leap

      6.there is no smoke without fire 7.to kill two birds with one stone 8.as you sow, so will you reap.六

      9.謀事在人,成事在天

      10.the burnt child dreads the fire

      11.better be the head of a dog than the tail of lion 12.where there is a will, there is a way 13.to kill the goose that lays golden eggs 14.strike while the iron is hot 15.to fish in the air

      16.don’t wash your dirty linen in public 17.all good things must come to an end 18.a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit 19.hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings 20.易如反掌 21.鼠目寸光

      22.君子動口不動手

      23.留得青山在,不怕沒柴燒 24.千里送鵝毛,禮輕情意重 25.坦白從寬,抗拒從嚴(yán) 26.削足適履

      27.遠(yuǎn)水就不了近火。

      28.良藥苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行 29.兼聽則明,偏聽則暗 30.to show one’s cards 31.to be armed to teeth

      32.to head a wolf into the house 33.as sly as a fox

      34.an eye for an eye,a tooth for a tooth

      9.man proposes, god disposes 10.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕見草繩 11.寧為雞頭,勿為牛后 12.有志者,事竟成 13.殺雞取卵 14.趁熱打鐵 15.緣木求魚

      16.家丑不可外揚(yáng)

      17.天下無不散之筵席 18.吃一塹,長一智 19.饑不擇食

      20.as easy as turning over one’s hand 21.see no farther than one’s nose

      22.a gentleman uses his tongue, not his fists 23.while there is life, there is hope

      24.the gift itself may be as light as a feather,but sent from afar, it conveys deep feelings.25.leniency to those who confess, and punishment to those who resist.26.to cut the feet to fit the shoes

      27.distant water cannot put out a nearby fire

      28.good medicine is bitter in the mouth,but good for the disease.29.listen to both sides and you will be enlightened;heed only one side and you will be benighted.30.攤牌31.武裝到牙齒32.引狼入室33.像狐貍一樣狡猾 34.以牙還牙,以眼還眼 七

      35.god helps those who help themselves.36.碰一鼻子灰

      37.木已成舟,只好如此了 38.不管三七二十一

      39.十五個吊桶大水一七上八下 40.a fly on the wheel 41.a bull in a china shop 42.by hook or crook 43.殺雞給猴看 44.既往不咎

      45.the spirit is willing but the flesh is weak 46.birds of a feather flock together 47.a stitch in time saves nine

      48.天有不測風(fēng)云,人有旦夕禍福

      49.give him an inch and he will take an ell 50.有眼不識泰山

      51.a horse stumbles that has four legs

      52.to lock the stable door after the hore has been stolen 53.i am dead-beat today.54.己所不欲,勿施于人 55.堅韌不拔 56.嘔心瀝血 57.絢麗多彩 58.弄巧成拙 59.忘乎所以 60.亦步亦趨

      35.自助者天助 36.to be rejected

      37.what is done is done

      38.regardless of the consequences 39.in a turmoil;to be extremely upset 40.自以為有天大本事的人 41.肆意搗亂 42.不擇手段

      43.to punish somebody as a warning to others 44.let bygones be bygones 45.心有余而力不足

      46.物以類聚,人以群分 47.小洞不補(bǔ),大洞吃苦

      48.the unexpected always happens 49.得寸進(jìn)尺

      50.to entertain an angel unawares 51.人非圣賢,孰能無過 52.賊去關(guān)門

      53.今天我已經(jīng)精疲力盡

      54.do as you would be done by 55.staunch and unyielding 56.to work one’s heart out 57.gorgeous

      58.to outsmart oneself 59.to get swollen-headed

      60.to dance to sb’s music;to follow sb.to the heel 八

      61.膽小如鼠 62.喪心病狂 1.別有用心 2.出爾反爾 3.稱王稱霸 4.背信棄義 5.狂妄自大 6.狼狽為奸 7.禮尚往來 8.眾志成城 9.利令智昏

      61.chicken-hearted

      62.as mad as a March hare 1.with malicious intent

      2.to go back on one’s word 3.to lord it over 4.to act in bad faith

      5.self-important;false pride 6.to work hand in glove with 7.courtesy demands reciprocity 8.unity is strength

      9.to bend one’s principles to one’s interest

      10.自食其果 11.忠言逆耳 12.自取滅亡 13.倒行逆施 14.變本加厲 15.有目共睹 16.一如既往 17.危言聳聽 18.說三道四 19.喪權(quán)辱國 20.后患無窮 21.義憤填膺 22.大勢所趨 23.背道而馳 24.一意孤行

      10.to eat one’s own bitter fruit

      11.honest advice is unpleasant to the ear 12.to cut one’s throat 13.to set back and clock

      14.to intensify one’s efforts to do sth 15.as clear as day 16.as always 17.alarmist talk

      18.to make irresponsible remarks

      19.to humiliate the nation by forfeiting its sovereignty 20.endless troubles will follow 21.to be filled with indignation 22.the trend of time 23.to run counter to… 24.to act wilfully

      V.Exercises 1.Interpret the following Chinese idioms and quotations into English.(1)別有用心have ulterior motives(2)出爾反爾go back on one's word(3)稱王稱霸rulers seek hegemony(4)背信棄義break faith with somebody(5)狂妄自大arrogant and conceited(6)狼狽為奸work in collusion with each other(7)禮尚往來courtesy demands reciprocity(8)眾志成城unity is strength / The united will of the masses is like a fortress(9)利令智昏blinded by one’s gains;to bend one’s principles to one’s interests(10)自食其果to face the consequences of one’s own action(11)忠言逆耳truth seldom sounds pleasant(12)自取滅亡court or invite self-destruction(13)倒行逆施go against the tide of history(14)變本加厲(behavior, conduct etc.)go from bad to worse(15)有目共睹To be obvious to all;as clear as day(16)一如既往啊as always(17)危言聳聽To exaggerate just to scare/frighten people(18)說三道四To make irresponsible remarks/criticisms(19)喪權(quán)辱國To surrender a country’s sovereign rights under humiliating terms(20)引狼入室bring in a troublemaker(21)后患無窮with no end of troubles in sight(22)義憤填膺feel indignant at the injustice(23)大勢所趨the trend of the times(24)背道而馳run in the opposite direction / To run counter to(25)一意孤行insist on doing things in one's own way(26)坐收漁人之利profit reaped by a third party(27)遠(yuǎn)親不如近鄰。a relative far off is less help than a neighbor close by(28)換湯不換藥。a change in form but not in content or essence(29)搬起石頭砸自己的腳。lift a rock only to drop it on one's own feet(30)冒天下之大不韙risk everyone's condemnation 31)情人眼里出西施。Beauty is the eyes of the beholder(32)醉翁之意不在酒。Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake

      (33)只許州官放火,不許百姓點(diǎn)燈。The magistrates are free to burn down houses, while the common people are forbidden even to light lamps./ One may steal a horse while another may not look over a hedge.(34)住在狼窩邊,小心不為過。Live in den edge, be careful enough(35)天地萬物;莫貴于人。Of all the living things nurtured between heaven and earth, the most valuable is the human beings.(36)又要馬兒好,又要馬兒不吃草。to expect a horse to run fast and yet won't feed it(37)天有不測風(fēng)云,人有旦夕禍福。In nature there are unexpected storms and in life unpredictable vicissitudes(38)人不可貌相,海水不可斗量。A person cannot be judged by his appearance, just like sea cannot be measured by a bucket.(39)人無干日好,花無百日紅。Man cannot be always fortunate;flowers do not last forever(40)血濃于水,葉落歸根。Blood is thicker than water, the falling leaves settle on the roots(41)滿招損,謙受益。Pride hurts modesty benefits(42)居移氣,養(yǎng)移體。Yang-gas shift, the shift-home(43)剛者至柔,柔者至剛。Nothing is so strong as gentleness;Nothing is so gentle as strength.(44)八仙過海,各顯神通。each one showing his or her special prowess(45)每逢佳節(jié)倍思親。On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.(46)酒逢知已干杯少Thousand cups seem still less when friends drink together(47)常言道:近朱者赤,近墨者黑。As the saying goes, “What’s near cinnabar goes red, and what’s next to ink turns black.”(48)有緣千里來相會,無緣對面不相逢。As decreed by providence you have met him, otherwise you might have failed although you traveled a thousand li(49)凡事預(yù)則立,不預(yù)則廢。Preparedness ensures success and unpreparedness spells 第2 / 4頁

      failure.Forewarned, forearmed.(50)棒頭出孝子Spare the rod and spoil the child(51)飽漢不知餓漢饑。The well-fed simply has no idea of how the starving suffers(52)伴君如伴虎。being close to the emperor is like being close to a tiger/ Nearest the king, nearest the gallows(53)天行健,君子以自強(qiáng)不息。As Heaven's movement is ever vigorous, so must a gentleman ceaselessly strive along(54)冰凍三尺,非一日之寒。it takes more than one cold day for the river to freeze three chi deep(55)寶劍鋒從磨礪出,梅花香自苦寒來。Sharp Edge of a Sword Comes out from Grinding, and Plum Blossom's Fragrance Comes from the Bitter Cold 2,Interpret the following English idioms into Chinese.

      (1)as blind as a bat 有眼無珠(2)as cool as a cucumber泰然自若(3)as easy as rolling off a log 易如反掌

      (4)a bed of roses稱心如意的境遇,安樂窩(5)between the devil and the blue sea 進(jìn)退維谷(6)to call a spade a spade 直言不諱(7)now or never 機(jī)不可失

      (8)to pull one’s leg和別人開玩笑(9)with tongue in cheek 言不由衷

      (10)much cry and little wool 雷神大雨點(diǎn)小

      (11)to wear one’s heart on ones ’sleeve過于心直口快;過于直率(12)The leopard cannot change its spots.江山易改,本性難移(13)A small leak will sink a great ship.千里之堤,潰于蟻穴

      (14)He that sups with the devil must have a long spoon.與壞人交往必須謹(jǐn)慎(15)As the touchstone tries gold,so gold tries men.烈火顯真金,逆境識英雄(16)Behind the mountains there are people to be found.山外有山,天外有天(17)The proof of pudding is in the eating.實(shí)踐得真知

      (18)One cannot make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear.朽木不可雕 第3 / 4頁

      (19)Nothing succeeds like success.一順百順(20)Enough is as good as a feast.適可而止

      (21)Do not count your chickens before they are hatched.不要過早打如意算盤。(22)Many hands make light work.人多好辦事

      (23)The mills of God grind slowly.天網(wǎng)恢恢疏而不漏(24)He laughs best who laughs last.笑在最后笑得最好(25)Marry in haste and repent at leisure.草率結(jié)婚后悔多

      (26)Courtesy on one side lasts not long.單方面禮貌不會長久,來而不往非禮也

      (27)Little thieves are hanged,but great ones escaped.竊鉤者誅,竊國者侯(28)Like attracts like.物以類聚,人以群分

      (29)Everyone for himself, the devil take the hindmost.人不為己,天誅地滅(30)Speak of the wolf,and you will see his tail.說曹操,曹操到(3 1)It’s no use crying over spilt milk.覆水難收,后悔無益(32)Fish begins to stink at the head.上梁不正下梁歪

      (33)Nothing venture,nothing gain/have.不入虎穴,焉得虎子(34)Time and tide wait for no man.時不我待,歲月不饒人

      (35)The life of the wolf is the death of the lamb豺狼活,則羔羊死/狼的生就是羔羊的死(36)Speech is silver,silence is gold.雄辯是銀,沉默是金(37)Short accounts make long friends.好朋友勤算賬(38)There is no rose without a thorn.朵朵玻瑰皆有刺(39)Better late than never.亡羊補(bǔ)牢

      (40)Many a good cow hath a bad calf.虎父生犬子

      第二篇:高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      聽說過嗎?躺在床上能和外教一對一練英語口語!史上最牛!

      免費(fèi)體驗史上最牛英語口語學(xué)習(xí),太平洋英語004km.cn

      一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech)口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動。譯員服務(wù)的對象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場,然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting),練習(xí)時應(yīng)注意:

      1、發(fā)言時吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。

      2、無需慷慨陳詞,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠,保持與聽眾的目光交流。

      3、口譯時一般用第一人稱,但是在同時兼任會談雙方的譯員時需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。

      4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90~160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。

      5、作口譯時少用或不用手勢,即興發(fā)言時難免有口誤甚至被人糾高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      正錯誤,這時應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評,立即改正。

      二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance)口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時性(real-time),發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長達(dá)3~5分鐘的講話(100~120個詞/分鐘)完整地在相應(yīng)時間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時間)轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述

      一、兩個小時的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時間內(nèi)記住300~600個詞??谧g不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense)從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時應(yīng)鼓勵學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。

      三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力

      (Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening)

      聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在訓(xùn)練開始時有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:

      1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾; 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      2、對話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,所以無法記憶。

      所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時擴(kuò)充背景知識,帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)??谧g培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。可以選擇一些內(nèi)容較長、難度相對較大的講話,聽后說出時間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會語境支持下的理解程序。

      四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具

      (Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids)

      記憶指的是對信息的編碼、儲存和?取,遺忘是指對儲存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的);其次根據(jù)對主題背景知識的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡,快速記憶。

      五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers)高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      人的短時記憶只能記住6~7個孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯譯或延時,是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅持不懈。基數(shù)表達(dá)

      三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對口譯不會構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(,)表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/)表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá): 1)727

      七百二十七

      Seven hundred twenty-seven(in AmE);

      Seven hundred and twenty-seven(in BrE);2)2,003

      二千零三

      Two thousand three(in AmE);

      Two thousand and three(in BrE);3)1,97/4,727

      一百九十七萬四千七百二十七

      One million, nine hundred(and)seventy-four thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-seven 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      4)1,1/75,00/0,000

      十一億七千五百萬

      One billion, one hundred seventy-five million(in AmE)5)45,0/00,00/0,000

      四百五十億

      Forty-five billion 序數(shù)表達(dá)

      1)第一:the first 2)第三:the third 3)第十:the tenth 4)第十五:the fifteenth 5)第二十二:the twenty-second 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)

      1)二分之一:a half 2)五分之一:one-fifth 3)四分之三:three quarters 4)七分之四:four-seventh 5)五又三分之二:five and two-thirds 小數(shù)表達(dá) 1)12.89

      十二點(diǎn)八九:twelve point eight nine

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      2)0.323

      零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three;zero/naught point three two three

      六、記筆記:常用符號和縮略語(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms)口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個步驟孤立地來討論,聽取信息的同時,理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。

      1、以下是一些常用筆記符號: 信息意義

      符號 增加;補(bǔ)充

      + 減少;刪除

      — 和;與;共同 & 上升;提高;增強(qiáng) ↑ 下降;下沉;降低 ↓ 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) ↗ 下挫;不斷虧損 ↘ 去;向前;發(fā)展

      → 回顧;從前;倒退 ← 不等于;并不意味著 ≠ 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      屬于 ? 總和;合力 ∑ 商標(biāo) TM 英鎊 £ 美元 $ 人民幣 ¥ 重要;驚訝!小于;不足 < 超過 > 認(rèn)為;主張;相信 : 以??為中心;圓桌會談 ⊙ 因為 ∵ 所以 ∴ 國家 □ 問題;疑惑 ? 正確;認(rèn)同 √ 高興 ?

      譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵無休止地設(shè)計新符號,記憶和識別新符號很可能在表達(dá)時帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      2、以下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息: 信息意義 縮略語 聯(lián)合國計劃開發(fā)署 UNDP 聯(lián)合國教科文組織

      UNESCO 洛杉磯

      上海

      國民生產(chǎn)總值

      國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

      五年計劃

      中華人民共和國

      中國共產(chǎn)黨

      人民代表大會

      社會保障體系

      中國人民保險公司

      中國外運(yùn)集團(tuán)

      中國遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司

      經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)

      國有企業(yè)

      合資企業(yè)

      信息技術(shù)

      研究和發(fā)展

      LA SH、滬

      GNP

      GDP

      5y計

      PRC

      CPC

      NPC

      社保

      PICC

      SinoTrans

      COCSO

      SEZ

      SOE

      JV

      IT

      R&D

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      投資回報率

      ROI 外國直接投資

      FDI 外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)

      WoFE 匯豐銀行

      HsBC 并購

      M&A 虛擬專用網(wǎng)

      VPN 超文本標(biāo)記語言

      HTML By the way

      BTW As soon as possible

      ASAP

      七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training)

      訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗記憶、加深理解,對一個語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲存的 “意義”,這時不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。

      八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference)英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因為地理位置、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對使用是中國譯員在轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      例1 中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。

      China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨大的。

      The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在)中國歷史上”,口譯成英語時必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。

      九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures)發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯: 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圓形百分比圖 pie graph 柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯: 柱狀圖 bar chart X軸 X axis Y軸 Y axis 坐標(biāo) point 曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯: 曲線圖 line chart 實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 broken line 點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line 面積圖相關(guān)詞匯: 色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme 陰影部分 shaded area 以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時常用詞匯: An upturn

      回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢 An upward trend

      上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢 Pick up/recover

      好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升 Rise slowly/gradually

      慢慢地/逐漸地上升 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      Rocket/soar

      驟升 Leap

      劇增

      Spiral upwards

      陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升 Sustain an increase

      維持升幅

      Reach a peak

      到達(dá)最高點(diǎn) Decline/decrease

      下降/下跌

      Downward trend

      下降的趨勢 A slump

      暴跌、蕭條 Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌 Spiral downward

      劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降 Plunge/dive

      急降/突降 A significant reduction 顯著的減幅 Fluctuate

      波動

      Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定 Bottom out/level out

      降到最低點(diǎn)

      十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form)大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項筆記符號要清晰,以免翻譯時因潦草難辨而誤譯。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:

      1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號或個性化的代碼記筆記;

      2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行

      3、對導(dǎo)致錯誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。

      十一、詞語選用(Diction)

      在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡潔、明確易懂。

      1、增詞法

      原文:只要依法經(jīng)營,照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵個體私營企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個非常重要的渠道。

      譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation;so long as these enterprises meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      “依法經(jīng)營,照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保的要求”口譯時所需時間相對來說稍長,為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了 so long as。

      2、重復(fù)法

      原文:我們將在市場準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個體私營企業(yè)以平等的待遇。

      譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import and export businesses.譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭取時間更好地整理信息。

      3、省略法

      原文:在我國改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時期,我們召開這樣一個承前啟后、繼往開來的大會具有極為重要的意義。

      譯文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對仗和韻律;英語則講究簡潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊。“承前啟后”與“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時只需高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法

      原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。

      譯文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation.However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法

      原文:時間很短,我長話短說。

      譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法

      原文:只有讓人民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會人亡政息。

      譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時反過來譯會取得意想不到的效果。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      7、補(bǔ)充背景資料

      原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個怪圈。請問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個怪圈。

      譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden.I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle? 口譯時要根據(jù)聽眾對話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。

      十二、長句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences)

      英語長句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時要注意根據(jù)意群,將其拆解為簡單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長句時,譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。

      1、句首分流法

      原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場上面也自由兌換,這個按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      漢語中有不少以“對于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。

      2、尾部分流法

      原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it.But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個人自由,有些人也許會濫用這些自由。但是如果因為太過于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對個人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類的自由就會被限制太多,付出的代價會更大,因為現(xiàn)在的這個世界,整個經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個世界里,孩子們都心懷夢想,而且相信夢想都會實(shí)現(xiàn)。

      3、重組法

      原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。

      4、倒置法

      原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face;between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個由短期利潤估算來驅(qū)動的全球市場,還是要一個富有人情味的全球市場?我們是要一個使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個為每個人提供致富機(jī)會和健康環(huán)境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。

      5、合并法

      原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair.We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory.We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness.The 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個國家一個民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。

      6、概括法

      原文:第二點(diǎn),我們在香港回歸以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮?,F(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米幔咳绻愀墼傧聛硪院?,那么對我們整個大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return.Now Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate.The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging.If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge.Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations)

      口譯時常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或為融洽賓主關(guān)系)引用對方國家高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié) 的古典詩詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時如果譯員平時不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時,學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時,培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯

      心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily 好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish 塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise 一個不成熟的想法:a green thought 引語翻譯

      有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes,)one prospers in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩:“茍利國家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺灣,我就很動情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國有殤?!保篧hen Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up.I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911.He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division.He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade;bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind.The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?

      十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches)譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時間內(nèi)掌握“863”計劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      鼓勵學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該選擇一個方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如: 原文:

      1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對立制約,互根互用,消長平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。

      2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida.The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers.Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:

      1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang,(the two opposing and complementary principles in nature,)exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent.According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational.The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health.And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop.Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。

      十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)

      順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。

      英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,可以采用順譯法處理:

      1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對中國的訪問,正逢一個重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。

      3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.會議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會在此之前先要碰個頭。

      4、Prof.Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯,尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時候。

      5、對于外界稱我為“中國的戈爾巴喬夫”也好,“經(jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。

      Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請允許我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。

      7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按計劃舉行會議,部分地取決于高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      什么時候那種傳染病會得到控制。

      以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。

      十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation)在正式場合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因為事先準(zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時插入講解或例子,屆時還需作無稿翻譯。

      十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)

      1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?

      翻譯時,最怕遇到聽不懂的詞??朔@一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測和預(yù)測能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個別不會的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對整個講話精神的體會,也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測出來。千萬不能被一個詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。遇到生詞例子: 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993.400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water.More than fifty people died.An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

      這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。

      2、如何在現(xiàn)場糾正傳譯中的錯誤?

      譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場時,再加上較長時間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場糾正錯誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯后,如果是小錯,只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯了,應(yīng)該譯為??”千萬不能顧及自己的面子而給會議造成損失。輕度誤譯

      原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing masks outside.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      譯文:關(guān)于剛才提出的怎樣預(yù)防感染SARS病毒的問題,我想說的是我注意到這個房間外面的人也是戴著口罩的。(許多人在戶外也戴著口罩)承認(rèn)錯誤

      原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai.I think it’s really an important question.I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.譯文:剛才有記者提到是否上??梢员苊膺@個SARS,我想要做的評論是上海已經(jīng)開始一場戰(zhàn)爭,而這場戰(zhàn)爭現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束。在座的記者們紛紛指正,譯員立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是發(fā)言人理解地重述剛才的講話The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.重譯:如果上海想徹底避免SARS的話只能建一堵墻把所有人擋在外面。漏譯后的補(bǔ)充

      原文:您剛才提到了一季度的工業(yè)增長情況。

      譯文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.3、碰到發(fā)言人講話速度過快怎么辦? 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      遇到這種情況時,譯員可以請發(fā)言人講得稍慢些。但有的人講話快已成習(xí)慣,很難克服。這時譯員一定要穩(wěn)住,不能著急,要仔細(xì)分析整段的內(nèi)容,緊緊抓住中心思想譯出即可。這種情況進(jìn)一步說明了平時概括能力訓(xùn)練的重要性。

      十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)

      高級譯員在大型國際會議上的又一表現(xiàn)不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的傳譯,每一次成功的談判,都凝聚著譯員平時將持不懈的訓(xùn)練和積累。口譯工作之復(fù)雜,對譯員的要求之高,也并非三言兩語就可悉數(shù),所以學(xué)員應(yīng)該自覺地進(jìn)行課后練習(xí)。就像飛機(jī)駕駛員在訓(xùn)練中必須有一定的“飛行小時”才可以正式上崗一樣,譯員也必須練夠1000“磁帶小時”才會有較大的提高。影子練習(xí):

      多觀摩優(yōu)秀譯員的場上表現(xiàn),如中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的新聞發(fā)布會,聽完發(fā)言人講話后,試著跟譯員一起做口譯;平時看電視或聽收音機(jī)時也可做跟讀練習(xí),訓(xùn)練各種話題的跟述和理解。磁帶小時:

      除了課堂練習(xí)外,每天花約兩個小時對各種與課文有關(guān)題材的講話或報刊、電視節(jié)目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue節(jié)目,進(jìn)行復(fù)述和口譯練習(xí),并進(jìn)行錄音,之后對錄音的練習(xí)進(jìn)行分析,不斷總結(jié)和提高。用心積累:

      平時生活中也要做一個有心人,注意收集新詞匯,新表達(dá)法,激發(fā)自高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      己對任何事物進(jìn)行描繪和口譯的興趣?,F(xiàn)場實(shí)踐:

      另外i,有條件的學(xué)校還可以漸漸地安排學(xué)生跟著職業(yè)譯員到口譯現(xiàn)場去感受真實(shí)的工作環(huán)境,這種真實(shí)的體驗和經(jīng)驗積累是課堂培訓(xùn)最好的補(bǔ)充。學(xué)生們在同時體驗譯員和聽眾雙重身份后,更容易吸收培訓(xùn)的理念,更積極地投入到緊張有序的自我訓(xùn)練中去,從而打破“譯員是天生的,而不可能后天培養(yǎng)出來的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神話。總而言之,“冰凍三尺,非一日之寒”,對口譯訓(xùn)練也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我們勤學(xué)苦練,就定能攻破口譯難關(guān)。

      編者語:本人花一周總結(jié)了高等教育出版社出版的《英語口譯實(shí)踐》上介紹的18個口譯技能,希望它能對廣大口譯愛好者的學(xué)習(xí)有良好的指導(dǎo)作用。

      第三篇:高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      聽說過嗎?躺在床上能和外教一對一練英語口語!史上最牛!

      免費(fèi)體驗史上最牛英語口語學(xué)習(xí),太平洋英語004km.cn

      一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech)口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動。譯員服務(wù)的對象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場,然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting),練習(xí)時應(yīng)注意:

      1、發(fā)言時吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。

      2、無需慷慨陳詞,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠,保持與聽眾的目光交流。

      3、口譯時一般用第一人稱,但是在同時兼任會談雙方的譯員時需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。

      4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90~160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。

      5、作口譯時少用或不用手勢,即興發(fā)言時難免有口誤甚至被人糾

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      正錯誤,這時應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評,立即改正。

      二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance)口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時性(real-time),發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長達(dá)3~5分鐘的講話(100~120個詞/分鐘)完整地在相應(yīng)時間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時間)轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述

      一、兩個小時的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時間內(nèi)記住300~600個詞。口譯不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense)從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時應(yīng)鼓勵學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。

      三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力

      (Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening)

      聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在訓(xùn)練開始時有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:

      1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾;

      2、對話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      所以無法記憶。

      所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時擴(kuò)充背景知識,帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)。口譯培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系??梢赃x擇一些內(nèi)容較長、難度相對較大的講話,聽后說出時間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會語境支持下的理解程序。

      四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具

      (Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids)

      記憶指的是對信息的編碼、儲存和?取,遺忘是指對儲存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的);其次根據(jù)對主題背景知識的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡,快速記憶。

      五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers)

      人的短時記憶只能記住6~7個孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯譯或延時,是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅持不懈?;鶖?shù)表達(dá)

      三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對口譯不會構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(,)表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/)表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá): 1)727

      七百二十七

      Seven hundred twenty-seven(in AmE);

      Seven hundred and twenty-seven(in BrE);2)2,003

      二千零三

      Two thousand three(in AmE);

      Two thousand and three(in BrE);3)1,97/4,727

      一百九十七萬四千七百二十七

      One million, nine hundred(and)seventy-four thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-seven 4)1,1/75,00/0,000

      十一億七千五百萬

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      One billion, one hundred seventy-five million(in AmE)5)45,0/00,00/0,000

      四百五十億

      Forty-five billion 序數(shù)表達(dá)

      1)第一:the first 2)第三:the third 3)第十:the tenth 4)第十五:the fifteenth 5)第二十二:the twenty-second 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)

      1)二分之一:a half 2)五分之一:one-fifth 3)四分之三:three quarters 4)七分之四:four-seventh 5)五又三分之二:five and two-thirds 小數(shù)表達(dá) 1)12.89

      十二點(diǎn)八九:twelve point eight nine 2)0.323

      零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three;zero/naught point three two three

      六、記筆記:常用符號和縮略語

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      (Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms)口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個步驟孤立地來討論,聽取信息的同時,理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。

      1、以下是一些常用筆記符號: 信息意義

      符號 增加;補(bǔ)充

      + 減少;刪除

      — 和;與;共同 & 上升;提高;增強(qiáng) ↑ 下降;下沉;降低 ↓ 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) ↗ 下挫;不斷虧損 ↘ 去;向前;發(fā)展

      → 回顧;從前;倒退 ← 不等于;并不意味著 ≠ 屬于 ? 總和;合力 ∑ 商標(biāo) TM 英鎊 £

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      美元 $ 人民幣 ¥ 重要;驚訝!小于;不足 < 超過 > 認(rèn)為;主張;相信 : 以??為中心;圓桌會談 ⊙ 因為 ∵ 所以 ∴ 國家 □ 問題;疑惑 ? 正確;認(rèn)同 √ 高興 ?

      譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵無休止地設(shè)計新符號,記憶和識別新符號很可能在表達(dá)時帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。

      2、以下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息: 信息意義 縮略語 聯(lián)合國計劃開發(fā)署 UNDP 聯(lián)合國教科文組織

      UNESCO 洛杉磯

      LA

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      上海

      SH、滬 國民生產(chǎn)總值

      GNP 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

      GDP 五年計劃

      5y計 中華人民共和國

      PRC 中國共產(chǎn)黨

      人民代表大會

      社會保障體系

      中國人民保險公司

      中國外運(yùn)集團(tuán)

      中國遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司

      經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)

      國有企業(yè)

      合資企業(yè)

      信息技術(shù)

      研究和發(fā)展

      投資回報率

      外國直接投資

      外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)

      匯豐銀行

      并購

      虛擬專用網(wǎng)

      CPC NPC 社保

      PICC SinoTrans COCSO SEZ SOE

      JV

      IT R&D ROI FDI WoFE HsBC M&A VPN

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      超文本標(biāo)記語言

      HTML By the way

      BTW As soon as possible

      ASAP

      七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training)

      訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗記憶、加深理解,對一個語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲存的 “意義”,這時不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。

      八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference)英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因為地理位置、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對使用是中國譯員在轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。

      例1 中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。

      China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      大的。

      The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在)中國歷史上”,口譯成英語時必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。

      九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures)發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯: 扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圓形百分比圖 pie graph 柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯: 柱狀圖 bar chart X軸 X axis Y軸 Y axis 坐標(biāo) point

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯: 曲線圖 line chart 實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 broken line 點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line 面積圖相關(guān)詞匯: 色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme 陰影部分 shaded area 以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時常用詞匯: An upturn

      回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢 An upward trend

      上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢 Pick up/recover

      好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升 Rise slowly/gradually

      慢慢地/逐漸地上升 Rocket/soar

      驟升 Leap

      劇增

      Spiral upwards

      陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升 Sustain an increase

      維持升幅

      Reach a peak

      到達(dá)最高點(diǎn) Decline/decrease

      下降/下跌

      Downward trend

      下降的趨勢 A slump

      暴跌、蕭條 Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      Spiral downward

      劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降 Plunge/dive

      急降/突降 A significant reduction 顯著的減幅 Fluctuate

      波動

      Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定 Bottom out/level out

      降到最低點(diǎn)

      十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form)大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項筆記符號要清晰,以免翻譯時因潦草難辨而誤譯。篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:

      1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號或個性化的代碼記筆記;

      2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行

      3、對導(dǎo)致錯誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。

      十一、詞語選用(Diction)

      在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡潔、明確易懂。

      1、增詞法

      原文:只要依法經(jīng)營,照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵個體私營企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個非常重要的渠道。

      譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation;so long as these enterprises meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.“依法經(jīng)營,照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保的要求”口譯時所需時間相對來說稍長,為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了 so long as。

      2、重復(fù)法

      原文:我們將在市場準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個體私營企業(yè)以平等的待遇。

      譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import and export businesses.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭取時間更好地整理信息。

      3、省略法

      原文:在我國改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時期,我們召開這樣一個承前啟后、繼往開來的大會具有極為重要的意義。

      譯文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對仗和韻律;英語則講究簡潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊?!俺星皢⒑蟆迸c“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時只需譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法

      原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。

      譯文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation.However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法

      原文:時間很短,我長話短說。

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法

      原文:只有讓人民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會人亡政息。

      譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時反過來譯會取得意想不到的效果。

      7、補(bǔ)充背景資料

      原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個怪圈。請問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個怪圈。

      譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden.I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle? 口譯時要根據(jù)聽眾對話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。

      十二、長句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences)

      英語長句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時要注意根據(jù)意群,將

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      其拆解為簡單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長句時,譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。

      1、句首分流法

      原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場上面也自由兌換,這個按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.漢語中有不少以“對于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。

      2、尾部分流法

      原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it.But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個人自由,有些人也許會濫用這些自由。但是如果因為太過于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對個人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié) 的自由就會被限制太多,付出的代價會更大,因為現(xiàn)在的這個世界,整個經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個世界里,孩子們都心懷夢想,而且相信夢想都會實(shí)現(xiàn)。

      3、重組法

      原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。

      4、倒置法

      原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face;between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個由短期利潤估算來驅(qū)動的全球市場,還是要一個富有人情味的全球市場?我們是要一個使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個為每個人提供致富機(jī)會和健康環(huán)

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。

      5、合并法

      原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair.We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory.We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness.The lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個國家一個民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。

      6、概括法

      原文:第二點(diǎn),我們在香港回歸以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮?,F(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米??如果香港再下來以后,那么對我們整個大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return.Now

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate.The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging.If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge.Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations)

      口譯時常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或為融洽賓主關(guān)系)引用對方國家的古典詩詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時如果譯員平時不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時,學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時,培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯

      心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily 好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish 塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise 一個不成熟的想法:a green thought 引語翻譯

      有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes,)one prospers

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩:“茍利國家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺灣,我就很動情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國有殤?!保篧hen Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up.I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911.He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division.He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade;bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind.The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?

      十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches)譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時間內(nèi)掌握“863”計劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該鼓勵學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該選擇一個方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如: 原文:

      1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對立制約,互根互用,消長平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。

      2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida.The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers.Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:

      1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang,(the two opposing

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      and complementary principles in nature,)exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent.According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational.The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health.And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop.Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。

      十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)

      順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。

      英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      可以采用順譯法處理:

      1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。

      2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對中國的訪問,正逢一個重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。

      3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.會議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會在此之前先要碰個頭。

      4、Prof.Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯,尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時候。

      5、對于外界稱我為“中國的戈爾巴喬夫”也好,“經(jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。

      Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請允許我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。

      7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按計劃舉行會議,部分地取決于什么時候那種傳染病會得到控制。

      以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。

      十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation)在正式場合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因為事先準(zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時插入講解或例子,屆時還需作無稿翻譯。

      十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)

      1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?

      翻譯時,最怕遇到聽不懂的詞??朔@一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測和預(yù)測能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個別不會的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對整個講話精神的體會,也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測出來。千萬不能被一個詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      遇到生詞例子:

      原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993.400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water.More than fifty people died.An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

      這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。

      2、如何在現(xiàn)場糾正傳譯中的錯誤?

      譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場時,再加上較長時間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場糾正錯誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯后,如果是小錯,只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯了,應(yīng)該譯為??”千萬不能顧及自己的面子而給會議造成損失。輕度誤譯

      原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      masks outside.譯文:關(guān)于剛才提出的怎樣預(yù)防感染SARS病毒的問題,我想說的是我注意到這個房間外面的人也是戴著口罩的。(許多人在戶外也戴著口罩)承認(rèn)錯誤

      原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai.I think it’s really an important question.I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.譯文:剛才有記者提到是否上??梢员苊膺@個SARS,我想要做的評論是上海已經(jīng)開始一場戰(zhàn)爭,而這場戰(zhàn)爭現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束。在座的記者們紛紛指正,譯員立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是發(fā)言人理解地重述剛才的講話The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.重譯:如果上海想徹底避免SARS的話只能建一堵墻把所有人擋在外面。漏譯后的補(bǔ)充

      原文:您剛才提到了一季度的工業(yè)增長情況。

      譯文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.3、碰到發(fā)言人講話速度過快怎么辦?

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      遇到這種情況時,譯員可以請發(fā)言人講得稍慢些。但有的人講話快已成習(xí)慣,很難克服。這時譯員一定要穩(wěn)住,不能著急,要仔細(xì)分析整段的內(nèi)容,緊緊抓住中心思想譯出即可。這種情況進(jìn)一步說明了平時概括能力訓(xùn)練的重要性。

      十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)

      高級譯員在大型國際會議上的又一表現(xiàn)不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的傳譯,每一次成功的談判,都凝聚著譯員平時將持不懈的訓(xùn)練和積累。口譯工作之復(fù)雜,對譯員的要求之高,也并非三言兩語就可悉數(shù),所以學(xué)員應(yīng)該自覺地進(jìn)行課后練習(xí)。就像飛機(jī)駕駛員在訓(xùn)練中必須有一定的“飛行小時”才可以正式上崗一樣,譯員也必須練夠1000“磁帶小時”才會有較大的提高。影子練習(xí): 多觀摩優(yōu)秀譯員的場上表現(xiàn),如中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的新聞發(fā)布會,聽完發(fā)言人講話后,試著跟譯員一起做口譯;平時看電視或聽收音機(jī)時也可做跟讀練習(xí),訓(xùn)練各種話題的跟述和理解。磁帶小時:

      除了課堂練習(xí)外,每天花約兩個小時對各種與課文有關(guān)題材的講話或報刊、電視節(jié)目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue節(jié)目,進(jìn)行復(fù)述和口譯練習(xí),并進(jìn)行錄音,之后對錄音的練習(xí)進(jìn)行分析,不斷總結(jié)和提高。用心積累:

      平時生活中也要做一個有心人,注意收集新詞匯,新表達(dá)法,激發(fā)自己對任何事物進(jìn)行描繪和口譯的興趣。

      高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      現(xiàn)場實(shí)踐:

      另外i,有條件的學(xué)校還可以漸漸地安排學(xué)生跟著職業(yè)譯員到口譯現(xiàn)場去感受真實(shí)的工作環(huán)境,這種真實(shí)的體驗和經(jīng)驗積累是課堂培訓(xùn)最好的補(bǔ)充。學(xué)生們在同時體驗譯員和聽眾雙重身份后,更容易吸收培訓(xùn)的理念,更積極地投入到緊張有序的自我訓(xùn)練中去,從而打破“譯員是天生的,而不可能后天培養(yǎng)出來的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神話??偠灾氨鶅鋈?,非一日之寒”,對口譯訓(xùn)練也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我們勤學(xué)苦練,就定能攻破口譯難關(guān)。

      編者語:本人花一周總結(jié)了高等教育出版社出版的《英語口譯實(shí)踐》上介紹的18個口譯技能,希望它能對廣大口譯愛好者的學(xué)習(xí)有良好的指導(dǎo)作用。

      第四篇:高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)

      口譯技能

      一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech)口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動。譯員服務(wù)的對象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場,然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting),練習(xí)時應(yīng)注意:

      1、發(fā)言時吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。

      2、無需慷慨陳詞,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠,保持與聽眾的目光交流。

      3、口譯時一般用第一人稱,但是在同時兼任會談雙方的譯員時需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。

      4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90~160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。

      5、作口譯時少用或不用手勢,即興發(fā)言時難免有口誤甚至被人糾正錯誤,這時應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評,立即改正。

      二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance)口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時性(real-time),發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長達(dá)3~5分鐘的講話(100~120個詞/分鐘)完整地在相應(yīng)時間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時間)轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述

      一、兩個小時的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時間內(nèi)記住300~600個詞??谧g不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense)從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時應(yīng)鼓勵學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。

      三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力

      (Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening)

      聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在訓(xùn)練開始時有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:

      1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾;

      2、對話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,所以無法記憶。

      所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時擴(kuò)充背景知識,帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)。口譯培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。可以選擇一些內(nèi)容較長、難度相對較大的講話,聽后說出時間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會語境支持下的理解程序。

      四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具

      (Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids)

      記憶指的是對信息的編碼、儲存和?取,遺忘是指對儲存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的);其次根據(jù)對主題背景知識的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡,快速記憶。

      五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers)

      人的短時記憶只能記住6~7個孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯譯或延時,是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅持不懈?;鶖?shù)表達(dá)

      三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對口譯不會構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(,)表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/)表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá): 1)727

      七百二十七

      Seven hundred twenty-seven(in AmE);

      Seven hundred and twenty-seven(in BrE);2)2,003

      二千零三

      Two thousand three(in AmE);

      Two thousand and three(in BrE);3)1,97/4,727

      一百九十七萬四千七百二十七

      One million, nine hundred(and)seventy-four thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-seven 4)1,1/75,00/0,000

      十一億七千五百萬

      One billion, one hundred seventy-five million(in AmE)5)45,0/00,00/0,000

      四百五十億

      Forty-five billion 序數(shù)表達(dá)

      1)第一:the first 2)第三:the third 3)第十:the tenth 4)第十五:the fifteenth 5)第二十二:the twenty-second 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)

      1)二分之一:a half 2)五分之一:one-fifth 3)四分之三:three quarters 4)七分之四:four-seventh 5)五又三分之二:five and two-thirds 小數(shù)表達(dá) 1)12.89

      十二點(diǎn)八九:twelve point eight nine 2)0.323

      零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three;zero/naught point three two three

      六、記筆記:常用符號和縮略語(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms)口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個步驟孤立地來

      討論,聽取信息的同時,理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。

      1、以下是一些常用筆記符號: 信息意義

      符號 增加;補(bǔ)充

      + 減少;刪除

      — 和;與;共同 & 上升;提高;增強(qiáng) ↑ 下降;下沉;降低 ↓ 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) ↗ 下挫;不斷虧損 ↘ 去;向前;發(fā)展

      → 回顧;從前;倒退 ← 不等于;并不意味著 ≠ 屬于 ? 總和;合力 ∑ 商標(biāo) TM 英鎊 £ 美元 $ 人民幣 ¥ 重要;驚訝!小于;不足 < 超過 > 認(rèn)為;主張;相信 : 以??為中心;圓桌會談 ⊙ 因為 ∵ 所以 ∴ 國家 □ 問題;疑惑 ? 正確;認(rèn)同 √ 高興 ?

      譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵無休止地設(shè)計新符號,記憶和識別新符號很可能在表達(dá)時帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。

      2、以下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息: 信息意義 縮略語 聯(lián)合國計劃開發(fā)署 UNDP 聯(lián)合國教科文組織

      UNESCO 洛杉磯

      LA 上海

      SH、滬 國民生產(chǎn)總值

      GNP 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值

      GDP 五年計劃

      5y計 中華人民共和國

      PRC 中國共產(chǎn)黨

      CPC 人民代表大會

      NPC 社會保障體系

      中國人民保險公司

      中國外運(yùn)集團(tuán)

      中國遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司

      經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)

      國有企業(yè)

      合資企業(yè)

      信息技術(shù)

      研究和發(fā)展

      投資回報率

      外國直接投資

      外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)

      匯豐銀行

      并購

      虛擬專用網(wǎng)

      超文本標(biāo)記語言

      By the way

      社保

      PICC SinoTrans COCSO SEZ SOE

      JV

      IT R&D ROI FDI WoFE HsBC M&A VPN HTML BTW

      As soon as possible

      ASAP

      七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training)

      訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗記憶、加深理解,對一個語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲存的 “意義”,這時不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。

      八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference)英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因為地理位置、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對使用是中國譯員在轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。

      例1 中國歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。

      China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨大的。

      The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在)中國歷史上”,口譯成英語時必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。

      九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures)發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯: 扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圓形百分比圖 pie graph 柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯: 柱狀圖 bar chart X軸 X axis Y軸 Y axis 坐標(biāo) point 曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯: 曲線圖 line chart 實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 broken line 點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line 面積圖相關(guān)詞匯: 色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme 陰影部分 shaded area 以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時常用詞匯: An upturn

      回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢 An upward trend

      上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢 Pick up/recover

      好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升 Rise slowly/gradually

      慢慢地/逐漸地上升 Rocket/soar

      驟升 Leap

      劇增

      Spiral upwards

      陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升 Sustain an increase

      維持升幅

      Reach a peak

      到達(dá)最高點(diǎn) Decline/decrease

      下降/下跌

      Downward trend

      下降的趨勢 A slump

      暴跌、蕭條 Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌 Spiral downward

      劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降 Plunge/dive

      急降/突降 A significant reduction 顯著的減幅 Fluctuate

      波動

      Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定 Bottom out/level out

      降到最低點(diǎn)

      十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form)大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項筆記符號要清晰,以免翻譯時因潦草難辨而誤譯。篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:

      1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號或個性化的代碼記筆記;

      2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行

      3、對導(dǎo)致錯誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。

      十一、詞語選用(Diction)

      在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡潔、明確易懂。

      1、增詞法

      原文:只要依法經(jīng)營,照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵個體私營企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個非常重要的渠道。

      譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation;so long as these enterprises meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.“依法經(jīng)營,照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保的要求”口譯時所需時間相對來說稍長,為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了 so long as。

      2、重復(fù)法

      原文:我們將在市場準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個體私營企業(yè)以平等的待遇。

      譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import and export businesses.譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭取時間更好地整理信息。

      3、省略法

      原文:在我國改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時期,我們召開這樣一個承前啟后、繼往開來的大會具有極為重要的意義。

      譯文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對仗和韻律;英語則講究簡潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊?!俺星皢⒑蟆迸c“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時只需譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法

      原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。

      譯文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation.However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法

      原文:時間很短,我長話短說。

      譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法 原文:只有讓人民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會人亡政息。

      譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時反過來譯會取得意想不到的效果。

      7、補(bǔ)充背景資料

      原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個怪圈。請問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個怪圈。

      譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden.I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle? 口譯時要根據(jù)聽眾對話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。

      十二、長句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences)

      英語長句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時要注意根據(jù)意群,將其拆解為簡單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長句時,譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。

      1、句首分流法

      原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場上面也自由兌換,這個按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.漢語中有不少以“對于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。

      2、尾部分流法

      原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it.But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個人自由,有些人也許會濫用這些自由。但是如果因為太過于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對個人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類的自由就會被限制太多,付出的代價會更大,因為現(xiàn)在的這個世界,整個經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個世界里,孩子們都心懷夢想,而且相信夢想都會實(shí)現(xiàn)。

      3、重組法

      原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。

      4、倒置法

      原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face;between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個由短期利潤估算來驅(qū)動的全球市場,還是要一個富有人情味的全球市場?我們是要一個使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個為每個人提供致富機(jī)會和健康環(huán)境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。

      5、合并法

      原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair.We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory.We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness.The lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個國家一個民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。

      6、概括法

      原文:第二點(diǎn),我們在香港回歸以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮?,F(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米??如果香港再下來以后,那么對我們整個大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return.Now Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate.The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging.If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge.Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations)

      口譯時常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或為融洽賓主關(guān)系)引用對方國家的古典詩詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時如果譯員平時不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時,學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時,培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯

      心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily 好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish 塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise 一個不成熟的想法:a green thought 引語翻譯

      有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes,)one prospers in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩:“茍利國家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺灣,我就很動情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國有殤?!保篧hen Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up.I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911.He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division.He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade;bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind.The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?

      十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches)譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時間內(nèi)掌握“863”計劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該鼓勵學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該選擇一個方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如: 原文:

      1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對立制約,互根互用,消長平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。

      2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida.The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers.Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:

      1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang,(the two opposing and complementary principles in nature,)exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent.According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational.The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health.And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop.Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。

      十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)

      順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。

      英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,可以采用順譯法處理:

      1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。

      2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對中國的訪問,正逢一個重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。

      3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.會議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會在此之前先要碰個頭。

      4、Prof.Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯,尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時候。

      5、對于外界稱我為“中國的戈爾巴喬夫”也好,“經(jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。

      Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請允許我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。

      7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按計劃舉行會議,部分地取決于什么時候那種傳染病會得到控制。

      以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。

      十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation)在正式場合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因為事先準(zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時插入講解或例子,屆時還需作無稿翻譯。

      十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)

      1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?

      翻譯時,最怕遇到聽不懂的詞??朔@一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測和預(yù)測能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個別不會的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對整個講話精神的體會,也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測出來。千萬不能被一個詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。遇到生詞例子:

      原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993.400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water.More than fifty people died.An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>

      這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。

      2、如何在現(xiàn)場糾正傳譯中的錯誤?

      譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場時,再加上較長時間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場糾正錯誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯后,如果是小錯,只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯了,應(yīng)該譯為??”千萬不能顧及自己的面子而給會議造成損失。輕度誤譯

      原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing masks outside.譯文:關(guān)于剛才提出的怎樣預(yù)防感染SARS病毒的問題,我想說的是我注意到這個房間外面的人也是戴著口罩的。(許多人在戶外也戴著口罩)承認(rèn)錯誤

      原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai.I think it’s really an important question.I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.譯文:剛才有記者提到是否上海可以避免這個SARS,我想要做的評論是上海已經(jīng)開始一場戰(zhàn)爭,而這場戰(zhàn)爭現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束。在座的記者們紛紛指正,譯員立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是發(fā)言人理解地重述剛才的講話The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.重譯:如果上海想徹底避免SARS的話只能建一堵墻把所有人擋在外面。漏譯后的補(bǔ)充

      原文:您剛才提到了一季度的工業(yè)增長情況。

      譯文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.3、碰到發(fā)言人講話速度過快怎么辦?

      遇到這種情況時,譯員可以請發(fā)言人講得稍慢些。但有的人講話快已成習(xí)慣,很難克服。這時譯員一定要穩(wěn)住,不能著急,要仔細(xì)分析整段的內(nèi)容,緊緊抓住中心思想譯出即可。這種情況進(jìn)一步說明了平時概括能力訓(xùn)練的重要性。

      十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)

      高級譯員在大型國際會議上的又一表現(xiàn)不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的傳譯,每一次成功的談判,都凝聚著譯員平時將持不懈的訓(xùn)練和積累。口譯工作之復(fù)雜,對譯員的要求之高,也并非三言兩語就可悉數(shù),所以學(xué)員應(yīng)該自覺地進(jìn)行課后練習(xí)。就像飛機(jī)駕駛員在訓(xùn)練中必須有一定的“飛行小時”才可以正式上崗一樣,譯員也必須練夠1000“磁帶小時”才會有較大的提高。影子練習(xí): 多觀摩優(yōu)秀譯員的場上表現(xiàn),如中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的新聞發(fā)布會,聽完發(fā)言人講話后,試著跟譯員一起做口譯;平時看電視或聽收音機(jī)時也可做跟讀練習(xí),訓(xùn)練各種話題的跟述和理解。磁帶小時:

      除了課堂練習(xí)外,每天花約兩個小時對各種與課文有關(guān)題材的講話或報刊、電視節(jié)目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue節(jié)目,進(jìn)行復(fù)述和口譯練習(xí),并進(jìn)行錄音,之后對錄音的練習(xí)進(jìn)行分析,不斷總結(jié)和提高。用心積累:

      平時生活中也要做一個有心人,注意收集新詞匯,新表達(dá)法,激發(fā)自己對任何事物進(jìn)行描繪和口譯的興趣。現(xiàn)場實(shí)踐:

      另外i,有條件的學(xué)校還可以漸漸地安排學(xué)生跟著職業(yè)譯員到口譯現(xiàn)場去感受真實(shí)的工作環(huán)境,這種真實(shí)的體驗和經(jīng)驗積累是課堂培訓(xùn)最好的補(bǔ)充。學(xué)生們在同時體驗譯員和聽眾雙重身份后,更容易吸收培訓(xùn)的理念,更積極地投入到緊張有序的自我訓(xùn)練中去,從而打破“譯員是天生的,而不可能后天培養(yǎng)出來的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神話??偠灾氨鶅鋈?,非一日之寒”,對口譯訓(xùn)練也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我們勤學(xué)苦練,就定能攻破口譯難關(guān)。

      編者語:本人花一周總結(jié)了高等教育出版社出版的《英語口譯實(shí)踐》上介紹的18個口譯技能,希望它能對廣大口譯愛好者的學(xué)習(xí)有良好的指導(dǎo)作用。

      第五篇:新理念大學(xué)英語三級閱讀教程unit3

      4.The Civil Rights Movement: What Good Was It?

      Alice Walker

      TextWhen we are children, growing up in our parents’ care, we○

      world.Sometimes our parents provide it—if we are lucky—sometimes it comes from another

      source far from home.☆We sit, paralyzed, surrounded by our anxiety and dread, hoping we will not have to grow up into the narrow world and ways we see about us.☆face.2It was just six years ago that I began to be —for I am ○

      now twenty-three—but I did not really know it.And I did not know it because nobody told me that I—a pensive, yearning, typical high-school senior, but Negro—existed in the minds of others as I existed in my own.☆Until that time my mind was locked apart from the outer contours and complexion of my body as if it and the body were strangers.The mind possessed both thought and spirit—I wanted to be an author or a scientist—which the color of the body denied.I had never seen myself and existed as a statistic exists, or as a phantom.In the white world I walked, less real to them than a shadow;and being young and well hidden among the slums, among people who also did not exist—either in books or in films or in the government of their own lives—I waited to be called to life.And, by a miracle, I was called.【在前兩段中,What words does the author uses to describe her state of being in her early days? And what words to describe her state of mind at that time? 作者用了哪些詞語描寫她早期的生活狀態(tài)?哪些詞描寫她當(dāng)時的心理狀態(tài)?】【W(wǎng)hat words have caught your eyes? What words touch your heart? 哪些詞句引起了你的注意?你覺得哪些語句很有力量?】

      【在第二段中,What notion is repetitively mentioned in this paragraph? What situation is described here?What is the author trying to say here? 這一段里不斷重復(fù)的一個概念是什么?描寫了一個什么樣的狀態(tài)?作者想說的是什么?】

      3There was a commotion in our house that night in 1960.We had managed to buy our first ○

      television set.It was battered and overpriced, but my mother had gotten used to watching the

      afternoon soap operas at the house where she worked as maid, and nothing could satisfy her on days when she did not work but a continuation of her “stories.” So she pennies and bought a set.【W(wǎng)hy did mother have a TV set and how did she get their it? 】

      第四段是個重點(diǎn)段落,也是個較難的段落。建議朗讀這一段來仔細(xì)體會。

      把你不太理解的句子做上標(biāo)記,準(zhǔn)備課上討論。

      4I remained listless throughout her “stories,” tales of pregnancy, abortion, hypocrisy, infidelity, ○

      and alcoholism.All these men and women were white and lived in houses with servants, long staircases that they floated down, patios where liquor was served four times a day to comfortable chair, watched each movement of the smartly coiffed women, heard each word, pounced upon each innuendo and inflection, and for the duration of these “stories” she saw herself as one of them.She placed herself in every scene she saw, with her braided hair turned blond, her two hundred pounds compressed into a sleek size-seven dress, her smooth and white.Her husband became “,” talented, witty, urbane, charming.And when she turned to look at my father sitting near her in his sweat shirt with his smelly feet raised on the bed to “air,” there was always a tragic look of surprise on her face.Then she would sigh and go out to the kitchen looking lost and unsure of herself.My mother, a truly great woman who raised eight children of her own and half a dozen of the neighbors’ without a single complaint, was convinced that she did not exist compared to “them.” She subordinated her soul to theirs and became a faithful and timid supporter of the “Beautiful White People.” ☆Once she asked me, in a moment of vicarious pride and despair, if I didn’t think that “they” were “jest naturally smarter, prettier, better.” My mother asked this: a woman who never got rid of any of her children, never cheated on my father, was never a hypocrite if she could help it, and never even tasted liquor.She could not even bring herself to blame “them” for making her believe what they wanted her to believe: that if she did not look like them, think like them, be sophisticated and corrupt-for-comfort’s-sake like them, she was a nobody.Black was not a color on my mother;it was a shield that made her invisible.【How much is the author interested in those TV programs? How much is the mother interested in them? What kind of TV programs these are? 】【W(wǎng)hat does Alice feel about her mother? What is the image of her mother in Alice's essay? 】

      【對媽媽的細(xì)節(jié)描寫中,有沒有哪一處你覺得特別動人?】【作者用了很大的篇幅描寫媽媽看了電視之后的心情,注意她的描寫。思考:為什么作者花這么大篇幅描寫這一點(diǎn)?】

      5Of course, the people who wrote the soap-opera scripts always made the Negro maids in ○

      them steadfast, trusty, and wise in a home-remedial sort of way;but my mother, a maid for nearly forty years, never once identified herself with the scarcely glimpsed black servant’s face beneath the ruffled cap.Like everyone else, in her daydreams at least, she thought she was free.6Six years ago, after half-heartedly watching my mother’s soap operas and wondering whether ○

      there wasn’t something more to be asked of life, the Civil Rights Movement came into my life.Like a good omen for the future, the face of Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr., was the first black face I saw on our new television screen.☆A(yù)nd, as in a fairy tale, my soul was stirred by the meaning for me of his mission—at the time he was being rather ignominiously dumped into a police van for having led a protest march in Alabama—and I fell in love with the sober and determined face of the Movement.The singing of “We Shall Overcome”——rang for the first time in my ears.☆The influence that my mother’s soap operas might have had on me became impossible.The life of Dr.King, seeming bigger and more miraculous than the man himself, because of all he had done and suffered, offered a pattern of strength and sincerity I felt I could trust.He had suffered much because of his simple belief in nonviolence, love, and brotherhood.☆Perhaps the majority of men could not be reached through these beliefs, but because Dr.King kept trying to reach them in spite of danger to himself and his family, I saw in him the hero for whom I had waited so long.【注意作者怎樣描寫她忽然從電視上看到馬丁路德金,以及她的感受?!俊咀⒁饽男┰~句把這一段的內(nèi)容和前文聯(lián)系起來了。】

      1.○7這一段句子很長,注意斷句。What Dr.King promised was not a ranch-style house and an acre of manicured lawn for every black man, but jail and finally freedom.He did not promise two cars for every family, but the courage one day for all families everywhere to walk without shame and unafraid on their own feet.☆He did not say that one day it will be us chasing prospective buyers out of our prosperous well-kept neighborhoods, or in other ways exhibiting our snobbery and ignorance as all other ethnic groups before us have done;what he said was that we had a right to live anywhere in this country we chose, and a right to a meaningful well-paying job to provide us with the upkeep of our homes.He did not say we had to become carbon copies of the white American middle class;but he did say we had the right to become whatever we wanted to become.【W(wǎng)hat is the point that the author tries to make clear in this paragraph? How does Alice understand King's ideas?】

      8Because of the Movement, because of an awakened faith in the newness and imagination of ○

      the human spirit, because of “black and white together”—for the first time in our history in some human relationship on and off TV—because of the beatings, the arrests, the hell of battle during the past years, I have fought harder for my life and for a chance to be myself, to be something more than a shadow or a number, than I had ever done before in my life.Before, there had seemed to be no real reason for struggling beyond the effort for daily bread.Now there was a chance at that other than Jesus meant when He said we could not live by bread alone.【這句話怎么理解?】

      9I have fought and kicked and fasted and prayed and cursed and cried myself to the point of ○

      existing.It has been like being born again, literally.Just “ to me.Knowing has pushed me out into the world, into college, into places, into people.10Part of what existence means to me is knowing the difference between ○

      being able to tell when I am being wronged and by whom.It means being awake to protect myself and the ones I love.It means being a part of the world community, and being alert to which part it is that I have joined, and knowing how to change to another part if that part does not suit me.To know is to exist: to exist is to be involved, to move about, to see the world with my own eyes.This, at least, the Movement has given me.【Does Alice Walker answer the question that she raises in the title of this article? To Alice, what good was civil rights movement? 】

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