第一篇:英語語法:比較結(jié)構(gòu)終極大總結(jié)
比較結(jié)構(gòu)的講解(34句)
來自《長難句》:
1、it is not that…but that…這不是說??而是說??(分析見22)It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is much finer apparayue and of couse much more accurate in its measurement than the former.2、nothing less than完全是,實(shí)在是
What the man said was noting else than nonsense.那個(gè)人講的話完全是一派胡言。It is nothing else than a blackmail.這簡直就是敲竹杠。
3、as引導(dǎo)的特殊狀語從句,翻譯時(shí)作定語從句處理。
We hope the measures to control prices ,as they have been taken by the government, will succeed.4、n.+or + n.or 后面的名詞是同位語,應(yīng)譯為“即,或者”。
Moreover , technology includes techniques, or ways to do things ,as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.再者,除機(jī)器外,技術(shù)還包括技藝,即制作方法,而運(yùn)用這些技藝并不一定都要機(jī)器。我們希望,政府已經(jīng)采取的控制物價(jià)的措施將取得成功。
5、more…than…
The complexity of the human situation and injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.人類社會(huì)形式的復(fù)雜性和社會(huì)制度的不公正性要求對(duì)社會(huì)基本結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行徹底變革,而一些政客口頭上是很不情愿承認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)的。(than連接肯定形式的從句時(shí),該從句譯為否定句。)
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependend, and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.看來,這兩門學(xué)科是相互依存的,因?yàn)樵诶碚摽茖W(xué)家和應(yīng)用科學(xué)家之間,與其說存在著所謂的區(qū)分,不如說這種區(qū)分只是表面存在的。(在比較的基礎(chǔ)上表示選擇關(guān)系時(shí),可譯為“與其說??不如說”)
There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.夏天公路上的汽車比冬天的多。(進(jìn)行同類比較時(shí),譯成“比??更”)
6、no more…than與not…any more than The food on the ship was no better than on any ship on which Billy had sailed.這條船上的食品并不如比利工作過的其他船上的(食品)好。The archaeologists’ efforts are not directed at“proving”the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated 正如上帝不能從科學(xué)上證明一樣,考古學(xué)家們的努力并不是要“驗(yàn)證”《圣經(jīng)》的正確性。
No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has brust the dam.任何人都無法阻止革命的洪流,正如一個(gè)人不能拿著掃帚去擋住決了堤的洪水一樣。
7、not so much as 與其說??不如??
Science moves forward, they say , not so much through the insights of great men of genius as(Science moves forward省略的成分)because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.新學(xué)派科學(xué)家說,科學(xué)的發(fā)展與其說源于天才偉人的真知灼見,不如說源于改進(jìn)了的技術(shù)和工具等等更為普遍的東西。
8、the same… as You have made the same mistake as last time.9、no less than(no less…than)不但??而且;不亞于;簡直是,實(shí)在是
China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in
making revolution.中國始終堅(jiān)持獨(dú)立自主,不但在進(jìn)行革命方面,而且在經(jīng)濟(jì)政策方面。
【解析】no less…than連接兩個(gè)并列成分,信息重心在前,因此漢譯是要倒過來譯。There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.到會(huì)的有一千人之多。(有“到會(huì)人多”的含義)no less than連寫時(shí),意為“不亞于”、“多達(dá)”,強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量多。not less than連寫時(shí),意為“不少于”,無數(shù)量多少含義。如:There were not less than noe thousand people at the meeting.到會(huì)的至少有一千人。(沒有表達(dá)到會(huì)人多或少的含義。)It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.如此所要高價(jià),簡直是敲詐。
10、none other than 不是??正是;除了??外,不會(huì)是??
Reaction other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.當(dāng)這些反應(yīng)物放在一起時(shí),常發(fā)生不希望有的一些反應(yīng)。Other women than Sally would have said nothing.除了薩利,別的女子就什么也不說了
【解析】other than可分寫為other…than, other后可插入名詞,than的意思是“除了”。
11、nothing but=nothing else than=nothing less than不是別的??正是?? Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不過是勞動(dòng)加勤奮而已。
His failure was due to nothing else than his carelessness.他的失敗完全是由于他自己的粗心。
His negligence was nothing less than criminal.他的粗心大意無異于犯罪。
12、much less = still less更不用說
I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings 我不能同意這種行為,更談不上參加這些行動(dòng)了。
He is too shy to ask a strange the time, still less speak to a room full of people.(對(duì)著充滿人的房間講話,由于文化差異,原本意思就是對(duì)著一屋子的人講話)to say nothing ,not to speak of, not to mention, let alone都是更不必說的意思。但這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定,前一句是肯定,則追加的也是肯定意義,如果前一句是否定,則追加的也是否定意義。比較下面兩個(gè)句子。
In old China ,there was hardly any machine-building industry ,to say nothing of electronic industry 在舊中國,幾乎沒有什么機(jī)械制造工業(yè),更不用說電子工業(yè)了。
Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lesions.Sally上了唱歌和舞蹈課,而且還上了游泳和網(wǎng)球課。
13、anything but(but意為except)根本不;
all but(but意為except)幾乎,差一點(diǎn),除??以外其余都是; but for要不是;
but that+從句;若不是??
nothing but(but意為except)只不過??
Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.(句中but作介詞,意為except)雖然他單獨(dú)一人呆在這所無人居住的房子里,但他埋頭于研究工作,一點(diǎn)也沒感到孤獨(dú)。3(除了孤獨(dú)之外可以感受到任何事情,其意思為他一點(diǎn)也不感到孤獨(dú)。)
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression
of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.科學(xué)研究的方式是人類思維活動(dòng)的必要表達(dá)方式,也就是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行思索并給以準(zhǔn)確而嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)谋磉_(dá)方式。
It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat.再回到小船上已經(jīng)不可能了。
But for the rain we could have had a nice holiday.要不是這場雨,我們應(yīng)該度過了一個(gè)愉快的假期。
14、not nearly=far from,much less than相差很遠(yuǎn),遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)少于
The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.食品供應(yīng)將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)趕不上人口增長,這就意味著我們?cè)诩Z食的生產(chǎn)和購銷兩方面正陷入危機(jī)。
15、can not…too…再??也不過分。We cannot be too faithful to our duties.【誤譯】我們不能太終于值守。
【正譯】我們必須盡力忠于職守(我們?cè)僦矣诼毷匾膊粸檫^。)You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.你應(yīng)該十分重視這件事。
16、as well as=in addition也,和??一樣,除??之外,不但?而且
The Socialist Revolution requires a change of the superstructure as well as a change of the economic basis.社會(huì)主義革命不僅要求改變經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ),也要求改變上層建筑。
【解析】as well as 作連詞連接兩個(gè)對(duì)等的部分,其信息重心在as well as 之前的部分,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)先翻譯as well as之后的部分,再翻譯as well as之前的部分。
Revolution in the Marxist science means a moral as well as a material change.根據(jù)馬克思主義的學(xué)說,革命不但意味著物質(zhì)的改變,而且意味著精神的改變。
17、more than+從句(謂語中含can 或could)意為:“實(shí)在不能” Some math problems in that book are more than I can work out.那本書上的數(shù)學(xué)難題我實(shí)在解不出來。
18、only to+V.“結(jié)果卻?”表示與句子謂語動(dòng)作的目的相反的結(jié)果。
They don’t have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.他們不必花錢去劇院、電影院、或歌劇院買價(jià)格昂貴的票,結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn),演出的節(jié)目令人失望。
19、Nor +because...“不是因?yàn)??”
Nor do I teach because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.我之所以教書,不是因?yàn)槲艺J(rèn)為自己能夠解答問題,也不是因?yàn)槲矣袧M腹學(xué)問,覺得非與人分享不可。
20、(there be)no+主語+but+謂語+其他:它實(shí)際上是一個(gè)雙重否定句,翻譯時(shí)采取肯定句的形式。
There is no man but has his faults.人皆有過。因此作用相當(dāng)于who…not,that…not,which…not 從而可寫為:There is no man who has not faults.21、“S+be+the last+n.+不定式或從句”意為“決不至于??” Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.違約他是絕不會(huì)的。
22、not…but…不是?而是?;but not 是?而不是?
It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other case, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but it is that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.并不是說面包師或賣肉的人所用的磅秤在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上和化學(xué)家所用的天平存在差異,而是說與前者相比,后者是一種更精密的多的儀器,因而在計(jì)量上必然更準(zhǔn)確的多。
23、would rather + than 寧愿?而不愿?
I would rather die with my head high,with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country),than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.我寧愿昂著頭,懷著堅(jiān)定的信念,抱著祖國前途的深刻的信心而死,而不愿在屈從之下背棄神圣的原則而生。
24、If only 只要?就?;only if必須在?條件下才?
If only we work with might and main, the difficulties will be overcome.只要我們大家全力以赴,必然會(huì)克服困難。
You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.只有當(dāng)你將本族語同其他語言進(jìn)行比較時(shí),你才真正懂得你的本族語。
KK在長難句課上所講: 比較結(jié)構(gòu):
25、as…as 與…相似,一樣
while there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians ,modern practice most closely conforms to one.有多少歷史學(xué)家,就有多少種定義,但現(xiàn)在的實(shí)踐大多與其中一個(gè)相吻合。
26、not so much…(否定)… as…(肯定)…與其說是…不如說是…
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.因?yàn)閚ot so much...as是個(gè)并列結(jié)構(gòu),也就是說so和as后面兩個(gè)詞的意思應(yīng)該相同,所以多義介詞through的意思應(yīng)該等于because of因?yàn)椋捎凇?/p>
27、less and more: 不多 more or less: 或多或少
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves 人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論,主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一,其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問。
28、not so …as…
It is not so easy as in dealing with adults.29、rather than Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.長久以來,法律知識(shí)在這類學(xué)校里一直被視為律師們所專有的,而不是一個(gè)受教育者的知識(shí)素養(yǎng)的必要組成部分。
30、no/not less… than…(一樣,同樣)Want of care will not less ruin the good man than the man of lax morals the technique of writing is no less difficult than that of the other atrs.寫作技巧和其它技巧一樣都很難?!窘馕觥縒ant of care 疏忽大意
man of lax morals 品行敗壞的人
31、no more than=only All his education added up to no more than one year.他只上了一年學(xué)
32、no more…than=not only more than(這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是對(duì)前后兩者的否定)
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business 他最重要的任務(wù)并非考慮左右其行為的道德準(zhǔn)則,正如一個(gè)生意人不會(huì)將其精力花在探索生意行為準(zhǔn)則一樣。
【解析】"any more than a businessman is expected…","is"后省略了"not"被省掉了
A home without love is no more a home than a body without soul is a man.【解析】without soul is a man.is后的"not"被省略了。
no more可以換成not
33、more than+v./adj 不僅僅是…程度加深“太…” They may teach well and more than earn their salaries.Your performance is more than excellent.34、less… 否定..than…
more…肯定…than….這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中than本身是沒有意義的。
主要用法就是謂語動(dòng)詞要遵循“就近一致原則”,Not only the students but also the teacher was invited.不僅學(xué)生們被邀請(qǐng),而且那位教師也被邀請(qǐng)了。
---------------------(以下為詳細(xì)用法)
“not only … but also …”是一個(gè)并列連詞詞組,其意思基本等于“both … and …”,但側(cè)重點(diǎn)放在“but also”上,另外該詞組使用時(shí)須遵守一定的規(guī)則,如要求對(duì)稱,倒裝及主謂一致等。以下兩個(gè)句子往往被看作是欠妥或錯(cuò)誤的:
1.*Sitting up late last night, Tom not only read the assignment but also many poems by his favourite poet.2.*Not only the students but also the teacher were invited.上述兩句第一句欠妥,第二句是錯(cuò)誤的,應(yīng)分別改為:1.Sitting up late last night, Tom read not only the assignment but also many poems by his favourite poet.昨晚湯姆熬至深夜,不僅看了課外作業(yè),而且讀了他最喜歡的一位詩人的許多詩歌。2.Not only the students but also the teacher was invited.不僅學(xué)生們被邀請(qǐng),而且那位教師也被邀請(qǐng)了。下面就來談?wù)務(wù)_使用該詞組時(shí)須注意的幾點(diǎn)事項(xiàng)及其常見的幾種變體形式。
一、使用not only … but also … 時(shí)須注意的幾點(diǎn):
1.not only與but also后面所連接的詞的詞性必須對(duì)等:
(1)Frankin was considered not only an inventor, but also a statesman.富蘭克林不僅被看作發(fā)明家,而且被看作政治家。
(2)The nurse was not only competent but also kind.這位護(hù)士不僅能干而且親切和藹。(3)They not only broke into his office and stole his books, but also tore up his manuscripts.他們不僅闖進(jìn)他的辦公室,偷走了他的書,而且還撕掉了他的手稿。
(4)Not only you but also she has to attend the ceremony.不令你而且她也得參加典禮。
(5)In production, we should always keep an eye not only on quantity but also on quality.在生產(chǎn)中,我們不僅要關(guān)注數(shù)量,而且要關(guān)注質(zhì)量。
(6)They completed the project not only punctually but also perfectly.他們不僅準(zhǔn)時(shí)完成工程,而且完成得很出色。2.not only只能連用,而but also既可連用,也可分開用: a.He speaks not only English, but also French.他不僅說英語,還說法語。b.Television is not only boring, but it also wastes a lot of time.電視不僅乏味,而且還浪費(fèi)許多時(shí)間。c.She was not only compelled to stay at home, but she was also forbidden to see her friends.她不僅被強(qiáng)迫蹲在家中,而且被禁止去看朋友。3.謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與but also后主語的數(shù)保持一致: Not only you but also Mr Zhang teaches in this college.不僅你,張老師也在此學(xué)院教書。
4.not only放在句首,后接句子時(shí)要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):
(1)Not only should proletarians emancipate themselves but also the whole mankind.無產(chǎn)者不僅要解放他們自己,而且要解放全人類。
(2)Not only does television appeal to those who can read but to those who can't.電視不僅吸引閱讀的人,而且也吸引了不會(huì)閱讀的人。
(3)Not only was everything Albert Einstain had taken away but also his citizenship was deprived 8 of.愛因斯坦的財(cái)產(chǎn)不僅被擄掠一空,而且他的德國國籍也被剝奪了。
(4)Not only had the poor man been fined, but also he had been sent to prison.這個(gè)可憐的人不僅被罰款,而且還被送進(jìn)了監(jiān)獄。
二、not only,but also的幾種常見的變體形式:
1.not only的變體形式: 常見的變體有not just, not merely, not simply, not solely等。
(1)Such work is not just devalued in that country, its nature is widely misunderstood.這種工作在那個(gè)國家不但被貶低,而且工作的性質(zhì)也被許多人誤解。
(2)There is not merely concision in these lines but also elegance.這些臺(tái)詞寫得不僅乘法,而且優(yōu)雅。
(3)Not simply did he teach school, but he wrote novels.他不僅教書,也寫小說。
(4)This novel is not solely suitable for us in studying modern fiction but can also be used in the teaching.這本小說不但適合我們研究現(xiàn)代小說,而且能用于教學(xué)。
2.but also的變體形式: a: 省去also,只留but;b: 省去but,只留also;c: but…as well;d: but also全部省略。
(1)Scarlett quaked lest she and Frank lose not only their freedom but the house, the store and mill.斯佳麗害怕得發(fā)抖,惟恐她與弗蘭克不僅會(huì)失去自由,而且還會(huì)失去房屋、商店及鋸木廠。
(2)She's not only an excellent housewife also a first class mathematician.她不僅是一個(gè)出色的家庭主婦,而且是一位一流的數(shù)學(xué)家。
(3)Not only does he write the words to the songs, but he composes the music as well.他不僅給歌曲寫詞,也譜曲。
(4)Such a change would improve not only his social image but his health as well.這樣的變化不僅會(huì)提高他的社會(huì)形象,而且會(huì)改善他的健康。
(5)Not only did I hear the car, I actually saw it crash.我不僅聽見了車的聲音,而且還親眼看見了那輛車撞壞了。
第二篇:初中英語語法總結(jié):too...to結(jié)構(gòu)用法
too...to...這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)大家一定印象深刻,因?yàn)橛⒄Z老師千叮嚀萬囑咐,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)代表否定!其實(shí),too...to...不簡單,用法很多,今天給大家惡補(bǔ)一下。
常見用法:
too+adj./adv.+to do表示“太……而不能……”
例句:
He is too shy to give a speech.他太害羞,不敢做演講。
It's too far to get there on time.那個(gè)地方太遠(yuǎn),不能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)。
I'm too tired to go any further.我太累了,走不動(dòng)了。
變形→當(dāng)主語不是人的時(shí)候(即主語是不定式動(dòng)作的承受者),不定式既可以是主動(dòng)也可以是被動(dòng)。
例句:
The milk is to hot to drink/to be drunk.牛奶太燙了,喝不了。
The box is too heavy to carry/to be carried.箱子太重了,搬不起來。
變形→在句中加上for sb.表示該動(dòng)作行為只是就它的邏輯主語而言
例句:
Math is too difficult for me to learn well.數(shù)學(xué)太難,我學(xué)不好。
特殊用法:
在下列情況下,“too...to”結(jié)構(gòu)可以表示肯定意義:
1.“too...to”結(jié)構(gòu)之前帶有but, only, all, never, not時(shí),是強(qiáng)調(diào)肯定的表示法,譯作“非常……”、“十分……”、“實(shí)在……”、“真是太……”等。
例句:
I'm but too happy to hear that.得知那個(gè)消息我太高興了。
You are never too late to learn English.你什么時(shí)候?qū)W英語都不會(huì)晚。
This problem is not too hard to solve.這個(gè)問題并不難解決。
2.“too...to”結(jié)構(gòu)中帶有表示某種心情或描繪性的形容詞或副詞,如ready,apt,eager,satisfied,inclined, kind,willing,easy,anxious等加動(dòng)詞不定式,表示一種狀態(tài)、態(tài)度、傾向或心情等,其后的不定式不是說明too的具體內(nèi)容,而是修飾形容詞。
例句:
Lei Feng was too ready to help others.雷鋒同志樂于助人。
She is too hard to deal with.她極難相處。
She was too anxious to buy this dress.她非常想買這條裙子。
3.在“too...to”結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式為否定式時(shí),是構(gòu)成的雙重否定,其意為"非常(很,太,那么)……不會(huì)不(必定能,所以能)……。
例句:
He is too kind not to help you.他很善良,不會(huì)不幫助你。
My mother is too careful not to forget it.我媽媽非常細(xì)心,不會(huì)忘記這事的。
第三篇:英語比較結(jié)構(gòu)
比較級(jí)(comparative degree)在比較級(jí)中,有超越、相等、差遜三個(gè)級(jí)別。1.超越(superiority)
(1)better than: 勝過,優(yōu)于
Doing is better than saying.(百說不如一做。)(2)more than + 從句。多余,超過
She has talked more than what is necessary.(她說了一些多余的話)(3)“than +關(guān)系代詞”的從句。再 …… 不過。
He is a scholar than whom no man ever will be more honest.(他是個(gè)再誠實(shí)不過的學(xué)者了。)
(4)superior to :占優(yōu)勢(shì),比……勝一籌。
He is superior to his elder brother.(他比他哥哥強(qiáng))
2.相等(equality)
(1)as … as.如……一樣。
As busy as a bee.(忙得不可開交)(2)as well as。既 …… 又,和……一樣。
Pompey, as well as Caesar, was a great man.(像愷撒一樣,龐培也是一位偉人。)(3)the same as….像……一樣。
The same as the past.(一如從前。)(4)such/ so…as.像……一樣。
Such a great poet as Homer was proficient not just in literature but also in history.(像荷馬那樣的詩人,不僅要精通文學(xué),還要精通歷史。)(5)no sooner than..一……就(幾乎同時(shí),夸張用法)。
No sooner said than done.(說到做到。)(6)No more than.就像,不優(yōu)于。
You’re no more capable of speaking French than I am.(你我都不會(huì)說日語。)
(7)No less than.就像,不次于。
Technology is no less important than market.(技術(shù)和市場同樣重要。)(8)否定代詞+more than(else than, other than)。than是介詞,只不過……而已。
This is no other than myself.(這人就是我。)3.差遜(inferiority)
(1)inferior to.比……差,遜于……
She in to some degree inferior to him in literary.(她比他在文學(xué)上稍遜風(fēng)騷。)
(2)less than..少于,不到
It rains less in Jinan than in Hangzhou.(濟(jì)南的降雨比杭州少。)
(3)“差遜”中的形容詞或副詞可以轉(zhuǎn)換成反義詞,再按“超越”的路子來翻譯,這在翻譯中叫做“詞義的轉(zhuǎn)換”。(conversion of acceptation)The sky started to grow lighter and the shadow in the little town less dark..(天色漸漸發(fā)白,小鎮(zhèn)里的陰影處也慢慢亮了起來。)二、遞
增
或
遞
減(comparison of progressive and retrogressive degree)1.最……最……。最高級(jí)……最高級(jí)。
He is the best general who makes the fewest mistakes.(犯錯(cuò)最少的將軍就是最好的將軍。)
The cheapest is always the dearest.(最便宜的東西往往是最貴的)
The sweetest grapes hang highest.(最甜的葡萄長在最高的地方。)2.From+原級(jí)+to+比較級(jí)。越……越……。
From bad to worse.(越來越糟)
3.as well as.不僅……,也……。(強(qiáng)調(diào)在前)
She can speak Japanese as well as English.(她不僅能說英語,還能說日語)4.all the more……。反而更……。She has all the more reason..(她反而更有理。)
5.ever +現(xiàn)在分詞。
He is ever perfecting in his professional work..(他在業(yè)務(wù)上精益求精。)
6.More and more,ever more……,growing……,increasingly, on the increase.越來越……,與日俱增。He becomes
more
and
more
irritated
by
her selfish behavior.(他對(duì)她的自私的行為越來越惱火)He seems ever more nervous during the job interview.(他在招聘面試中似乎越來越緊張。)
He expressed his growing indifference to her.(他對(duì)她越來越冷淡。)
Increasingly important, popular(越來越重要、普及)7. more than.不僅……;而且有余。
The reservoir can more than make up for the shortage of rainfall.(水庫里的水不僅可補(bǔ)雨水之缺,還綽綽有余。
8.more……, less…….越……反而更……
More haste, less speed.(欲速不達(dá)。)
9.None the more: not at all.毫無,毫不。After hearing her lecture on computers I’m none the wiser.(聽了她關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)的講座,我毫無收獲。)
11.no less than.不但……,而且……。
He is no less apt at dance than language.(他不僅善于學(xué)習(xí)語言,而且善于舞蹈)
12.only +謂語+比較級(jí).only the +比較級(jí)。譯作:反而更加……。Rains
only
make
the
oriental cherries more beautiful than ever.(雨后櫻花更嫵媚。)His will is only the stronger after the failure.(他愈挫愈奮。)13.The more……,the more…….The sooner, the better.The more, the better.The more one has,the more one wants.(越富越貪。)
14.逆勢(shì)遞增句
借“遞增”的形式表示“遞減”的意思,與漢語不同。如:
Increasingly unpopular.(越來越不得人心。)15. 隱型遞增句
指沒有遞增的形式,有遞增的寓意,可借意譯彰顯其真實(shí)含義。
Still waters run deep.(靜流水深,大智若愚)
Old but vigorous(老當(dāng)益壯)You can’t praise him too much.(怎么表揚(yáng)他也不過分。)
16.詞義轉(zhuǎn)換法,翻譯遞減級(jí)。The vernal
breeze
rejuvenates
the
willows;all creatures grow less and less dead.(春風(fēng)又綠江南岸)
三.強(qiáng)勢(shì)比較結(jié)構(gòu) 1.
far ,much,considerable,appreciably,lots, a lot, a good deal, a great deal +比較級(jí)。譯作:遠(yuǎn)比……得多,遠(yuǎn)勝于……。
In
a
sense, translation is considerably more difficult than composition.(在某種意義上,翻譯比寫作要難)
2.more +比較級(jí)。譯作:越……,越……。
The more admonished, the more worse.(越勸越醉)
3.more +本該加er的原級(jí)。
This is a more sounder resolution.(這是一個(gè)合理的解決方案。)
4.more than + 原級(jí)。分外,榮幸。
You do me more than proud.(我不勝榮幸。)
5.most +最高級(jí)。
The peonies of Heze is the finest in the world.(曹州牡丹甲天下。)6.no +比較級(jí)。譯作:一點(diǎn)兒也沒有……。
The situations in Iraq become no better.(伊拉克的形勢(shì)一點(diǎn)兒也沒好轉(zhuǎn)。)
7.still(even)+比較級(jí)。譯作:更加……,倍加……。The Chinese
flowering
crabapple
looks
still even more charming against the green leaves(在綠葉的映襯下,海棠花顯得更加?jì)善G。)
8.still less(=much less)。譯作:更不用說……。
She was too shy to speak to his neighbors, still less speak to the whole class.(她膽小的都不敢和街坊說話,更不用說面對(duì)全班發(fā)言了。)
9.本不該加est的原級(jí)+ est。譯作:極其……。Sino-American
relations
belong
to the complicatedest bilateral relations.(中美關(guān)系是最為復(fù)雜的一對(duì)雙邊關(guān)系。)
10.主語+as …… as+相同主語。譯作:不僅……,而且……。
She’s as successful an actress as she is a singer.(她當(dāng)演員和當(dāng)歌手一樣成功。)11.強(qiáng)化最高級(jí)的詞或詞組。
By far(the best)譯作:與其說……,不如說……。
12.顛倒語序式強(qiáng)勢(shì)比較句。
As talented in diplomacy as Bismarck was Metternich.(俾斯麥和梅特涅一樣很有外交手腕)
13.隱型強(qiáng)勢(shì)比較句。如:second to none。譯作:比……毫不遜色。
Chinese
garden architecture is second to none in artistic style.(中國的園林建筑在藝術(shù)風(fēng)格上不比任何別的國家差。)四.否定式比較結(jié)構(gòu)
1.比較級(jí)+名詞+than +被比較的名詞,較級(jí)+ of +名詞+than +被比較的名詞,more likely than,rather a …… than a……。譯作:與其說……,不如說……。
It sounds more a lyric than a song.(它與其說是歌詞,不如說是一首抒情詩。)He is more of a strategist than of a tactician.(他與其說是個(gè)戰(zhàn)術(shù)家,不如說是個(gè)戰(zhàn)略家。)
She is more likely his fiancee than his girlfriend.(與其說她是他的女友,不如說是他的未婚妻。)He is rather a poet than a calligrapher.(他與其說是個(gè)書法家,不如說是個(gè)詩人。)
2.比較級(jí)+名詞+than +名詞。譯作:空有……,而無……。
More praise than pudding.(口惠而實(shí)不至)3.比較級(jí)+介詞+than +介詞。譯作:有……,而無……。More of word than of deed.(光說不做)
4.比較級(jí)+分詞+than +分詞。譯作:沒有……,倒是……。
The child was more frightened than hurt.(孩子沒有受傷,倒是受了些驚嚇。)
5.比較級(jí)+ than +原級(jí)。譯作:有余……不足……。
He seems more cautious than decisive.(他顯得謹(jǐn)慎有余,而果斷不足。)6.定詞+than(介詞)。譯作:并不。
She is no more plentiful than him in learning.(她并不比他有學(xué)問。)
7.more than +不定式。譯作:雖然……,還不至于……。
I’m wiser than to believe him.(我還沒傻到相信他的地步。)8.more than +動(dòng)詞。譯作:毫不……。
The teacher more than hinted at his flaws.(老師毫不諱言指出了他的毛病。)9.譯作:與其說……,不如說……。
10. more than +名詞。譯作:非……所能……。
More than words can describe.(非語言所能形容。)11.隱型否定比較句(1).too……。譯作: 太……(必須)……。Three
years
are
too
long.I doesn’t want to be a postgraduate.(三年時(shí)間太長了,我不想讀研究生。)
(2).too……to。譯作:過于……,以至于不……。
You are too young to go to school.(你太小了還不能上學(xué)。)
(3).none too, not over-(構(gòu)成合成形容詞)。譯作:并不太……。
None too disappointed.(并不失望)
not over-hopeful about it.(不抱希望)
五.選擇性比較結(jié)構(gòu)
1.had better/best。譯作:最好……,還是……的好。
You’d better look before you leap.(你最好三思后行。)
2.would rather…… than。譯作:與其……,不如……;寧……,不……。
Would rather break than bend.(寧為玉碎,不為瓦全)3.better to …… rather than。譯作:不如……。
Better to have a bird in hand than the ten in the air.(十鳥在走,不如一鳥在手。)
4.prefer to …… rather than。譯作:寧……,不……。Prefer to die rather than surrender.(寧死不屈)5.prefer ……to(above, before)。譯作:寧……,不……。Prefer death than surrender.(寧死不屈)Good一詞,在英語中該算是最熟悉、最常用的了。它的搭配能力很強(qiáng),而且也常見于科技文章中。一看到good,我們便自然而然得會(huì)想到“好的”這一詞義。然而,在一些場合,good的譯法卻是頗費(fèi)躊躇的。
1,可譯為“好的”,但概念模糊:如good fish(好魚),是指品種,大小還是新鮮程度呢?
2,勉強(qiáng)可譯為“好的”,但不搭配:如Good fire若譯為“很好的爐火”是可以理解的,但不如譯為“旺盛的爐火”。
3,譯成“好的”反而錯(cuò)了:如good hard work不是指“一項(xiàng)好的但卻艱巨的工作”,而是指“一項(xiàng)十分艱巨的工作”。
為什么這樣普通的詞在翻譯時(shí)卻難處理呢?其原因有二: 1,只知其一,不知其二、三
有的詞有一個(gè)義項(xiàng),有的詞有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上義項(xiàng)。good 一詞,在《現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解辭典》中就有十八項(xiàng)釋義,如不能全面地掌握這些義項(xiàng),翻譯時(shí)就會(huì)遇到困難。2,不善舉一反三,觸類旁通
從語言的發(fā)展來看,一個(gè)詞總會(huì)有一個(gè)最原始的或最基本的詞義(叫做本義),而其他的詞義是由這個(gè)詞發(fā)展或引申而來的(叫做引申義)。引申,就是由原義產(chǎn)生新義。選擇詞義難就難在這個(gè)“新”字上。一是英語單詞本身已有引申義。這就要勤查字典,從諸多詞義中去挑選最合適的詞義。二是詞典中所有詞義都不貼切,要根據(jù)漢譯的需要去創(chuàng)造新義,而新義又必須與本義相關(guān)聯(lián)。如good一詞在英語中已有引申義“strong, vigorous(強(qiáng)健的,有力的)”。因此,His eyesight is still good.一句應(yīng)譯為“他的視力仍然很強(qiáng)?!保╣ood由“好的”引申為“強(qiáng)的”)。而在下面的例句中,good 可引申為“高度的”。To produce strong X-rays the tube had to be made a very good vacuum.管子要產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)的射線,就必須制成高度的真空。而“高度的”這一詞義,在《現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解辭典》、《遠(yuǎn)東英漢大辭典》等的漢語釋義中都是沒有的,因而可算是新創(chuàng)的?,F(xiàn)在,讓我們以《現(xiàn)代高級(jí)英漢雙解辭典》為據(jù),列舉good一詞的幾個(gè)義項(xiàng)來觀察它在漢譯時(shí)是如何引申和再引申的。為了節(jié)省篇幅,本文只探討作為形容詞用的而且常用于科技文章中的幾個(gè)義項(xiàng)的譯法,不涉及用于生活、口語和文學(xué)時(shí)的譯法,也不涉及用于問候語、客氣的稱呼、贊揚(yáng)之詞以及片語和復(fù)合詞的用法。為了方便,本文不再引用其英語的釋義而用其對(duì)應(yīng)的漢語譯義,每一詞義只舉一例。
一、美好的;良好的;令人滿意的 a good knife 一把好刀 a good conductor 良導(dǎo)體 漢譯時(shí)引申:
1.a good soil 肥沃的土壤 2.good oil 提純了的油 3.a good money 真的貨幣 4.a good river 暢通的河道 5.good English 規(guī)范的英語
6,Good switches move quickly.優(yōu)質(zhì)開關(guān)動(dòng)作靈活。(good引申為“優(yōu)質(zhì)的”)
7.That engine sounds good.那臺(tái)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)聽起來很正常。(good 引申譯為“正?!保?/p>
8.the rocket travels better through vacuum than it des through the air.火箭穿過真空比穿過空氣容易。(good引申譯為“容易”)
9.A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.電變?yōu)閯?dòng)力的典型例子是電車。(good example 引申譯為“典型的例子”)
10.In the absence of an outdoor aerial this telescopic aerial will give a good picture if the transmitter signal is sufficiently strong.在無室外天線時(shí),若發(fā)射機(jī)的信號(hào)很強(qiáng),這種拉桿天線可產(chǎn)生清晰的圖象(good picture引申譯為“清晰的圖象”)
11.Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有許多顯著的特性,這些特性使它在許多情況下成為一種更理想的光源。(good引申譯為“理想的”)
二、有益的
Milk is good food for children.牛奶對(duì)小孩是有益的。漢譯時(shí)引申: 1.good gradient平緩的坡度
2.It is no good heating the material to such a temperature.把材料加熱到這樣的溫度是不恰當(dāng)?shù)摹#╣ood引申為“恰當(dāng)?shù)摹保?/p>
三、能勝任的;有能力的;能干的 漢譯時(shí)引申:
1.a good chess player 高明的棋手
2.A good human translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一個(gè)熟練的翻譯人員一天也許能翻譯兩千到三千個(gè)詞。(good引申譯為“熟練的”)
四、徹底的;完全的
The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人們對(duì)機(jī)器進(jìn)行了徹底的檢查。漢譯時(shí)引申: 1.have a good drink 喝個(gè)痛快
2.It has been thought of making good use of the sun's energy to serve the well-being of the people.我們?cè)缇驮O(shè)想過充分利用太陽能來為自己造福。(good引申譯為“充分”)
3.This set consumes so little power that a good 12 volt car battery can still start your car after you have been watching TV for 10 hours.本機(jī)耗電極少,因而具有12伏足電的汽車蓄電池在你看電視十小時(shí)后仍能用于開車。(good引申為“充足的”)
4.Rivers provide good sources of hydropower.河流具有豐富的水力資源。(good引申譯為“豐富的”)5.The CE circuit is widely favored since it can be designed for good voltage and current gains.CE電路得到廣泛的使用,因?yàn)樗塬@得高電壓增益和高電流增益。(good...gains引申譯為“高……增益”)
五、可靠的;安全的;確實(shí)的 a car with good brakes 剎車可靠的汽車 a good investment 安全的投資 good debts 確可償還的債務(wù) 1.A cat may look at a king.[字面意思] 貓也可以看國王。
[解釋] 無名小卒也可以評(píng)論大人物。人皆可以為堯舜。不要因?yàn)閯e人的資格不夠老,或經(jīng)驗(yàn)不如你多,就不讓他發(fā)表意見。2.A penny saved is a penny earned.[字面意思] 節(jié)省一個(gè)便士就等于掙了一個(gè)便士。
[解釋] 省錢是明智的做法。省一分就是賺一分。不要因?yàn)殄X的數(shù)目不大就不把它當(dāng)一回事,瞧不起小錢是不對(duì)的,要記住A penny saved is a penny earned這條經(jīng)驗(yàn)。3.A watched pot never boils.[字面意思] 眼睛盯著看的壺永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)開。
[解釋] 事情在進(jìn)行中,不到時(shí)候就不會(huì)有結(jié)果,要水到渠成才行。心急鍋不開。你著急?著急也沒用!用眼睛盯著它看也無濟(jì)于事,事情不會(huì)因?yàn)槟阒本蜁?huì)有較快的進(jìn)展。4.A word to the wise.[字面意思] 送給智者的一句話。
[解釋] 給明智而愿意接受別人意見或建議的人提出忠告。我知道你能聽進(jìn)去話,所以我才跟你這么說。我說的是正確的,對(duì)你有好處,而且我知道你也會(huì)聽取我的意見。5.All is well that ends well.[字面意思] 結(jié)尾好就意味著一切都好。
[解釋] 結(jié)局好,一切都好。出自莎士比亞劇本名。在開始或中間環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)的一些小的差錯(cuò)或麻煩無關(guān)緊要,沒什么大不了的,只要最終的結(jié)局令人滿意,那就是好的。6.Bad news travels fast.[字面意思] 壞消息傳得快。[解釋] 好事不出門,壞事傳千里。7.Beauty is only skin deep.[字面意思] 美貌只是膚淺的。
[解釋] 美貌只是表面現(xiàn)象而已。以貌取人靠不住。你不能只看到她有漂亮的面孔就向她求愛,你還應(yīng)該考慮其它方面的因素。找結(jié)婚伴侶是要過日子,不是當(dāng)海報(bào)招貼畫來看的。我的忠告是兩句話:Beauty is only skin-deep.True feelings are more important.8.Beggars can't be choosers.[字面意思] 乞丐不可能有選擇。
[解釋] 你得到的不完全是你想得到的,可能條件或質(zhì)量等方面差一些,但沒有再選擇的余地,只能接受不十分滿意的事物。這就叫Beggars can't be choosers.9.Better safe than sorry.[字面意思] 安全比遺憾好
[解釋] 最好不要去冒險(xiǎn)。即使不冒險(xiǎn)你得多費(fèi)些功夫,多做些枯燥無味的工作,這都值得??偙葹榱耸∈露半U(xiǎn)強(qiáng)。變體:Better to be safe than sorry.10.Easy come, easy go.[字面意思] 來的容易,去的快。
[解釋] 這句話適合講給那些把什么事都看得容易的人。尤其是對(duì)那種認(rèn)為掙錢容易,不把錢當(dāng)錢,對(duì)任何事情都不擔(dān)心的人最適合。應(yīng)該提醒這種人“錢不是長在樹上的”。錢不是像樹上的果實(shí)一樣,今年吃光了明年還會(huì)自動(dòng)長出來。有些人自己不掙錢,不知道掙錢的艱辛。11.Every little helps.[字面意思] 每一小部分都有幫助。
[解釋] 點(diǎn)點(diǎn)滴滴,有其助益。一顆顆糧食堆成山,一塊塊銅板成千萬。偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)的孩子沒學(xué)上,我們有義務(wù)幫助他們。希望大家多支持,捐錢、捐書、捐鉛筆,什么都行。多捐多感謝、少捐也不嫌,Every little helps.12.Good wine needs no bush.[字面意思] 好酒不需要做廣告。
[解釋] 好的產(chǎn)品不需要做更多的廣告。酒好不怕巷子深?;蛟S這話在全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)競爭的年代不太適合。13.I am all ears.[字面意思] 我渾身上下都是耳朵。
[解釋] 我在洗耳恭聽。我很感興趣,我在集中精力,全神貫注地等你往下說。比如:女朋友說“我今天下午去參加面試了。你想知道結(jié)果嗎?”女朋友沒往下說,就等男朋友開口,希望他說:“Tell me!Tell me!I'm all ears!” 14.If the cap fits, wear it.[字面意思] 如果帽子合適,就戴著吧。
[解釋] 要是言之中肯,就接受吧。你的作業(yè)沒做好,老師認(rèn)為你看電視太多,影響了你的學(xué)習(xí)。老師說你是“電視迷”(TV addict),你不承認(rèn)。你我同住一個(gè)宿舍,我很清楚老師說的是對(duì)的,所以If the cap fits, wear it.15.In for a penny, in for a pound![字面意思] 賭一便士是賭,賭一英鎊也是賭。
[解釋] 類似“一不做、二不休”的說法。這是當(dāng)你要準(zhǔn)備參與某個(gè)項(xiàng)目,準(zhǔn)備投入你的財(cái)力,時(shí)間或精力的時(shí)候可能說的一句話。你買股票時(shí),拿不定主意,是買進(jìn)100股,還是再多買一點(diǎn)。我勸你:“我看能賺大錢,干脆多買點(diǎn)兒,In for a penny, in for a pound!16.It gets my goat.[字面意思] 動(dòng)了我的山羊。
[解釋] 某事使你生氣,你可以說It gets my goat(真讓人生氣?。┍热缥铱吹接腥苏驹诼分虚g說話,擋著道,我還得繞著過去,我就特別生氣。變體:It gets on my goat.17.It slipped my mind.[字面意思] 從大腦里溜走了。
[解釋] 忘記了。沒記住。我本想告訴你,你的女朋友來電話了,但是我把這事給忘記了。I meant to tell you your girl friend had called, but it slipped my mind.18.It takes two to tango.[字面意思] 跳探戈舞需要兩個(gè)人。
[解釋] 一個(gè)巴掌拍不響。孤掌難鳴。如果兩個(gè)人在吵架,我認(rèn)為錯(cuò)不在一方,兩人都不對(duì),那就可以說It takes two to tango.19.It's all my eye![字面意思] 都是的我的眼睛。
[解釋] 表示不同意或驚訝。大意相當(dāng)于:我根本不相信;他說的都是騙人的鬼話;胡說八道。也可以說:That's all my eye.如果你聽到了某人說的假話,你就可以說It's all my eye!勸別人也不要相信。20.It's my word against his/hers.[字面意思] 我的話對(duì)他/她的話。
[解釋] 我跟他發(fā)生爭執(zhí),我倆各執(zhí)一詞,沒有人可以證明誰對(duì)誰不對(duì),公說公有理,婆說婆有理。你該相信誰的話,真是個(gè)難題。There were no witnesses to the accident, so it's my word against hers.這是說不清的事情。
21.It's not my pigeon.[字面意思] 不是我的鴿子。
[解釋] 不關(guān)我的事。不是我的責(zé)任。跟我沒關(guān)系。那家公司倒閉了?幸好我沒買它的股票,倒就倒了吧,It's not my pigeon.22.Keep your chin up.[字面意思] 抬起下巴頦。
[解釋] 這是對(duì)處在困境中的人說的一句話。是對(duì)別人的鼓勵(lì)和關(guān)心,要他勇敢地面對(duì)困難,不要因?yàn)槭艿酱煺鄱倚膯蕷?。你的女朋友又找到新的男朋友了?沒關(guān)系,Keep your chin up!23.Let bygones be bygones.[字面意思] 讓過去的就過去吧。
[解釋] 忘掉過去不愉快的事情。我們倆有過不和的時(shí)候,但希望以后我們還是朋友。昨天我跟你吵架了,今天我對(duì)你說:I am sorry we had a row last night.Let's become friends again and let bygones be bygones.24.Like father, like son.[字面意思] 兒子像父親。
[解釋] 有其父、必有其子。也可以說Like mother, like daughter.25.Little leaks sink the ship.[字面意思] 小漏洞會(huì)使一條船沉沒。
[解釋] 千里長堤,潰于蟻穴。不能輕視出現(xiàn)的小問題,時(shí)間長了可能會(huì)引起大麻煩。26.Love begets love.[字面意思] 愛可以帶來更多的愛。[解釋] 情生情,愛生愛。你不愛他,他就不會(huì)愛你。希望你多給他些愛,這樣他會(huì)更愛你,我們都應(yīng)該記?。篖ove begets love.(Like begets like的意思是”有其因必有其果“)。27.Love is blind.[字面意思] 愛情是盲目的。
[解釋] 情人眼里出西施。究竟他為什么愛上了她?我是不理解,但誰也說不清。愛情就是這樣,正像人們常說的一樣,Love is blind.典出羅馬神話,愛神丘比特Cupid用布蒙著眼睛,生有雙翅,持弓箭,”愛情之箭“會(huì)盲目地射出。28.Love me, love my dog.[字面意思] 如果愛我,也應(yīng)該愛我的狗。
[解釋] 你要是愛我,那也應(yīng)該愛我所愛的一切。相當(dāng)于漢語的”愛屋及烏"。我離了婚,還帶著兩個(gè)孩子。你說你愛我。但兩個(gè)孩子不能離開我,我認(rèn)的就是Love me, love my dog這個(gè)理。29.Mark my words![字面意思] 記下我說的話。
[解釋] 給別人提出建議或警告,要?jiǎng)e人按你的意見辦事。我說的沒錯(cuò),相信我的話。我知道這匹馬能贏,你該把賭注下在這兒。You will regret it if you don't put your money on this horse.Mark my words!30.Marriage is a lottery.[字面意思] 找對(duì)象是碰運(yùn)氣。
[解釋] 婚姻要碰運(yùn)氣;婚姻就像買彩票。很難說好女子就一定能找到好丈夫,或好男子就一定能碰上好妻子。有不少人認(rèn)為Marriage is a lottery.
第四篇:高中英語語法句子結(jié)構(gòu)
英語語法——句子結(jié)構(gòu)
在句子中,詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系,按照不同的關(guān)系,可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。英語的基本成分有六種:主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、表語(predicative)、賓語(object)、定語(attribute)和狀語(adverbial)。
英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型,是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。
英語五種基本句型列式如下:
一: S V(主+謂)
二: S V P(主+系+表)
三: S V O(主+謂+賓)
四: S V o O(主+謂+間賓+直賓)
五: S V O C(主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ))主+謂
1.S(主)+ Vi(不及物動(dòng)詞)(謂)
Time flies.1)S + V + adverbial(狀語)
Birds sing beautifully.2)S + Vi+ prep Phrase(介詞短語)
He went on holiday.3)S + Vi+ Infinitive(不定式)
We stopped to have a rest.4)S + Vi+ Participle(分詞)
I'll go swimming.主+謂+賓
1)S + Vt + N/Pron
I like music.I like her.2)S + Vt + to do(不定式)
I want to help him.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, propose, purpose, refuse, want, wish等。
3)S + Vt + doing I enjoy living here.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:admit, advise, avoid, consider, defend, enjoy, excuse, finish, forbid, mind, miss, practice, risk, suggest, give up, can't help等。
4)S + Vt + That-從句
I don't think(that)he is right.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:Admit, believe, doubt, expect, explain, feel...主+系+表
S(主)+ V(謂)(lv)(系動(dòng)詞)+ P(表)
We are Chinese.除了be 系動(dòng)詞外,還有一些動(dòng)詞也可以用作系動(dòng)詞,1)表感官的動(dòng)詞,feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。2)表轉(zhuǎn)變變化的動(dòng)詞,become, get, grow, turn, go,等。3)表延續(xù)的動(dòng)詞 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, rest等。4)表瞬時(shí)的動(dòng)詞 come, fall, set, cut, occur等 5)其他動(dòng)詞 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hang等。
1)S + Lv + N/Pron(名詞/代詞)
He is a boy.This is mine.2)S + Lv + Adj(形容詞)
She is beautiful.3)S + Lv + Adv(副詞)
Class is over.4)S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health.5)S + Lv + Participle(分詞)
He is excited.The film is interesting.主+謂+間賓+直賓
S(主)+ VT(謂)+ Oi(間接 賓)+ Od(直接賓)
I give you help.1)S + Vt + N/Pron + N I sent him a book.I bought May a book.上述句型可以變?yōu)椋篠 + Vt + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me.He bought a coat for me.2)S + Vt + N/Pron + That-clause
He told me that the film was great.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warn等。3)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:Advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell.主+謂+賓+賓補(bǔ)
S(主)+ Vt(謂)+ O(賓)+ C(賓補(bǔ))
I make you clear.1)S + Vt + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。
2)S + Vt + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。3)S + Vt + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order.4)S + Vt+ N/Pron + to do I wish you to stay.I made him work 常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:
5)S + Vt + N/Pron + Participle(分詞)
I heard my name called.I feel something moving.6)S + Vt + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive(不定式)
He show me how to do it.常用于這句型的動(dòng)詞有:advise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell等。句子的擴(kuò)展 常用的英語句子除了基本句型的成分不變通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(modifier)而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞(主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞),也可以是
各種類型的短語(主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語)。
We found the hall full.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)禮堂坐滿了。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師,在聽一個(gè)重要報(bào)告。
We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師,在聽人民日?qǐng)?bào)的一位同志作有關(guān)東歐局勢(shì)的重要報(bào)告。
第五篇:常用比較結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)
常用比較結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié):
1.同級(jí)比較:
是說明兩個(gè)比較的事物是同一級(jí)別的。
1)as…as…
這是英語里最常用的同級(jí)比較結(jié)構(gòu),第一個(gè)as 是副詞,后接形容詞或副詞,第二個(gè)as是連詞或關(guān)系代詞,后面接從句。如果該結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)作賓語或表語的名詞,則名詞放在兩個(gè)as之間。如果該名詞時(shí)復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或者前面有some, a little 等修飾時(shí),則該名詞放在第一個(gè)as前面。
With the deepening of the reform, the economy along China’s eastern coast is as developed as those of developed countries.(隨著改革的深入,中國的東部沿海一帶的經(jīng)濟(jì)已和發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)一樣發(fā)達(dá)了。)
There is as much orange juice in this glass as in that one.(這個(gè)杯子里的桔子汁和那個(gè)杯子里一樣多。)
I will give you a book as interesting as this one.(我會(huì)給你一本和這本一樣有趣的書。)
需要注意的是,英語里有些習(xí)語含有as…as…結(jié)構(gòu),但并不表示同級(jí)比較,如:as many as…(達(dá)…之多),as well as…(也,同),as good as…(同樣,實(shí)際上)等。
2)as… so…
這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,第一個(gè)as是連詞,后接從句,so為副詞,通常放在主句句首或省略,如果省略,則主句用正常語序,并同時(shí)加入also等類似的詞以補(bǔ)充意義。如:
As a man lives, so shall he die.(人有生也有死。)
3)A is to B, what C is to D
在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中,what 引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。意為:“A之于B正如C之于D”。如:
Food is to body, what knowledge is to mind.(食物之于身體,正如知識(shí)之于心靈。)
4)the same…as…
這也是英語中常見的同級(jí)比較的結(jié)構(gòu),as 是連接代詞,用來引導(dǎo)從句。The little bird’s color is the same as its mother’s.(這小鳥的顏色和它媽媽一樣。)
5)may/might as well… as…
該結(jié)構(gòu)表示“正如…也…”,as well 后面是被比較的事物或客體,而第二個(gè)as后面才是比較的主體,如:
You might as well like interesting books as like delicious food.(正如你喜歡有趣的書一樣,你也喜歡美食。)
2.差級(jí)比較
表示相比較的兩個(gè)事物之間的差別程度的。
1)more…than…
這是差級(jí)比較中最常用的結(jié)構(gòu),與形容詞副詞比較級(jí)連用,意為“比…更”。如:
He eats more food than you do.(他比你吃得多。)
She runs faster than you do.(她比你跑得快。)
2)less…than…
這也是比較常用的結(jié)構(gòu),表示“較…少,不及”,與more…than…結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如:
He knew much less than he should do.(他知道的遠(yuǎn)比他應(yīng)該知道得少。)
3)如果在more…than…和less…than…結(jié)構(gòu)中于hardly, no, not any等連用時(shí),表示比較的雙方相似,這與同級(jí)比較含義相同,對(duì)于比較雙方均進(jìn)行否定,而not more…than僅對(duì)前者進(jìn)行否定,而對(duì)后者進(jìn)行肯定,試比較:Jack is no wiser than his brother.杰克和他的哥哥一樣不聰明。
Jack is not wiser than his brother.杰克沒有他哥哥聰明。
另外,需要注意的是與no more…than…不同,no more than后面直接接名詞,表示“只”。試比較:
There are no more than three books on the desk.(書的數(shù)量是三本)(桌子上只有三本書。)
There are not more than three books on the desk.(書的數(shù)量可能是一本、兩本或三本。)
(桌子上不超過三本書。)
no less than和no more than的用法相同,不再贅述。
4)有一些短語本身具有比較的含義,不需要再借用其他的比較結(jié)構(gòu),如: Inferior to…(次于)superior to…(優(yōu)于)prior to…(先前的)senior to…(年長的)等等。如:
My sister is 3 years senior to me.(我姐姐比我大三歲。)
3.極端比較:
極端比較一般與形容詞副詞最高級(jí)連用,表示極端的情況。
1)the most/least…+比較范圍
該結(jié)構(gòu)是用于描述極端情況時(shí)最常用的結(jié)構(gòu),如:
That was the best period in her life.那是她生命中最好的時(shí)光。
That exam was the most difficult that he had ever taken.那是他參加過的最難的考試。
This is the least interesting book I’ve ever read.這是我看過的最無趣的書。
2)more/less…than
該結(jié)構(gòu)與否定詞連用可表示極端情況,如:
Nobody is more kind than she.沒有人比她更善良。
4.選擇比較
表示在所比較的兩個(gè)事物中進(jìn)行選擇。
1)more…than… 與其說是…不如說是
如:He is more clever than diligent a student.與其說他是個(gè)勤奮的學(xué)生,不如說他是個(gè)聰明的學(xué)生。
She is more friend than wife for him.對(duì)他來說,與其說她是妻子還不如說是朋友。
2)not so much…as…與其說是…不如說是
如:It was not so much the score as cheating that hurt me most.與其說是成績不如說是作弊讓我最傷心。
3)better…than…與其說是…不如說是
如:It’s better to do than do say.說的好不如做的好。
4)as well…as…與其說是…不如說是
該結(jié)構(gòu)語氣比better…than…弱一些。如:
You might as well sleep as play games all day.你與其整天玩游戲還不如睡覺。
5)would rather/sooner…than… 寧…不…
如:I would rather read than swim.我寧可讀書而不游泳。
I would sooner die than talk to you.我寧可死也不想和你說話。
6)would(just)as soon… as…寧…不…
如:
I would just as soon go out for a walk as stay at dormitory.我寧愿出去散步而不是在家呆著。
7)prefer…to…
該結(jié)構(gòu)也是非常常用的比較結(jié)構(gòu),意為“寧…不…”,在使用時(shí)要注意前后的結(jié)構(gòu)要一致。如:
I prefer reading than walking.我寧愿讀書而不是散步。
I prefer to read than to walk.我寧愿讀書而不是散步。
I prefer soft drink than alcohol.我寧愿喝軟飲料而不是酒。
4.漸進(jìn)比較
用于描述逐漸增加或累積的狀態(tài)。
1)the more…the more…
這是用于描述該狀態(tài)的最常用結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
The more he understands her, the more he loves her.他越了解她就越愛她。
The harder you study, the higher your score.你越勤奮成績就越高。
2)more and more…越來越
如:
It’s becoming darker and darker, and fewer and fewer people are in the streets.天越來越黑了,街上的人越來越少了。
5.對(duì)立比較
用于描述前后兩個(gè)相比較的事物是對(duì)立的狀態(tài)。
1)while…
如:I like reading while she likes walking.我喜歡讀書而她喜歡散步。
2)on the contrary…
如:I have almost finished the work, but on the contrary, she just began to work.我都幾乎要完成工作了,她才剛剛開始。
6.數(shù)字比較
1)A +v.+倍數(shù)…as…
This year we have enrolled twice more students than other universities in our country.(今年,我們招收的學(xué)生是國內(nèi)其他大學(xué)招收的三倍。)
2)A +v.+ 倍數(shù) +比較方面+ of…
如:The road is three times the width of that road.這條路的寬是那條街的三倍。
3)A +v.+倍數(shù)+more than…
如:In the last few years, the young lady did three times more than her husband.(過去幾年,這位年輕夫人干的活是她丈夫干的四倍。)