第一篇：美國商務(wù)部長珠三角創(chuàng)新與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)論壇講話

美國商務(wù)部長珠三角創(chuàng)新與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)論壇講話

2009年10月27日,美國商務(wù)部長駱家輝在廣州香格里拉酒店舉行的“珠江三角洲創(chuàng)新與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)”國際論壇上發(fā)表主題演說，以下是講話全文。

Remarks at Pearl River Delta International Forum on Innovation and Intellectual Property by U.S.Commerce Secretary Gary Locke Shangri-La Hotel, Guangzhou Tuesday, October 27, 2009 “珠三角創(chuàng)新與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)”國際論壇上的發(fā)言 美國商務(wù)部長駱家輝 廣州 香格里拉酒店 2009年10月27日

Good morning.早上好。

Thank you Ambassador Huntsman.謝謝洪大使。

This year marks the 60th Anniversary of the People’s Republic of China.In the last few decades, hundreds of millions of Chinese have joined the global middle class as China has become a destination for capital, for ideas and for innovation.今年是中華人民共和國成立60周年。在過去幾十年里，隨著中國成為吸引資本、創(chuàng)意和創(chuàng)新的熱土，數(shù)億中國人已加入全球中產(chǎn)階層的行列。

And one of the best illustrations of this transformation is China's burgeoning trade relationship with the United States.We are one another's second-biggest trading partners.In the past 20 years, U.S.exports to China have increased by a factor of 12;while U.S.imports from China have increased almost 30-fold.The pace of change right here in Guangdong Province is a most striking illustration of this.而最能體現(xiàn)這種轉(zhuǎn)變的事情之一，就是中國與美國之間迅速發(fā)展的貿(mào)易關(guān)系。我們各自都是對方的第二大貿(mào)易伙伴。在過去20年里，美國對中國的出口增加了12倍，而美國從中國的進口則增加了近30倍。這種變化的步伐在廣東省這里體現(xiàn)得尤其顯著。

Thirty years ago, Vice-Premier Deng Xiaoping chose a small fishing village not far from here as China’s first Special Economic Zone.Today, that village makes up Shenzhen, which boasts a population of 14 million people and is one of China’s most dynamic cities.三十年前，鄧小平副總理選擇離此不遠(yuǎn)的一個小漁村作為中國首個經(jīng)濟特區(qū)。今天，那個的漁村已經(jīng)變成了深圳，一個擁有1400萬人口、中國最具活力的城市之一。The Pearl River Delta is now a thriving example of market principles at work.There are more than 100,000 factories that make every type of product imaginable – from iPhones and flat screen TVs to cell phones and high fashion apparel.今天的珠三角是市場原則發(fā)揮作用的一個繁榮例子。這里有十幾萬家工廠，生產(chǎn)你能想象得到的各種產(chǎn)品，從iPhone、平板電視、手機、到高檔服裝。

But we also know that the Chinese economy is increasingly moving up the global economic value chain, where growth is created not just by the power of a country’s industrial might, but also by the power of their ideas and their inventions.The next critical step is for China to develop more homegrown entrepreneurs that sell high-value and high-tech products here in China and around the world.但我們也知道，在全球經(jīng)濟價值鏈中，中國正日益向高端轉(zhuǎn)移，而在高端，增長不僅要靠一個國家的工業(yè)實力，還要靠他們的創(chuàng)意和發(fā)明來推動。對中國來說，下一步的關(guān)鍵是培養(yǎng)更多能在中國和世界各地銷售高附加值和高科技產(chǎn)品的本土企業(yè)家。

If China, and in particular Guangdong Province, is going to make this transition, it will have to create a system of laws and a regulatory infrastructure that rewards and protects those who take risks to develop new innovations.And a cornerstone of that effort must be a rigorously enforced intellectual property regime.If innovators fear that their inventions or ideas will be stolen, then one of two things will happen – they’ll either stop inventing, or they’ll decide to create their inventions elsewhere.Here in Guangdong Province, this issue is particularly relevant.Last year, firms based in Guangdong Province obtained more patents than firms based in any other single Chinese province.Guangdong Province has the potential to be China’s epicenter of innovation.And the stronger intellectual property laws and enforcement are, the greater the incentive for domestic and foreign innovators to create their products right here.如果中國，尤其是廣東省，要實現(xiàn)這種轉(zhuǎn)型，就必須建立一套為那些冒著風(fēng)險開發(fā)新創(chuàng)意的人提供獎勵和保護的法律法規(guī)體系。而這方面工作的基石，是對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行。如果創(chuàng)新者擔(dān)心他們的發(fā)明或創(chuàng)意會被人盜用，就只會發(fā)生兩種情況：要么他們會停止發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，要么他們會決定去其它地方實現(xiàn)自己的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。在廣東省這里，這個問題尤其重要。去年，廣東的企業(yè)獲得的專利數(shù)比任何其它省的企業(yè)都要多。廣東具有成為中國創(chuàng)新中心的潛力，而知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律及其執(zhí)法越有力，國內(nèi)及外國的創(chuàng)新者在這里研發(fā)自己產(chǎn)品的動力就越強。

In the past few years, China has taken several steps to protect the IP of American and other foreign companies operating within its borders.For example: The Guangdong Intellectual Property Office settled 198 of the 199 patent-related complaints it received.There were nearly 2,500 trademark infringement cases of overseas rights holders in China last year, a 35 percent increase over 2007.過去幾年里，中國采取了若干措施來保護在中國境內(nèi)經(jīng)營的美國及其它外國公司的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)。例如：

廣東省知識產(chǎn)權(quán)局受理了199宗與專利有關(guān)的投訴，解決了其中的198宗。

去年，中國受理了近2500宗涉及海外所有權(quán)人的商標(biāo)侵權(quán)案件，比2007年增加了百分之三十五。

But despite these steps, American companies in fields as diverse as technology, entertainment and pharmaceuticals still lose billions every year in China from intellectual property theft.但盡管如此，在從科技、娛樂到制藥等廣泛領(lǐng)域，美國公司仍然每年在中國由于知識產(chǎn)權(quán)被盜用而遭受數(shù)以十億美元計的損失。

In short, much more needs to be done.Strongly worded IP laws are only as valuable as the civil and criminal penalties people face for breaking them – and China’s enforcement of IP laws is often uneven.For example, the U.S.government has received reports of occasional aggressive intellectual property law enforcement in Shenzhen, while receiving consistent reports of very lax enforcement elsewhere, including, unfortunately, right here in Guangdong.For this reason, the U.S.Department of Commerce as well as other arms of our government seeks to expand our work with our Chinese counterparts on enforcement efforts.簡而言之，需要做的事情還很多。措詞嚴(yán)厲的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律，只有通過人們在違法后所面臨的民事和刑事懲罰的嚴(yán)厲程度才能體現(xiàn)出來。而中國知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法律的執(zhí)法道路并不平坦。例如，美國政府很高興曾經(jīng)收到過關(guān)于深圳在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)方面積極執(zhí)法的報告，同時也很遺憾地經(jīng)常收到關(guān)于其它地方，如廣東，執(zhí)法非常松懈的報告。正因為如此，美國商務(wù)部及美國其它政府部門希望擴大我們與中國在執(zhí)法方面的相應(yīng)部門之間的合作。

The United States and China have already taken a series of steps to ramp up awareness and promotion of intellectual property protection.In the past 12 months, the United States Patent and Trademark Office signed three Memorandums of Understanding with its Chinese counterparts to enhance cooperation on intellectual property issues.Last December, PTO officials stationed in Guangzhou participated with China Customs officials from Guangdong Province in a training program on how to identify counterfeit goods.And in April, PTO Guangzhou and the State Intellectual Property Office jointly organized a program on patent filing and enforcement in Shenzhen.美國和中國已經(jīng)采取了一系列措施來提高知識產(chǎn)權(quán)意識，推動對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護。

過去12個月里，美國專利商標(biāo)局與中國方面簽訂了三份關(guān)于加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)合作的備忘錄。去年12月，美國專利商標(biāo)局駐廣州的官員與廣東省的海關(guān)官員合作舉辦了一個關(guān)于如何鑒別假冒商品的培訓(xùn)。今年4月，美國專利商標(biāo)局廣州辦事處和中國國家知識產(chǎn)權(quán)局在深圳聯(lián)合開展了關(guān)于專利申請與執(zhí)法的項目。

Our outreach not only includes the Chinese government but the academic and private sectors as well.The PTO has forged ties with universities whose professors and students are vital to changing attitudes about condoning the purchase and use of counterfeit and pirated products.And we would like to see a firm directive from the Central Government to state-run libraries and academic institutions to dissuade these libraries from facilitating illegal reproduction and distribution of electronic journals through the Internet.In a few hours, I’m going to speak with students and faculty at Jinan University.Like their American counterparts, many students at Jinan University don’t realize how soon they’re going to be out in the workforce as employees or as entrepreneurs.And a few years from now, they too will count on a system that rewards those who create products and services that help citizens around the world lead healthier, wealthier and more productive lives.我們的合作對象不單包括中國政府，也包括學(xué)術(shù)界和企業(yè)界。美國專利商標(biāo)局已經(jīng)與中國的大學(xué)建立了合作關(guān)系。大學(xué)里的教授和學(xué)生對于改變?nèi)藗儗徺I和使用假冒及盜版產(chǎn)品的寬容態(tài)度發(fā)揮著重要作用。我們希望看到中國的中央政府對國營圖書館和學(xué)術(shù)機構(gòu)發(fā)出明確指示，阻止這些圖書館為通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)非法復(fù)制并傳播電子刊物的行為提供協(xié)助。再過幾個小時，我還要去暨南大學(xué)與那里的大學(xué)生和老師交談。與美國大學(xué)生的情況一樣，暨南大學(xué)的許多學(xué)生也沒有意識到，現(xiàn)在距離他們作為雇員或創(chuàng)業(yè)者進入就業(yè)市場的時間是多么的短暫。幾年以后，他們也需要依賴一套制度來獎勵那些為讓世界各地的人活得更健康、更富有、更有成就感而創(chuàng)造新產(chǎn)品和新服務(wù)的人。

I know that building an effective patent and trademark system is not easy--because over 200 years after its founding, the United States is still working to perfect its own.Only a few years after the American Revolution, our third president Thomas Jefferson helped create the U.S.patent office because he understood two fundamental truths.He knew: ? That long term economic growth was dependent on a continuous flow of new technologies and new ideas entering the marketplace;

? But he also knew that without a promise of ownership protection for these ideas, innovators would never be willing to take risks to improve upon the status quo.Although the United States continues efforts to reform our own patent system to reflect the rapid changes in the global economy, the necessity of having robust patent and trademark protections is not a matter of serious debate.我知道，建設(shè)一套行之有效的專利商標(biāo)體系并不容易，因為在建國200多年后的今天，美國仍在努力完善自己的專利商標(biāo)體系。在美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭之后不久，我們的第三任總統(tǒng)，托馬斯?杰斐遜，就幫助創(chuàng)立了美國專利局，因為他充分理解兩個基本事實。他知道： ? 長期的經(jīng)濟增長有賴于新科技和新創(chuàng)意不斷流入市場； ? 但他也知道，如果缺乏為這些創(chuàng)意提供所有權(quán)保護的承諾，創(chuàng)新人才就不愿冒著風(fēng)險來改進現(xiàn)狀。

盡管美國仍在繼續(xù)努力，根據(jù)全球經(jīng)濟的不斷變化來改革我們自己的專利體系，但為專利和商標(biāo)提供穩(wěn)健保護的必要性是毋庸置疑的。

And I hope this sentiment will start to take deeper root in China.Because at stake is not just the fate of our future economic growth--but possibly the fate of our planet.我希望這種意識能很快在中國更加深入人心。因為它不僅影響我們未來經(jīng)濟增長的命運，還可能影響我們這個星球的命運。

This summer, I came to China with U.S.Energy Secretary Steven Chu, to explore avenues for clean energy cooperation.While here, I said that the prospect of climate change presented both a great challenge and a great opportunity.The challenge of course, is that if nations around the world don't start using less fossil fuels, we’ll all suffer from the environmental damage that the world's top scientists believe is undoubtedly in store.But if we can somehow avoid this fate with new technological solutions to use energy more cleanly and efficiently, we will have discovered one of the greatest avenues for economic growth of the 21st century.Seizing this opportunity will surely require robust government action, and I want to commend the Chinese government for its foresight in this area.China has already adopted the most aggressive energy efficiency program in the entire world, and it is on track to exceed many of its renewable energy adoption goals.今年夏天，我與美國能源部長朱棣文先生一起訪問中國，探討清潔能源合作的途徑。訪問期間，我指出：氣候變化既是一個嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)，也是一個巨大機會。挑戰(zhàn)當(dāng)然就是：如果世界各國不開始減少使用化石燃料，我們都將遭受這必然導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境損害，這是世界頂尖科學(xué)家們的共識。但如果我們能通過新的科技方案更清潔有效地利用能源，從而避免這種命運，那我們將找到21世紀(jì)經(jīng)濟增長最重要的途徑之一。要抓住這個機會，政府必須采取有力行動。在這里我要稱贊中國政府在這個領(lǐng)域的遠(yuǎn)見。中國實行了世界上最積極的能源效率計劃，并且，在可再生能源的許多方面正穩(wěn)步超越其目標(biāo)。

But meeting a challenge as big as climate change will require more than just enlightened public policy.It will also require a wave of private sector innovation every bit as immense as those that accompanied the industrial revolution and the onset of the computer and Internet age.In today's global economy--where ideas are just as likely to be discovered in San Francisco as Shanghai – we need to do everything we can to incentivize and empower the brightest minds we have to solve climate change.And that means we need to create the right protections for ideas.但應(yīng)對氣候變化這樣一個巨大挑戰(zhàn)，僅有開明的公共政策是不夠的。它還需要絲毫不亞于曾伴隨工業(yè)革命及計算機與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代誕生的那種洶涌的私營企業(yè)創(chuàng)新浪潮。在當(dāng)今這樣一個新創(chuàng)意既可能誕生于舊金山也可能誕生于上海的的全球化經(jīng)濟中，我們必須想盡一切辦法來激勵并解放那些解決氣候變化問題所需要的最聰明的頭腦。這意味著我們必須為新創(chuàng)意提供適當(dāng)保護。

When Bill Gates quit college to begin his path towards starting Microsoft, he had no guarantee of success.But he kept moving forward, because he hoped that someday, all his hard work just might result in the creation of something special that he could call his own.And because Bill Gates received IP protection for his ideas, millions of people around the world have benefited.Somewhere in the world, is the Bill Gates of clean energy, and we need to make sure he or she has similar protection.當(dāng)比爾?蓋茨從大學(xué)退學(xué)，踏上創(chuàng)辦微軟的道路時，沒人保證他一定會成功。但他仍然投身其中，因為他希望有朝一日，他的辛勤勞動可以產(chǎn)生出讓他感到自豪的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造。而正是由于比爾?蓋茨的創(chuàng)意受到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護，今天世界各地成千上萬人因此而獲益非淺?，F(xiàn)在世界上的某個地方也許就有清潔能源領(lǐng)域的比爾?蓋茨。我們必須確保這樣的人能得到類似保護。

So, what is the path forward? While China has made strides in its intellectual property protection, more can and should be done to both entice U.S.companies to invest here and to encourage homegrown Chinese entrepreneurship.For instance, the elimination of overlapping jurisdictions between different Chinese agencies would help streamline the remedy process.This change would benefit both Chinese and American copyright holders.那么，下一步應(yīng)該怎么做呢？盡管中國在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護方面已經(jīng)取得很大進步，但要吸引美國公司來這里投資，并且鼓勵中國本土的創(chuàng)業(yè)精神，還可以并且應(yīng)該做得更多。例如，消除中國各政府部門間互相重疊的管理權(quán)限，有利于簡化對受害人的救助程序，而這將使中國和美國的版權(quán)持有人都從中得益。

Additionally, there is room for improvement with regard to enforcement matters.Consistent application of the law to intellectual property infringement and misappropriation cases would foster more certainty among users of the legal system.And seeking criminal penalties more frequently for intellectual property and trademark infringement violations would add an important level of deterrence.Today, 99% of copyright and trademark counterfeiting cases are enforced administratively, rather than criminally.So long as the cost of breaking the law is low, illegal behavior will thrive.But when laws are enforced at all levels of government, including the local levels, the incidence of bad behavior will sharply decline.此外，在執(zhí)法方面還有待改進。對所有知識產(chǎn)權(quán)侵權(quán)及盜用案件始終如一地適用法律，將使司法系統(tǒng)的使用者產(chǎn)生更多的確定感。而對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)及商標(biāo)侵權(quán)行為采取刑事懲罰，將發(fā)揮更加重要的阻嚇作用。目前，版權(quán)和商標(biāo)假冒案件中99％采用的都是行政處罰，而不是刑事處罰。只要違法成本低，非法行為就會很猖獗。但如果法律能在各級政府，包括地方政府那里得到嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行，違法行為的發(fā)生率就會大幅下降。

These are significant issues, and there are others as well – and yet I am confident that the United States and China have enough mutual trust to honestly and forthrightly exchange our concerns.As two of the world's leading nations, the United States and China have the power and the obligation to alter history for the betterment of our people and the world.Our strength is derived from many sources, but most of all, we owe our success to the ingenuity, intellect and creativity of our people.以上屬于比較嚴(yán)重的問題，此外還有許多其它問題。但我相信，美國和中國有足夠的互信來坦率地就我們所關(guān)心的問題交換意見。作為世界上的主要國家，美國和中國有能力也有義務(wù)為我們兩國人民和整個世界更好的明天而改變歷史。我們的力量來自許多源泉，但其中最重要的是，我們的成功歸功于我們?nèi)嗣竦穆斆?、智慧和?chuàng)造性。

The intellectual property reforms I have discussed today are an important step toward helping all our people reach their full potential and solve the problems that challenge us all.我今天所談?wù)摰闹R產(chǎn)權(quán)改革，是朝著我們的共同目標(biāo)前進的重要一步，這個目標(biāo)就是：幫助我們兩國人民發(fā)揮他們所有的聰明才智，以解決我們共同面臨的難題。

Thank you so much for having me here.謝謝大家！

第二篇：美國商務(wù)部長中國上海旅游業(yè)頒獎儀式講話

美國商務(wù)部長中國上海旅游業(yè)頒獎儀式講話時間:2012-05-11 10:30來源:口譯網(wǎng) 作者:口譯網(wǎng) 點擊:2781次

Remarks at Tourism Award Ceremony, Shanghai, China Commerce Secretary John Bryson Monday, May 7, 2012

在中國上海旅游業(yè)頒獎儀式上的講話 美國商務(wù)部長 約翰·布賴森 2012年5月7日

This is a very special occasion.We are here to recognize the top five tour operators in the Shanghai region who arrange group travel to the U.S.Travel and tourism between our countries is crucial to building stronger cultural and economic ties.This generates greater understanding and friendship between our people.And it also generates greater prosperity.這是一個很特殊的場合，我們在這里表彰上海地區(qū)積極組團赴美國旅游的5家頂尖的旅行社。我們兩國之間的旅游業(yè)對于建設(shè)更為牢固的文化與經(jīng)濟紐帶十分重要，它能增進兩國人民之間的了解與友誼，并能促進經(jīng)濟繁榮。

As you all know, the U.S.-China Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Travel and Tourism was signed in 2007.It opened the door for packaged leisure travel to our country by Chinese groups.Since then, the number of Chinese people traveling to the U.S.has grown significantly.So far this year, travelers from China have increased 40 percent over the same period in 2011!We are very happy to welcome these visitors, and we look forward to welcoming many more.正如我們大家所知，美中旅游合作諒解備忘錄簽訂于2007年，它為中國組團去我們國家進行休閑旅游打開了大門。從那以后，中國公民前往美國旅行的人數(shù)大大增加。今年到目前為止，來自中國的旅游者比2011年同期增加了40%！我們非常高興地歡迎這些來訪者，我們還期待著歡迎更多的來訪者。

And under the leadership of the Department of Commerce, the United States government is taking a number of steps to ensure continued growth in travel and tourism from China to America.As you no doubt know, at the direction of President Obama, our State Department has increased our capacity to process visa applications here in China.Also, we are working with America’s travel and tourism leaders to make sure that our travel hubs–such as airports–are easier to navigate.In addition, we are working to educate our hotel owners and service providers about the needs and wants of Chinese travelers.And we are doing more to share information about all of the diverse cultural, recreational and entertainment opportunities that America offers.由商務(wù)部牽頭，美國政府正在采取一系列步驟來保證從中國到美國的旅游活動持續(xù)不斷地發(fā)展。你們肯定都知道，根據(jù)歐巴馬總統(tǒng)的指示，我們的國務(wù)院已經(jīng)提高了在中國處理赴美簽證申請的能力。我們也正在與美國旅游業(yè)的負(fù)責(zé)人共同努力以保證我們的機場等交通樞紐更為通暢。此外，我們還在向旅館業(yè)主和服務(wù)業(yè)人員大力介紹中國游客的需要和要求。而且，我們也在更努力地宣傳有關(guān)美國提供的多種多樣的文化、休閑與娛樂機會的信息。

These are important steps, because over the next five years, the number of international visitors traveling to the U.S.from all over the world is expected to grow significantly.We expect over 65 million visitors in 2012 alone.This reflects the fact that travel and tourism is America’s number-one services export–and it continues to get stronger each day.We project that China will–by far–have the largest percentage growth in tourism to the U.S.over the next five years, at nearly 200 percent.Our message to China and people across the globe is clear: “the United States welcomes you.”

這些都是重要的步驟，因為在今后5年中，從全世界各地來美國的國際來訪者的人數(shù)將顯著增加。預(yù)期僅僅在2012年我們就將接待6500萬名訪客。這反映了這樣一個事實：旅行與旅游業(yè)是美國的頭號出口服務(wù)業(yè)，而且還在日益發(fā)展壯大。在今后5年中，我們預(yù)期中國公民赴美旅游人數(shù)的百分比增幅將高居首位——接近200%。我們向中國人民和全球人民發(fā)出的信息十分清楚：“美國歡迎你”。

Before I go any further, let me recognize two groups.First, thank you to the National Tour Association for developing the program that qualifies the U.S.-inbound tour operators.Without this program we could not have entered into the agreement that allows selling packaged travel to the United States.Second, thank you to the China National Tourism Administration, which has been a good partner in developing travel and tourism for both countries.We look forward to working with all of you to strengthen U.S.-China ties and reap all the economic and cultural benefits that flow from our relationship.在我接著往下講之前，請允許我來表彰兩個機構(gòu)。首先要感謝中國旅游協(xié)會就經(jīng)營赴美旅游業(yè)務(wù)制定了一個旅行社資格審核程序，要是沒有這個程序，我們就不可能達(dá)成特許組團赴美旅游的協(xié)議。其次，要感謝中國國家旅游局，它是發(fā)展美中兩國旅游業(yè)的一個很好的合作伙伴。我們期待著與你們大家一起共同努力來加強美中聯(lián)系，享受我們兩國關(guān)系所帶來的所有經(jīng)濟與文化惠益。

And finally, thank you to the Shanghai Commercial Service and Shanghai Tourism Bureau for all their work to support this event and to continue promoting U.S.-China travel and tourism.最后，感謝上海商務(wù)局和上海旅游局為這次活動提供的支持，以及它們對促進美中兩國旅游業(yè)的不懈支持。

Now let me turn the microphone back over before we officially present today’s awards.現(xiàn)在，讓我在今天正式頒獎之前把麥克風(fēng)交還回去。

原文鏈接：http://

第三篇：美國商務(wù)部長美中貿(mào)易委員會午餐會講話

Remarks at U.S.-China Business Council Luncheon

by U.S.Commerce Secretary Gary Locke

January 13, 2011

在美中貿(mào)易全國委員會午餐會上的講話

美國商務(wù)部長 駱家輝 2011年1月13日

Thank you John, for that kind introduction.And thank you for having me here today.約翰，謝謝你的介紹和好意。謝謝大家邀請我來這里。

We are today less than a week away from an important State visit by Chinese President Hu Jintao.今天我們在這里聚會，距離中國國家主席胡錦濤的重要國事訪問只有不到一周時間。

More than two decades ago, on my first trip to mainland China, I could not imagine that the U.S.-China relationship would eventually become so consequential.二十多年前，我第一次訪問中國大陸，那時我難以想象有朝一日美中關(guān)系會變得如此重要。Nor could I have imagined a scene like we witnessed a few days ago: Defense Secretary Gates joining together with his Chinese counterpart to stress the need for stronger military ties between China and the United States.我也難以想象我們幾天前看到的情景：國防部長蓋茨和中國國防部長共同強調(diào)中美之間有必要加強軍事聯(lián)系。

In 1989, I came in from Shanghai’s airport on a rickety, Russian-made bus, and stepped into that city’s dimly lit streets into a world very different than the one I left in the U.S.1989年，我到達(dá)后在上海機場乘坐的是一輛破舊的蘇聯(lián)制造的大客車，走上那座城市的燈光昏暗的街道，它與我離開美國時留在身后的那個世界大不相同。

There were swarms of bicycles – young men with their dates balanced on handlebars, grandparents pedaling to the market, boys and girls with white-knuckle grips on their parents’ shoulders.Bikes everywhere.那是自行車的海洋——車大梁上載著女友的男青年、騎車去市場的爺爺奶奶、雙手緊緊抓住父母肩膀的男孩和女孩。到處都是自行車。

Shanghai then was a gritty, industrial city filled with low-rise buildings.There were no skyscrapers.Few cars.There was little sign of what was to come.當(dāng)時的上海是一座鋪著砂石路、房屋低矮的工業(yè)城市。沒有高樓大廈。汽車也很少。難以想象會有后來的變化。

Today, Shanghai’s skyline is dotted by more than 400 skyscrapers.Go to the Shanghai World Financial Center – one of the tallest buildings in the world – and you can stay at a Park Hyatt Hotel with a lobby on the 79th floor.今天，上海的地平線上聳立著400多座摩天大樓。如果你去上海環(huán)球金融中心——這是世界上最高的建筑之一——你可以在柏悅酒店下榻，該酒店的服務(wù)臺設(shè)在第79層。

Those bike paths I saw on my first visit have been replaced by elevated freeways shuttling people and commerce at a frenetic pace.我第一次訪問時看到的自行車道已經(jīng)被高架高速公路所取代，人和商品以驚人的速度流動。To see it is to be awed, and I am every time I go back to China.看到這番景象令人贊嘆，我每次返回中國都有這種感受。

The explosive growth in places like Shanghai has helped lift almost 200 million people out of poverty.In the years ahead, hundreds of millions more Chinese citizens will join the middle class.上海和其他地方發(fā)生的爆炸式增長已經(jīng)幫助近兩億人口脫離貧困。在未來一些年中，還會有數(shù)億中國公民加入中產(chǎn)階層的行列。

The United States welcomes this growth, because it’s good for the people of China;it's good for the global economy;and it's important for U.S.companies who offer world-class products and service, products and services that can improve the quality of life for the Chinese, while providing jobs for American workers back home.美國對此一增長表示歡迎，因為它對中國人民有利，對世界經(jīng)濟有利，對提供世界一流產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)的美國公司很重要，這些產(chǎn)品與服務(wù)能夠改善中國人民的生活，同時為美國工人提供就業(yè)機會。

With the U.S.-China Business Council’s help, this has become perhaps the most important bilateral trading relationship in the world.在美中貿(mào)易全國委員會的幫助下，這種關(guān)系已經(jīng)成為或許是世界上最重要的雙邊貿(mào)易關(guān)系。China is the top destination for American exports, behind just Canada and Mexico.And America is the number one national market for Chinese exports.中國是美國最大的出口市場之一，僅次于加拿大和墨西哥。而美國是中國最大的出口對象國。In the past 20 years, U.S.exports to China have increased by a factor of 12;imports from China have increased more than 30-fold.與二十年前相比，美國對中國的出口是當(dāng)年的12倍，從中國的進口則增加了30倍以上。However, we are at a turning point in the U.S.-China economic partnership.Last year, China became the second largest economy in the world.And the policies and practices that have shaped our relations over the past few decades will not suffice over the next few decades.但是，我們目前正處于美中經(jīng)濟伙伴關(guān)系中的一個轉(zhuǎn)折點。去年，中國成為世界上第二大經(jīng)濟體。過去數(shù)十年中指導(dǎo)雙邊關(guān)系的政策與做法將不能滿足今后數(shù)十年的需要。

So today, I'd like to talk a bit about how we can move forward and ensure that we can unlock the full potential of the U.S.-China commercial relationship in the early 21st century.因此，今天我要講一講我們?nèi)绾卫^續(xù)前進，如何確保我們能夠在二十一世紀(jì)初期充分發(fā)掘美中商貿(mào)關(guān)系的潛力。

The gross trade imbalances between our countries are a good place to start, because they have the potential to threaten global stability and prosperity.談?wù)劽乐匈Q(mào)易的嚴(yán)重失衡是一個很恰當(dāng)?shù)钠瘘c，因為這種情況有可能危及全球的穩(wěn)定與繁榮。And I think a great illustration of that can be found in, of all places, Trenton, New Jersey.我認(rèn)為，考慮到所有地方，新澤西州的特倫頓是能說明這個問題的極佳例子。

Many of you have likely taken Amtrak up to New York, and when you pass by the Delaware River in New Jersey, you see that famous sign: Trenton Makes and the World Takes.你們中的許多人很可能曾乘坐美國鐵路客運公司的火車北上去紐約，在你經(jīng)過新澤西州的特拉華河時，你會看到那塊著名的標(biāo)牌：“特倫頓制造，全世界購買”。

Well, replace Trenton with China, and you have a simplistic, but pretty accurate description of the global economy over the last few decades.現(xiàn)在，把特倫頓換成中國，那么，你對過去幾十年的全球經(jīng)濟就會作出一種雖然過分簡單卻又相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的描述。

China and the United States benefited tremendously from this arrangement in recent years.近年來，美中兩國都從這一安排中獲取了巨大的利益。

American consumers got an impressive array of low-cost goods.And in its transition into one of the world’s top exporters, China was able to lift millions of its citizens into a fast-growing middle class.美國消費者獲得了種類繁多的低價商品，而中國在向成為世界最大出口國之一的過渡中使其億萬人民進入迅速成長的中產(chǎn)階層行列。

But it’s not sustainable.The debt-fueled consumption binge in developed countries like America is over.但這種情況是不可持續(xù)的。像美國這樣的發(fā)達(dá)國家靠舉債狂熱消費的情況已成為歷史。And countries like China are beginning to realize that there are limits to purely export-driven growth.而像中國這樣的國家已開始認(rèn)識到純粹靠出口來拉動經(jīng)濟增長是有限度的。

That's why we need a more equitable commercial relationship.And it is within our reach.因此，我們需要建立一種更公平合理的商貿(mào)關(guān)系，而這是我們可以做到的。

The United States is doing its part to facilitate global adjustments by increasing private savings and exports, as well as taking steps to bring down its long-term fiscal deficits to a sustainable level.美國正在作出自己的努力，通過增加私人儲蓄和出口并采取步驟將長期以來的財政赤字降低到可持續(xù)的水平來促進全球調(diào)整。

And the Chinese leadership is making the rebalancing of its economy one of the cornerstones of its forthcoming five-year plan.而中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層正在將重新平衡經(jīng)濟當(dāng)作其即將開始實施的五年規(guī)劃的基石之一。

China is aiming to promote domestic consumption through a variety of measures, such as boosting the minimum wage for its workers and building an improved social safety net.Changes like these will hasten the rise of a middle class that wants the same cars, appliances, fashion, medical care and other amenities that have long been enjoyed by consumers in the Western world.中國正在努力通過各種措施——如增加工人的最低工資和建立更好的社會保障體系——來促進國內(nèi)消費。這些變化將加快中產(chǎn)階級的興起，他們希望與西方世界消費者一樣擁有轎車、電器、時裝、醫(yī)療保健和其他便利生活的設(shè)施。

The Chinese government is also putting an intensive focus on strategic emerging industries, with more high-value work in areas like healthcare, energy and high technology.中國政府還在集中精力發(fā)展新興戰(zhàn)略產(chǎn)業(yè)，增加在醫(yī)療保健、能源和高科技等領(lǐng)域有更高價值的工作崗位。

And the Chinese have signaled that they want foreign businesses to help develop these sectors by entering joint ventures and by conducting more research and development in China.中國方面還發(fā)出信號，表示希望外國企業(yè)通過中外合資和在中國開展更多的研發(fā)活動來幫助中國發(fā)展這些產(chǎn)業(yè)。

This is assistance that U.S.companies are eager to provide, so long as China deals meaningfully with concerns about intellectual property protection, as well as a variety of other issues I will talk about later.這是美國公司熱切希望能夠提供的幫助，只要中國能切實回應(yīng)他們對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護的關(guān)切并解決我將在下面談到的一些其他問題。

Such cooperative projects can serve as the foundation for a stronger economic relationship between China and the U.S.這類合作性項目可成為美中兩國建立更牢固的經(jīng)濟關(guān)系的基礎(chǔ)。

But China’s long-term success at addressing the concerns of international businesses will help determine whether it realizes its economic vision – a vision in which China is a leader in innovation and a producer of higher-value goods and services.但是，中國在處理國際企業(yè)關(guān)注的問題上的長期成功將有助于實現(xiàn)其經(jīng)濟愿景——即成為創(chuàng)新領(lǐng)域的領(lǐng)先者和高價值商品與服務(wù)的提供者。

Here's the good news: we are already seeing examples of just how this future could play out, as our businesses and our governments collaborate to tackle some of the world’s greatest challenges.令人可喜的是，隨著我們的企業(yè)和我們兩國政府展開合作，著手解決世界面臨的一些最大挑戰(zhàn)，我們已經(jīng)看到實現(xiàn)這一未來的實例。

Just look at what's happening with the new Energy Cooperation Program that Secretary Chu and I announced while in China in October 2009 to promote more collaboration between Chinese and American companies on energy issues.One of the founding corporate members of the program, Boeing, is partnering with Air China and Petro China to research a new generation of aviation biofuels that don't rely on food crops.讓我們看一下朱部長和我2009年10月在中國宣布的旨在推動中美公司在能源問題上展開合作的新的“能源合作項目”的進展。項目創(chuàng)始會員之一波音公司正在與中國國際航空公司和中國石油天然氣集團公司合作，研發(fā)不依賴糧食作物的新一代生物航空燃料。

If this venture is successful, it could reduce the carbon footprint of airplane travel, and avoid the negative impact that other biofuels have on the global food supply.如果這項合作成功，將可以減少飛機的碳足跡，并避免其他生物燃料對全球糧食供應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的負(fù)面影響。

Or look at what’s happening with Duke Energy, one of America's leading utilities, which has signed an agreement for joint research with China’s largest energy company, Huaneng, and with the Chinese government’s Thermal Power Research Institute.再看一下美國領(lǐng)先的電力公司之一杜克能源公司。它與中國最大的電力公司華能集團和中國政府的國電熱工研究院簽署了聯(lián)合研究的協(xié)議。

Today, there are scientists and researchers shuttling between the companies and the research institute, working to develop cutting-edge solutions for cleaner-burning coal and carbon sequestration.今天，科學(xué)家和研究人員在各公司和研究機構(gòu)之間來回穿梭，努力制定更清潔的燃煤和碳封存的尖端方案。

The Chinese and American governments are also working together on a variety of transportation issues, including how to spur the deployment of more high-speed rail.China has embraced high-speed rail and has developed its infrastructure at a tremendous rate.Starting from scratch, China has constructed and put into service over 4,000 miles of high-speed routes in the last decade – making China’s the longest high-speed rail network in the world.中美政府還在就各種交通運輸問題展開合作，包括推動建設(shè)更多的高速鐵路。中國已經(jīng)擁有高速鐵路并以驚人的速度建設(shè)起基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。中國白手起家，在過去十年已建成并投入使用4000多英里的高速公路，使中國成為世界上高速鐵路總里程最長的國家。

In meetings last year, officials and experts from the Department of Transportation and China’s Railway Ministry met in Cambridge, Massachusetts, to share information on the development of high-speed rail standards.And at the state level, the Chinese government has signed cooperation agreements with the State of California on its high-speed rail project to link Anaheim and San Francisco.去年，中國交通運輸部和鐵道部的官員和專家前來馬薩諸塞州劍橋參加會議，交流有關(guān)制定高速鐵路標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息。在州一級，中國政府與加利福尼亞州簽署了連接舊金山和阿納海姆的高速鐵路項目的合作協(xié)議。

There is, however, a sobering side to U.S.-China commercial relations: For every story like Duke Energy’s or Boeing’s, there are many more that are never written.然而，美中商業(yè)關(guān)系也有令人關(guān)切的一面：并非在各種情況下都有杜克能源公司或波音公司這樣的合作，許多其他公司的境遇沒有被報道。

When I talk to business leaders across America, they continue to express significant concerns – shared by business around the world--about the commercial environment in China – especially China's lax intellectual property protection and enforcement, lack of transparency in government decision-making and numerous indigenous innovation policies that often preclude foreign companies from vying for Chinese government contracts.These policies mandate that products must be made, conceived and designed in China.我在與美國各地的企業(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人交談時，他們繼續(xù)對中國的商業(yè)環(huán)境表示重大關(guān)切——世界上其他國家的企業(yè)界也有同樣的擔(dān)憂——最受關(guān)注的問題是中國的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護和執(zhí)法措施不力、政府決策和無數(shù)的自主創(chuàng)新政策缺乏透明度，往往阻止外國公司參與競爭中國政府的承包項目。這些政策要求產(chǎn)品必須在中國構(gòu)思、設(shè)計和制造。

It’s important to note that since China formally joined the WTO nine years ago, it has made important progress opening its market.Tariffs have come down, private property rights are steadily evolving and great strides have been made to free the flow of commerce across China's borders.必須指出，自從中國在九年前正式加入世界貿(mào)易組織以來，它在開放市場方面已經(jīng)取得重大進展。關(guān)稅已經(jīng)降低，私有財產(chǎn)權(quán)在穩(wěn)步建立，在開放中國邊界商貿(mào)流通方面邁出了重大步伐。

On balance, the competitive playing field in China is fairer to foreign firms that it was a decade ago.And we commend the Chinese for that.總的來說，中國的市場競爭環(huán)境對于外國企業(yè)來說比十年前更為公平，我們對此表示贊賞。It is also not lost on countries in the West that on our march towards industrialization, we sometimes protected native industries with policies that today would mobilize an army of WTO lawyers in opposition.西方國家記憶猶新的是，在我們的工業(yè)化進程中，我們有時用政策來保護本國產(chǎn)業(yè)，而在今天，這樣的做法會引來世界貿(mào)易組織的大批律師群起而攻之。

But those policies were folly then, and they are surely folly now.After World War II, the United States and a growing community of nations painstakingly built a global trading system based on the free flow of goods, ideas and services across borders.但是，那些政策在當(dāng)時來說是愚蠢的，現(xiàn)在也還是愚蠢的。在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，美國和一批日益增多的國家艱苦地建立起一個基于貨物、觀念和服務(wù)跨越邊界自由流通的全球貿(mào)易體系。

And the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1995 ensured that countries would be held accountable for their commitments to open markets and lower barriers.1995年建立的世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)定各國必須實踐其開放市場、降低關(guān)稅的承諾。

China has benefited tremendously from this international trading system, especially since it joined the WTO in 2001.The United States and other foreign nations have every right to seek more meaningful commitment and progress from China in implementing the market-opening policies it agreed to when it joined the WTO.中國已經(jīng)自該貿(mào)易體系獲取了巨大利益，特別是從它于2001年參加世界貿(mào)易組織以來。中國在參加世界貿(mào)組織時曾同意實施開放市場的政策，美國和世界上其他國家完全有理由要求中國在這方面作出更有實質(zhì)意義的承諾和改進。

From our experience, there are usually five things that need to happen to turn these promises into reality.根據(jù)我們的經(jīng)驗，要將這些諾言變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實通常有五件事情要做。

It starts with the easiest step: a statement of principle from Chinese officials that action will be taken to solve a market access issue.第一個步驟最容易：由中國官員發(fā)表一項原則聲明，表明將采取行動來解決市場準(zhǔn)入問題。Next, that agreement has to be codified into binding law or regulations.下一步是，該協(xié)議必須轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橛屑s束力的法律或法規(guī)。

Third, the law or regulation needs to be faithfully implemented by the central government.第三，該法律或法規(guī)必須由中央政府忠實地推行。

And fourth, it needs to be implemented at the local and provincial levels.第四，它也必須在地方一級與省一級實施。

Only after all these things have happened can you arrive at the fifth, final and most important step, which is where this new law or regulation becomes a norm – an accepted way of doing business in China's commercial culture.只有在這些步驟都完成后，才能進行第五步、也就是最后和最重要的一步，那就是：新法律或法規(guī)成為常規(guī)，即成為在中國商業(yè)文化中習(xí)以為常的經(jīng)營方式。

When it comes to indigenous innovation, intellectual property or a variety of other market-access issues, an enduring frustration is that in too many cases only the earliest steps are taken, but not all five.就自主創(chuàng)新、知識產(chǎn)權(quán)或許多其他市場準(zhǔn)入問題而言，一個長期存在的困難是：在太多的情況下，只采取了最初的幾個步驟，而沒有完成全部五個步驟。

Perhaps an agreement is made, but it never becomes binding.Or perhaps there's a well-written law or regulation at the national level, but there's lax enforcement at the provincial or city level.或許達(dá)成了一份協(xié)議，但從未成為有約束力的文件；或許國家一級有一部完善的法律或法規(guī)，但在省一級或市一級卻未得到認(rèn)真執(zhí)行。

A few weeks ago, the Commerce Department and the office of the U.S.Trade Representative welcomed Vice Premier Wang Qishan and other leading Chinese officials for the 21st Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, where we worked through a variety of specific trade issues.幾周以前，商務(wù)部和美國貿(mào)易代表曾歡迎王歧山副總理和中國的其他高級官員前來參加第21屆美中商貿(mào)聯(lián)合委員會會議，在那次會議上，我們解決了許多具體的貿(mào)易問題。

It was a productive meeting.Vice Premier Wang and his team were responsive to our concerns and they pledged action in a variety of areas critical to American businesses.這是一次富有成效的會見。國務(wù)院副總理王岐山和他的團隊對我們關(guān)心的問題反應(yīng)積極，承諾在對美國企業(yè)關(guān)鍵的一些領(lǐng)域采取行動。

They agreed to remove administrative and regulatory barriers discriminating against American companies selling everything from industrial machinery and telecom devices;to those that restrict U.S.participation in the development of large-scale wind farms in China.他們同意取消歧視美國公司在銷售一切產(chǎn)品上的行政和法規(guī)上的壁壘，包括從工業(yè)機器和電訊器材到那些限制美國參與在中國開發(fā)大規(guī)模風(fēng)能電場的活動。

They also agreed to revise one of their major government procurement catalogues to ensure a level playing field for foreign suppliers and to reduce the use of counterfeit software in government offices and state-owned enterprises.他們還同意修改他們的主要政府采購目錄，以確保外國供應(yīng)商有一個公平競爭的環(huán)境，并減少盜版軟件在政府部門和國有企業(yè)的使用。

Additionally, Vice Premier Wang asked the Commerce Department and the U.S.Trade Representative to partner with him on a public campaign to reduce intellectual property rights violations in China, which he is leading.此外，國務(wù)院副總理王岐山請求商務(wù)部和美國貿(mào)易代表與他合作進行一次減少知識產(chǎn)權(quán)在中國被侵權(quán)的公開活動，他正領(lǐng)導(dǎo)這項活動。

The American government welcomes these commitments from China.美國政府歡迎中國作出的這些承諾。

But to be clear, they are only a first step.What was agreed to at the JCCT were important statements of principle and policy – but they must be turned into concrete action with results.但需要申明的是，這些都只是第一步。在美中商貿(mào)聯(lián)委會上達(dá)成的一致都是原則和政策上的重要聲明——但它們必須轉(zhuǎn)化為具體行動，取得成果。

Take last year’s JCCT, when the Chinese agreed to remove a local content requirement for wind turbine suppliers – a positive step forward.以去年的美中商貿(mào)聯(lián)委會為例，中國同意取消對風(fēng)力渦輪機供應(yīng)商當(dāng)?shù)睾康囊蟆粋€積極的步驟。

But soon after, China’s government employed a rule that required foreign businesses seeking to build large scale wind farms in China to have prior experience with such projects in China.The rule might have been different than the local content requirement, but it had the same effect – making it tougher for foreign companies to compete with China’s domestic companies.但之后不久，中國的政府實施了一條規(guī)定，要求在中國進行大型風(fēng)能電場建設(shè)項目的外國企業(yè)必須有在中國做過同樣項目的經(jīng)驗。該規(guī)定可能與要求當(dāng)?shù)睾坎煌?，但卻有同樣的影響——使外國公司與中國國內(nèi)公司的競爭難度更大。

At this year’s JCCT, we persuaded the Chinese to modify that rule as well.在今年的美中商貿(mào)聯(lián)委會上，我們同樣說服中國修改了這一規(guī)則。

Or look at the issue of intellectual property.We have heard Chinese leaders condemn IP-theft in the strongest terms, and we’ve seen central government laws and regulations written or amended to reflect that sentiment.再看一下知識產(chǎn)權(quán)問題。我們已經(jīng)聽到中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人最強烈地譴責(zé)對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的侵犯，我們已經(jīng)看到了中央政府的法律和法規(guī)的編寫和修訂都反映了這種精神。

But American and other foreign companies, in industries ranging from pharmaceuticals and biotechnology to entertainment, still lose billions of dollars from counterfeiting and IP-theft in China every year.但美國和其他外國公司，從制藥公司和生物技術(shù)到娛樂等行業(yè)，每年還是因為在中國的仿冒及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)盜用而損失數(shù)十億美元。

For example, in the United States, for every $1 in computer hardware sales there is about 88 cents in software sales.But in China, for every dollar in hardware sales there is only eight cents in software sales.例如，在美國，每銷售1美元的計算機硬件，就有88美分的軟件銷售。但在中國，在硬件上1美元的銷售額只有8美分的軟件銷售。

According to the Business Software Alliance, that discrepancy is largely explained by the fact that nearly 80 percent of the software used on computers in China is counterfeit.據(jù)商業(yè)軟件聯(lián)盟說，這種差別的主要原因是，在中國的計算機上使用的近80%軟件都是盜用的。

So America welcomes Vice Premier Wang’s pledge to accelerate China's crackdown on intellectual property violations.And China will have a very willing partner in this endeavor in the United States.But we will be focused on meaningful outcomes.因此，美國歡迎王岐山副總理對中國加速打擊侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)行為所做的承諾。對于中國在這方面的努力，美國將非常愿意參與伙伴合作。但是，我們看重的是實質(zhì)性的結(jié)果。

I recognize I'm not the first foreign official to express concern over the commercial environment in China.But it would be a mistake to portray this concern solely as U.S.self-interest masquerading as advice.我承認(rèn)，我不是第一位對中國商業(yè)環(huán)境表達(dá)關(guān)切的外國官員。但把這種關(guān)切完全視為美國以忠告為名謀求自身利益將是錯誤的。

The Chinese economy is increasingly moving up the global economic value chain, where growth is created not just by the power of a country’s industrial might, but also by the power of its people’s ideas and their inventions.中國的經(jīng)濟正在全球經(jīng)濟價值鏈上逐步提升，取得這種發(fā)展不只是依靠一個國家的工業(yè)力量，還依靠其人民的創(chuàng)意及他們的發(fā)明。

In the long run, economies with poor intellectual property protections and inconsistent application of market access laws will lose out on generating great new ideas and technologies.And they’ll lose out on the jobs that come with producing new products – jobs critical to an expanding middle class.從長遠(yuǎn)來看，缺乏知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護以及不能始終執(zhí)行市場準(zhǔn)入規(guī)則的經(jīng)濟體將錯失開發(fā)重大新創(chuàng)意和新技術(shù)的機會。它們將錯失伴隨著新產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)而出現(xiàn)的就業(yè)機會，這些就業(yè)機會對于一個不斷壯大的中產(chǎn)階層至關(guān)重要。

The damage won’t happen overnight.I freely admit that companies and countries can gain short-term advantages from lax rules in the commercial space.這種損失不會在一夜之間發(fā)生。我可以坦言，有些公司和國家有可能從商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的寬松規(guī)則中獲得短期利益。

But over time, if innovators fear that their inventions or ideas will be stolen or discriminated against, one of two things will happen – they’ll either stop inventing, or they’ll decide to create or sell their inventions elsewhere.但隨著時間的推移，如果發(fā)明者擔(dān)心他們的發(fā)明或創(chuàng)意遭到竊取或歧視，就會發(fā)生以下情況——他們或者停止發(fā)明活動，或者決定到別處去從事或出售他們的發(fā)明。

Ultimately, all that the United States seeks is a level playing field for its companies, where the cost and quality of their products determines whether or not they win business.說到底，美國尋求的只是為美國的公司找到一個公平競爭的場地，讓其產(chǎn)品的成本與質(zhì)量決定它們是否能贏得商機。

That is the ideal we strive for in the United States.這就是我們在美國力爭實現(xiàn)的理想狀況。

And our commitment to open and competitive markets is a big reason why we remain the number one destination for foreign direct investment in the world.我們對市場開放和競爭作出的承諾是我們繼續(xù)成為全世界獲得外國直接投資最多的國家的重大原因。

We understand that China’s modernization and evolution towards a more market-oriented economy is a process that will take time.我們理解中國的現(xiàn)代化以及朝著更以市場為導(dǎo)向的經(jīng)濟逐步發(fā)展是一個耗費時日的過程。China has 1.3 billion people.Seven hundred million of them still live in rural areas;many with little electricity or running water.It took the United States over 100 years to build the electrical transmission capacity it has today.中國有13億人口。7億人仍然生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū)；許多人還缺電、缺水。而美國為建設(shè)今天具有的電力傳輸能力用了一百多年時間。

To meet the rising demands of its own consumers, China will have to build a similar amount of capacity in just 15 years.為了滿足中國消費者日益增長的需求，中國必須在短短15年內(nèi)建成同等規(guī)模的能力。

These are enormous undertakings.And it’s understandable if, in the past, China’s immediate development goals took precedence over other concerns.這些任務(wù)十分艱巨。如果說中國過去將眼前發(fā)展目標(biāo)置于其他考量之上，那是可以理解的。With millions of Chinese coming in from the countryside looking for work, it isn’t necessarily an easy decision to close down a factory producing counterfeit goods, when that factory is providing badly needed jobs.在千百萬來自農(nóng)村的中國人進城找工作的情況下，要關(guān)閉一家生產(chǎn)偽冒商品但卻能提供急需的工作機會的工廠，未必是一個易于作出的決定。

So what we’re discussing here are real and significant challenges.For market reforms to continue, it will take constant vigilance – not just from the United States, but from all countries and businesses around the world that benefit from rules-based trading.And from Chinese business and government leaders, who themselves have a strong stake in ensuring that China is friendly to global innovation and international competition.因此，我們在此探討的是一些確實存在的重大挑戰(zhàn)。為了繼續(xù)推行市場改革，不僅是美國，還有全世界受益于有章可循的貿(mào)易活動的所有國家和企業(yè)都應(yīng)當(dāng)保持警覺。中國企業(yè)及政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人亦應(yīng)如此，因為確保中國以友好方式應(yīng)對全球創(chuàng)新和國際競爭攸關(guān)他們的自身利益。In front of us is the opportunity for China and the United States to lead the world economy in the early 21st century to create a new foundation for sustainable growth for years to come.擺在我們面前的是中國和美國在21世紀(jì)初期引領(lǐng)世界經(jīng)濟為未來的可持續(xù)增長奠定新基礎(chǔ)的機會。

We can’t tell exactly what that future will look like.我們無法斷言未來會怎樣。

But we can be certain that it will be a better future if the Chinese and American governments pursue cooperation over confrontation in the economic sphere.但我們可以肯定，如果中國政府和美國政府在經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域?qū)で蠛献鞑⒈苊鈱?，未來必將更加美好?/p>

Cooperation that will put millions of our people to work.Cooperation that will develop technologies to solve the most pressing environmental, economic and social challenges facing the world today.This is the great opportunity before China and the United States.We just have to seize it.這種合作將為我國數(shù)百萬人民創(chuàng)造工作機會。這種合作將開發(fā)出能夠解決今日世界所面臨的最緊迫的環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟和社會問題的各項技術(shù)。這是中國和美國所面臨的一個難得的機會。我們必須抓住它。

Thank you.謝謝大家。

第四篇：創(chuàng)新與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護

創(chuàng)新與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護

[正 文]

在中國經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展當(dāng)中，創(chuàng)新（Innovation）和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)（Intellectual Property）的話題格外引起學(xué)者們和宏觀管理的決策者們的關(guān)注。那么什么是創(chuàng)新？其內(nèi)涵和外延是怎

樣的，創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)二者之間存在著什么樣關(guān)系？

有學(xué)者認(rèn)為：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是一種橋梁，通過對創(chuàng)新者提供知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護進而促進中國的現(xiàn)代化。（注：劉春田在“創(chuàng)新：知識產(chǎn)權(quán)和中國現(xiàn)代化論壇”的講話，中國人民大學(xué)和飛利浦公司主辦，2005年6月。）該論述將創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)設(shè)定為二者，即創(chuàng)新設(shè)定為前提，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度設(shè)定為保護創(chuàng)新進而促進創(chuàng)新、鼓勵創(chuàng)新的制度手段。在創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)系中，創(chuàng)新是形成知識產(chǎn)權(quán)作為權(quán)利存在的重要基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)運而生的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度又反過來成為鼓勵創(chuàng)新的重要保障。也有學(xué)者認(rèn)為：創(chuàng)新的概念是個不斷發(fā)展的過程，認(rèn)為創(chuàng)新本身指引入或者產(chǎn)生某種新事物，并且造成變化。同時認(rèn)為創(chuàng)新分為三種類型：技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、管理創(chuàng)新

和制度創(chuàng)新。（注：成思危：“經(jīng)濟大講堂”，http： //news.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2005-10/13/content_3613140_2.htm，2005年10月13日。）在其論述中，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)是包含在制度創(chuàng)新里面的，知識產(chǎn)權(quán)為制度創(chuàng)新的一部分。在這里，創(chuàng)新為宏觀概念或上位概念，而知識產(chǎn)權(quán)在其演進的過程中被吸收。事實上，本文認(rèn)為這兩種觀點是對創(chuàng)新概念切入的角度不同，比如對其從微觀和宏觀角度的思考。決策者們更進一步認(rèn)為：創(chuàng)新是民族進步的靈魂，是國家興旺發(fā)達(dá)的不竭動力，全面實施科教興國戰(zhàn)略，加速全社會的科技進步，關(guān)鍵是要加強和不斷推進知識創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新（注：江澤民在國務(wù)院全國技術(shù)創(chuàng)新大會上的講話，1999年。），世界未來的競爭就是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的競爭（注：溫家寶視察海爾、海信、青島啤酒等大型企業(yè)集團時的講話，2004年6月。）。這些表述說明決策者們將創(chuàng)新作為一個內(nèi)核，而知識創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新分屬于創(chuàng)新的不同環(huán)節(jié)。追求這個內(nèi)核，實際是對我國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的原動力的探尋，或是探尋促進我國當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的內(nèi)生力并追

求今后經(jīng)濟的可持續(xù)性發(fā)展，因此決策者們的話題已遠(yuǎn)在法學(xué)研究之上。

在眾多的學(xué)說面前，本文僅嘗試性地對創(chuàng)新的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)以及創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)系進行描述并論述創(chuàng)新的最初發(fā)展環(huán)節(jié)：小傳統(tǒng)知識的存在以及社會對小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護的忽略。

一、創(chuàng)新概念動態(tài)過程的嘗試性描述

提到創(chuàng)新，人們習(xí)慣于將技術(shù)和創(chuàng)新連結(jié)在一起。事實上技術(shù)創(chuàng)新只是創(chuàng)新概念所涵蓋的層面之一。對于創(chuàng)新的概念討論，往往是不同的詞語和創(chuàng)新的連結(jié)，比如思想創(chuàng)新、科學(xué)創(chuàng)新等等。學(xué)者們也從經(jīng)濟學(xué)、社會學(xué)和哲學(xué)等視角明確了多種創(chuàng)新的定義，比如有學(xué)者從社會學(xué)角度認(rèn)為，創(chuàng)新是在人類社會生產(chǎn)勞動實踐中取得的那些對人類社會進步及人的發(fā)展具有長遠(yuǎn)而巨大的促進與加速作用的一類杰出成果。創(chuàng)新在本體上是一個系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展與結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化過程。（注：陳玉和：“創(chuàng)新的概念、創(chuàng)新的發(fā)生與創(chuàng)新教育模式”，載《煤炭高等教育》2001年3月，第69頁。）創(chuàng)新在經(jīng)濟學(xué)上的含義，是指建立一種新的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)，把

一種關(guān)于生產(chǎn)要素和生產(chǎn)條件的“新組合”引入生產(chǎn)體系。因此經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的“創(chuàng)新理論”就是指不斷地實現(xiàn)這種新組合的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展過程。（注：林晶：“創(chuàng)新概念進入科學(xué)哲學(xué)論域的認(rèn)識論意義”，載《東北師大學(xué)報》（哲學(xué)社會科學(xué)版）2004年第5期。）這些概括有其意義，但是我們?nèi)匀辉噲D將創(chuàng)新和其前綴分開，從創(chuàng)新的本義入手。

在本質(zhì)上，創(chuàng)新實際上指兩個含義：一是拋開舊的，創(chuàng)造新的。二是指創(chuàng)造性、新意等。（注：引自《現(xiàn)代漢語詞典》，商務(wù)印書館1996年出版，第198頁。）在這兩個含義中，前者傾向于宏觀上的指代，暗含著精神，更具有抽象意義，后者則指向具象化的實物，往往和具體事物的評價指數(shù)結(jié)合在一起。當(dāng)討論創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)系時，我們更為關(guān)注的是前一個層面的含義，即當(dāng)今中國需要的多種層面、多種意義上的創(chuàng)新以及如何完善現(xiàn)有的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護來鼓勵創(chuàng)新。對于后者，由于可以用現(xiàn)有的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的權(quán)利屬性加以涵蓋，比如著作權(quán)要求的獨創(chuàng)性、專利權(quán)要求的創(chuàng)造性等，因此，本文不作重點討論。著眼于第一個含義，拋開舊的，創(chuàng)造新的，即宏觀意義上的創(chuàng)新，創(chuàng)新實際上體現(xiàn)了一個動態(tài)的從無到有的過程。在這個過程中，首先產(chǎn)生精神上的藍(lán)圖和意愿，其次著手實施這種意愿，并多次完善直至得到成果，最后當(dāng)整個成果為人們所普遍接受形成社會現(xiàn)象時，制度隨之誕生，對這種新產(chǎn)生的社會普遍現(xiàn)象予以規(guī)范調(diào)整，并從中抽象出具有普適性的規(guī)則，建立對違反制度行為的相應(yīng)處罰措施。對這個動態(tài)的過程加以分析，創(chuàng)新的過程實際上是知識創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和制度創(chuàng)新的動態(tài)結(jié)合。結(jié)合創(chuàng)新概念的動態(tài)過程，我們可以對已存在的創(chuàng)新的定義進行梳理。

創(chuàng)新的概念最早由熊彼特（J.A.Schumpter）在1912年的《經(jīng)濟發(fā)展理論》一書中首次提出。由于他在提出這個概念時主要以企業(yè)為研究對象，并對技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟的互動關(guān)系進行了深入研究，該概念又被認(rèn)為是技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的始祖。（注：劉慶有、卜琳華、鄒衛(wèi)東：“論企業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的概念、原則和模式”，載《科技與管理》1999年第1期，第60頁。）這也是導(dǎo)致人們提到創(chuàng)新時最先思考技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的原因之一。因此，對技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的概念論述頗豐。1962年伊偌思（J.L.Enos）指出技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是幾種行為綜合的結(jié)果。以及技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是作為創(chuàng)新主體的企業(yè)在創(chuàng)新環(huán)境條件下通過一定的中介而使創(chuàng)新課題轉(zhuǎn)換形態(tài)、實現(xiàn)市場價值的一種實踐活動。（注：歐陽建平、曹志平：“技術(shù)創(chuàng)新定義綜述及定義方法”，載《中南工業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報》（社會科學(xué)版）2001年12月，第350頁。）英國學(xué)者弗里曼認(rèn)為創(chuàng)新包括與新產(chǎn)品（或改良產(chǎn)品）的銷售或新工藝（或改良工藝）、新設(shè)備的第一次商業(yè)性應(yīng)用有關(guān)的技術(shù)、設(shè)計、制造、管理以及商業(yè)活動。美國學(xué)者繆爾塞認(rèn)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是以其構(gòu)思新穎性和成功實現(xiàn)為特征的有意義的非連續(xù)性事件。美國國家科學(xué)基金會（NSF）認(rèn)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是將新的或改進的產(chǎn)品、過程或服務(wù)引入市場。我國學(xué)者傅定驥認(rèn)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新就是企業(yè)家抓住市場的潛在盈利機會，以獲得商業(yè)利益為目標(biāo)，重新組織生產(chǎn)條件和要素，建立起效能更強、效率更高和費用更低的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營系統(tǒng)，從而推出新的產(chǎn)品，新的生產(chǎn)（工藝）方法，開辟新的市場，獲得新的原材料或半成品供給來源或建立企業(yè)的新的組織，它是包括科技、組織、商業(yè)和金融等一系列活動的綜合過程。我國政府的官方定義認(rèn)為技術(shù)創(chuàng)新是指企業(yè)應(yīng)用創(chuàng)新的知識和新技術(shù)、新工藝，采用新的生產(chǎn)方式和經(jīng)營管理模式，提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，開發(fā)生產(chǎn)新的產(chǎn)品，提供新的服務(wù)，占據(jù)市場并實現(xiàn)市場價值。（注：繆沾：“關(guān)于技術(shù)創(chuàng)新概念的研

究”，載《云南科技管理》2001年第5期，第23頁。）

從上面多種定義不難看出，學(xué)者們在研究創(chuàng)新的概念時往往將創(chuàng)新的動態(tài)過程知識創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和制度創(chuàng)新混合在一起進行側(cè)重點不同的詮釋，把所有層次的創(chuàng)新都以技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的概念來統(tǒng)稱。僅就單純的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新層面的定義來看，英國學(xué)者弗里曼和我國政府的官方定義較為合適。而美國學(xué)者繆爾塞的定義最符合本文對于創(chuàng)新的動態(tài)完成過程的思考。本文認(rèn)為，創(chuàng)新是知識創(chuàng)新在實踐中技術(shù)手段的實現(xiàn)并最終形成社會制度的動態(tài)全過程，知識創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和制度創(chuàng)新是創(chuàng)新活動發(fā)生、發(fā)展直至完成的重要環(huán)節(jié)，是創(chuàng)新定義中不可缺少的組成部分，三者的動態(tài)結(jié)合構(gòu)成完整意義上的創(chuàng)新。在探討創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)系時，必須將三者結(jié)合在一起加以分析。創(chuàng)新作用與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)上的關(guān)系實際上就是從知識創(chuàng)新到最終形成知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的全過程。如果將知識產(chǎn)權(quán)作為一個法學(xué)概念來理解，知識創(chuàng)新是使知識產(chǎn)權(quán)權(quán)利存在的基礎(chǔ)。如果將知識產(chǎn)權(quán)作為一個制度來理解，那么應(yīng)該說知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的設(shè)立就是人類的知識創(chuàng)新。而科學(xué)創(chuàng)新、管理創(chuàng)新等分屬各個領(lǐng)域，和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)并不發(fā)生法

學(xué)意義上的聯(lián)系。

二、知識創(chuàng)新的兩個系統(tǒng)

在創(chuàng)新的三個層面中，知識創(chuàng)新是創(chuàng)新的最重要的層面，是“智慧之火”，是水之源，木之本。知識是人類對客觀世界的基本認(rèn)識。有學(xué)者認(rèn)為首次出現(xiàn)的知識創(chuàng)新詞語組合是十多年前Entovation International公司注冊的商標(biāo)“知識創(chuàng)新”——Knowledge Innovation.（注：馬馳等：“也談?知識創(chuàng)新?”，載《華東科技》1998年第9期，第23頁。）知識創(chuàng)新的首次結(jié)合出現(xiàn)在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的視野里，似乎預(yù)示著知識創(chuàng)新對知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度創(chuàng)新的呼喚。通常認(rèn)為，將知識創(chuàng)新進行完整定義的是畢業(yè)于麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）的學(xué)者Debra M.Amidon于1993年提出的見解，他認(rèn)為知識創(chuàng)新是：通過創(chuàng)造、演進、交流和應(yīng)用，將新的思想轉(zhuǎn)化為可銷售的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，以取得企業(yè)經(jīng)營成功、國家經(jīng)濟振興和社會全面繁榮。1997年，該學(xué)者在其專著《面向知識經(jīng)濟的創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略——認(rèn)識的覺醒》中將知識創(chuàng)新上升

為知識創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略。（注：見注釋（11）。）

在知識創(chuàng)新中，各類知識均不同程度存在著更新和完善，以及從無到有、去粗取精的發(fā)生和發(fā)展過程，正是這種知識創(chuàng)新特有的前進過程促進知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的形成及創(chuàng)新，知識創(chuàng)新并不以其主體的社會層次為劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但是，在知識創(chuàng)新和制度創(chuàng)新相結(jié)合完成制度創(chuàng)新動態(tài)全過程的時候，制度這一上層建筑的抽象系統(tǒng)卻人為地按照知識創(chuàng)新主體的社會層次的不同對知識創(chuàng)新的完成區(qū)別對待。因此有學(xué)者也稱來自于社會不同階層的人群的知識所形成的文化分別為精英文化（上層文化）和通俗文化（下層文化）。

本文采用芝加哥大學(xué)人類學(xué)家雷德斐爾德（Redfield）在《鄉(xiāng)民社會與文化》（1956年）中的提法，將這些來自于不同社會層次的知識劃分為大傳統(tǒng)知識（great tradition）與小傳統(tǒng)知識（little tradition），分別代表著知識中制度化的正統(tǒng)品格、民間化的民眾品格。（注：范軍：“中國文學(xué)的菩薩世界”，載《中華讀書報》2005年4月20日。）在多層社會結(jié)構(gòu)中，從知識創(chuàng)新到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度創(chuàng)新的最終完成，必須包含大傳統(tǒng)知識知識創(chuàng)新的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護體系與小傳統(tǒng)知識知識創(chuàng)新的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護體系兩個方面，二者缺一不可。由于歷史的原因，我們習(xí)慣于將大傳統(tǒng)知識視為知識，對大傳統(tǒng)知識進行的知識創(chuàng)新視為創(chuàng)新。因此，對大傳統(tǒng)知識的制度保護以及大傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新的制度保護均已在我國多個領(lǐng)域發(fā)展完善。對小傳統(tǒng)知識，由于其所具有的民眾品格，在我國既有的文化中，存在著財

產(chǎn)權(quán)利個體歸屬指向的先天困難或者這種指向易被人們忽略。因此這部分知識，盡管其價值性得到社會的認(rèn)同，但因其財產(chǎn)所有權(quán)主體不明確、知識價值性難以量化等諸多原因，以及長期以來在生活中被人們普遍使用的社會現(xiàn)狀，因此被漠視為自然的和共有的。這類知識的形成和創(chuàng)新最后融入社會常識和社會習(xí)俗，往往處于自然傳播和無償使用的習(xí)慣之中。對小傳統(tǒng)知識認(rèn)識的欠缺直接導(dǎo)致了其制度保護兩個層面的欠缺，即對小傳統(tǒng)知識的制度保護和對小傳統(tǒng)知識知識創(chuàng)新的制度保護。本文筆者的思路是思考知識創(chuàng)新的保護應(yīng)當(dāng)同時思索兩種知識體系的保護，即已形成制度化的知識的創(chuàng)新保護和具有民間品格的非制度化的知識的創(chuàng)新保護。

事實上，小傳統(tǒng)知識恰恰是最活躍和最能體現(xiàn)我國民眾文化特色的知識。作為小傳統(tǒng)知識的組成部分之一，2001年聯(lián)合國教科文組織提出了非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)這一概念，它把各民族人民世代相承的、與群眾生活密切相關(guān)的各種傳統(tǒng)文化表現(xiàn)形式（如民俗活動、表演藝術(shù)、傳統(tǒng)知識和技能，以及與之相關(guān)的器具、實物、手工制品等）和文化空間，納入到文化的視野中并提出了相關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護。非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)特別強調(diào)：一向不被視為知識的口頭傳統(tǒng)，以及作為文化載體的語言、傳統(tǒng)表演藝術(shù)、民俗活動、禮儀、節(jié)慶、有關(guān)自然界和宇宙的民間傳統(tǒng)知識和實踐、傳統(tǒng)手工藝技能以及用于與上述表現(xiàn)形式相關(guān)的文化空間，均應(yīng)列為知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護的范圍。（注：“編者按”，載《人民日報》（海外版）2005年4月27日。）這種概念對于推動將小傳統(tǒng)知識，即具有民眾品格知識的創(chuàng)新和知識成果納入到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度體系中，實現(xiàn)兩個知識傳統(tǒng)和知識結(jié)構(gòu)的保護一體化和保護標(biāo)準(zhǔn)整合，具有積極意義；同時對具有小傳統(tǒng)知識創(chuàng)新能力的我國民眾極具激勵作用。對小傳統(tǒng)知識的肯定和鼓勵，也是對知識概念的創(chuàng)新，對知識創(chuàng)新的認(rèn)知把小傳統(tǒng)的知識創(chuàng)新納入視閾，在知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護的制

度體系構(gòu)建方面更是一個巨大的進步。

三、小傳統(tǒng)知識創(chuàng)新帶來的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護思考

首先，小傳統(tǒng)知識創(chuàng)新在當(dāng)代社會經(jīng)濟條件下的意義。因為從知識產(chǎn)權(quán)法的本質(zhì)上說，只有智力成果體現(xiàn)了財產(chǎn)所有關(guān)系和財產(chǎn)流轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)系，存在發(fā)生經(jīng)濟關(guān)系的可能，才有在知識

產(chǎn)權(quán)制度框架內(nèi)對其討論的必要。

在我國以往的知識環(huán)境中，生產(chǎn)的方式和制度的設(shè)定決定了我國兩個系統(tǒng)的知識所產(chǎn)生的價值轉(zhuǎn)換是有限的，消極承認(rèn)和消極保護私權(quán)導(dǎo)致不易確立由知識帶來的權(quán)利，并阻礙了由權(quán)利帶來的經(jīng)濟上的巨量升值。小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新盡管很豐富，人們只認(rèn)為其是生活的點綴或?qū)ι畹囊稽c點改進，同時由于這些改進所附屬載體的傳播，知識創(chuàng)新極易被利用，因而民間不存在對于小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新引發(fā)的價值思考。對于大傳統(tǒng)知識，我國傳統(tǒng)的上層社會由于和生產(chǎn)的相對脫離因而形成了重道德輕技藝的價值觀念，如君子言義不言利，君子喻于義，小人喻于利等等，直接與物質(zhì)利益相聯(lián)系的知識創(chuàng)新不僅沒有得到承認(rèn)，反而被認(rèn)為是“奇技淫巧”而被排斥。在早期的社會主流意識之下，大傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新不僅更多地關(guān)注于文史哲等形而上的層面，較少產(chǎn)生與直接生產(chǎn)相關(guān)的知識。建國后，小傳統(tǒng)知識情況依舊，在遠(yuǎn)離法學(xué)家視野的角落里自生自滅。對大傳統(tǒng)知識的認(rèn)知則不斷地發(fā)生改變，所欠缺的是社會對大傳統(tǒng)知識知識創(chuàng)新主體的經(jīng)濟利益思考，往往以精神鼓勵作為替代。無論哪種情況，兩類知識的知識創(chuàng)新在共享和無償傳播過程中并不涉及過多利益，客觀地說，在傳播能量有限的忽略私權(quán)的社會中，兩類知識在創(chuàng)新上的傳播無形提高了全民族的生產(chǎn)技

能，有利于社會生產(chǎn)知識和生活知識的普及與提高。但是，更為重要的是，當(dāng)制度沒有被構(gòu)建，在沒有形成鼓勵并保護知識創(chuàng)新的制度創(chuàng)新的社會條件下，人們會忽視知識創(chuàng)新的財產(chǎn)

價值，特別是忽視小傳統(tǒng)知識的財產(chǎn)價值。

自上世紀(jì)我國改革開放以來，生產(chǎn)方式發(fā)生了巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變，市場經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和對私權(quán)保護的制度創(chuàng)新為知識轉(zhuǎn)化為直接的物質(zhì)利益提供了巨大的發(fā)展空間，簡單的財富積累在知識創(chuàng)新后變成了呈幾何級數(shù)的跳躍式發(fā)展。知識創(chuàng)新作為生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的原動力正式進入了社會大眾的視野。一項小傳統(tǒng)知識的開發(fā)，比如傳統(tǒng)工藝的開發(fā)會帶動出口，創(chuàng)造數(shù)倍的經(jīng)濟效益。而一項傳統(tǒng)工藝成為專利也會給工藝持有人帶來滾滾財富。同樣，一個口頭流傳的民間笑話經(jīng)過加工之后成為小品制成光碟，改成動畫，形成了文化產(chǎn)業(yè)，同時創(chuàng)造了無可估量的財富。在這樣的環(huán)境下，相對于發(fā)展成熟的大傳統(tǒng)知識，小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新被提高到保護中華

民族民族知識財富的高度，相關(guān)的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度保護的法理意義得以成立。

其次，當(dāng)下對于小傳統(tǒng)知識認(rèn)識的轉(zhuǎn)變。我國于2004年由文化部正式提出保護民間非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)的工程，這本身就是一個知識觀念上的創(chuàng)新。事實上，民間非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)只是小傳統(tǒng)知識的一個重要組成部分，對于文化遺產(chǎn)保護列入知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度保護僅僅是一個起步。并且，這一政策的著眼點在于“遺產(chǎn)”，即已經(jīng)完成的知識創(chuàng)新。嚴(yán)格地說，這種保護僅僅是針對以往知識的創(chuàng)新而不是對當(dāng)下和未來小傳統(tǒng)知識的確認(rèn)和創(chuàng)新保護。這種從國家立場出發(fā)的政府行為，在現(xiàn)實的市場經(jīng)濟的生存環(huán)境下并沒有體現(xiàn)該知識的自身價值和財產(chǎn)意義，因而嚴(yán)格意義上說，上述啟動的工程只是文化意義的保護而不是知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度意義上的保護。因此，從知識創(chuàng)新、技術(shù)創(chuàng)新到制度創(chuàng)新的動態(tài)完成過程這一立場來說，本文著重強調(diào)的是對小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度保護以及最終形成保護小傳統(tǒng)知識創(chuàng)新的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度創(chuàng)新。如前所述，一方面小傳統(tǒng)知識由于其知識創(chuàng)造的方式不易形成飛躍，另一方面，實現(xiàn)小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新完成之后在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新層面上容易實現(xiàn)。如果沒有一個成熟的制度加以保護，小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新極易在短期內(nèi)為公眾知曉，成為一個新的社會常識，不能直接為小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新人帶來經(jīng)濟利益。我國當(dāng)前的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度并未對小傳統(tǒng)知識創(chuàng)新形成共識，小傳統(tǒng)知識在知識創(chuàng)新時所涉及的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)門類存在爭議，甚至小傳統(tǒng)知識應(yīng)否得到知識產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的支持仍在學(xué)術(shù)探討之中，這些都不利于小傳統(tǒng)知識的知識創(chuàng)新，也對我國現(xiàn)行的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)管理體系提出挑戰(zhàn)，更是造成我國小傳統(tǒng)知識財富大量流失的根本原因。

總之，關(guān)于知識創(chuàng)新流程的認(rèn)知和兩個系統(tǒng)的知識創(chuàng)新問題，是一個令人思索的話題，在論述創(chuàng)新和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的關(guān)系時，這個話題應(yīng)當(dāng)有其存在的合理性和必要性。從某些方面來說，對這個問題的認(rèn)識本身就是一種創(chuàng)新。正因為如此，本文的思考顯然還需要進一步論證和完善，如果說，提出問題的本身具有意義，那么本文的意義也許僅限于此，探尋解決問題的途徑和理論的完善將是未來研究的目標(biāo)。在此，謹(jǐn)以此文歡迎知識產(chǎn)權(quán)界的同仁不吝給予

支持、詰難和辯駁，使之豐富與完善。

第五篇：創(chuàng)新模仿與知識產(chǎn)權(quán)

結(jié)論

加強欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護使誰受益？本文分析表明，即使有人受益，收益的也不是南方發(fā)展中國家。這個結(jié)論對我使用的所有變量成立。不考慮外商直接投資，加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護使貿(mào)易關(guān)系不利于南方，導(dǎo)致制造業(yè)向定價更高的北方產(chǎn)品重新分配，這同樣損害南方。如果創(chuàng)新率受到這種政策影響，那么它起初上升，但最終會下將。且初始上升不足以彌補最終下降。結(jié)果，可得商品時間模式的轉(zhuǎn)移同樣損害南方。這個結(jié)論當(dāng)模型修正時不穩(wěn)健，但它表明內(nèi)生創(chuàng)新并沒有保證南方在可得產(chǎn)品的時間模式上受益。最后，正如前文所述，當(dāng)考慮到外商直接投資時，南方同樣遭受加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護的損失，因為雖然北方跨國公司減緩加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)對南方貿(mào)易的影響，它們卻并未消除制造業(yè)重新配置帶來更大比例產(chǎn)品更高價格的負(fù)面福利效應(yīng)。

北方是否從南方加強知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護中受益？答案要視情況而定。不同于其他南北之間存在沖突的模型（如000000），我們檢驗了不粗怎奈這種沖突的環(huán)境?？紤]不存在外商直接投資，南北雙方都從放松知識產(chǎn)權(quán)中受益，如果模仿率較低。放松政策使南方收受益在前面討論中十分顯然。北方將受益更多。因為與南方相似，北方從更大比例的更為便宜的商品和由創(chuàng)新率變動引起的更合理可得產(chǎn)品時間模式中受益。在后一種情況，北方儲蓄時間模式的變化并不能導(dǎo)致大于產(chǎn)品可得性有利效應(yīng)的負(fù)面福利影響。因此，北方福利損失的唯一潛在根源即為寬松知識產(chǎn)權(quán)下貿(mào)易關(guān)系所造成的不利回應(yīng)。但是，這種不利效應(yīng)被證明在模仿率低下時是微不足道的，因此，當(dāng)模仿率較低時放松知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護使得北方必定受益。