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      雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)輔助資料

      時(shí)間:2019-05-15 02:15:43下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
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      第一篇:雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)輔助資料

      《免疫學(xué)導(dǎo)論》(于善謙等編,高等教育出版社)

      雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)輔助資料

      Auxiliary Material of Bilingual Teaching

      for Introduction to Immunology

      蚌埠醫(yī)學(xué)院免疫學(xué)教研室

      Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College

      Feb.to Jun.2006

      CONTENTS

      CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology

      CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN 2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens

      CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES 3-1 Structures and classes of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulins

      CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM

      4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-2 Complement activation 4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements 4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency

      CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM 5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-2 The cells in immune system

      CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

      6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibilty complex 6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC

      CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATION 7-1 Antibody preparations

      7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis

      CHAPTER EITHT CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

      8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity

      CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION 9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the

      immune response

      9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in

      immune response

      9-3 Interleukins and Immune regulation 9-4 Immune tolerance

      CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity

      10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic

      Hypersensitivity)

      10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex

      hypersensitivity)

      10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type

      Hypersensitivity)

      CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE

      RESPONSES

      11-1 Auto immune response 11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-4 Immunologic deficiency

      CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF

      IMMUNE SYSTEM

      12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION(緒言)

      1-1

      Origination and development of 1-2

      Essential points of concepts of Immunology immunology 1-1-1 Infection and immunity of 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired diseases immunity

      1-1-2 Foundation and development of 1-2-2 Immune response the discipline of Immunology 1-2-3 Immunology and practically 1-1-3 Recent development of applications Immunology 1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development

      The term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and might still be considered by people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, the modern concept of immunity is conferring the host the specific function to recognize and neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self tissue components)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity includes innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and

      1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;killed millions of peoples in this globe before nineteenth century.From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接種法)to prevent children from smallpox

      1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接種法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(傷寒),anthrax 鼠疫 鼠疫,瘧疾malaria 1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology

      (1)1.Foundation of immunology

      (1)Louis Pasteur, was a famous biochemist in France in 19th century, contributed his lots of effort to immunization to prevent animal and human from several serious diseases(cholera霍亂, anthrax炭疽, rabies(狂犬病)---vaccination---active immunization

      (2).Development of experimental immunology

      1-1-3 Recent development of I mmunology(1).Humoral immunology,(2).Cellular immunology

      1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity

      1-2-2 immune response

      1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications

      1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development

      Basic concept or definition for the term “IMMUNITY”, originally, and usually still be considered by common people, means the ability of host to resistance to infectious disease.However, at present, the modern concept of immunity, is conferring the host specific functions to recognize and final neutralize and/or eliminate foreign materials or substances(biological or non-biological, and even sometime self)to maintain the homeostasis of host internal environment.Immunity include innate immunity and acquired immunity, the former is inherent, very quick, and non-specific respond to invasive pathogens;whereas the latter is acquired and adapted after birth of host, and induced specific respond to foreign material(infectious or noninfectious).The Immunology is a study to focusing on how of host to recognition of self and non-self, and how of the response to foreign material(Antigen)and

      1-1 Origination and development of Immunology 1-1-1 Infection of and immunity to diseases

      Fetal epidemic disease, smallpox(variola), dead rate by smallpox 30-40%;From Song Dynasty Chinese doctor invested a technique called variolation(人痘接種法)to prevent children from smallpox

      1798, an young doctor in England, Jenner, created a new method, vaccination(牛痘接種法), to prevent the children from smallpox, and finally, by using this very effective technique, the smallpox, a fatal epidemic disease has been eliminated in the world, stated by the WHO in 1979.orbility smallpox, measles(, thypho, cholera(傷寒)霍亂,anthrax炭疽 鼠疫 鼠疫,瘧疾malaria

      1-1-2 Foundation and development of the discipline of Immunology

      1-1-3 Recent development of Immunology

      1-2 Essential points of concepts of immunology 1-2-1 Innate immunity and acquired immunity

      1-2-2 immune response

      1-2-3 Immunology and practically applications

      1-2-4 Branches of Immunology and their development

      CHATPTER TWO ANTIGEN(抗原)

      2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen 2-1-2 classes/types of antigen

      2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen 2-2-2 antigen determinants

      2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen 2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity

      2-1 Basic concept and types of antigen 2-1-1 antigen and immunogen

      2-1-2 classes/types of antigen

      2-2 The molecular base of antigen 2-2-1 chemical features of antigen

      2-2-2 antigen determinants

      to individual and immunization manner

      2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and

      immuno-predominance of antigen

      2-3-4 The immunologic feature of

      hapten

      2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria 2-4-2 Fungi 2-4-3 virus

      2-3 The immunological features of antigen 2-3-1 The exogenicity of antigen

      2-3-2 The relation of immunogenecity to individual and immunization manner

      2-3-3 The specificity of antigen and immuno-predominance of antigen

      2-3-4 The immunologic feature of hapten

      2-4 Invasive and infectious antigens 2-4-1 Bacteria

      2-4-2 Fungi

      2-4-3 Virus CHAPTER THREE ANTIBODIES(抗體)

      3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies 3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins 3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins 3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression

      of immunoglobulin genes

      3-2-3 The diversity of

      immunoglobulin genes

      3-3 Synthesis and secretion of

      immunoglobulin

      3-3-1 Humoral immune response and

      the production of antibodies

      3-3-2 Expression, assemble and

      secretion of immunoglobulin 3-1 Structures and classes of Immunoglobulins 3-1-1 The basic structure of antibodies

      3-1-2 Classes and types of immunoglobulins

      3-2 The gene of immunoglobulins 3-2-1 The gene structures of immunoglobulins

      3-2-2 Rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin genes

      3-2-3 The diversity of immunoglobulin genes

      3-3 Synthesis and secretion of immunoglobulin 3-3-1 Humoral immune response and the production of antibodies

      3-3-2 Expression, assemble and secretion of immunoglobulin CHAPTER FOUR COMPLEMENT SYSTEM(補(bǔ)體系統(tǒng))

      4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components 4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components 4-2

      Complement activation 4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation 4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation 4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation 4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways

      in complement activation

      4-3 The control of complement

      reaction and biological effect of complements

      4-3-1 Regulating protein of

      complement activation in serum

      4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface

      of cell membrane

      4-3-3 Complement receptors 4-3-4 The biological function of

      complement protein

      4-4

      Biosynthesis of complement and

      complement deficiency

      4-4-1 The gene of complements

      4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement 4-4-3 Complement deficiency and

      complement deficient diseases 4-1 Composition and physiochemical properties of complement system 4-1-1 Nomenclature of complement components

      4-1-2 The physiochemical properties of complement components

      4-2 Complement activation

      4-2-1 The Classical pathway of complement activation

      4-2-2 The lectin pathway of complement activation

      4-2-3 The alternative pathway of complement activation.4-2-4 Membrane lysing complex formation in late phase of complement activation

      4-2-5 Comparison of three pathways in complement activation

      4-3 The control of complement reaction and biological effect of complements

      4-3-1 Regulating protein of complement activation in serum

      4-3-2 Regulate protein on the surface of cell membrane

      4-3-3 Complement receptors

      4-3-4 The biological function of complement protein

      4-4 Biosynthesis of complement and complement deficiency 4-4-1 The gene of complements

      4-4-2 The biosynthesis of complement

      4-4-3 Complement deficiency and complement deficient diseases

      CHAPTER FIVE CELLS, TISSUES AND ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

      (免疫系統(tǒng)的細(xì)胞、組織和器官)

      5-1 The structure and functions of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs 5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation

      5-2

      The cells in immune system 5-2-1 B cells 5-2-2 T cells

      5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural

      suppressor cells

      5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and

      mast cells

      5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic

      cells

      5-1 The structure and function of organs and lymphoid tissue and organs 5-1-1 The composition and function of primary lymphoid tissues and organs

      5-1-2 The composition and function of secondary lymphoid tissues and organs

      5-1-3 Lymphocyte re-circulation

      5-2 The cells in immune system

      5-2-1 B cells

      5-2-2 T cells

      5-2-3 Natural killer cells and natural suppressor cells

      5-2-4 phagocytes, granulocytes and mast cells

      5-2-5 Langerhans cells and dendritic cells

      CHAPTER SIX MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

      (主要組織相容性復(fù)合體)

      6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules 6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules 6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule

      6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC 6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)

      6-2-3 The gene structure of human

      MHC(HLA complex)

      6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of

      HLA

      6-3 The Principle and application of

      detection for MHC

      6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA

      antigen

      6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA

      antigen

      6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene 6-3-4 Applications of detection of

      HLA

      6-1 Structure and function of major histocompatibility antigen 6-1-1 Class I major histocompatibility complex(MHC-I)molecules

      6-1-2 Class II major histocompatibility complex(MHC-II)molecules

      6-1-3 The structural base of combination of peptide and MHC molecule

      6-2 Gene structure and genetics of major histocompatibility complex 6-2-1 Inheritance and polymorphism of MHC

      6-2-2 The gene structure of mouse MHC(H-2)

      6-2-3 The gene structure of human MHC(HLA complex)

      6-2-4 Discovery and nomenclature of HLA

      6-3 The Principle and application of detection for MHC 6-3-1 Detection of Class I HLA antigen

      6-3-2 Detection of Class II HLA antigen

      6-3-3 Phenotyping of HLA gene

      6-3-4 Applications of detection of HLA

      CHAPTER SEVEN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS

      (抗原-抗體反應(yīng)及其應(yīng)用)

      7-1 Antibody preparations 7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation mono valent antigen 7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal 7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to antibody polyvalent antigen 7-1-3 The preparation of gene

      engineering antibody 7-3 Common techniques in 7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic immune-analysis antibody 7-3-1 immune precipitation 7-3-2 immune labeling 7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody 7-3-3 In site immune-analysis reaction 7-3-4 Other applications for 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics antigen-antibody reaction of antigen-antibody reaction

      7-1 Antibody preparations 7-1-1 Antiserum preparation

      7-1-2 The preparation of monoclonal antibody

      7-1-3 The preparation of gene engineering antibody

      7-1-4 The preparation of catalytic antibody

      7-2 The principle of antigen-antibody reaction 7-2-1 Thermodynamics and dynamics of antigen-antibody reaction

      7-2-2 The reaction of antibody to monovalent antigen

      7-2-3 The reaction of antibody to polyvalent antigen

      7-3 Common techniques in immuno-analysis 7-3-1 immunoprecipitation

      7-3-2 immune labeling

      7-3-3 In site immuno-analysis

      7-3-4 Other applications for antigen-antibody reaction

      CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

      (細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的免疫應(yīng)答)

      8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response 8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity 8-1-3 Anergy

      8-2

      The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells

      8-1 Basic concept for immune response 8-1-1 Non-specificity and specificity of immune response

      8-1-2 Active immunity, passive immunity and adoptive immunity

      8-1-3 Anergy

      8-2 The basic process of immune response, 8-2-1 Antigen presenting cells

      8-2-2 T cell activation

      8-2-2 T cell activation

      8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced

      immune response

      8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced

      immune response

      8-3

      Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis 8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis 8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the

      immune response

      8-2-3 Exogenous antigen induced immune response

      8-2-4 Endogenous antigen induced immune response

      8-3 Cell apoptosis and immunity 8-3-1 The features of cell apoptosis

      8-3-2 Detection of cell apoptosis

      8-3-3 Effect of cell apoptosis on the immune response

      CHAPTER NINE IMMUNE REGULATION(免疫調(diào)節(jié))

      9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation 9-1-2 The antibody regulation 9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype-anti-idiotype antibodies

      9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells 9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells

      9-3 Interleukins and Immune

      regulation

      9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines 9-3-2 Interleukins

      9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T

      cells

      9-4

      Immune tolerance

      9-4-1 Discovery of the immune

      tolerance

      9-4-2 Foundation requirement and

      induction pathway of immune tolerance

      9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune

      tolerance

      9-1 The regulation of antigen and antibody in the immune response 9-1-1 The antigen regulation

      9-1-2 The antibody regulation

      9-1-3 The regulatory effect of idiotype anti-idiotype antibodies

      9-2 The regulatory effect of immune cells in immune response 9-2-1 Immune regulation of T cells

      9-2-2 Immune regulation of other immune cells

      9-3 Interleukins and Immunoregulation 9-3-1 The catalog of cytokines

      9-3-2 Interleukins

      9-3-3 Other cytokines produced by T cells

      9-4

      Immune tolerance

      9-4-1 Discovery of the immune tolerance

      9-4-2 Foundation requirement and induction pathway of immune tolerance

      9-4-3 The mechanism for Immune tolerance

      CHAPTER TEN HYPERSENSITIVITY(超敏反應(yīng))

      10-1

      Type I Hypersensitivity

      10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity 10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity 10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE 10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity

      10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity 10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases

      10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity 10-1 Type I Hypersensitivity

      10-1-1 The pathogenic mechanism of Type I hypersensitivity

      10-1-2 Allergen in Type I Hypersensitivity

      10-1-3 IgE and receptor for IgE

      10-1-4 Common diseases induced by Type I Hypersensitivity

      10-2 Type II Hypersensitivity(Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)

      (Immune complex hypersensitivity)

      10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type

      III hypersensitivity

      10-3-2 Common immune complex

      diseases

      10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity

      (Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)

      10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity 10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed

      type hypersensitivity

      10-4-3

      Common Type IV

      hypersensitivity diseases

      10-2-1 Injury mechanism of Type II Hypersensitivity

      10-2-2 Type II Hypersensitivity and diseases

      10-3 Type III Hypersensitivity(Immune complex hypersensitivity)10-3-1.The pathogenic causes of Type III hypersensitivity

      10-3-2 Common immune complex diseases

      10-4 Type IV Hypersensitivity(Delayed Type Hypersensitivity)10-4-1 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity

      10-4-2 Intercellular reaction in delayed type hypersensitivity

      10-4-3 Common Type IV hypersensitivity diseases

      CHAPTER ELEVEN ABNORMAL IMMUNE RESPONSES

      (異常免疫應(yīng)答)

      11-1 Auto immune response

      11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response 11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases

      11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft 11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity 11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant

      11-1 Auto immune response

      11-1-1 The causes of auto immune response

      11-1-2 Autoimmune diseases

      11-2 Transplantation Immunology 11-2-1 Type of transplantation and immune response in allograft

      11-2-2 Transplant antigen and transplant immunity

      11-2-3 The approaches to reduce rejection of transplant

      11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen

      11-3-2 Host immune response to

      tumor

      11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape

      from immunity to tumor

      11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in

      immunity to tumor

      11-4

      Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency 11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency

      syndrome

      11-3 Anti-tumor Immunology 11-3-1 Tumor antigen

      11-3-2 Host immune response to tumor

      11-3-3 Surveillance of and escape from immunity to tumor

      11-3-4 The therapeutic strategies in immunity to tumor

      11-4 Immunologic deficiency 11-4-1 Inherent immune deficiency

      11-4-2 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome CHAPTER TWELVE THE EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

      (免疫系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化)

      12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals

      12-1-1 Immune cells and their

      defense ability 12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid 12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions

      12-2

      The immune evolution of

      vertebrate animals

      12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in

      primary vertebrate animals

      12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue

      evolution between

      invertebrates and vertebrates

      12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes

      and immune molecules in vertebrates 12-1 The immunity of invertebrate animals 12-1-1 Immune cells and their defense ability

      12-1-2 The functions of soluble immune factors in humoral fluid

      12-1-3 Transplant immunity and MHC like functions

      12-2 The immune evolution of vertebrate animals 12-2-1 The lymphoid tissues in primary vertebrate animals

      12-2-2 Comparison of lymphotissue evolution between invertebrates and vertebrates

      12-2-3 The evolutions of lymphocytes and immune molecules in vertebrates

      第二篇:雙語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)資料

      雙語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)每周一句內(nèi)容

      漢語(yǔ):你好嗎?

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:牙合西木斯子 ?

      漢語(yǔ):我很好。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:那哈衣提牙合西。

      漢語(yǔ):您在哪里工作? 維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:乃代 伊西萊斯孜?

      漢語(yǔ):我在巴州發(fā)改委工作。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 歐布拉斯提利克 塔熱克亞提 伊斯拉哈提木提提達(dá) 伊西萊曼。

      漢語(yǔ):您找我有什么事?

      維語(yǔ)讀音:米尼 尼麥 衣西 比蘭 衣孜代普 開(kāi)勒地英孜?

      漢語(yǔ):您叫什么名字?

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音: 衣斯明厄孜 尼麥 ?

      漢語(yǔ): 您的電話號(hào)碼是多少?

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:鐵里佛尼 挪木扔額子 看???

      漢語(yǔ):請(qǐng)坐!維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:歐魯土容!

      漢語(yǔ): 請(qǐng)喝茶!維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:恰伊 依青!

      漢語(yǔ):謝謝!

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:熱合麥提!

      漢語(yǔ):再見(jiàn)!

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:哈伊爾 后西!漢語(yǔ):您找誰(shuí) ?

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音: 開(kāi)木尼 衣孜代斯孜? 漢語(yǔ): 這是我的名片。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:布 米能 衣斯木 喀爾塔木。

      漢語(yǔ):我們派車去接您。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:斯孜尼 阿勒格力 馬西納 艾外提米孜。

      漢語(yǔ): 您到哪兒去? 維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:乃該 巴日斯孜?

      漢語(yǔ):你工作忙嗎?

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:依西英額孜 阿了迪熱西木?

      漢語(yǔ):我來(lái)幫你。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 亞爾達(dá)目 克來(lái)。

      漢語(yǔ):我在寫(xiě)工作總結(jié)。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 合孜麥提 胡拉斯斯 業(yè)子瓦提曼。

      漢語(yǔ):我們?cè)陂_(kāi)會(huì)

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:比孜 依跟 額其瓦提米茲。

      漢語(yǔ):我們?cè)诟阒Р炕顒?dòng)。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:比孜 亞其卡 帕阿力依提 克力瓦提米茲。

      漢語(yǔ):今天下午,我們打掃衛(wèi)生。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:布棍 去西提因可因 塔孜力克 克力米茲。

      漢語(yǔ):我請(qǐng)假。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 若合賽特 索熱伊曼。

      漢語(yǔ):我在休假。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 阿熱木 額力瓦提曼。漢語(yǔ):我上班了。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 伊西嘎 去西特木。

      漢語(yǔ):我下班了。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:曼 伊西特尼 去西特木。漢語(yǔ):祝你節(jié)日快樂(lè)!

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:巴衣日米英厄孜噶 木巴熱克 博勒松!

      漢語(yǔ):您何時(shí)來(lái)的?

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:喀強(qiáng) 開(kāi)勒地英厄孜? 漢語(yǔ): 請(qǐng)別見(jiàn)怪。

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:艾衣普開(kāi) 博衣日芒。

      漢語(yǔ):祝你平安!維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:阿曼 布龍!

      漢語(yǔ):祝您身體健康!

      維吾爾語(yǔ)讀音:特尼英厄孜嘎 薩拉麥提里克 提來(lái)衣曼!

      第三篇:_材料力學(xué)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)資料3

      材料力學(xué)雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)資料3

      主講教師:陳曉峰

      第七章應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變分析 強(qiáng)度理論

      Chapter SevenStress and Strainprincipal stresses are not equal to zero.二向應(yīng)力狀態(tài):一個(gè)主應(yīng)力為零的應(yīng)力狀A(yù)nalysisStrength Theories

      §7–1應(yīng)力狀態(tài)概述

      §7–1Concepts of the State of Stress

      1.一點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài):過(guò)一點(diǎn)有無(wú)數(shù)的截面,這一點(diǎn)的各個(gè)截面上應(yīng)力情況的集合,稱為這點(diǎn)的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。

      state of stress at a point: There are countless sections through a point.The gathering of

      stresses in all sections is called the state of stress at this point.2.單元體:構(gòu)件內(nèi)的點(diǎn)的代表物,是包圍被研究點(diǎn)的無(wú)限小的幾何體,常用的是正六面體。

      Element: Delegate of a point in the member.It is an infinitesimalgeometricbody envelopingthe studied point.In common use it is a correctitudecubicbody.3.主單元體:各側(cè)面上剪應(yīng)力均為零的單元體。

      principalelement :The element in which the shearing stresses in side planes are all zero.4.主平面:剪應(yīng)力為零的截面。

      Principal Planes:The planes on which the shearing stresses are zero.5.主應(yīng)力:主平面上的正應(yīng)力。

      principal stresses: Normal stresses acting on the principle planes.6.主應(yīng)力排列規(guī)定;按代數(shù)值大小 ?1??2??3Convention of the order for three principal stresses: In magnitudeof the algebraicvalue.7.三向應(yīng)力狀態(tài):三個(gè)主應(yīng)力都不為零的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)。

      state of the triaxial stress(three dimensional state of stress):State of stress that all the three

      態(tài)。

      state of the biaxial stress(plane state of stress): state of stress that one principal stress is equal to zero.單向應(yīng)力狀態(tài):一個(gè)主應(yīng)力不為零的應(yīng)力狀態(tài)

      state of the uniaxial stress(unidirectional state of stress):state of stress that one principal stress is not equal to zero.§7–2 二向應(yīng)力狀態(tài)分析——解析法 §7–2 Analysis of the State of Plane Stress—

      AnalyticalMethod

      1.任意斜截面上的應(yīng)力:stresses acting in arbitraryinclined plane

      2.正負(fù)規(guī)定:?? 截面外法線同向?yàn)檎?/p>

      ??繞研究對(duì)象順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn)為正;

      ?逆時(shí)針為正。

      Sign Stipulate:?? is positive if its direction is the same with one of the external normal line of the section;??is positive if it make the element rotate clockwise; A

      counterclockwise angle ? is considered to be positive.§7–3 二向應(yīng)力狀態(tài)分析——圖解法 §7–3 Analysis of the State of Plane Stress—

      GraphicalMethod

      1.應(yīng)力圓 :stress circle

      2.單元體與應(yīng)力圓的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系:

      Corresponding relation between the element and stress circle

      (1)?面上的應(yīng)力(? ?,? ?)?應(yīng)力圓上一點(diǎn)(? ?,? ?)

      (2)?面的法線 ? 應(yīng)力圓的半徑

      (3)兩面夾角?? 兩半徑夾角2? ;且轉(zhuǎn)向一致。

      (1)stress(? ?,? ?)in ? plane?a point(? ?,? ?)on the stress circumference

      (2)normal line of ? plane?radius of the stress circle(3)angle ? between two sections?angle 2? between two radiuses;And the direction of rotation is the same.§7–10強(qiáng)度理論概述

      §7–10Concepts of Strength Theories1.材料的破壞形式:⑴ 屈服 ⑵ 斷裂 :types of failure of materials:⑴ yield⑵ rupture

      2.強(qiáng)度理論:是關(guān)于“構(gòu)件發(fā)生強(qiáng)度失效起因”的假說(shuō)。

      theories of strength:some assumptions about the cause of the strength failure of materials.§7–11四種常用強(qiáng)度理論

      §7–11 Four Common Used Strength Theories 1.最大拉應(yīng)力(第一強(qiáng)度)理論:

      認(rèn)為構(gòu)件的斷裂是由最大拉應(yīng)力引起的。當(dāng)最大拉應(yīng)力達(dá)到單向拉伸的強(qiáng)度極限時(shí),構(gòu)件就斷了。

      theory of the maximum tensile stress(the first strength theory):

      This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum tensile stress.The member will rupture as the maximum tensile stress reaches the strength limit in axial tension.2.最大伸長(zhǎng)線應(yīng)變(第二強(qiáng)度)理論:

      認(rèn)為構(gòu)件的斷裂是由最大伸長(zhǎng)線應(yīng)變引起的。當(dāng)最大伸長(zhǎng)線應(yīng)變達(dá)到單向拉伸試驗(yàn)下的極限應(yīng)變時(shí),構(gòu)件就斷了

      Theory of the maximum tensile strain(the second strength theory):

      This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum tensile strain.The member will rupture as the maximum tensile strain reaches the limit strain in axial tension3.最大剪應(yīng)力(第三強(qiáng)度)理論:

      認(rèn)為構(gòu)件的屈服是由最大剪應(yīng)力引起的。當(dāng)最大剪應(yīng)力達(dá)到單向拉伸試驗(yàn)的極限剪應(yīng)力時(shí),構(gòu)件就破壞了。

      Theory of the maximum shearing stress(the third strength theory):

      This theory considers the main cause of rupture to be the maximum shearing stress.The member will rupture as the maximum shearing stress reaches the limit shearing stress in axial tension.4.畸變能密度(第四強(qiáng)度)理論:

      認(rèn)為構(gòu)件的屈服是由形狀改變比能引起的。當(dāng)形狀改變比能達(dá)到單向拉伸試驗(yàn)屈服時(shí)的形狀改變比能時(shí),構(gòu)件就破壞了。

      Theory of the distortionalenergy density(the fourth strength theory):

      This theory considers the main cause of yield to be the distortional strain energy.The member will rupture as the distortional strain energy reaches the distortional strain energy of yield in axial tension

      5.相當(dāng)應(yīng)力:equivalentstress 6.斷裂準(zhǔn)則:criterionof rupture屈服準(zhǔn)則:criterion of yield

      第八章組合變形

      Chapter Eight Composite Deformation

      §8–1組合變形和疊加原理 §8–1Composite Deformation and

      Superposition Principle

      1.疊加原理的步驟:

      The steps for principle of superposition

      ①外力分析:外力向形心簡(jiǎn)化并沿形心主慣性軸分解

      Analysis of external forces:External forces are reduced along the centroidof section and resolved along principal axes of inertia.②內(nèi)力分析:求每個(gè)外力分量對(duì)應(yīng)的內(nèi)力方程和內(nèi)力圖,確定危險(xiǎn)面。

      Analysis of internal forces:Determine the internal force equation and its diagram corresponding to each external force component and the critical section.③應(yīng)力分析:畫(huà)危險(xiǎn)面應(yīng)力分布圖,疊加,建立危險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)的強(qiáng)度條件。Analysis of stresses:Plot the distribution diagram of the stress in the critical section,do the superposition of the stresses and establish the strength condition of the critical point.平均應(yīng)力。

      Critical stress : average stress in the cross section §8–2拉伸(或壓縮)與彎曲的組合of the compressive column in the critical state.§8–2Composite Deformation of Tension

      (or Compression)and Bending 2.柔度(或長(zhǎng)細(xì)比):flexibility

      (or slenderness ratio)§8–4扭轉(zhuǎn)與彎曲的組合§8–4 Combination of Torsion and Bending大柔度桿的臨界應(yīng)力由歐拉公式來(lái)求;小 柔度桿的臨界應(yīng)力就是它的屈服極限;中柔度

      桿的臨界應(yīng)力由經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式來(lái)求第九章壓桿穩(wěn)定

      The critical stress of the large flexibility column Chapter NineStabilization

      is calculated by Euler’s formula.of Compressive Columns

      The critical stress of small flexibility column is

      its yield limit.§9–1壓桿穩(wěn)定性的概念

      The critical stress of the middle flexibility §9–1 Concepts of Stability of

      column may be determined by the empirical Compressed Columns

      formula.1.失穩(wěn):loss of stability

      2.穩(wěn)定與不穩(wěn)定平衡:

      stable and instable equilibrium§9–5壓桿的穩(wěn)定校核3.臨界壓力: critical pressure§9–5Stability Check of Compressed Column1.穩(wěn)定安全因數(shù):safety coefficient of stability §9–2兩端鉸支細(xì)長(zhǎng)壓桿的臨界壓力 2.穩(wěn)定條件:stability condition§9–2 Critical Pressure of The SlenderCompressed Column With Two Hinged Ends §9–6提高壓桿穩(wěn)定性的措施1.歐拉公式:Euler’s formula §9–6 Method to Improve Stability of 2.理想壓桿:材料絕對(duì)理想;軸線絕對(duì)直;壓Compressed Column力絕對(duì)沿軸線作用。1.選擇合理的截面形狀:choose reasonable Ideal compressive column: the material is section of the column: absolutelyideal;the axis is 2.改變壓桿的約束條件:change constraint

      condition of the column absolutely straight;the compressive force is

      absolutely along the axis of the column.3.合理選擇材料: choose reasonable material.§9–3其它支座條件下細(xì)長(zhǎng)壓桿的臨界壓力 第十章 動(dòng)載荷 §9–3Critical Pressure of The Slender Compressed Chapter TenDynamic Load

      Column With Other End Conditions

      §10–1 概述 1.?長(zhǎng)度系數(shù)(約束系數(shù)):length coefficient

      (or constraint coefficient)§10–1Introduction

      2.兩端鉸支: two hinged ends 1.靜載荷:static loads

      The loads don’t change with time(or change 3.一端固定另端自由:

      one fixed end and one free end very stably and slowly)and acceleration of each

      member is zero or may be neglected4.兩端固定: two fixed ends

      5.一端固定另端鉸支:2.動(dòng)載荷:dynamic loadsone fixed end and one hinged end The loads change sharply with time and thevelocity of the member changes obviously

      §9–4歐拉公式的適用范圍經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式

      §9–4Application Range of Euler’s Formula §9–2動(dòng)靜法的應(yīng)用Empirical Formula§9–2 Application of The Method of 1.臨界應(yīng)力: 壓桿處于臨界狀態(tài)時(shí)橫截面上的Kinetic Statics

      1.慣性力:inertiaforce

      2.動(dòng)荷系數(shù):dynamic load coefficient

      3.達(dá)朗伯原理:處于不平衡狀態(tài)的物體,存在慣性力,慣性力的方向與加速度方向相反,慣性力的數(shù)值等于加速度與質(zhì)量的乘積。只要在物體上加上慣性力,就可以把動(dòng)力學(xué)問(wèn)題在形式上作為靜力學(xué)問(wèn)題來(lái)處理,這就是動(dòng)靜法。D’Alembert’s principle: There is inertial force on the body in unequilibrium.The direction of the inertial force is opposite to the acceleration of the body and the magnitude of the inertial force is the product of the mass and the acceleration of the body.After the inertial force is applied on the body the dynamic problem may be dealt with the static problem in form, which is called the method of kinetic statics.Exercise 1: The state of stress at a point as shown.(unit:Mpa),try to determine the three principal stresses.(either by analytical method or by graphical method).And compute the

      equivalent stress of the fourth strength theory.Exercise 4:A hollow circular shaft is shown in the figure.Its inside diameter is d=24mm and its outside diameter is D=30mm.The diameters of pulley B and D are respectively D1=400mm and D2=600mm,P1=600N,[?]=100MPa.Try to check the strength of the shaft with the third strength theory.Exercise 5: A compressed rod produces the bending deformation due to the loss of stability.A beam produces the bending deformation due to the action of transverse forces.What are the differences of the two in nature?

      Exercise 2: A circular rod made of cast iron is subjected to the loads T=7kNm, P=50kN as shown in the figure.Its diameter is d=0.1m, [?]=40MPa.Try to check the strength of the rod according to the theory of the first strength.Exercise 3: The cross-section area of the

      square-section rod is reduced half at the section mn.Try to determine the maximum tensile stress at the section mn due to the axial force P.

      第四篇:《駱駝祥子》輔助閱讀資料

      《駱駝祥子》 舊北京人力車夫的辛酸故事(老舍)

      好勝、要強(qiáng)的祥子憑著力氣拉車掙錢,指望自己能買一輛漂亮的洋車,不再受拴車人的氣,做一個(gè)“自由的洋車夫”。他早出晚歸,忍饑受凍,風(fēng)里雨里整整拼了3年,終于攢足了100元,買了一輛新車。

      20年代的北京,軍閥混戰(zhàn),兵荒馬亂,祥子為了生存,還是起早貪黑地拉車,一天,他拉著車剛出西直門就被幾個(gè)抓夫的大兵連人帶車給抓走了。在隊(duì)伍逃走時(shí),祥子痛心地看到自己的洋車?yán)趶棟L到山澗里去了……

      大兵們逃散了,祥子意外地揀了亂軍留下的三匹駱駝。他賣了駱駝,又回到了車廠,幻想著再買輛洋車。大家傳說(shuō)祥子賣了30匹駱駝,發(fā)了大財(cái),給他取了個(gè)綽號(hào)叫“駱駝祥子”。

      人和車廠廠主劉四的女兒虎妞,三十七八歲了還沒(méi)嫁人。車廠里的大事小事全憑她一人操持,她為人潑辣,沒(méi)人敢惹。她愛(ài)上了比自己小10多歲、老實(shí)巴交的祥子,拉他到屋里喝酒,祥子被灌醉后不能自持,被虎妞給纏住了。

      事后,祥子又羞又悔又恨,為擺脫虎妞,他來(lái)到一位具有民主思想的大學(xué)教授曹先生家拉包月車。曹家人待他非常和藹,主仆相處十分融洽。祥子把掙的錢都攢在悶葫蘆罐里,一心還想買輛車。不料,虎妞找上門來(lái),硬說(shuō)有了身孕,一定要和祥子成親。這時(shí),一個(gè)跟蹤曹先生的偵緝隊(duì)員(孫偵探)來(lái)到下房,把祥子辛辛苦苦攢的錢全搶走了。連遭厄運(yùn)的祥子只好離開(kāi)曹家,又回到人和車廠,地痞流氓出身的劉四,認(rèn)定祥子高攀虎妞,是惦記他那60多輛洋車,認(rèn)為女兒嫁給一個(gè)車夫是丟他的臉,揚(yáng)言寧肯放火把車廠燒了,也不讓他們得到便宜。

      虎妞表示非嫁給祥子不可,祥子只得和虎妞成了親。劉四賣掉了車廠,人也無(wú)影無(wú)蹤了。祥子婚后住在窮苦人生活的大雜院里,街坊二強(qiáng)子也是拉車的,他為了一家人活命竟逼女兒小福子賣身為娼,祥子對(duì)小福子的遭遇充滿了同情。

      不久,虎妞難產(chǎn)而死,小福子心中早已隱藏著對(duì)祥子的感情,可是窮困卻不能使他們結(jié)合。祥子對(duì)小福子說(shuō):“你等著,等我混好了就來(lái)接你!”然而,生活的煎熬,使小福子再不能等待了。當(dāng)對(duì)未來(lái)充滿希望的祥子去接她時(shí),只見(jiàn)到樹(shù)權(quán)上掛著她上吊的繩套。

      好勝心強(qiáng)的祥子在絕望中走向毀滅,終于被那吃人的社會(huì)吞沒(méi)了

      典型情節(jié):《在烈日和暴雨下》突出了祥子在烈日下、暴雨中拉車的情景,細(xì)膩逼真,令人感同身受,烘托出祥子拉車生活的艱辛和遭遇的悲慘。

      精彩片斷:①怒辭楊宅(第五節(jié))②曹家遇險(xiǎn)(第十節(jié))③晦暗的地獄(第十六節(jié))④最后的絕望(第二十二、二十三節(jié))

      主要人物形象:①祥子:勤勞正直、誠(chéng)實(shí)善良、純潔憨厚、堅(jiān)強(qiáng)健壯的車夫,狹隘孤立的個(gè)人奮斗思想和殘酷腐敗的黑暗社會(huì)使他墮落為吃喝嫖賭、懶惰狡猾、骯臟猥瑣、自私麻木的行尸走肉。②虎妞管理車廠工人:具有二重性,一是有著自己追求幸福的愿望,對(duì)祥子有真誠(chéng)的一面,另一是剝削者的意識(shí)已滲透她的靈魂之中,她想控制祥子,是家中的占有者、支配者,大膽潑辣而有點(diǎn)變態(tài)。③車主劉四:殘忍霸道。

      主要藝術(shù)特色:①獨(dú)特的北京市民文化的表現(xiàn)者與批判者。②善于描寫(xiě)老北京風(fēng)土習(xí)俗、民情世俗。③語(yǔ)言俗白凝練。④獨(dú)特的諷刺藝術(shù)。⑤善于調(diào)動(dòng)各種手法塑造人物,既有人物肖像描寫(xiě),又有人物 心理刻畫(huà);同時(shí)善于通過(guò)環(huán)境描寫(xiě)來(lái)烘托人物形象。

      閱讀感受:①通過(guò)祥子的變化,無(wú)情地批判了這個(gè)黑暗的社會(huì);②小說(shuō)為我們展示了一幅怵目驚心的,具有濃郁的老北京風(fēng)情的人物畫(huà)與世態(tài)畫(huà);③善于調(diào)動(dòng)各種手法塑造人物形象,具有強(qiáng)烈的藝術(shù)感染力;④創(chuàng)造性地運(yùn)用北京市民的口語(yǔ),使通俗樸素的語(yǔ)言文字變得生動(dòng)新鮮,活潑有力,充滿了民族風(fēng)格和地方特色。

      老舍的長(zhǎng)篇小說(shuō)《駱駝祥子》每章節(jié)題目

      第一節(jié)

      他頭不是很大,圓眼,肉鼻子,兩條眉很短很粗,頭上永遠(yuǎn)剃得發(fā)亮,腮上沒(méi)有多余的肉,脖子可是幾乎與頭一樣粗,臉上永遠(yuǎn)紅撲撲的,特別亮的是顴骨與右耳之間一塊不小的傷疤——他是本文主人公()——小時(shí)候在樹(shù)下睡覺(jué),被()啃了一口。

      整整的()年,他湊足了()塊錢?;似渲械模ǎ┰X,買下了一輛新車,這一年他()歲。他把買車的這一天當(dāng)作自己的生日。他的理想是也可以開(kāi)個(gè)()。

      第二節(jié)

      戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的消息與謠言幾乎每年隨著春麥一塊兒長(zhǎng),()與()可以算作北方人的希望與憂懼的象征。

      每逢戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一來(lái),最著慌的是()們。

      因?yàn)閮蓧K錢的誘惑,祥子和光頭的矮子拉車到了()門,卻連人帶車都被十來(lái)個(gè)兵給捉了去。遠(yuǎn)外傳來(lái)了()聲,軍營(yíng)里亂了起來(lái),他決定趁此機(jī)會(huì)跑。

      第三節(jié)

      祥子從兵營(yíng)里逃走,順手牽走了()只(),并且睡了一宿。

      天亮?xí)r,他來(lái)到一個(gè)村子里,以()塊很亮的現(xiàn)洋,兩個(gè)棒子面餅子,外加一件破(),把它賣給一位老者。

      第四節(jié)

      祥子病倒,在一小店躺了()天,在說(shuō)()和()時(shí)道出了他與駱駝的關(guān)系,他被叫做()。

      祥子向原來(lái)租車的()車廠走去。車廠的老板()年輕的時(shí)候干過(guò)一切能干的壞事。他租金貴,但可以讓員工住。女兒叫虎妞。祥子回到車廠受到了()的款待。祥子把()元錢交給他們管,希望攢滿后再買車。

      第五節(jié)

      為了買車,他的行為很多同伴不理解,他選擇了一個(gè)包月服務(wù),對(duì)像是()??芍贿^(guò)了()天,他就受不了奴才般的支使。

      打牌完了,()撩袍拖帶的渾身找錢,預(yù)備著代會(huì)客人的車資,客人謙讓了兩句,她便仿佛要拼命的喊:這是怎么了,老妹子,到了我這兒,還沒(méi)這個(gè)車錢嗎!老妹子,坐上啦。他到這時(shí)候,才摸出來(lái)一毛錢。祥子看得清楚,她的手有點(diǎn)哆嗦。這是描寫(xiě)誰(shuí)?寫(xiě)出了一個(gè)怎樣的她?

      第六節(jié)

      回到車場(chǎng),他被虎妞給(),糊里糊涂上了她的床。他無(wú)比的羞愧難過(guò),決定離開(kāi)劉四和虎妞他們,結(jié)果碰到老主顧()先生。

      第七節(jié)

      曹先生不看低祥子,他是個(gè)有時(shí)候(),有時(shí)候也作些別的事的一個(gè)中等人物。他自居為()者,同時(shí)也是個(gè)唯美主義者。

      祥子有一天晚間,不小心把曹先生摔傷了。他很內(nèi)疚,但曹家的女仆()卻告訴祥子曹先生可好了,沒(méi)有責(zé)怪他。她是個(gè)三十二三歲的()。

      第八節(jié)

      高媽教祥子如何攢錢,說(shuō)穿了就是去郵局辦個(gè)(),把錢存進(jìn)去。

      第九節(jié)

      在曹家過(guò)得還順利,這時(shí)()來(lái)找祥子。她說(shuō)自己(),這讓祥子蒙住了。

      在外面一起走的時(shí)候,她說(shuō),趕到年前的()日,這一天是老頭子的(),你得來(lái)一趟。她并且把祥子存放的30多塊錢還給祥子。祥子可為難了,吃不下睡不香。

      第十節(jié)

      有一次在等曹先生和朋友去看()時(shí),在茶館里碰到因餓暈倒的(),他有一個(gè)小孫子叫(),是個(gè)十二三歲的孩子。他曾是一個(gè)有車的車夫,可情況卻至此,大家都來(lái)幫著給他和孩子點(diǎn)吃的。祥子從他們看到了自己。

      第十一節(jié)

      可祥子卻仍然想攢錢買車,于是他天天看著自己那個(gè)()。

      ()那天下午,祥子發(fā)現(xiàn)有個(gè)騎()的人在跟蹤他,連()也怕他,原來(lái)是(緝)隊(duì)的。但最終祥子到家時(shí)準(zhǔn)備報(bào)信時(shí),被他抓住了。他姓()。他用槍威脅祥子用錢買命,把祥子所存的一點(diǎn)錢全部搶走。

      第十二節(jié)

      祥子第二次買車愿望又破滅,他很痛苦。他叫高媽通知曹先生快走。然后他碰到隔壁王家的車夫(),他人挺可愛(ài)的,還叫祥子抽()牌子的煙。祥子說(shuō)起曹先生的事,曹先生有個(gè)叫()的學(xué)生。因?yàn)椴芟壬髧?yán)格,于是()把曹先生到()部去告發(fā)他。

      第十三節(jié)

      曹先生離開(kāi)了北京,祥子只好回到()車場(chǎng),虎妞很高興。沒(méi)辦法寄人籬下,為了劉四爺?shù)纳眨樽用β抵?/p>

      劉四爺為了自己的生日,對(duì)車夫們做了很多要求,大家都有怒氣,找不到出路,全撒在()身上。

      第十四節(jié)

      劉四爺生日那天很熱鬧,祥子遭到大家調(diào)侃,老好人祥子差點(diǎn)和一個(gè)車夫()。劉四爺感覺(jué)凄涼難過(guò),因?yàn)樗麤](méi)(),因此把氣全撒在()身上。

      第十五節(jié)

      虎妞在()一個(gè)大雜院里租了房子。請(qǐng)()先生寫(xiě)了幾個(gè)喜字。初(),虎妞在沒(méi)有任何親朋的祝賀下,把自己嫁出去了。她告訴祥子她并沒(méi)有真懷孕,而是把一個(gè)()褲腰上。這讓祥子氣死了。他想自己拉車,虎妞共帶了()百來(lái)塊錢,要祥子和她去向劉四道歉,祥子不肯。

      第十六節(jié)

      就是在這樣一個(gè)雜院租房?jī)?nèi),()是唯一的有吃有穿不用著急得意的人。

      虎妞一直想讓祥子去找劉四爺,可祥子不愿意,堅(jiān)決要自力其食。有一次,祥子路過(guò)西安門大街,發(fā)現(xiàn)原來(lái)的車場(chǎng)名字改叫為()

      第十七節(jié)

      原來(lái)是劉四爺把車場(chǎng)給賣掉自己去游玩了,這讓()最動(dòng)了心傷了心。虎妞決定把私房錢拿出一百給祥子買車。賣主是雜院里的(),他正要賣車。他在去年夏天把女兒小福子賣給了一個(gè)隨時(shí)可能調(diào)遣的()。

      小福子回來(lái)了,她只有十九歲,此時(shí)她的()已經(jīng)死了,是被她的爸爸喝醉后打死的。虎妞,一向不答理院中的人,可是她把()當(dāng)成了朋友。一是因?yàn)樗L(zhǎng)得有點(diǎn)模樣,二是因?yàn)樗屑駱拥模ǎ?,三是因?yàn)樗?jiàn)過(guò)一些世面。

      家貧最終導(dǎo)致小福子的父親逼著她去賣身,()不但不安慰小福子,反而愿意幫助她,提供錢打扮借給她地方。

      第十八節(jié)

      這年夏天,虎妞這次是真的(),她更加不愿動(dòng)。這年夏天,烈日暴雨下的()這次也生病了。

      第十九節(jié)

      這一病就是一個(gè)多月,()也會(huì)時(shí)??纯?,這讓()很不爽,開(kāi)始為難她。

      虎妞要生孩子了,祥子花大價(jià)錢請(qǐng)從德勝門外請(qǐng)來(lái)()——頂著一位蝦蟆大仙??勺罱K虎妞因()而死。

      第二十節(jié)

      虎妞死了,祥子把車也賣了。()對(duì)祥子表達(dá)了好感。可祥子因養(yǎng)不起她們一家人而選擇離開(kāi)??斓搅⑶铮掷狭税?,顧客是一位姓()的先生。

      第二十一節(jié)

      祥子這回又受到()的引誘,結(jié)果,他撒不出尿來(lái)了,得了一身臟病。從此祥子變得沒(méi)有那股正氣了。不再要強(qiáng),甚至成為警察眼中頭等的()。冬天到了他拉了一位顧客往東城去,沒(méi)想到他竟是()。

      第二十二節(jié)

      祥子沒(méi)有出路,只好去找他的老主顧()先生。他甚至想和()結(jié)合,開(kāi)始新的生活。受到指點(diǎn)后,祥子去找她,可沒(méi)消息。

      第二十三節(jié)

      祥子在大街上走,遇見(jiàn)()的祖父。知道()被迫賣身屈辱而死半年多了,到西直門一打聽(tīng),知道她吊樹(shù)而死。祥子崩潰了,也不想去老主顧了,從此更加沉淪不像樣。

      第二十四節(jié)

      這一年有這樣的新聞,說(shuō)是要槍斃一個(gè)叫()的新聞??蛇@是因?yàn)椋ǎ榱肆畨K錢享受而把他給出賣告密的。

      我們的舊北京的人力車夫()已經(jīng)放縱到給人家辦紅白事里打雜維持生計(jì),從此徹底走向墮落。這都是可惡的社會(huì)——它不讓好人老實(shí)人有出路。

      第五篇:多媒體輔助教學(xué)

      多媒體輔助教學(xué)

      在農(nóng)村初中物理教學(xué)中的作用

      成都市同安初級(jí)中學(xué)校

      廖明芳

      隨著教育改革的不斷深入發(fā)展,隨著基礎(chǔ)教育逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)從應(yīng)試教育向素質(zhì)教育的轉(zhuǎn)軌,單純靠傳統(tǒng)的教師粉筆加黑板的“板上談兵”的模式已不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化教育的需要,學(xué)校教育正在探索、尋求新的課堂教學(xué)模式。同時(shí),伴隨著計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)技術(shù)的高速發(fā)展,一門新興的技術(shù)——多媒體計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)(Computer Assisted Instruction簡(jiǎn)稱CAI)就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。

      多媒體是將多種媒體——包括文本、圖片、動(dòng)畫(huà)、視頻、和聲音組合成一個(gè)大包。它是互動(dòng)的,用戶通過(guò)選擇和控制成為其中一員。多媒體計(jì)算機(jī)能制作高保真聲音、三維圖像、真實(shí)如照片的圖片、電影片段和動(dòng)畫(huà)。它既是強(qiáng)有力的教學(xué)工具,又能提供重要的商業(yè)服務(wù),在家庭娛樂(lè)中還帶給你愉悅享受。

      正確利用多媒體輔助教學(xué)使課堂生動(dòng)形象,學(xué)生普遍感興趣,讓學(xué)生在活潑輕松的氣氛中學(xué)習(xí),知識(shí)接受快,課堂效益好。正確使用多媒體,還能彌補(bǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)的不足,增加學(xué)生的視覺(jué)體驗(yàn);變抽象為直觀,便于學(xué)生思考。利用多媒體輔助教學(xué),還能實(shí)現(xiàn)資源共享,拓寬視野,縮小學(xué)校之間、教師之間的差距。在物理教學(xué)中,主要體現(xiàn)在創(chuàng)設(shè)意境、突破難點(diǎn)、模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)和演示整合四個(gè)方面。

      在計(jì)算機(jī)輔助教學(xué)大行其道的環(huán)境下,我們要看到自己的實(shí)際情況:我們成都各周邊區(qū)市縣大部分初中學(xué)校為農(nóng)村學(xué)校,農(nóng)村初中學(xué)校的教育有著和城市初中學(xué)校不同的特點(diǎn),給教育教學(xué)也帶來(lái)了一些和城市學(xué)校的不同之處,多媒體課件在教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用也有著和城市學(xué)校不同的特點(diǎn)。

      農(nóng)村中學(xué)的特點(diǎn)

      1、學(xué)校

      我國(guó)教育的難點(diǎn)在農(nóng)村,農(nóng)村教育的難點(diǎn)在初中,農(nóng)村初中學(xué)校信息閉塞,條件落后及學(xué)習(xí)資料有限等現(xiàn)狀,農(nóng)村初中學(xué)校辦學(xué)條件較城市較差,包括教學(xué)環(huán)境、教學(xué)設(shè)施等方面都存在一定的差距。

      為適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代教學(xué),近些年許多農(nóng)村初級(jí)中學(xué)都配置了多媒體教學(xué)設(shè)備,修建了專門的多媒體教室,但在實(shí)際教學(xué)中,受多媒體設(shè)備數(shù)量少、會(huì)使用的教師不多等多種因素影響,卻很少投入使用。如我校多媒體教室一個(gè),29個(gè)班,平時(shí)作會(huì)議室,教師賽課、上研究課才用。

      2、教師。

      農(nóng)村物理教師本身的素質(zhì)參差不齊,技能、技巧、設(shè)計(jì)能力不太強(qiáng),再加上新教材剛剛起步,廣大教師駕馭新教材的能力和經(jīng)驗(yàn)不足,教師的實(shí)驗(yàn)操作能力相對(duì)較低,不善于進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué),不善于進(jìn)行創(chuàng)新,不善于設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)驗(yàn),學(xué)生的動(dòng)手能力得不到鍛煉和培養(yǎng),教師仍然使用老傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方法來(lái)進(jìn)行教學(xué)。

      3、學(xué)生

      雖然實(shí)施義務(wù)教育法20多年了,但農(nóng)村初中學(xué)生家庭成員的文化層次普遍較低,多數(shù)父母由于文化水平低,對(duì)孩子缺乏正確的輔導(dǎo),造成學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)較差、知識(shí)脫節(jié),思維相對(duì)不是很活躍。這些學(xué)生和城市學(xué)生相比,上網(wǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)較少,見(jiàn)識(shí)不是很廣,獲取知識(shí)和信息的渠道較單一,許多城市學(xué)生認(rèn)為是“生活常識(shí)”或者很容易通過(guò)各種媒體了解到的知識(shí)點(diǎn),農(nóng)村學(xué)生還覺(jué)得不可思議。但農(nóng)村學(xué)生更加樸實(shí),對(duì)新鮮事物容易表現(xiàn)出濃厚的興趣,能夠提高他們的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,同時(shí)他們也更能接受新鮮事物。我們?cè)诮虒W(xué)中,如果抓住這些特點(diǎn),合理利用,因材施教,就能取得較好的教學(xué)效果。

      4、實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備

      物理是一門以實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)科,物理教學(xué)中包含大量實(shí)驗(yàn)內(nèi)容,農(nóng)村學(xué)校的教學(xué)設(shè)施往往很難保證這些實(shí)驗(yàn)的順利完成。條件好一些的農(nóng)村學(xué)校,演示實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備器材基本齊全,能夠開(kāi)齊大部分演示實(shí)驗(yàn),學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)則很難全部完成;條件差一些的農(nóng)村學(xué)校,演示實(shí)驗(yàn)都不能得到保證,更不用說(shuō)學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)了。

      教學(xué)中,遇到這些問(wèn)題時(shí),少數(shù)老師不得已只能講實(shí)驗(yàn),盡力把實(shí)驗(yàn)描述清楚;更為甚者,個(gè)別老師嫌做實(shí)驗(yàn)麻煩,加上有些實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象不明顯,便有“做實(shí)驗(yàn)不如講實(shí)驗(yàn)”、“講實(shí)驗(yàn)不如背實(shí)驗(yàn)”的荒謬說(shuō)法。大部分有責(zé)任心的老師只能夠通過(guò)一些土方法做實(shí)驗(yàn),或者干脆“板上談兵”。土方法做實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象不明顯,甚至還帶有一些干擾項(xiàng);“板上談兵”更是不合實(shí)際,對(duì)學(xué)生本來(lái)就相對(duì)較差的抽象思維能力是一種考驗(yàn)。

      許多農(nóng)村初中學(xué)?,F(xiàn)有實(shí)驗(yàn)室不夠,物理、化學(xué)、生物三門學(xué)科共用一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的現(xiàn)象還較為普遍,實(shí)驗(yàn)教學(xué)中會(huì)相互干擾,影響教學(xué)效果;實(shí)驗(yàn)器材與新教材不配套,新教材探究實(shí)驗(yàn)大量增多,但學(xué)校的實(shí)驗(yàn)器材少無(wú)法開(kāi)展探究實(shí)驗(yàn),教師就只能選擇性地做演示實(shí)驗(yàn)。

      教學(xué)中如何利用多媒體輔助教學(xué)

      針對(duì)農(nóng)村中學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)芰Σ蛔?,在物理教學(xué)上效果較差的實(shí)際,要推廣多媒體輔助教學(xué),不能好高騖遠(yuǎn),妄想將多媒體輔助教學(xué)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)發(fā)揮得淋漓盡致。目前主要應(yīng)將多媒體用于改進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn),合理使用多媒體輔助教學(xué),將彌補(bǔ)一些土方法實(shí)驗(yàn)的缺陷,加深學(xué)生的感性認(rèn)識(shí),提高他們的學(xué)習(xí)積極性,達(dá)到較好的教學(xué)效果。

      在教學(xué)中,用多媒體彌補(bǔ)實(shí)驗(yàn)的不足,具體體現(xiàn)在以下幾方面:

      1、動(dòng)態(tài)、微觀和宏觀的無(wú)法做出來(lái)的實(shí)驗(yàn)

      在這一方面,農(nóng)村學(xué)校和城市學(xué)校一樣,都存在沒(méi)法做出這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn)的問(wèn)題。但城市學(xué)生見(jiàn)識(shí)相對(duì)較廣,來(lái)自家庭、社會(huì)方面的獲取知識(shí)的途徑也更多,有些知識(shí)點(diǎn)對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)比較容易理解,教師在教學(xué)中只需要點(diǎn)到即可,但對(duì)許多農(nóng)村學(xué)生,他們會(huì)覺(jué)得很難理解、不可思議。

      如在講解液體內(nèi)部的壓強(qiáng)這一部分內(nèi)容時(shí),要讓學(xué)生理解液體中不同深度壓強(qiáng)不同,由于學(xué)生沒(méi)有感性認(rèn)識(shí),理解起來(lái)有一定難度。盡管相關(guān)的實(shí)驗(yàn)可以做,我們的演示實(shí)驗(yàn)一般都是用一只在不同高度開(kāi)孔的量筒,裝上一定量的水,讓學(xué)生看量筒底部的孔流出的水噴射得較遠(yuǎn),量筒頂部的噴射得較近,由此可看出不同液柱高度產(chǎn)生的壓強(qiáng)不同。但本實(shí)驗(yàn)中,量筒容量有限,實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程很快結(jié)束,許多學(xué)生還沒(méi)能看清楚,印象不深。而拓展到深水處的壓強(qiáng),舉出潛水艇之類的例子,城市學(xué)生也許很容易理解,但對(duì)農(nóng)村學(xué)生而言,對(duì)這些事物的了解僅僅停留在名稱上面,沒(méi)有感性認(rèn)識(shí),理解起來(lái)比較困難。在以前的教學(xué)中,一些優(yōu)生也只是停留在可以算出液體內(nèi)部壓強(qiáng)的數(shù)據(jù),而對(duì)其真實(shí)含義不甚了了。

      在學(xué)校配備了多媒體教室之后,我結(jié)合這一實(shí)際,制作并使用了“液體內(nèi)部壓強(qiáng)”的課件,將不易觀察的量筒實(shí)驗(yàn)用圖形的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái),可以讓它長(zhǎng)時(shí)間地停留在在投影畫(huà)面上,結(jié)合理論給學(xué)生作細(xì)致講解,當(dāng)他們腦海里形成認(rèn)識(shí)之后,再做這一演示實(shí)驗(yàn),盡管實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程很短,同學(xué)們都能一目了然地看清實(shí)驗(yàn)現(xiàn)象,理解實(shí)驗(yàn)原理,并且留下深刻的印象。再利用視頻片段“龍宮借寶”,對(duì)當(dāng)中的淺海魚(yú)類不能游往深海加以講解,制作深海魚(yú)類又到淺海的結(jié)果動(dòng)畫(huà),進(jìn)一步加深了學(xué)生們對(duì)液體內(nèi)部壓強(qiáng)和深度有關(guān)的理解,同時(shí)通過(guò)液體內(nèi)部壓強(qiáng)對(duì)生物機(jī)體影響的認(rèn)識(shí),得到了關(guān)于壓強(qiáng)的感性認(rèn)識(shí)。課件中,還通過(guò)模擬我校不能做的帕斯卡桶實(shí)驗(yàn),使學(xué)生對(duì)液體內(nèi)部壓強(qiáng)有了更深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。

      再如,將光的直線傳播時(shí),講到了日月食。我們地處中緯度地區(qū),加上成都平原陰雨天較多,即使遇上日月食現(xiàn)象,我們的學(xué)生也很難看見(jiàn),沒(méi)有感性認(rèn)識(shí);該物理現(xiàn)象又過(guò)于宏觀,無(wú)法在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中向?qū)W生展示。教學(xué)中,我使用網(wǎng)上下載的日食動(dòng)畫(huà),利用慢鏡頭,邊講解邊演示,學(xué)生就更容易弄懂其中的知識(shí)點(diǎn),探索到大自然中的奧妙,提高學(xué)習(xí)物理的興趣。

      一些過(guò)于危險(xiǎn)而沒(méi)法在實(shí)驗(yàn)室完成的物理現(xiàn)象,也可以使用多媒體,加深學(xué)生的印象,提高教學(xué)效果。如高壓電觸電、核裂變核聚變的威力等,通過(guò)向?qū)W生播放一些相關(guān)的動(dòng)畫(huà)、視頻,就能達(dá)到較好的教學(xué)效果。

      2、學(xué)校條件不足無(wú)法開(kāi)設(shè)的實(shí)驗(yàn)

      由于農(nóng)村學(xué)校實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)備相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)陋,有些學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)甚至演示實(shí)驗(yàn)都無(wú)法開(kāi)設(shè)。如果用一些土方法進(jìn)行演示,往往效果不明顯,有時(shí)甚至誤導(dǎo)學(xué)生。對(duì)這樣的實(shí)驗(yàn),如果使用多媒體輔助教學(xué),較容易取得較好的教學(xué)效果。

      如在浮力教學(xué)中,涉及的浮冰問(wèn)題,對(duì)城市學(xué)校來(lái)說(shuō)很容易做,而一些條件差的農(nóng)村學(xué)校,做起來(lái)則有很大的困難,如果在講授這些內(nèi)容時(shí),制作相應(yīng)的課件,就能變抽象為形象,結(jié)合分子運(yùn)動(dòng)的知識(shí)加以講解,使枯燥的的課堂生動(dòng)起來(lái),易于學(xué)生接受。

      教學(xué)中,我設(shè)計(jì)制作了“浮冰問(wèn)題”多媒體課件,通過(guò)動(dòng)畫(huà)模擬實(shí)驗(yàn),使學(xué)生對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的浮冰問(wèn)題和較復(fù)雜的“冰包物”浮冰問(wèn)題都有了直觀印象,結(jié)合對(duì)本實(shí)驗(yàn)的理論分析演示,使該問(wèn)題在學(xué)生大腦里刻下深深的烙印,取得了單純的黑板加粉筆教學(xué)難以達(dá)到的教學(xué)效果。

      有些物理新知識(shí)點(diǎn)通過(guò)和學(xué)生已掌握的舊知識(shí)點(diǎn)對(duì)比,更容易接受并且印象更深刻,如教材在處理電流的形成時(shí),將之和水流形成對(duì)比起來(lái),非常生動(dòng)和形象。而這一讓學(xué)生很容易接受新知識(shí)的小實(shí)驗(yàn),許多農(nóng)村初級(jí)中學(xué)卻沒(méi)法完成,難點(diǎn)在加抽水機(jī)使兩邊容器有恒定的水壓上。我只做了“電壓”的多媒體課件,用動(dòng)畫(huà)將該實(shí)驗(yàn)形象地模擬出來(lái),再配上相關(guān)的練習(xí),教學(xué)中學(xué)生普遍感覺(jué)印象深刻。

      合理利用多媒體虛擬實(shí)驗(yàn)室,也能彌補(bǔ)很多由于實(shí)驗(yàn)條件不足帶來(lái)的困難。如:使用“中學(xué)電路虛擬實(shí)驗(yàn)室”,能完成初中物理教學(xué)中大部分電學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn),加上適當(dāng)講解引導(dǎo),很大程度上能解決由于設(shè)備問(wèn)題帶來(lái)的實(shí)驗(yàn)不能開(kāi)設(shè)的教學(xué)難題。

      3、物理知識(shí)在生活中的應(yīng)用部分

      物理知識(shí)在許多科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域、日常生活中都能得到廣泛的應(yīng)用,了解這些情況,有利于學(xué)生更好地吸收所學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。但由于農(nóng)村學(xué)校和學(xué)生條件有限,使學(xué)生們不能很好地了解這些應(yīng)用,不能很直觀地接受這些知識(shí)。

      如在講授“連通器”部分內(nèi)容時(shí),連通器在生活中的應(yīng)用有過(guò)路涵洞、船閘等,但在許多農(nóng)村,過(guò)路涵洞現(xiàn)在也極為少見(jiàn),船閘更是無(wú)從談起。城市學(xué)校、學(xué)生教學(xué)條件和生活條件都較好,他們可以通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)、參觀等方法讓學(xué)生形成感性認(rèn)識(shí),從而輕松地接受其中的物理知識(shí)點(diǎn);對(duì)大部分像我區(qū)這樣的內(nèi)陸農(nóng)村學(xué)生,連小船都很少見(jiàn),更不用說(shuō)船閘了。針對(duì)這一實(shí)際,我制作了簡(jiǎn)單的動(dòng)畫(huà)“船閘”,生動(dòng)地演示了輪船通過(guò)船閘的過(guò)程和船閘的工作原理,通過(guò)課堂應(yīng)用,所有學(xué)生都能輕松接受這部分知識(shí)。多媒體輔助教學(xué)的不足

      運(yùn)用多媒體輔助教學(xué),可以激活學(xué)生思維,活躍課堂氣氛,擴(kuò)大學(xué)生參與度。但凡事都有個(gè)“度”,多媒體輔助教學(xué)也不例外。在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,城市課堂上出現(xiàn)了大量錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)。農(nóng)村初級(jí)中學(xué)由于在多媒體輔助教學(xué)方面起步較晚,大多數(shù)學(xué)校這方面的問(wèn)題還不明顯,但也要防微杜漸?,F(xiàn)將多媒體輔助教學(xué)的不足簡(jiǎn)單列舉如下:

      1、盲目追求多媒體的表現(xiàn)形式,忽略了它僅僅是一種輔助手段的本質(zhì)。

      不少人認(rèn)為要算得上現(xiàn)代教學(xué),就一定要用課件來(lái)輔助教學(xué)。甚至在一些評(píng)優(yōu)課中,有的評(píng)委還存在“沒(méi)有電教手段就不予以考慮”的思想。還有的教師認(rèn)為電腦演示實(shí)驗(yàn),模擬的現(xiàn)象更精確,更直觀生動(dòng),而且模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果一定準(zhǔn)確,學(xué)生由此得出的結(jié)論一定科學(xué),可以避免學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中走彎路??因此就可以不做或少做實(shí)驗(yàn)而用計(jì)算機(jī)來(lái)取代實(shí)驗(yàn)。物理學(xué)科最鮮明的特點(diǎn)是以實(shí)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ),實(shí)驗(yàn)室能做的實(shí)驗(yàn),我認(rèn)為就不宜再用多媒體的模擬來(lái)替代,否則就失去了學(xué)生自己參與實(shí)驗(yàn)去探究、去體會(huì)的機(jī)會(huì)。戴爾的“經(jīng)驗(yàn)之塔”理論認(rèn)為,人們學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),一是通過(guò)自己直接經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得,即注重過(guò)程而獲得的經(jīng)歷;二是通過(guò)間接經(jīng)驗(yàn)獲得。這說(shuō)明,如果學(xué)生能夠自己直接動(dòng)手,親自體驗(yàn),就不必用多媒體來(lái)模擬展示。

      2、過(guò)分追求“短、平、快”,忽略學(xué)生思維所需要的時(shí)間停頓。由于多媒體技術(shù)的出現(xiàn),讓板書(shū)時(shí)間、實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間大大縮短,節(jié)省了時(shí)間必然會(huì)增大容量,信息延伸,有些教師忽視了學(xué)生的接受能力,其連接的內(nèi)容多、信息量大,在教學(xué)中卻不一定是件好事。由于課堂容量大了,老師都會(huì)不自覺(jué)地增加內(nèi)容,其實(shí)其中很多信息都游離在教學(xué)目標(biāo)之外,成為脫離實(shí)際的無(wú)用信息,既分散了學(xué)生的注意力,有浪費(fèi)了學(xué)生寶貴的時(shí)間。這就使課堂教學(xué)成了變種的填鴨式教學(xué),這是一種穿著漂亮外衣的高級(jí)的填鴨式教學(xué)。

      為了避免學(xué)生在高亮度的大屏幕前,不知所云;避免由于容量大,節(jié)奏快,再加上沒(méi)有給學(xué)生停頓思考時(shí)間,造成學(xué)生記憶中暫留的時(shí)間太短,刺激不夠強(qiáng)烈,印象不夠清晰,導(dǎo)致的教學(xué)效果不好,在運(yùn)用多媒體輔助教學(xué)中,要避免將教學(xué)內(nèi)容全部由計(jì)算機(jī)包辦代替,留給學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)間和消化知識(shí)的時(shí)間。

      學(xué)好物理最關(guān)鍵的是“理解”二字,物理學(xué)習(xí)必須通過(guò)過(guò)程思維活動(dòng),來(lái)獲得對(duì)知識(shí)的“理解”。實(shí)驗(yàn)證明,凡是需要展示過(guò)程的內(nèi)容,能在教學(xué)中體現(xiàn)“思考過(guò)程”的教學(xué)活動(dòng)才是最有效的。

      3、過(guò)分追求材料的直觀形象,不利于學(xué)生抽象思維能力的培養(yǎng)。

      根據(jù)認(rèn)識(shí)論中“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”的教學(xué)原理,在教學(xué)中應(yīng)重視思維活動(dòng)的“最近發(fā)展區(qū)”,以使學(xué)生能夠達(dá)到“跳起來(lái)摘桃”的最佳學(xué)習(xí)心理。物理教學(xué)中,教師根據(jù)學(xué)生思維能力的具體情況,運(yùn)用多媒體為學(xué)生提供恰當(dāng)?shù)闹庇^材料,幫助學(xué)生順利進(jìn)行物理思維活動(dòng)。但是,教學(xué)過(guò)程處理得過(guò)分直觀,過(guò)分形象,過(guò)分信賴多媒體的展示功能,會(huì)降低學(xué)生的思維水平,影響學(xué)生思維的發(fā)展,以致學(xué)生“長(zhǎng)不大”失去了對(duì)其思維能力的全方位培養(yǎng)。

      說(shuō)到底,多媒體技術(shù)僅僅是一種工具,而工具的本身是沒(méi)有什么好壞之分的,關(guān)鍵在于使用者本人。譬如一把切菜的刀,他的本身是沒(méi)有什么是與不是的,但是如果有人用它去切菜時(shí)就認(rèn)為這是一把有用的刀,反之如果有人拿他去做違法之事,那么人們就會(huì)說(shuō)這不是一把好刀。多媒體課件亦如此,問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵在于奮斗在教育工作崗位第一線的教師們,應(yīng)該好好的思考,如何好好的利用好這把“刀”。制作多媒體課件的常用軟件

      常用的制作多媒體課件的軟件主要是PowerPoint、Flash和Authorware。

      PowerPoint是Microsoft Office家族的成員,有97、2000、XP、2003、2007等版本,利用它可以靈活地制作文字、圖片、圖表、聲音、動(dòng)畫(huà)和視頻等多種媒體組合成電子文稿。該軟件簡(jiǎn)單易用,無(wú)需用戶有很深入的計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)和繪畫(huà)基礎(chǔ),只需用PowerPoint提供的模板和向?qū)蕴崾?,就可制作一份精美的演示文稿?/p>

      Flash是Macromedia公司的產(chǎn)品,是伴隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)動(dòng)畫(huà)的流行而流行起來(lái)的一種平面動(dòng)畫(huà)制作軟件,該軟件具有通俗易懂的特點(diǎn),學(xué)起來(lái)不用掌握太復(fù)雜的編程語(yǔ)言。利用Flash制作出來(lái)的動(dòng)畫(huà)容量小,通常1張軟盤就能裝下(盡管現(xiàn)在幾乎沒(méi)人用軟盤了),并且使用矢量圖,制作出來(lái)的動(dòng)畫(huà)任意放大都不會(huì)失真,在需要?jiǎng)赢?huà)演示的教學(xué)中,應(yīng)用非常廣泛。Authorware也是Macromedia公司的產(chǎn)品,它是一個(gè)可視化的多媒體集成環(huán)境,為設(shè)計(jì)者提供了一套符號(hào)化的設(shè)計(jì)圖標(biāo)為主要的設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)象,軟件制作過(guò)程中復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系可通過(guò)對(duì)各種圖標(biāo)進(jìn)行直觀的布局加以實(shí)現(xiàn),設(shè)計(jì)者無(wú)需掌握復(fù)雜的程序設(shè)計(jì)語(yǔ)言既可通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)圖標(biāo)的有機(jī)組合,輕松地將圖像、文字、聲音、視頻和動(dòng)畫(huà)集于一體,制作出有專業(yè)水平的多媒體課件。交互性強(qiáng)是該軟件的一大特點(diǎn)。

      學(xué)習(xí)和熟練使用這些軟件需要一個(gè)過(guò)程,其實(shí)在多媒體輔助教學(xué)中,有時(shí)根本不用使用復(fù)雜的制作軟件,制作多復(fù)雜的教學(xué)課件,就能達(dá)到較好的教學(xué)效果。因?yàn)樵趹?yīng)用多媒體輔助教學(xué)中,更多的時(shí)候是拓展學(xué)生的知識(shí)面,使之見(jiàn)識(shí)到平時(shí)見(jiàn)不到的物理知識(shí)的應(yīng)用情況,增強(qiáng)他們對(duì)物理有用、學(xué)好物理的觀念和信心。要達(dá)到這樣的教學(xué)目的,很多時(shí)候教師們用不著制作多么高深、復(fù)雜的課件,只需要通過(guò)截取影視作品中的相關(guān)片斷、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上尋找一些相關(guān)的視頻或圖片,在課堂上利用多媒體設(shè)備展示給學(xué)生,就能取得較好的教學(xué)效果。比如在“運(yùn)動(dòng)和靜止”教學(xué)中講到空中加油、同步衛(wèi)星等的相對(duì)靜止時(shí),簡(jiǎn)單地展示一兩份圖片,就能讓學(xué)生得到感性認(rèn)識(shí),達(dá)到預(yù)期的教學(xué)效果。

      通過(guò)應(yīng)用多媒體輔助教學(xué),在另一方面還促進(jìn)了教師傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變,也促使教師通過(guò)各種媒介不斷學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)科的相關(guān)知識(shí)、學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí),拓展自己的知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu),為更好地進(jìn)行教學(xué)活動(dòng)、提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量做好知識(shí)和技能的儲(chǔ)備。

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