第一篇:口譯技能教程Unit1
第一部分
詞語練習(xí)
一、漢譯英
1、禮樂
2、特技
3、首映式
4、金雞獎(jiǎng)
5、弦樂器
6、管樂器
7、音樂排行榜
8、電影編年史
9、音樂會(huì)開演時(shí)間
10、電影藝術(shù)流派
二、英譯漢
1、visual art
2、arts venue
3、artistic value
4、arts discipline
5、soothing melody
6、cultural and artistic heritage
7、catalogue art works
8、showcase artistic excellence
9、promote access to the arts
10、incarnate the creativity of a people 第二部分
段落練習(xí)
一、漢譯英
1、很高興與各位共聚一堂,欣賞中國(guó)上海國(guó)際藝術(shù)節(jié)的閉幕音樂會(huì)。今晚的壓軸表演為藝術(shù)節(jié)畫上完美的句號(hào)。今年的藝術(shù)節(jié)圓滿成功,每位參與者都居功至偉。
籌辦這個(gè)為期四周的藝術(shù)文化盛宴,實(shí)在不是一件容易的事。中國(guó)上海國(guó)際藝術(shù)節(jié)已連續(xù)舉辦了11年,而表演節(jié)目一年比一年精彩。在金融風(fēng)暴肆虐下,藝術(shù)節(jié)帶來歡樂,振奮人心,讓我們深深感受到藝術(shù)之美,人生之美。另一方面,藝術(shù)節(jié)亦展現(xiàn)上海作為亞洲文化中心的魅力,提升我們的軟實(shí)力。
我衷心感謝多年來一直大力支持藝術(shù)節(jié)的贊助機(jī)構(gòu)和贊助人。在經(jīng)濟(jì)艱難的時(shí)候,你們的支持無疑尤為珍貴。
2、雖然香港電影產(chǎn)業(yè)始于1909年,但它在20世紀(jì)50年代才進(jìn)入全面發(fā)展時(shí)期,當(dāng)時(shí)電影業(yè)是推動(dòng)香港經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要產(chǎn)業(yè)。香港電影當(dāng)時(shí)不僅在亞洲繁榮發(fā)展,而且也為全世界所接受。
在過去的幾十年中,香港電影贏得了廣泛的國(guó)際認(rèn)可。許多演員、導(dǎo)演、攝影師和制片人已經(jīng)家喻戶曉。他們以各自獨(dú)特的風(fēng)格、尖銳的視角和創(chuàng)新的情節(jié)而廣受稱贊。正因?yàn)槿绱?,單單在過去的10年內(nèi),香港電影和電影人就已獲得了300多項(xiàng)國(guó)際獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)。
近年來,大陸香港合拍片獲得了巨大的票房成功。就拿《臥虎藏龍》這部大受歡迎的合拍片來說,它在全球的票房為4500萬美元。在過去三年內(nèi),中國(guó)大陸前十名的電影中有七八部是有香港電影人參與的合拍片。
二、英譯漢
1.Music has always been a passion of mine.At the end of a really hard day at the House of Commons or in the office ,some people favor unwinding in front of TV.Or a hot drink and a good book.Or all there.But, actually I do generally slip away sitting at a piano and slipping away to a place where nothing matters but the elegance and precision of Mozart’s soothing melodies.And listening to music on the radio,on CDs or---best of all---“l(fā)ive” at concerts is a really important part of my life.Actually,it’s an addition.I simply couldn’t bear to do the endless of work if I didn’t have some music playing in the background,which makes it bearable.And it is this personal experience,which I am sure is not different from others , of playing and hearing music ,knowing the impact it has had on my own life that encourages me to talk about it with such enthusiasm.I know full well that I am preaching today to those with wider knowledge and greater expertise as well as a simple “talent ” that leaves me almost speechless with envy.But while bowing to your knowledge and expertise ,I know that what we both share equally is our commitment----to seeing our orchestras thrive both at home and abroad in their promotion of excellence ,and to seeing them reach far greater numbers of people ,from every walk of life ,in order to inspire the next generation.2.The arts incarnate the creativity of a people.When the creative pulse cannot beat, when it cannot freely select its methods and objects, when it is deprived of spontaneity, then society severs the root of the arts.I have always said that one of my primary objectives as Minister for the Arts is to promote access to the arts, to encourage more people to participate in the arts and to make the arts a real option for people everywhere.Therefore, it is essential to have the proper facilities in place to make this happen and for this reason, it was a great pleasure to be in a position to provide a totol provision of 405,000 to the Cill Rialaig artists retreat.An artist often needs solitude in which to work.He or she needs the time and space to reflect, far and away from the bustle of the every day world ,and if possible with kindred spirits to talk to from time to tine.The Cill Railaig Project offers just such a retreat for artists.I know that over the past few years it has offered a welcoming roof to many creative artists.語境展示
一、漢譯英 女士們,先生們:
我宣布第二十屆上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)現(xiàn)在正是開幕。我謹(jǐn)代表中國(guó)政府和中國(guó)人民,并以我個(gè)人得名義,向大會(huì)致以衷心的祝賀!向參加電影節(jié)的各國(guó)嘉賓表示誠(chéng)摯的歡迎!
上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)創(chuàng)辦于1993年,由中國(guó)國(guó)家廣播電影電視總局和上海市人民政府主辦,上海市文化廣播影視局和上海文化廣播影視集團(tuán)共同承辦。
上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)已舉辦11屆,歷時(shí)16年,依托中國(guó)電影產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展和電影全球化大趨勢(shì),穩(wěn)步發(fā)展,已經(jīng)形成了清晰而完整的架構(gòu)。
評(píng)獎(jiǎng)單元,電影市場(chǎng),電影論壇和國(guó)際影片展映這四大主題活動(dòng)大力促進(jìn)電影藝術(shù),鼓勵(lì)不同文化背景下電影制作藝術(shù)風(fēng)格,體現(xiàn)國(guó)際電影節(jié)應(yīng)有的視野和胸懷,同時(shí)培育電影新人,使得電影節(jié)持續(xù)健康地發(fā)展下去。
同時(shí)上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)不遺余力地搭建產(chǎn)業(yè)平臺(tái),提供專業(yè)化服務(wù),促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展,推動(dòng)電影項(xiàng)目與資本對(duì)接。每年的開閉幕式紅地毯時(shí)電影節(jié)最重要的盛世之一,星光璀璨,匯聚國(guó)內(nèi)外明星共攘盛舉。著名權(quán)威的國(guó)際評(píng)委,炙手可熱的國(guó)際巨星,實(shí)力雄厚的參賽片,大師級(jí)別的論壇對(duì)話,精彩分呈的展映影片令人目不暇接。每年6月舉辦的上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)已經(jīng)成為世界電影人和海內(nèi)外專業(yè)媒體的盛大集會(huì)和文化品宴。電影節(jié)每年吸引30多萬電影觀眾,公眾參與度在世界各大電影節(jié)排名中名列前茅。
在本屆上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)上,“金爵獎(jiǎng)”國(guó)際影片將評(píng)選每年來至世界各國(guó)的電影。16部左右的參賽影片將均為世界首映?!敖鹁舄?jiǎng)”參賽影片題材豐富,有影壇前輩的新作,還有新生力量的崛起之作。無論展現(xiàn)何種風(fēng)格,何種主題,電影均通過影像呈現(xiàn)多元文化,觸及內(nèi)心且鼓勵(lì)人心。
參賽影片經(jīng)電影節(jié)選片人和境外選片顧問推薦,由選片委員會(huì)統(tǒng)一審看遴選,送交國(guó)際評(píng)委會(huì)最終評(píng)判。國(guó)際評(píng)委會(huì)由至少七位國(guó)際業(yè)界知名專業(yè)人士組成,有導(dǎo)演,制片人,演員。評(píng)委會(huì)的構(gòu)成一直以來受到媒體大眾的極大關(guān)注,因?yàn)檫@體現(xiàn)了電影節(jié)的權(quán)威性和影響力。本屆國(guó)際評(píng)委將經(jīng)討論,獨(dú)立選出獲獎(jiǎng)影片,并頒發(fā)各項(xiàng)大獎(jiǎng)。
最后,我預(yù)祝第十二屆上海國(guó)際電影節(jié)圓滿成功!祝愿來自海內(nèi)外的嘉賓和朋友們?cè)谏虾I钣淇欤≈x謝!
二、英譯漢
I am delighted to be here today at this school of high achievers.First of all I want to congratulate both pupils and teachers on your recent award----your National Awards for Excellent in School Painting Education and National Student Painting Awards.Today we are here for an art exhibition with a difference.What we have here is not only a splendid showcase of the students work----one that includes a picture from every single one of the 335 boys at the school----but side by side with that magnificent display is work from members of a local art group, the God-Gift Art Group, and also work from the staff here at the school.So the exhibition certainly earns its title “Art for All Ages”.I welcome this exhibition as an opportunity for the people of this community to showcase their achievements to one another, and also to encourage more people to take up the practice of participating in the process of creating arts.It is a wonderful example that the arts have the ability to enrich the lives of everyone in the country, no matter how old or young they may be.Art is an important form of expressing our own individuality, from the separate and distinct perspective of our own personality.The art created by an adult is not necessarily better than the art created by a schoolboy, but it is certainly different----because at each age we create according to our experience and our view of the world as we see it.Putting together art created by people of deferent ages, as displayed here today, is a very useful exercise because it highlights for us the different perspectives people have.This exhibition is in keeping with the Government’s philosophy that the arts should be available for everybody.Our spending on the arts is ensuring greater enjoying of a vital resource by a wider audience, while confirming the place of artists and arts organizations in Irish life.I was delighted to announce last month, an 11% increase to the Arts Council, bringing their allocation for next year to £80 million.I awarded a further £2.5 million to the Arts Council recently for the current year and a significant portion of that will be spent on initiatives for young people.This announcement was made as part of my Department’s Estimates for arts and cultural projects in Ireland.Recently, I also provided a further £50,000 to the National Association of Youth Drama.Clearly, the visual arts play a big part in the life of this school and that is as it should be.It is an area that every child can enjoy and play a full part in.But one message I would like to leave here with the boys today is that creating pictures is something you can and should go on doing all your life.Some of you may even become professional artists when you grow up, and of course that is wonderful——but once you learn how to express yourself in art, it is something that is worth continuing, even though you may not become a professional.You see in the adult work on show here a taste of the variety of art that grown—ups create;I hope that many of you will be inspired by that, and continue to pursue this interest as adults.In conclusion, I would like to congratulate the school principal, Mrs.Anne Marie Hennigan, for the imaginative and instructive idea of mounting this meeting of the ages here today.It is something we can all learn from, and I hope we will do just that.I now have great pleasure in declaring officially open this “Art for All Ages” exhibition at St.Patrick’s Boys School.Thank you.參考答案
強(qiáng)化練習(xí)Reinforcement 第一部分:詞語練習(xí)
一、漢譯英 1. ceremonial music 2. special effect 3. premiere 4. Golden Rooster Award 5. string instrument 6. pipewind instrument 7. music chart 8. film chronicle 9. curtain time
10.schools of cinematographic art
二、英譯漢 1.視覺藝術(shù) 2.藝術(shù)場(chǎng)館 3.藝術(shù)價(jià)值 4.藝術(shù)流派 5.悠揚(yáng)的旋律 6.文化和藝術(shù)遺產(chǎn)
7.把藝術(shù)作品按目錄分類 8.展示精妙的藝術(shù) 9.讓更多人接觸藝術(shù) 10.體現(xiàn)民族的創(chuàng)造力
第二部分:段落練習(xí)
一,漢譯英
1.It is a pleasure to join you for the final concert of this year's China Shanghai international arts festival.The performance tonight concludes the festival with a high note.It is everyone involved that last made this year's festival a resounding success.Preparing programs tor an arts festival that runs for four weeks is daunting challenge.China Shanghai international arts festival has risen to that challenge for 11 years in a row.not only that, but the performance have become more engaging by the year.During the current economic turmoil, the festival has certainly entertained us and lifted our spirits, reminding us of the beauty of art and the finesse of life.On a more practical note, the festival enhances shanghai's vibrancy and soft power as a cultural hub in Asia.I thank all the sponsors and patrons of the festival for your generous support over the years.At economically challenging times like this, your staunch support is no doubt most valuable.2.Although the Hong Kong film industry started in 1909,its full scale development came in the 1950s when the industry became an important economic driver for Hong Kong.Hong Kong films not only flourished in Asia at that time, they were but also well received worldwide.Over the past few decades, Hong Kong films have gained considerable international recognition.Many Hong Kong actors, directors, cinematographers and producers have become household names.they have won acclaim for their unique style incisive direction and creative story lines.As a measure of this, in the past 10ears alone, Hong Kong movies and film talents have won over 300 international awards.In recent years, the mainland Hong Kong co-productions have enjoyed tremendous box office success.For example, “crouching tiger, hidden dragon”, a popular co-produced film, had a box office of $45million worldwide.In the past three years, seven to eight titles of the top 10chinese language films of mainland china were co-productions involving Hong Kong film makers.二、英譯漢
1. 我一直深愛音樂。在下議院或辦公室忙完了一整天,有人喜歡看電視放松,或者喝杯熱茶、讀本好書,或者三樣都做。而我通常所做的就是走開,做到鋼琴邊,在那里,只有莫扎特那典雅、精妙的旋律悠揚(yáng)的回蕩著,其他一切都變得微不足道。
聽廣播音樂,聽唱片,或者——最好的一種——聽現(xiàn)場(chǎng)音樂會(huì),是我生活中至為重要的一部分。事實(shí)上,我癡迷音樂。如果做著沒完沒了的工作,周圍沒有音樂相伴,這就令我忍受不了;而有了音樂,一切都可以忍受。
聽音樂,玩音樂,明白音樂在人生中的影響有多大,我知道我的這些感受和別人沒什么兩樣,對(duì)音樂的摯愛使我每每談到它都神采飛揚(yáng)。我深知今天聽我說話的人全都學(xué)識(shí)淵博、技藝深湛、天賦超群,這令我羨慕得說不出話來。但在向你們的學(xué)識(shí)和才藝致敬的同時(shí),我們之間也都有著一個(gè)共同之處——那就是我們都有著同樣的決心,要令交響樂團(tuán)精益求精,蜚聲海外,走入大眾,走入各行各業(yè),激勵(lì)年輕一代。2. 藝術(shù)技法民族的創(chuàng)造力。如果創(chuàng)作的脈搏停止跳動(dòng),如果無法隨意選擇表現(xiàn)方式和對(duì)象,如果藝術(shù)無法自由隨心,那么社會(huì)就切斷了藝術(shù)的根基。
我一直說,作為藝術(shù)部長(zhǎng),我的主要目標(biāo)之一就是讓更多人接觸藝術(shù),鼓勵(lì)更多人參與藝術(shù),使藝術(shù)成為每個(gè)人的真正喜好。為使這一切成為可能,就有必要建設(shè)恰當(dāng)?shù)膱?chǎng)館,因此,我很高興能夠?yàn)橄柸鹑R格藝術(shù)家中心撥款40萬5千歐元。
藝術(shù)家創(chuàng)作是常常需要獨(dú)處。他們需要可供靜思的時(shí)間和地方,遠(yuǎn)離塵世的喧擾,可能的話,他們需要與思想相似的人們時(shí)時(shí)交流。希爾瑞瑞萊格中心為藝術(shù)家們提供了這樣的場(chǎng)所。我知道,在過去的幾年,許多富有創(chuàng)作力的藝術(shù)家都愛來這里。
語境展示
一、漢譯英
Ladies and Gentlemen,May I hereby declare open the Twelfth Shanghai International Film Festival.On behalf of the Chinese Government and people, and in my own name, I wish to extend our sincere congratulations on the convocation of the film festival and our hearty welcome to all the distinguished guests from all over the world.Shanghai International Film Festival, originated in 1993, is hosted by the State Administration of Radio, Film & Television and Shanghai Municipal Government;and organized by Shanghai Municipal Government;and organized by Shanghai Municipal Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV and Shanghai Media & Entertainment Group.With 11 successful editions in the past 16 years and backed up by fast growing Chinese movies and a globalized film industry worldwide in general, Shanghai International Film Festival has consolidated on its own developing strategy, focusing on a clear and integral structure of the four major sections-Film Competitions, Shanghai International Film Festival Market, Film Forum and International Panorama.The four major sections strongly advocate movie art itself to encourage diversified artistic features in film making with different cultural backgrounds, which consequently orients the festival onto the path, with perspective and openness as an international film festival supposed to have, to nurture young talents for consistency of a healthy industry.Meanwhile, Shanghai International Film Festival spares no efforts to build up a platform with professional services to boost industry development and bridge film projects and capitals.As one of the most important events of the festival, each year’s red carpets of opening and closing ceremonies are glamorous with arrivals of numerous film stars from around the world.Prestigious international Jury members, super movie stars, competitive movies for awards, high-level talks on forums among film masters and excellent screening movies in Panorama have already made each June in Shanghai a distinguished gathering and cultural banquet for worldwide filmmakers and media professionals home and abroad.With over 300,000 of moviegoers each year, the number of public participation keeps ranking high as compared to most international film festivals.On this Shanghai International Film Festival, competition section for “Jin Jue” Award will bring together films around the world.The approximately 16 competition films are all international premiers.The Competition presents a wide variety of films, some by big names, others by those young and talented.Regardless of varied topics and styles, the films stimulate and inspire emotionally by showcasing different cultures through stories and images.The Competition films are first recommended by festival programmers and overseas advisors, then picked out by a selection committee, and finally judged by the International Jury.The International Jury is made up of at least seven famous professionals in the world film industry-including directors, producers, actors or actresses.Press and public have paid a lot of attention to the constitution of the jury which can manifest the festival’s authority and influence.The International Jury will discuss, independently make decisions on winners, and present “Jin Jue” Award and other prizes.In conclusion, I wish the Twelfth Shanghai International Film Festival a complete success.I wish all the distinguished guests and friends a pleasant stay in Shanghai.Thank you.二、英譯漢
今天,我很高興與貴校中取得非凡成就的各位歡聚一堂。首先,我要向獲獎(jiǎng)的學(xué)生和老師們表示祝賀,祝賀你們最近榮獲得獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)——全國(guó)學(xué)校繪畫教育杰出獎(jiǎng)和全國(guó)學(xué)生繪畫獎(jiǎng)。
今天我們參加的是一個(gè)與眾不同的藝術(shù)展覽。在這里不僅展示了學(xué)生的優(yōu)秀作品,其中有幅杰作由全校335名孩子共同創(chuàng)作而成,此外,還展示了一個(gè)名為“天賦藝術(shù)團(tuán)”的地方團(tuán)體的優(yōu)秀藝術(shù)作品,以及學(xué)校教工的藝術(shù)作品。因此本次展覽無疑可稱之為“跨越年齡的藝術(shù)”。在我看來,本次展覽為本地區(qū)人們展示了彼此的成就,同時(shí)鼓勵(lì)更多的人參與到藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作中來。這個(gè)例子極好的證明了藝術(shù)能夠讓國(guó)家的每一個(gè)人,無論老幼,都生活得豐富多彩。藝術(shù)是展現(xiàn)自我的重要形式,它展現(xiàn)了個(gè)人獨(dú)特、鮮明的性格特征。成人創(chuàng)作的藝術(shù)作品并不一定比孩童創(chuàng)作的好,但它們必然是不同的,因?yàn)槊總€(gè)年齡段的創(chuàng)作都由各自的經(jīng)驗(yàn)以及各自的世界觀造就。將不同年齡的人們所創(chuàng)造的藝術(shù)作品放在一起,就像今天在這里展示的一樣,是非常有效的做法,因?yàn)樗劢沽巳藗兯鶕碛械牟煌暯恰?/p>
本次展覽與政府的理念相一致;藝術(shù)應(yīng)該惠及每個(gè)人。我們?cè)谒囆g(shù)上的支出確保著更多的人得以享用這一重要資源,同時(shí)也肯定了藝術(shù)家與藝術(shù)團(tuán)體在愛爾蘭人民生活中的地位。上個(gè)月,我很高興地宣布,增加11%的撥款給藝術(shù)協(xié)會(huì),這樣他們下年度的財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi)可達(dá)到8000萬歐元。最近我增撥250萬歐元給藝術(shù)協(xié)會(huì)做本年度支出之用,其中大部分將用于扶植年輕人的創(chuàng)作。這一決定是我部明年預(yù)算的一部分,將提供2.16億歐元用于愛爾蘭藝術(shù)與文化的各項(xiàng)事業(yè)。最近,我還增撥了5萬歐元給全國(guó)青年戲劇協(xié)會(huì)。
很明顯,視覺藝術(shù)在這所學(xué)校的運(yùn)作中占重要地位,這正該如此。在這一領(lǐng)域,每個(gè)孩子都能樂在其中,并施展所長(zhǎng)。不過,今天我想告訴孩子們,繪畫創(chuàng)作是你們能夠而且必須一生持之以恒的事情。你們中有人長(zhǎng)大后甚至?xí)蔀閷I(yè)畫家,當(dāng)然這很了不起——不過只要知道如何用藝術(shù)來表達(dá)自己,藝術(shù)就值得始終追求不懈,即使自己不能成為專業(yè)人士。大家看到這里所展出的成人畫作表現(xiàn)了成人所創(chuàng)作的不同藝術(shù)風(fēng)格,我希望能有許多人從中獲取靈感,長(zhǎng)大后繼續(xù)追求不疲。
最后,我想向?qū)W校校長(zhǎng)安妮.瑪麗.海尼根表示祝賀,她讓不同年齡的人今天在這里匯聚一堂,這一想法富有創(chuàng)見、啟迪智慧,能讓我們每個(gè)人有所收獲,我希望大家確實(shí)能學(xué)有所得?,F(xiàn)在我很高興的宣布圣帕特里克男?!翱缭侥挲g的藝術(shù)”展覽正式開始。謝謝。
第二篇:口譯Unit1
Unit1
Phrase Interpreting A
1.to recover from the jet lag
2.thoughtful arrangement
3.hospitality
4.souvenir
5.accommodations
6.to claim baggage
7.to proceed through the Customs
8.itinerary
9.farewell speech
10.to adjust to the time difference
1.倒時(shí)差
2.周到的安排
3.熱情好客
4.紀(jì)念品
5.食宿
6.提取行李
7.進(jìn)行海關(guān)檢查
8.活動(dòng)安排
9.告別詞
10.適應(yīng)時(shí)差 B
1.為??設(shè)宴洗塵
2.向??告別
3.不遠(yuǎn)萬里來到?
4.很榮幸??
5.久仰大名
6.歡迎詞
7.贊美
8.回顧過去
9.展望未來
10.美好回憶
1.to hold a banquet in honor of...2.to bid farewell to...3.to come all the way to...4.to be/feel honored...5.I have long been looking forward to meeting you.6.a welcoming address 7.to pay tribute to
8.to look back 9.to look ahead
10.happy memory
Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen,Thank you very much for your gracious welcoming speech.China is one of the earliest cradles of civilization and the visit to this ancient nation has long been my dream.This visit will give me an excellent opportunity to meet old friends and establish new contacts.I wish to say again that I am so delighted and privileged to visit your great country and this lovely town.I am deeply grateful for everything you have done for me since my arrival in China.As an American manager of a Sino-American joint venture for two years, I have to say that there are differences in business management practice between Chinese and Americans.We are more direct and straightforward than most Chinese colleagues due to our different cultural traditions.I can't say our way of doing business is absolutely superior.After all, there are strong points and weak points in both types of management.In recent years, more and more American business executives have recognized the strong points of the more humane way of Chinese management.It is a great pleasure that I can exchange views and information with you, and reach common ground here.And I wish to share with you my thoughts on this topic in the days to come.Thank you!
尊敬的各位來賓,女士們,先生們:
非常感謝你們熱情友好的歡迎詞。中國(guó)是最古老的文明發(fā)源地之一,訪問這個(gè)文明古 國(guó)是我多年夢(mèng)寐以求的愿望。這次訪問使我有機(jī)會(huì)重見老朋友,結(jié)交新朋友。我為自己能 訪問貴國(guó)和這座美麗的城市,再次表達(dá)我的愉快之情和榮幸之感。我對(duì)你們?yōu)槲业竭_(dá)貴國(guó) 后所做的安排深表謝意。
作為在一家中美合資企業(yè)工作了兩年的美國(guó)經(jīng)理,我認(rèn)為中國(guó)人和美國(guó)人在經(jīng)營(yíng)管理 中存在著差異?;诓煌奈幕瘋鹘y(tǒng),我們的美國(guó)同事比大部分中國(guó)同行來得直率。我無 法斷言我們美國(guó)的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式一定在中國(guó)之上。畢竟各有各的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和弊病。近年來,越來越 多的美國(guó)管理人員已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到中國(guó)人那種更具人情味的管理方式的長(zhǎng)處。
很高興我們能交換意見和信息,并達(dá)成共識(shí)。我希望在今后的日子里,我能有機(jī)會(huì)就 此話題與各位交換自己的看法。謝謝!Coordinating-Field Interpreting
David: Hi!I am David Anderson, sales representative from Willa Company.Are you
the representative from Zhong'an Technology Company? Interpreter: 你好!我是Wina公司的銷售代表。你是中安科技公司派來接我們的嗎? Li: :
你好!是的,我是中安科技外貿(mào)部的李華,歡迎來深圳。
Interpreter: Hi, Mr.Anderson!Yes, I am.My name is Li Hua from the International
Business Department of Zhong'an.Welcome to Shenzhen.David:
Thanks.Interpreter: 謝謝!Li:
你的行李都取了嗎? Interpreter: Have you claimed all your luggage? David:
Yes, I have.Interpreter:全取了。
Li:
那我們這邊走吧。公司的車在馬路對(duì)面的停車場(chǎng),我們一起過去? Interpreter: Then this way please.My car is in the parking lot across the street.Shall we go
there now? David:
Sure.Interpreter:好的。
Li:
飛機(jī)旅途還好嗎?是從溫哥華直飛的航班嗎? Interpreter: Did you have a good flight? Did you fly directly from Vancouver to Shenzhen? David:
Yes, Thank you.The flight was very good and the service on board was
excellent.It took just over 13 hours non-stop from Vancouver.Interpreter:謝謝,是的。旅途還不錯(cuò),服務(wù)很好,13個(gè)小時(shí)的直達(dá)航班a Li:
真是路途遙遠(yuǎn)啊!Interpreter: What a long trip!David:
I don't sleep well on planes, therefore I am a little tired and the jet lag will
catch up with me tomorrow.Interpreter:在飛機(jī)上沒睡好,所以現(xiàn)在有點(diǎn)累,明天會(huì)有時(shí)差反應(yīng)。Li:
咱們直接去酒店吧,我們已經(jīng)在花園酒店給你定了房間。
Interpreter: How about going straight to the hotel? We have booked a room for you at the
Garden Hotel.David:
Good.Interpreter:好的。
Li:
第一次來中國(guó)? Interpreter: The first time to China? David:
Yes.Shenzhen is such a beautiful city.Interpreter:是啊。深圳真是漂亮極了。
Li:
這樣一來,我們會(huì)盡量安排好你的中國(guó)之行,給你留下美好回憶。現(xiàn)在剛好是春季.深圳一年中最好的季節(jié).
Interpreter: Well, in that case, we shall try to make your visit as pleasant as possible, so that
you will take home happy memories.Fortunately, we are enjoying beautiful
spring weather and spring is the best season in Shenzhen.David: I am so lucky.Interpreter:我真是趕上好季節(jié)了。
Li:
那我簡(jiǎn)單把你的時(shí)間安排說一下。明天沒有什么安排,讓你好好休息一
天,倒一下時(shí)差。
Interpreter: Please allow me to talk briefly about your schedule.There will be no
arrangement for tomorrow.You can have a good rest and recover from jet lag.David: Good idea.I really need some rest.Interpreter:好主意,我是要好好休息一下。
Li:
明晚,我們安排了在“粵唯鮮”的晚宴,讓你感受一下廣東的飲食文化。Interpreter: Tomorrow night, we will have dinner in the Yueweixian Restaurant, a chance
for you to try the Cantonese cuisine.David: Terrific.I like Chinese food very much.Interpreter:太好了,我喜歡中國(guó)菜。
Li:
后天上午到工廠參觀,下午談一下合作的事項(xiàng)。接下來是安排你去“錦
繡中華”參觀。
Interpreter: On the morning of the day after tomorrow, we will show you around in our
factory.On the afternoon, we will discuss our cooperation.Then you will
visit Splendid China Theme Park.David:
Will you give me a timetable? I'd like to pay a visit to your factory to find out
about the possibility of importing automobile parts from you.Interpreter:你會(huì)給我一個(gè)時(shí)間表嗎?我想看看你們的工廠以調(diào)查一下從貴公司進(jìn)口
汽車配件的可能性。
Li:
會(huì)的。你如果有什么問題,生活和生意上的都可以直接找我。我會(huì)鼎力
幫忙。
Interpreter: Sure.If you have any personal problems or business problems, please let me
know.I will do all that I can to help.David: Thank you.Interpreter:好的.
Li:
到了,我們上車吧!Interpreter: Here we are!Get on the car, please.Smith: It's very kind of you to come all the way to see me off, Mr.Zhu? Interpreter:朱先生,你遠(yuǎn)道來送行,真是太客氣了。
Zhu:沒有什么。很遺憾你要走了。
Interpreter: Not at all.It's a pity that you are leaving us.Smith: I am sorry to leave you, too.Interpreter:我也不愿意離開你們。
Zhu:你辦了登機(jī)手續(xù)了嗎? Interpreter: Have you checked in?
Smith: No, not yet.Interpreter:還沒有。
Zhu:我們現(xiàn)在去辦理海關(guān)手續(xù)吧。請(qǐng)這邊走,我送你一樣?xùn)|西作紀(jì)念。Interpreter: Now, let's go through Customs.This way, please.Here is something I'd like
you to keep as a souvenir.Smith: Thank you.I'll open it.Oh!It is a Chinese painting.It's really marvelous.The
horses are so nice.Interpreter:謝謝,那我打開了。啊,是中國(guó)畫,太漂亮了。這馬畫得真好。
Zhu:很高興你喜歡它,我希望它能讓你想起我們的友誼。
Interpreter: I am glad you like it.I hope it will remind you of me and of our friendship.Smith: I don't know how to thank you for your kindness.I'm so glad to have it to
remember my time here.Interpreter:真不知道如何感謝你才好。我很高興有這幅畫來幫我想起我在這里度過
的時(shí)光。
Zhu:很高興你喜歡這張畫。我們非常感謝你為我們所做的一切,但愿能以某
種方式回報(bào)你。
Interpreter: Thanks.I appreciate very much everything you've done for us.I wish I could
repay you somehow.Smith: Don't mention it.Interpreter:別客氣。
Zhu:聽!廣播里正通知你所乘坐的航班要起飛了。Interpreter: Listen!It's announcing the departure of your fight.Smith: Right.I have to go now.Interpreter:是啊,那我去登機(jī)了。
Interpreter: As a famous Chinese saying goes, “Although a thousand miles a person can
see off a friend, he has no choice but to say good-bye in the end.” I wish you
a pleasant journey.Zhu:中國(guó)有句古語:“送君千里,終有一別?!蔽易D懵猛居淇?。
Smith: Hope to see you again.Interpreter:希望再次見到你。
Zhu:再見,別忘了保持聯(lián)系。
Interpreter: Good-bye.And don't forget to keep in touch.Sentence Interpreting
1.在中國(guó)度過的6天真的是非常愉快,令人難忘。2.我特別要感謝我們的中國(guó)伙伴們。
3.你從遠(yuǎn)道趕來機(jī)場(chǎng)接我,真是太客氣了。
4.我想借此機(jī)會(huì)代表我所有的同事對(duì)你們熱情周到的接待和無與倫比的好客表示感謝。5.我能榮幸地邀請(qǐng)?jiān)谧母魑桓乙黄鹋e杯嗎? 1.The past six days in China have been truly pleasant and enjoyable, and most memorable.2.I particularly want to pay tribute to our Chinese partners.3.It is very kind of you to come all the way and meet me at the airport.4.I wish to take this opportunity to thank you on behalf of all my colleagues for your warm reception and incomparable hospitality.5.May I have the honor to ask all of you present here to join me in raising your glasses?
Text D
在這個(gè)舉國(guó)同慶的除夕夜晚,我謹(jǐn)代表公司的全體同仁,感謝各位來賓光臨我們的春 節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會(huì)。春節(jié)是我國(guó)一年中的良辰佳時(shí),我愿各位中外同事共度一個(gè)輕松歡快的夜 晚。
我們這家合資企業(yè)走過了10年的奮斗歷程。這是輝煌的10年,富有成果的10年,是 我們公司走向世界的10年,也是各位默默奉獻(xiàn)的10年。我們?cè)谶@里略備薄酒,慶祝我們 的友好合作。我愿借此機(jī)會(huì)向公司的各位同仁表示誠(chéng)摯的感謝。
同時(shí),我也希望這次晚會(huì)能使我們有機(jī)會(huì)彼此溝通、增進(jìn)友誼。最后,我再次感謝各 位嘉賓的光臨,并祝各位新年身體健康、事業(yè)有成、吉祥如意。
On the occasion of this New Year's Eve of national celebration, and on behalf of all my colleagues of the company, I wish to thank all the guests here for their gracious presence at this Spring Festival gathering.You know, the Chinese Spring Festival is a very wonderful and joyous occasion in our tradition, and I wish all my Chinese and foreign colleagues a most relaxing and delightful evening.Our joint venture has experienced a decade of hard struggle.This is a brilliant decade, a fruitful decade, a decade which has seen our company advance to a world market, and a decade of your dedication without any complaint.We have prepared a humble dinner to celebrate our friendly cooperation.I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all my colleagues at the venture.Meanwhile, I hope this party will give us an excellent opportunity to get to know each other and increase our friendship.In closing, I'd like to thank you again for your kind presence and wish everyone good health, a successful career and the very best of luck in the New Year.
第三篇:高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
聽說過嗎?躺在床上能和外教一對(duì)一練英語口語!史上最牛!
免費(fèi)體驗(yàn)史上最牛英語口語學(xué)習(xí),太平洋英語004km.cn
一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech)口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動(dòng)。譯員服務(wù)的對(duì)象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting),練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)注意:
1、發(fā)言時(shí)吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。
2、無需慷慨陳詞,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠(chéng),保持與聽眾的目光交流。
3、口譯時(shí)一般用第一人稱,但是在同時(shí)兼任會(huì)談雙方的譯員時(shí)需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。
4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90~160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時(shí)適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時(shí)應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。
5、作口譯時(shí)少用或不用手勢(shì),即興發(fā)言時(shí)難免有口誤甚至被人糾高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
正錯(cuò)誤,這時(shí)應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評(píng),立即改正。
二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance)口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時(shí)性(real-time),發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長(zhǎng)達(dá)3~5分鐘的講話(100~120個(gè)詞/分鐘)完整地在相應(yīng)時(shí)間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時(shí)間)轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述
一、兩個(gè)小時(shí)的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)記住300~600個(gè)詞。口譯不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense)從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時(shí)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會(huì)陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。
三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力
(Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening)
聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在訓(xùn)練開始時(shí)有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時(shí)卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:
1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾; 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
2、對(duì)話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,所以無法記憶。
所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)擴(kuò)充背景知識(shí),帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)??谧g培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動(dòng)地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系??梢赃x擇一些內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng)、難度相對(duì)較大的講話,聽后說出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會(huì)語境支持下的理解程序。
四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具
(Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids)
記憶指的是對(duì)信息的編碼、儲(chǔ)存和?取,遺忘是指對(duì)儲(chǔ)存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對(duì)成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對(duì)所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對(duì)任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的);其次根據(jù)對(duì)主題背景知識(shí)的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時(shí)間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡(jiǎn),快速記憶。
五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers)高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
人的短時(shí)記憶只能記住6~7個(gè)孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號(hào)。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會(huì)用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時(shí)給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯(cuò)譯或延時(shí),是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅(jiān)持不懈?;鶖?shù)表達(dá)
三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對(duì)口譯不會(huì)構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(hào)(,)表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/)表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá): 1)727
七百二十七
Seven hundred twenty-seven(in AmE);
Seven hundred and twenty-seven(in BrE);2)2,003
二千零三
Two thousand three(in AmE);
Two thousand and three(in BrE);3)1,97/4,727
一百九十七萬四千七百二十七
One million, nine hundred(and)seventy-four thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-seven 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
4)1,1/75,00/0,000
十一億七千五百萬
One billion, one hundred seventy-five million(in AmE)5)45,0/00,00/0,000
四百五十億
Forty-five billion 序數(shù)表達(dá)
1)第一:the first 2)第三:the third 3)第十:the tenth 4)第十五:the fifteenth 5)第二十二:the twenty-second 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)
1)二分之一:a half 2)五分之一:one-fifth 3)四分之三:three quarters 4)七分之四:four-seventh 5)五又三分之二:five and two-thirds 小數(shù)表達(dá) 1)12.89
十二點(diǎn)八九:twelve point eight nine
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
2)0.323
零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three;zero/naught point three two three
六、記筆記:常用符號(hào)和縮略語(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms)口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個(gè)步驟孤立地來討論,聽取信息的同時(shí),理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號(hào)和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡(jiǎn)要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。
1、以下是一些常用筆記符號(hào): 信息意義
符號(hào) 增加;補(bǔ)充
+ 減少;刪除
— 和;與;共同 & 上升;提高;增強(qiáng) ↑ 下降;下沉;降低 ↓ 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) ↗ 下挫;不斷虧損 ↘ 去;向前;發(fā)展
→ 回顧;從前;倒退 ← 不等于;并不意味著 ≠ 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
屬于 ? 總和;合力 ∑ 商標(biāo) TM 英鎊 £ 美元 $ 人民幣 ¥ 重要;驚訝!小于;不足 < 超過 > 認(rèn)為;主張;相信 : 以??為中心;圓桌會(huì)談 ⊙ 因?yàn)?∵ 所以 ∴ 國(guó)家 □ 問題;疑惑 ? 正確;認(rèn)同 √ 高興 ?
譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵(lì)無休止地設(shè)計(jì)新符號(hào),記憶和識(shí)別新符號(hào)很可能在表達(dá)時(shí)帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號(hào)夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
2、以下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息: 信息意義 縮略語 聯(lián)合國(guó)計(jì)劃開發(fā)署 UNDP 聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織
UNESCO 洛杉磯
上海
國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值
國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值
五年計(jì)劃
中華人民共和國(guó)
中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨
人民代表大會(huì)
社會(huì)保障體系
中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司
中國(guó)外運(yùn)集團(tuán)
中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司
經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)
國(guó)有企業(yè)
合資企業(yè)
信息技術(shù)
研究和發(fā)展
LA SH、滬
GNP
GDP
5y計(jì)
PRC
CPC
NPC
社保
PICC
SinoTrans
COCSO
SEZ
SOE
JV
IT
R&D
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
投資回報(bào)率
ROI 外國(guó)直接投資
FDI 外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)
WoFE 匯豐銀行
HsBC 并購(gòu)
M&A 虛擬專用網(wǎng)
VPN 超文本標(biāo)記語言
HTML By the way
BTW As soon as possible
ASAP
七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training)
訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗(yàn)記憶、加深理解,對(duì)一個(gè)語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲(chǔ)存的 “意義”,這時(shí)不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。
八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference)英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因?yàn)榈乩砦恢?、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對(duì)使用是中國(guó)譯員在轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時(shí)往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個(gè)漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
例1 中國(guó)歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。
China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅(jiān)定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨大的。
The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在)中國(guó)歷史上”,口譯成英語時(shí)必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時(shí)如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會(huì)顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。
九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures)發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯: 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圓形百分比圖 pie graph 柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯: 柱狀圖 bar chart X軸 X axis Y軸 Y axis 坐標(biāo) point 曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯: 曲線圖 line chart 實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 broken line 點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line 面積圖相關(guān)詞匯: 色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme 陰影部分 shaded area 以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時(shí)常用詞匯: An upturn
回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì) An upward trend
上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì) Pick up/recover
好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升 Rise slowly/gradually
慢慢地/逐漸地上升 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
Rocket/soar
驟升 Leap
劇增
Spiral upwards
陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升 Sustain an increase
維持升幅
Reach a peak
到達(dá)最高點(diǎn) Decline/decrease
下降/下跌
Downward trend
下降的趨勢(shì) A slump
暴跌、蕭條 Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌 Spiral downward
劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降 Plunge/dive
急降/突降 A significant reduction 顯著的減幅 Fluctuate
波動(dòng)
Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定 Bottom out/level out
降到最低點(diǎn)
十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form)大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗(yàn)重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時(shí)最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項(xiàng)筆記符號(hào)要清晰,以免翻譯時(shí)因潦草難辨而誤譯。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:
1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號(hào)或個(gè)性化的代碼記筆記;
2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行
3、對(duì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號(hào)不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。
十一、詞語選用(Diction)
在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡(jiǎn)潔、明確易懂。
1、增詞法
原文:只要依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵(lì)個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個(gè)非常重要的渠道。
譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation;so long as these enterprises meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
“依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保的要求”口譯時(shí)所需時(shí)間相對(duì)來說稍長(zhǎng),為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了 so long as。
2、重復(fù)法
原文:我們將在市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)以平等的待遇。
譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import and export businesses.譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間更好地整理信息。
3、省略法
原文:在我國(guó)改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,我們召開這樣一個(gè)承前啟后、繼往開來的大會(huì)具有極為重要的意義。
譯文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對(duì)仗和韻律;英語則講究簡(jiǎn)潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊?!俺星皢⒑蟆迸c“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時(shí)只需高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法
原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢(shì)已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。
譯文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation.However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法
原文:時(shí)間很短,我長(zhǎng)話短說。
譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法
原文:只有讓人民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會(huì)懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會(huì)人亡政息。
譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時(shí)原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時(shí)反過來譯會(huì)取得意想不到的效果。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
7、補(bǔ)充背景資料
原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會(huì)走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個(gè)怪圈。請(qǐng)問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個(gè)怪圈。
譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden.I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle? 口譯時(shí)要根據(jù)聽眾對(duì)話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。
十二、長(zhǎng)句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences)
英語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時(shí)要注意根據(jù)意群,將其拆解為簡(jiǎn)單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長(zhǎng)句時(shí),譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。
1、句首分流法
原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場(chǎng)上面也自由兌換,這個(gè)按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時(shí)間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
漢語中有不少以“對(duì)于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。
2、尾部分流法
原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it.But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個(gè)人自由,有些人也許會(huì)濫用這些自由。但是如果因?yàn)樘^于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對(duì)個(gè)人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類的自由就會(huì)被限制太多,付出的代價(jià)會(huì)更大,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的這個(gè)世界,整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個(gè)世界里,孩子們都心懷夢(mèng)想,而且相信夢(mèng)想都會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
3、重組法
原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。
4、倒置法
原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face;between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個(gè)由短期利潤(rùn)估算來驅(qū)動(dòng)的全球市場(chǎng),還是要一個(gè)富有人情味的全球市場(chǎng)?我們是要一個(gè)使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個(gè)為每個(gè)人提供致富機(jī)會(huì)和健康環(huán)境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場(chǎng)無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。
5、合并法
原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair.We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory.We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness.The 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個(gè)國(guó)家一個(gè)民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。
6、概括法
原文:第二點(diǎn),我們?cè)谙愀刍貧w以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮?,F(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對(duì)港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米??如果香港再下來以后,那么?duì)我們整個(gè)大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個(gè)影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return.Now Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate.The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging.If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge.Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations)
口譯時(shí)常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或?yàn)槿谇①e主關(guān)系)引用對(duì)方國(guó)家高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié) 的古典詩詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時(shí)如果譯員平時(shí)不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時(shí)要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯
心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily 好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish 塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise 一個(gè)不成熟的想法:a green thought 引語翻譯
有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes,)one prospers in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩:“茍利國(guó)家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺(tái)灣,我就很動(dòng)情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國(guó)民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國(guó)有殤。”:When Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up.I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911.He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division.He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade;bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind.The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?
十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches)譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識(shí)水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握“863”計(jì)劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識(shí)以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該選擇一個(gè)方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如: 原文:
1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對(duì)立制約,互根互用,消長(zhǎng)平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會(huì)影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。
2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida.The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers.Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:
1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang,(the two opposing and complementary principles in nature,)exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent.According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational.The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health.And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop.Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國(guó)空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國(guó)飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測(cè)到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。
十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)
順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。
英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,可以采用順譯法處理:
1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對(duì)中國(guó)的訪問,正逢一個(gè)重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。
3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.會(huì)議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會(huì)在此之前先要碰個(gè)頭。
4、Prof.Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯(cuò),尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時(shí)候。
5、對(duì)于外界稱我為“中國(guó)的戈?duì)柊蛦谭颉币埠?,“?jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。
Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。
7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按計(jì)劃舉行會(huì)議,部分地取決于高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
什么時(shí)候那種傳染病會(huì)得到控制。
以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場(chǎng)合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。
十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation)在正式場(chǎng)合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因?yàn)槭孪葴?zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時(shí)一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時(shí)還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時(shí)插入講解或例子,屆時(shí)還需作無稿翻譯。
十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)
1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?
翻譯時(shí),最怕遇到聽不懂的詞。克服這一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測(cè)和預(yù)測(cè)能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識(shí)是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個(gè)別不會(huì)的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對(duì)整個(gè)講話精神的體會(huì),也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測(cè)出來。千萬不能被一個(gè)詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。遇到生詞例子: 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993.400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water.More than fifty people died.An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國(guó)威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>
這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。
2、如何在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正傳譯中的錯(cuò)誤?
譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場(chǎng)時(shí),再加上較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正錯(cuò)誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯(cuò)后,如果是小錯(cuò),只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯(cuò)誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯(cuò)了,應(yīng)該譯為??”千萬不能顧及自己的面子而給會(huì)議造成損失。輕度誤譯
原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing masks outside.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
譯文:關(guān)于剛才提出的怎樣預(yù)防感染SARS病毒的問題,我想說的是我注意到這個(gè)房間外面的人也是戴著口罩的。(許多人在戶外也戴著口罩)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤
原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai.I think it’s really an important question.I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.譯文:剛才有記者提到是否上??梢员苊膺@個(gè)SARS,我想要做的評(píng)論是上海已經(jīng)開始一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),而這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束。在座的記者們紛紛指正,譯員立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是發(fā)言人理解地重述剛才的講話The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.重譯:如果上海想徹底避免SARS的話只能建一堵墻把所有人擋在外面。漏譯后的補(bǔ)充
原文:您剛才提到了一季度的工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)情況。
譯文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.3、碰到發(fā)言人講話速度過快怎么辦? 高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
遇到這種情況時(shí),譯員可以請(qǐng)發(fā)言人講得稍慢些。但有的人講話快已成習(xí)慣,很難克服。這時(shí)譯員一定要穩(wěn)住,不能著急,要仔細(xì)分析整段的內(nèi)容,緊緊抓住中心思想譯出即可。這種情況進(jìn)一步說明了平時(shí)概括能力訓(xùn)練的重要性。
十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)
高級(jí)譯員在大型國(guó)際會(huì)議上的又一表現(xiàn)不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的傳譯,每一次成功的談判,都凝聚著譯員平時(shí)將持不懈的訓(xùn)練和積累??谧g工作之復(fù)雜,對(duì)譯員的要求之高,也并非三言兩語就可悉數(shù),所以學(xué)員應(yīng)該自覺地進(jìn)行課后練習(xí)。就像飛機(jī)駕駛員在訓(xùn)練中必須有一定的“飛行小時(shí)”才可以正式上崗一樣,譯員也必須練夠1000“磁帶小時(shí)”才會(huì)有較大的提高。影子練習(xí):
多觀摩優(yōu)秀譯員的場(chǎng)上表現(xiàn),如中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的新聞發(fā)布會(huì),聽完發(fā)言人講話后,試著跟譯員一起做口譯;平時(shí)看電視或聽收音機(jī)時(shí)也可做跟讀練習(xí),訓(xùn)練各種話題的跟述和理解。磁帶小時(shí):
除了課堂練習(xí)外,每天花約兩個(gè)小時(shí)對(duì)各種與課文有關(guān)題材的講話或報(bào)刊、電視節(jié)目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue節(jié)目,進(jìn)行復(fù)述和口譯練習(xí),并進(jìn)行錄音,之后對(duì)錄音的練習(xí)進(jìn)行分析,不斷總結(jié)和提高。用心積累:
平時(shí)生活中也要做一個(gè)有心人,注意收集新詞匯,新表達(dá)法,激發(fā)自高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
己對(duì)任何事物進(jìn)行描繪和口譯的興趣?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)踐:
另外i,有條件的學(xué)校還可以漸漸地安排學(xué)生跟著職業(yè)譯員到口譯現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去感受真實(shí)的工作環(huán)境,這種真實(shí)的體驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累是課堂培訓(xùn)最好的補(bǔ)充。學(xué)生們?cè)谕瑫r(shí)體驗(yàn)譯員和聽眾雙重身份后,更容易吸收培訓(xùn)的理念,更積極地投入到緊張有序的自我訓(xùn)練中去,從而打破“譯員是天生的,而不可能后天培養(yǎng)出來的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神話??偠灾?,“冰凍三尺,非一日之寒”,對(duì)口譯訓(xùn)練也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我們勤學(xué)苦練,就定能攻破口譯難關(guān)。
編者語:本人花一周總結(jié)了高等教育出版社出版的《英語口譯實(shí)踐》上介紹的18個(gè)口譯技能,希望它能對(duì)廣大口譯愛好者的學(xué)習(xí)有良好的指導(dǎo)作用。
第四篇:高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
聽說過嗎?躺在床上能和外教一對(duì)一練英語口語!史上最牛!
免費(fèi)體驗(yàn)史上最牛英語口語學(xué)習(xí),太平洋英語004km.cn
一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech)口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動(dòng)。譯員服務(wù)的對(duì)象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting),練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)注意:
1、發(fā)言時(shí)吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。
2、無需慷慨陳詞,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠(chéng),保持與聽眾的目光交流。
3、口譯時(shí)一般用第一人稱,但是在同時(shí)兼任會(huì)談雙方的譯員時(shí)需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。
4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90~160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時(shí)適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時(shí)應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。
5、作口譯時(shí)少用或不用手勢(shì),即興發(fā)言時(shí)難免有口誤甚至被人糾
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
正錯(cuò)誤,這時(shí)應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評(píng),立即改正。
二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance)口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時(shí)性(real-time),發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長(zhǎng)達(dá)3~5分鐘的講話(100~120個(gè)詞/分鐘)完整地在相應(yīng)時(shí)間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時(shí)間)轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述
一、兩個(gè)小時(shí)的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)記住300~600個(gè)詞??谧g不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense)從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時(shí)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會(huì)陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。
三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力
(Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening)
聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在訓(xùn)練開始時(shí)有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時(shí)卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:
1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾;
2、對(duì)話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
所以無法記憶。
所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)擴(kuò)充背景知識(shí),帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)??谧g培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動(dòng)地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系??梢赃x擇一些內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng)、難度相對(duì)較大的講話,聽后說出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會(huì)語境支持下的理解程序。
四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具
(Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids)
記憶指的是對(duì)信息的編碼、儲(chǔ)存和?取,遺忘是指對(duì)儲(chǔ)存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對(duì)成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對(duì)所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對(duì)任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的);其次根據(jù)對(duì)主題背景知識(shí)的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時(shí)間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡(jiǎn),快速記憶。
五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers)
人的短時(shí)記憶只能記住6~7個(gè)孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號(hào)。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會(huì)用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時(shí)給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯(cuò)譯或延時(shí),是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅(jiān)持不懈。基數(shù)表達(dá)
三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對(duì)口譯不會(huì)構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(hào)(,)表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/)表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá): 1)727
七百二十七
Seven hundred twenty-seven(in AmE);
Seven hundred and twenty-seven(in BrE);2)2,003
二千零三
Two thousand three(in AmE);
Two thousand and three(in BrE);3)1,97/4,727
一百九十七萬四千七百二十七
One million, nine hundred(and)seventy-four thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-seven 4)1,1/75,00/0,000
十一億七千五百萬
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
One billion, one hundred seventy-five million(in AmE)5)45,0/00,00/0,000
四百五十億
Forty-five billion 序數(shù)表達(dá)
1)第一:the first 2)第三:the third 3)第十:the tenth 4)第十五:the fifteenth 5)第二十二:the twenty-second 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)
1)二分之一:a half 2)五分之一:one-fifth 3)四分之三:three quarters 4)七分之四:four-seventh 5)五又三分之二:five and two-thirds 小數(shù)表達(dá) 1)12.89
十二點(diǎn)八九:twelve point eight nine 2)0.323
零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three;zero/naught point three two three
六、記筆記:常用符號(hào)和縮略語
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms)口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個(gè)步驟孤立地來討論,聽取信息的同時(shí),理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號(hào)和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡(jiǎn)要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。
1、以下是一些常用筆記符號(hào): 信息意義
符號(hào) 增加;補(bǔ)充
+ 減少;刪除
— 和;與;共同 & 上升;提高;增強(qiáng) ↑ 下降;下沉;降低 ↓ 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) ↗ 下挫;不斷虧損 ↘ 去;向前;發(fā)展
→ 回顧;從前;倒退 ← 不等于;并不意味著 ≠ 屬于 ? 總和;合力 ∑ 商標(biāo) TM 英鎊 £
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
美元 $ 人民幣 ¥ 重要;驚訝!小于;不足 < 超過 > 認(rèn)為;主張;相信 : 以??為中心;圓桌會(huì)談 ⊙ 因?yàn)?∵ 所以 ∴ 國(guó)家 □ 問題;疑惑 ? 正確;認(rèn)同 √ 高興 ?
譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵(lì)無休止地設(shè)計(jì)新符號(hào),記憶和識(shí)別新符號(hào)很可能在表達(dá)時(shí)帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號(hào)夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。
2、以下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息: 信息意義 縮略語 聯(lián)合國(guó)計(jì)劃開發(fā)署 UNDP 聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織
UNESCO 洛杉磯
LA
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
上海
SH、滬 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值
GNP 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值
GDP 五年計(jì)劃
5y計(jì) 中華人民共和國(guó)
PRC 中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨
人民代表大會(huì)
社會(huì)保障體系
中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司
中國(guó)外運(yùn)集團(tuán)
中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司
經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)
國(guó)有企業(yè)
合資企業(yè)
信息技術(shù)
研究和發(fā)展
投資回報(bào)率
外國(guó)直接投資
外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)
匯豐銀行
并購(gòu)
虛擬專用網(wǎng)
CPC NPC 社保
PICC SinoTrans COCSO SEZ SOE
JV
IT R&D ROI FDI WoFE HsBC M&A VPN
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
超文本標(biāo)記語言
HTML By the way
BTW As soon as possible
ASAP
七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training)
訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗(yàn)記憶、加深理解,對(duì)一個(gè)語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲(chǔ)存的 “意義”,這時(shí)不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。
八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference)英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因?yàn)榈乩砦恢?、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對(duì)使用是中國(guó)譯員在轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時(shí)往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個(gè)漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。
例1 中國(guó)歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。
China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅(jiān)定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
大的。
The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在)中國(guó)歷史上”,口譯成英語時(shí)必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時(shí)如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會(huì)顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。
九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures)發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯: 扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圓形百分比圖 pie graph 柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯: 柱狀圖 bar chart X軸 X axis Y軸 Y axis 坐標(biāo) point
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯: 曲線圖 line chart 實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 broken line 點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line 面積圖相關(guān)詞匯: 色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme 陰影部分 shaded area 以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時(shí)常用詞匯: An upturn
回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì) An upward trend
上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì) Pick up/recover
好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升 Rise slowly/gradually
慢慢地/逐漸地上升 Rocket/soar
驟升 Leap
劇增
Spiral upwards
陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升 Sustain an increase
維持升幅
Reach a peak
到達(dá)最高點(diǎn) Decline/decrease
下降/下跌
Downward trend
下降的趨勢(shì) A slump
暴跌、蕭條 Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
Spiral downward
劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降 Plunge/dive
急降/突降 A significant reduction 顯著的減幅 Fluctuate
波動(dòng)
Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定 Bottom out/level out
降到最低點(diǎn)
十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form)大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗(yàn)重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時(shí)最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項(xiàng)筆記符號(hào)要清晰,以免翻譯時(shí)因潦草難辨而誤譯。篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:
1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號(hào)或個(gè)性化的代碼記筆記;
2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行
3、對(duì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號(hào)不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。
十一、詞語選用(Diction)
在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡(jiǎn)潔、明確易懂。
1、增詞法
原文:只要依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵(lì)個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個(gè)非常重要的渠道。
譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation;so long as these enterprises meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.“依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保的要求”口譯時(shí)所需時(shí)間相對(duì)來說稍長(zhǎng),為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了 so long as。
2、重復(fù)法
原文:我們將在市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)以平等的待遇。
譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import and export businesses.高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間更好地整理信息。
3、省略法
原文:在我國(guó)改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,我們召開這樣一個(gè)承前啟后、繼往開來的大會(huì)具有極為重要的意義。
譯文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對(duì)仗和韻律;英語則講究簡(jiǎn)潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊?!俺星皢⒑蟆迸c“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時(shí)只需譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法
原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢(shì)已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。
譯文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation.However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法
原文:時(shí)間很短,我長(zhǎng)話短說。
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法
原文:只有讓人民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會(huì)懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會(huì)人亡政息。
譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時(shí)原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時(shí)反過來譯會(huì)取得意想不到的效果。
7、補(bǔ)充背景資料
原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會(huì)走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個(gè)怪圈。請(qǐng)問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個(gè)怪圈。
譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden.I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle? 口譯時(shí)要根據(jù)聽眾對(duì)話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。
十二、長(zhǎng)句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences)
英語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時(shí)要注意根據(jù)意群,將
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
其拆解為簡(jiǎn)單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長(zhǎng)句時(shí),譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。
1、句首分流法
原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場(chǎng)上面也自由兌換,這個(gè)按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時(shí)間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.漢語中有不少以“對(duì)于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。
2、尾部分流法
原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it.But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個(gè)人自由,有些人也許會(huì)濫用這些自由。但是如果因?yàn)樘^于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對(duì)個(gè)人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié) 的自由就會(huì)被限制太多,付出的代價(jià)會(huì)更大,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的這個(gè)世界,整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個(gè)世界里,孩子們都心懷夢(mèng)想,而且相信夢(mèng)想都會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
3、重組法
原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。
4、倒置法
原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face;between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個(gè)由短期利潤(rùn)估算來驅(qū)動(dòng)的全球市場(chǎng),還是要一個(gè)富有人情味的全球市場(chǎng)?我們是要一個(gè)使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個(gè)為每個(gè)人提供致富機(jī)會(huì)和健康環(huán)
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場(chǎng)無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。
5、合并法
原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair.We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory.We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness.The lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個(gè)國(guó)家一個(gè)民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。
6、概括法
原文:第二點(diǎn),我們?cè)谙愀刍貧w以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮。現(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對(duì)港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米??如果香港再下來以后,那么?duì)我們整個(gè)大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個(gè)影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return.Now
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate.The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging.If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge.Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations)
口譯時(shí)常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或?yàn)槿谇①e主關(guān)系)引用對(duì)方國(guó)家的古典詩詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時(shí)如果譯員平時(shí)不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時(shí)要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯
心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily 好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish 塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise 一個(gè)不成熟的想法:a green thought 引語翻譯
有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes,)one prospers
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩:“茍利國(guó)家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺(tái)灣,我就很動(dòng)情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國(guó)民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國(guó)有殤?!保篧hen Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up.I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911.He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division.He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade;bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind.The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?
十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches)譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識(shí)水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握“863”計(jì)劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識(shí)以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該選擇一個(gè)方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如: 原文:
1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對(duì)立制約,互根互用,消長(zhǎng)平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會(huì)影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。
2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida.The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers.Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:
1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang,(the two opposing
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
and complementary principles in nature,)exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent.According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational.The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health.And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop.Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國(guó)空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國(guó)飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測(cè)到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。
十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)
順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。
英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
可以采用順譯法處理:
1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。
2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對(duì)中國(guó)的訪問,正逢一個(gè)重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。
3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.會(huì)議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會(huì)在此之前先要碰個(gè)頭。
4、Prof.Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯(cuò),尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時(shí)候。
5、對(duì)于外界稱我為“中國(guó)的戈?duì)柊蛦谭颉币埠?,“?jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。
Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。
7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按計(jì)劃舉行會(huì)議,部分地取決于什么時(shí)候那種傳染病會(huì)得到控制。
以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場(chǎng)合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。
十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation)在正式場(chǎng)合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因?yàn)槭孪葴?zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時(shí)一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時(shí)還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時(shí)插入講解或例子,屆時(shí)還需作無稿翻譯。
十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)
1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?
翻譯時(shí),最怕遇到聽不懂的詞??朔@一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測(cè)和預(yù)測(cè)能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識(shí)是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個(gè)別不會(huì)的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對(duì)整個(gè)講話精神的體會(huì),也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測(cè)出來。千萬不能被一個(gè)詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
遇到生詞例子:
原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993.400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water.More than fifty people died.An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國(guó)威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>
這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。
2、如何在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正傳譯中的錯(cuò)誤?
譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場(chǎng)時(shí),再加上較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正錯(cuò)誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯(cuò)后,如果是小錯(cuò),只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯(cuò)誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯(cuò)了,應(yīng)該譯為??”千萬不能顧及自己的面子而給會(huì)議造成損失。輕度誤譯
原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
masks outside.譯文:關(guān)于剛才提出的怎樣預(yù)防感染SARS病毒的問題,我想說的是我注意到這個(gè)房間外面的人也是戴著口罩的。(許多人在戶外也戴著口罩)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤
原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai.I think it’s really an important question.I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.譯文:剛才有記者提到是否上??梢员苊膺@個(gè)SARS,我想要做的評(píng)論是上海已經(jīng)開始一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),而這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束。在座的記者們紛紛指正,譯員立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是發(fā)言人理解地重述剛才的講話The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.重譯:如果上海想徹底避免SARS的話只能建一堵墻把所有人擋在外面。漏譯后的補(bǔ)充
原文:您剛才提到了一季度的工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)情況。
譯文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.3、碰到發(fā)言人講話速度過快怎么辦?
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
遇到這種情況時(shí),譯員可以請(qǐng)發(fā)言人講得稍慢些。但有的人講話快已成習(xí)慣,很難克服。這時(shí)譯員一定要穩(wěn)住,不能著急,要仔細(xì)分析整段的內(nèi)容,緊緊抓住中心思想譯出即可。這種情況進(jìn)一步說明了平時(shí)概括能力訓(xùn)練的重要性。
十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)
高級(jí)譯員在大型國(guó)際會(huì)議上的又一表現(xiàn)不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的傳譯,每一次成功的談判,都凝聚著譯員平時(shí)將持不懈的訓(xùn)練和積累??谧g工作之復(fù)雜,對(duì)譯員的要求之高,也并非三言兩語就可悉數(shù),所以學(xué)員應(yīng)該自覺地進(jìn)行課后練習(xí)。就像飛機(jī)駕駛員在訓(xùn)練中必須有一定的“飛行小時(shí)”才可以正式上崗一樣,譯員也必須練夠1000“磁帶小時(shí)”才會(huì)有較大的提高。影子練習(xí): 多觀摩優(yōu)秀譯員的場(chǎng)上表現(xiàn),如中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的新聞發(fā)布會(huì),聽完發(fā)言人講話后,試著跟譯員一起做口譯;平時(shí)看電視或聽收音機(jī)時(shí)也可做跟讀練習(xí),訓(xùn)練各種話題的跟述和理解。磁帶小時(shí):
除了課堂練習(xí)外,每天花約兩個(gè)小時(shí)對(duì)各種與課文有關(guān)題材的講話或報(bào)刊、電視節(jié)目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue節(jié)目,進(jìn)行復(fù)述和口譯練習(xí),并進(jìn)行錄音,之后對(duì)錄音的練習(xí)進(jìn)行分析,不斷總結(jié)和提高。用心積累:
平時(shí)生活中也要做一個(gè)有心人,注意收集新詞匯,新表達(dá)法,激發(fā)自己對(duì)任何事物進(jìn)行描繪和口譯的興趣。
高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
現(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)踐:
另外i,有條件的學(xué)校還可以漸漸地安排學(xué)生跟著職業(yè)譯員到口譯現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去感受真實(shí)的工作環(huán)境,這種真實(shí)的體驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累是課堂培訓(xùn)最好的補(bǔ)充。學(xué)生們?cè)谕瑫r(shí)體驗(yàn)譯員和聽眾雙重身份后,更容易吸收培訓(xùn)的理念,更積極地投入到緊張有序的自我訓(xùn)練中去,從而打破“譯員是天生的,而不可能后天培養(yǎng)出來的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神話。總而言之,“冰凍三尺,非一日之寒”,對(duì)口譯訓(xùn)練也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我們勤學(xué)苦練,就定能攻破口譯難關(guān)。
編者語:本人花一周總結(jié)了高等教育出版社出版的《英語口譯實(shí)踐》上介紹的18個(gè)口譯技能,希望它能對(duì)廣大口譯愛好者的學(xué)習(xí)有良好的指導(dǎo)作用。
第五篇:高等教育出版社《英語口譯教程》口譯技能總結(jié)
口譯技能
一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech)口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動(dòng)。譯員服務(wù)的對(duì)象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting),練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)注意:
1、發(fā)言時(shí)吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。
2、無需慷慨陳詞,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠(chéng),保持與聽眾的目光交流。
3、口譯時(shí)一般用第一人稱,但是在同時(shí)兼任會(huì)談雙方的譯員時(shí)需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。
4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90~160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時(shí)適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時(shí)應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。
5、作口譯時(shí)少用或不用手勢(shì),即興發(fā)言時(shí)難免有口誤甚至被人糾正錯(cuò)誤,這時(shí)應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評(píng),立即改正。
二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance)口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時(shí)性(real-time),發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長(zhǎng)達(dá)3~5分鐘的講話(100~120個(gè)詞/分鐘)完整地在相應(yīng)時(shí)間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時(shí)間)轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述
一、兩個(gè)小時(shí)的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)記住300~600個(gè)詞。口譯不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense)從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時(shí)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會(huì)陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。
三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力
(Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening)
聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在訓(xùn)練開始時(shí)有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時(shí)卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:
1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾;
2、對(duì)話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,所以無法記憶。
所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)擴(kuò)充背景知識(shí),帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)??谧g培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動(dòng)地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系。可以選擇一些內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng)、難度相對(duì)較大的講話,聽后說出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會(huì)語境支持下的理解程序。
四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具
(Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids)
記憶指的是對(duì)信息的編碼、儲(chǔ)存和?取,遺忘是指對(duì)儲(chǔ)存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對(duì)成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對(duì)所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對(duì)任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的);其次根據(jù)對(duì)主題背景知識(shí)的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時(shí)間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡(jiǎn),快速記憶。
五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers)
人的短時(shí)記憶只能記住6~7個(gè)孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號(hào)。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會(huì)用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時(shí)給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯(cuò)譯或延時(shí),是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅(jiān)持不懈。基數(shù)表達(dá)
三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對(duì)口譯不會(huì)構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(hào)(,)表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/)表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá): 1)727
七百二十七
Seven hundred twenty-seven(in AmE);
Seven hundred and twenty-seven(in BrE);2)2,003
二千零三
Two thousand three(in AmE);
Two thousand and three(in BrE);3)1,97/4,727
一百九十七萬四千七百二十七
One million, nine hundred(and)seventy-four thousand seven hundred(and)twenty-seven 4)1,1/75,00/0,000
十一億七千五百萬
One billion, one hundred seventy-five million(in AmE)5)45,0/00,00/0,000
四百五十億
Forty-five billion 序數(shù)表達(dá)
1)第一:the first 2)第三:the third 3)第十:the tenth 4)第十五:the fifteenth 5)第二十二:the twenty-second 分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)
1)二分之一:a half 2)五分之一:one-fifth 3)四分之三:three quarters 4)七分之四:four-seventh 5)五又三分之二:five and two-thirds 小數(shù)表達(dá) 1)12.89
十二點(diǎn)八九:twelve point eight nine 2)0.323
零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three;zero/naught point three two three
六、記筆記:常用符號(hào)和縮略語(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms)口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個(gè)步驟孤立地來
討論,聽取信息的同時(shí),理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號(hào)和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡(jiǎn)要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。
1、以下是一些常用筆記符號(hào): 信息意義
符號(hào) 增加;補(bǔ)充
+ 減少;刪除
— 和;與;共同 & 上升;提高;增強(qiáng) ↑ 下降;下沉;降低 ↓ 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) ↗ 下挫;不斷虧損 ↘ 去;向前;發(fā)展
→ 回顧;從前;倒退 ← 不等于;并不意味著 ≠ 屬于 ? 總和;合力 ∑ 商標(biāo) TM 英鎊 £ 美元 $ 人民幣 ¥ 重要;驚訝!小于;不足 < 超過 > 認(rèn)為;主張;相信 : 以??為中心;圓桌會(huì)談 ⊙ 因?yàn)?∵ 所以 ∴ 國(guó)家 □ 問題;疑惑 ? 正確;認(rèn)同 √ 高興 ?
譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵(lì)無休止地設(shè)計(jì)新符號(hào),記憶和識(shí)別新符號(hào)很可能在表達(dá)時(shí)帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號(hào)夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。
2、以下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息: 信息意義 縮略語 聯(lián)合國(guó)計(jì)劃開發(fā)署 UNDP 聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織
UNESCO 洛杉磯
LA 上海
SH、滬 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值
GNP 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值
GDP 五年計(jì)劃
5y計(jì) 中華人民共和國(guó)
PRC 中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨
CPC 人民代表大會(huì)
NPC 社會(huì)保障體系
中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司
中國(guó)外運(yùn)集團(tuán)
中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司
經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)
國(guó)有企業(yè)
合資企業(yè)
信息技術(shù)
研究和發(fā)展
投資回報(bào)率
外國(guó)直接投資
外商獨(dú)資企業(yè)
匯豐銀行
并購(gòu)
虛擬專用網(wǎng)
超文本標(biāo)記語言
By the way
社保
PICC SinoTrans COCSO SEZ SOE
JV
IT R&D ROI FDI WoFE HsBC M&A VPN HTML BTW
As soon as possible
ASAP
七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training)
訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗(yàn)記憶、加深理解,對(duì)一個(gè)語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲(chǔ)存的 “意義”,這時(shí)不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。
八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference)英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因?yàn)榈乩砦恢?、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對(duì)使用是中國(guó)譯員在轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時(shí)往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個(gè)漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。
例1 中國(guó)歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。
China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅(jiān)定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)的,取得的成就是巨大的。
The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in our approach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在)中國(guó)歷史上”,口譯成英語時(shí)必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時(shí)如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會(huì)顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。
九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures)發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯: 扇形 wedge/slice 投影片 overhead transparencies 圓形百分比圖 pie graph 柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯: 柱狀圖 bar chart X軸 X axis Y軸 Y axis 坐標(biāo) point 曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯: 曲線圖 line chart 實(shí)線 solid line 虛線 broken line 點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line 面積圖相關(guān)詞匯: 色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme 陰影部分 shaded area 以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時(shí)常用詞匯: An upturn
回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì) An upward trend
上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì) Pick up/recover
好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升 Rise slowly/gradually
慢慢地/逐漸地上升 Rocket/soar
驟升 Leap
劇增
Spiral upwards
陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升 Sustain an increase
維持升幅
Reach a peak
到達(dá)最高點(diǎn) Decline/decrease
下降/下跌
Downward trend
下降的趨勢(shì) A slump
暴跌、蕭條 Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌 Spiral downward
劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降 Plunge/dive
急降/突降 A significant reduction 顯著的減幅 Fluctuate
波動(dòng)
Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定 Bottom out/level out
降到最低點(diǎn)
十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form)大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗(yàn)重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時(shí)最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項(xiàng)筆記符號(hào)要清晰,以免翻譯時(shí)因潦草難辨而誤譯。篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:
1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號(hào)或個(gè)性化的代碼記筆記;
2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行
3、對(duì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號(hào)不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。
十一、詞語選用(Diction)
在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡(jiǎn)潔、明確易懂。
1、增詞法
原文:只要依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵(lì)個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個(gè)非常重要的渠道。
譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation;so long as these enterprises meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.“依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保的要求”口譯時(shí)所需時(shí)間相對(duì)來說稍長(zhǎng),為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了 so long as。
2、重復(fù)法
原文:我們將在市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)以平等的待遇。
譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import and export businesses.譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間更好地整理信息。
3、省略法
原文:在我國(guó)改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,我們召開這樣一個(gè)承前啟后、繼往開來的大會(huì)具有極為重要的意義。
譯文:With China’s reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a congress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對(duì)仗和韻律;英語則講究簡(jiǎn)潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊?!俺星皢⒑蟆迸c“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時(shí)只需譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法
原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢(shì)已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。
譯文:Now with regard to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation.However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法
原文:時(shí)間很短,我長(zhǎng)話短說。
譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法 原文:只有讓人民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會(huì)懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會(huì)人亡政息。
譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時(shí)原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時(shí)反過來譯會(huì)取得意想不到的效果。
7、補(bǔ)充背景資料
原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會(huì)走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個(gè)怪圈。請(qǐng)問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個(gè)怪圈。
譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmer’s burden always ended up exacerbating their burden.I wonder how can we break the vicious cycle? 口譯時(shí)要根據(jù)聽眾對(duì)話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。
十二、長(zhǎng)句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences)
英語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時(shí)要注意根據(jù)意群,將其拆解為簡(jiǎn)單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長(zhǎng)句時(shí),譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。
1、句首分流法
原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場(chǎng)上面也自由兌換,這個(gè)按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時(shí)間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.漢語中有不少以“對(duì)于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to…, With reference to…, As for…, On the question of…,等等。
2、尾部分流法
原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it.But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit people’s freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy is based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個(gè)人自由,有些人也許會(huì)濫用這些自由。但是如果因?yàn)樘^于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對(duì)個(gè)人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類的自由就會(huì)被限制太多,付出的代價(jià)會(huì)更大,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的這個(gè)世界,整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個(gè)世界里,孩子們都心懷夢(mèng)想,而且相信夢(mèng)想都會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
3、重組法
原文:So today, I want to talk to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterprise—business ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the world—the agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。
4、倒置法
原文:We have to choose between a global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face;between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個(gè)由短期利潤(rùn)估算來驅(qū)動(dòng)的全球市場(chǎng),還是要一個(gè)富有人情味的全球市場(chǎng)?我們是要一個(gè)使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個(gè)為每個(gè)人提供致富機(jī)會(huì)和健康環(huán)境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場(chǎng)無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。
5、合并法
原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair.We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory.We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness.The lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart one’s own future, to be the master of one’s destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個(gè)國(guó)家一個(gè)民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。
6、概括法
原文:第二點(diǎn),我們?cè)谙愀刍貧w以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮?,F(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對(duì)港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米??如果香港再下來以后,那么?duì)我們整個(gè)大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個(gè)影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return.Now Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate.The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging.If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the mainland areas will be huge.Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of Hong Kong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations)
口譯時(shí)常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或?yàn)槿谇①e主關(guān)系)引用對(duì)方國(guó)家的古典詩詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時(shí)如果譯員平時(shí)不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時(shí)要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯
心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no tongue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily 好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon 撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish 塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise 一個(gè)不成熟的想法:a green thought 引語翻譯
有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes,)one prospers in worries and hardship, and perishes in ease and comfort.在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩:“茍利國(guó)家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺(tái)灣,我就很動(dòng)情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國(guó)民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國(guó)有殤。”:When Taiwan is mentioned, lots of feelings well up.I can’t help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911.He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division.He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade;bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind.The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, and this elegy of this nation?
十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches)譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識(shí)水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握“863”計(jì)劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識(shí)以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該選擇一個(gè)方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如: 原文:
1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對(duì)立制約,互根互用,消長(zhǎng)平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會(huì)影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。
2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida.The path allowed us to observe the meteors—some no bigger than a grain of sand—from an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers.Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:
1、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang,(the two opposing and complementary principles in nature,)exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent.According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decrease of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational.The balance of yin and yang is essential for the maintenance of good health.And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop.Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regulating yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國(guó)空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國(guó)飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測(cè)到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。
十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders)
順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。
英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,可以采用順譯法處理:
1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。
2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對(duì)中國(guó)的訪問,正逢一個(gè)重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。
3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ after the board has met privately.會(huì)議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會(huì)在此之前先要碰個(gè)頭。
4、Prof.Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯(cuò),尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時(shí)候。
5、對(duì)于外界稱我為“中國(guó)的戈?duì)柊蛦谭颉币埠茫敖?jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。
Whatever the foreign media call me, either “China’s Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。
7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按計(jì)劃舉行會(huì)議,部分地取決于什么時(shí)候那種傳染病會(huì)得到控制。
以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場(chǎng)合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。
十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation)在正式場(chǎng)合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因?yàn)槭孪葴?zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時(shí)一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時(shí)還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時(shí)插入講解或例子,屆時(shí)還需作無稿翻譯。
十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations)
1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?
翻譯時(shí),最怕遇到聽不懂的詞??朔@一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測(cè)和預(yù)測(cè)能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識(shí)是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個(gè)別不會(huì)的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對(duì)整個(gè)講話精神的體會(huì),也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測(cè)出來。千萬不能被一個(gè)詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。遇到生詞例子:
原文:Another terrible environmental event took place in the United States in 1993.400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water.More than fifty people died.An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國(guó)威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>
這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。
2、如何在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正傳譯中的錯(cuò)誤?
譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場(chǎng)時(shí),再加上較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正錯(cuò)誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯(cuò)后,如果是小錯(cuò),只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯(cuò)誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯(cuò)了,應(yīng)該譯為??”千萬不能顧及自己的面子而給會(huì)議造成損失。輕度誤譯
原文:In terms of the question of what to do to prevent you from becoming infected by the SARS virus, I notice that many people wearing masks outside.譯文:關(guān)于剛才提出的怎樣預(yù)防感染SARS病毒的問題,我想說的是我注意到這個(gè)房間外面的人也是戴著口罩的。(許多人在戶外也戴著口罩)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤
原文:I’d like to add one thing to the question about whether SARS can be avoided in Shanghai.I think it’s really an important question.I think obviously the only way to really avoid it is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody into Shanghai.譯文:剛才有記者提到是否上??梢员苊膺@個(gè)SARS,我想要做的評(píng)論是上海已經(jīng)開始一場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),而這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)現(xiàn)在還沒有結(jié)束。在座的記者們紛紛指正,譯員立即道歉道:Excuse me, I didn’t catch you.于是發(fā)言人理解地重述剛才的講話The only way to avoid SARS , truly ensure that no SARS coming into Shanghai, is to build a wall around Shanghai from anybody coming into Shanghai.重譯:如果上海想徹底避免SARS的話只能建一堵墻把所有人擋在外面。漏譯后的補(bǔ)充
原文:您剛才提到了一季度的工業(yè)增長(zhǎng)情況。
譯文:Just now you mentioned the progress that has been made in the first quarter of this year, in terms of the growth rate of industrial production.3、碰到發(fā)言人講話速度過快怎么辦?
遇到這種情況時(shí),譯員可以請(qǐng)發(fā)言人講得稍慢些。但有的人講話快已成習(xí)慣,很難克服。這時(shí)譯員一定要穩(wěn)住,不能著急,要仔細(xì)分析整段的內(nèi)容,緊緊抓住中心思想譯出即可。這種情況進(jìn)一步說明了平時(shí)概括能力訓(xùn)練的重要性。
十八、熟能生巧(Practice Makes an Interpreter)
高級(jí)譯員在大型國(guó)際會(huì)議上的又一表現(xiàn)不是一蹴而就的,每一次精彩的傳譯,每一次成功的談判,都凝聚著譯員平時(shí)將持不懈的訓(xùn)練和積累??谧g工作之復(fù)雜,對(duì)譯員的要求之高,也并非三言兩語就可悉數(shù),所以學(xué)員應(yīng)該自覺地進(jìn)行課后練習(xí)。就像飛機(jī)駕駛員在訓(xùn)練中必須有一定的“飛行小時(shí)”才可以正式上崗一樣,譯員也必須練夠1000“磁帶小時(shí)”才會(huì)有較大的提高。影子練習(xí): 多觀摩優(yōu)秀譯員的場(chǎng)上表現(xiàn),如中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的新聞發(fā)布會(huì),聽完發(fā)言人講話后,試著跟譯員一起做口譯;平時(shí)看電視或聽收音機(jī)時(shí)也可做跟讀練習(xí),訓(xùn)練各種話題的跟述和理解。磁帶小時(shí):
除了課堂練習(xí)外,每天花約兩個(gè)小時(shí)對(duì)各種與課文有關(guān)題材的講話或報(bào)刊、電視節(jié)目,如CCTV-9的Dialogue節(jié)目,進(jìn)行復(fù)述和口譯練習(xí),并進(jìn)行錄音,之后對(duì)錄音的練習(xí)進(jìn)行分析,不斷總結(jié)和提高。用心積累:
平時(shí)生活中也要做一個(gè)有心人,注意收集新詞匯,新表達(dá)法,激發(fā)自己對(duì)任何事物進(jìn)行描繪和口譯的興趣?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)實(shí)踐:
另外i,有條件的學(xué)校還可以漸漸地安排學(xué)生跟著職業(yè)譯員到口譯現(xiàn)場(chǎng)去感受真實(shí)的工作環(huán)境,這種真實(shí)的體驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)積累是課堂培訓(xùn)最好的補(bǔ)充。學(xué)生們?cè)谕瑫r(shí)體驗(yàn)譯員和聽眾雙重身份后,更容易吸收培訓(xùn)的理念,更積極地投入到緊張有序的自我訓(xùn)練中去,從而打破“譯員是天生的,而不可能后天培養(yǎng)出來的(Interpreters are born, not made)”的神話??偠灾?,“冰凍三尺,非一日之寒”,對(duì)口譯訓(xùn)練也不例外,熟能生巧,只要我們勤學(xué)苦練,就定能攻破口譯難關(guān)。
編者語:本人花一周總結(jié)了高等教育出版社出版的《英語口譯實(shí)踐》上介紹的18個(gè)口譯技能,希望它能對(duì)廣大口譯愛好者的學(xué)習(xí)有良好的指導(dǎo)作用。