第一篇：2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語教案——專題六 動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語教案

專題六 動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

【專題要點(diǎn)】動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)要點(diǎn)概述如下：

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示習(xí)慣性、個(gè)人能力、普遍真理；表示“已經(jīng)列入日程表”時(shí)常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來；

2.表示說話人始料的事，常用一般過去時(shí)；

3.進(jìn)行時(shí)與某些頻度副詞連用時(shí)，常帶有贊賞、厭煩等感情色彩； 4.時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中常用一般時(shí)表將來； 5.will/be going to do/be about to do的用法區(qū)別； 6．固定句式中的時(shí)態(tài)搭配；

7.用主動形式表示被動意義常見的幾種情況；

8.was/were going to do以及had intended/hoped/expected/thought等可表示本打算干某事，實(shí)際上未干成；

9.固定句式中的時(shí)態(tài)：

1）It/This is/was+the+序數(shù)詞+time+that-----;It/This is/was+the+形容詞最高級+名詞+-----2）hardly/scarcely----when,no sooner---than結(jié)構(gòu)中when,than前的主句必須用過去完成時(shí)時(shí)than,when所在的從句用一般過去時(shí)；

3）It is(high)time that-----(早)該----結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語動詞必須用過去時(shí)，是虛擬語氣的一種； 4）It will be+一段時(shí)間+before+從句（從句謂語動詞一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)）It was+一段時(shí)間+before+從句（從句謂語動詞一般用過去時(shí)）5）It is/has been+一段時(shí)間+since從句（從句用一般過去時(shí)）It was/had been+一段時(shí)間+since從句（從句用一般過去完成時(shí)）

【考綱要求】時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)一直是熱點(diǎn)，也是廣大考生復(fù)習(xí)備考的難點(diǎn)?？季V要求考生應(yīng)該具備較強(qiáng)的語言應(yīng)用能力，能在具體語境中恰當(dāng)、準(zhǔn)確地使用某一特定時(shí)態(tài)；熟練掌握常見的8種時(shí)態(tài)，弄清16種時(shí)態(tài)，同時(shí)還要熟練運(yùn)用特殊時(shí)態(tài)句式和用法以及不用被動式但表示被動的動詞和短語。

【教法指引】高考對時(shí)態(tài)的考查非常靈活且難度較大，不易把握。大部分時(shí)態(tài)題答案的選擇取決于題干語境；但也有部分時(shí)態(tài)試題較易把握，其用法相對固定，常見于特定句式結(jié)構(gòu)中；還有部分常見時(shí)態(tài)用法特殊。綜觀近年來的高考單項(xiàng)填空題,動詞成為考查的熱點(diǎn),在15個(gè)單項(xiàng)選擇中，考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)的題一般不少于2道，動詞的時(shí)態(tài)常和語態(tài)、主謂一致結(jié)合在一起進(jìn)行考查。教師在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考、答題中，要遵循如下思路： ① 這個(gè)動作可能發(fā)生在什么時(shí)間？題干句中可參照的時(shí)間信息有那些？

② 這個(gè)動作處于什么時(shí)態(tài)，是進(jìn)行中，還是已經(jīng)結(jié)束（完成）？限制或修飾這個(gè)動作的狀語信息有哪些？

③ 這個(gè)動作與主語的關(guān)系，是主動還是被動？

只要全面細(xì)致地考慮了這些問題的答案，試題的正確答案也就水落石出了。【知識網(wǎng)絡(luò)】

動詞時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)

一、動詞時(shí)態(tài)

（一）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常以動詞原形表示，但當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，應(yīng)用動詞的單數(shù)第三人稱形式。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要有以下幾種用法：

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常發(fā)生或習(xí)慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，常與usually, always, every day, twice a week, seldom, sometimes等時(shí)間狀語連用。

He always sleeps with the windows open.他總是開著窗子睡覺。

2、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示主語的性格、特征、能力等。He works hard.他工作很努力

3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理，也用在格言中。The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。

4、在時(shí)間、條件、比較等狀語從句中表將來的動作

在由when, if, after, before, as, as soon as, the minute, the next time, in case, though, till, until, unless, so long as, where, whatever, whenever等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，但應(yīng)注意，主句的謂語動詞必須用一般將來時(shí)。The volleyball match will be put off if it rains.如果下雨，排球賽將推遲

5、表示安排或計(jì)劃好的將來動作，通常限于表示“運(yùn)動”的動詞，如：go, come, leave, start等。The train starts at 10 o' clock in the morning.火車在上午10點(diǎn)發(fā)車

（二）一般過去時(shí)

一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時(shí)間連用，yesterday, last night, in 1990, two days ago等。也表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作，常和often, always等表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用

1、表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，常有明確的時(shí)間狀語，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

2、表示過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作常與often，usually，seldom等表示頻度的副詞連用。When I was in the countryside, I often called on my old friends there.我在鄉(xiāng)村里，經(jīng)常去拜訪那里的朋友。

3、在條件、時(shí)間狀語從句中，常用一般過去時(shí)代替過去將來時(shí)。

They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.他們說如果聽到什么關(guān)于他的消息，就通知我們。

4、表示虛擬語氣

這一用法只適用于某些特定的句型，表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼姆钦鎸?shí)、主觀意圖或愿望。If only I had a better memory.要是我的記憶力好一點(diǎn)就好了。

If it rained tomorrow, the match would be put off.要是明天下雨，比賽就會延期舉行。

（三）一般將來時(shí)

1、一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，如tomorrow, in the future, next year等。一般將來時(shí)由“助動詞will/shall+動詞原形”構(gòu)成。

2、一般將來時(shí)的其他表達(dá)法（1）“be going to+動詞原形”表將來

①這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的事或肯定要發(fā)生的事。They are going to meet outside the school gate.他們打算在校門口見面。

②還可表示說話人根據(jù)已有的事實(shí)或跡象，認(rèn)為某事即將發(fā)生、肯定會發(fā)生或可能出現(xiàn)的情況。I think I'm going to die.我想我要死了。(現(xiàn)在生命垂危)

Look at the cloud.It's going to rain.瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。(烏云密布，使我斷定天要下雨)

③這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示“肯定、預(yù)測，注定會”。在這種情況下可以和“think, hope, want, belive, like”等表示靜態(tài)的動詞連用。

He failed in the exam;he knew he was going to when he looked at the test paper.他沒考及格，他一看試卷就知道考不及格。The voters aren't going to like him.選民們不會喜歡他的?！癰e about to+動詞原形”表將來

（2）“be about to+動詞原形”表示打算或據(jù)安排即將發(fā)生的動作。它不與表示時(shí)間的副詞或其他時(shí)間狀語連用。The English evening is about to start.英語晚會即將開始。

（3）“be to+動詞原形”表示約定的、計(jì)劃中的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)要求要發(fā)生的動作，這種動作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意見。

There's to be a slide show this afternoon.今天下午要放幻燈。You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.到10點(diǎn)你得交上試卷。（4）用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)來表示將來

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，還有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。

I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.星期天我要去西藏。

When are you going back to your factory? 你什么時(shí)候回工廠？（5）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來

用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示根據(jù)規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生、安排或計(jì)劃好的將來的動作。這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如come, go, leave, start, begin, sail, return, stop, end, open, stay等。The plane starts at 8 o'clock in the morning.飛機(jī)上午8點(diǎn)起飛。When does the show begin?展覽什么時(shí)候開始？

（四）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)由“助動詞be（is/am/are）+ v-ing”構(gòu)成。它的用法如下：

1、表示說話人說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動作，它不涉及該動作的發(fā)生和結(jié)果，譯成漢語“正在”，這一用法常和表示此刻的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。

2、表示現(xiàn)階段但并非眼下正在進(jìn)行著的動作，這種動作常與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語連用，如these days , this week等。

3、表示將來的動作,表示某個(gè)按最近的計(jì)劃或安排將要進(jìn)行的動作，或即將開始或進(jìn)行的動作。常用的這類詞go, come, leave, stay, start, arrive, land, meet, move, return, stay, stop, do, dine等，通常要與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用，以區(qū)別此刻正在進(jìn)行的動作。He is coming to see you tomorrow.他明天要來看你。

4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩

和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等頻度副詞連用，表示經(jīng)常、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，不強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的進(jìn)行性。表達(dá)厭煩、憤怒、抱怨、贊揚(yáng)等情感。He is constantly leaving his things about.他時(shí)常亂丟東西。（表責(zé)怪）She is always changing her clothes.她老是換衣服。（表責(zé)怪）He is always working hard.他總是學(xué)習(xí)很用功。（表贊賞）They're forever quarrelling about something.他們老是為某件事爭吵。(不滿)

5、wonder, hope, think 等表示心理的動詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語氣 I'm wondering if I may come a little late.我在想我能不能晚來一會兒。

（五）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。構(gòu)成過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常由“助動詞be的過去時(shí)was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下：

1、表示過去某一時(shí)刻正在或過去某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。動作發(fā)生的特定時(shí)間常用一個(gè)短語或時(shí)間狀語從句來表明。

注意：在含有時(shí)間狀語從句的復(fù)合句中，延續(xù)時(shí)間較長的動作用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，另一個(gè)動作用一般過去時(shí)。如果表示兩個(gè)延續(xù)動作在過去某一時(shí)刻同時(shí)進(jìn)行，而不考慮動作的先后長短，則主句和從句的謂語動詞都用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

When I entered the room, she was sitting at her desk.我進(jìn)屋的時(shí)候，她正坐在書桌前面。The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.學(xué)生們在看書，而老師在批改他們的家庭作業(yè)。

2、用來描寫故事發(fā)生的背景

在口語或記敘文中，可以用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示的持續(xù)動作作為背景，以此引出由一般過去時(shí)表示的新動作。

It was a dark night.The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily.A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.一個(gè)漆黑的夜晚，狂風(fēng)大作，大雨傾盆，一位年輕的婦女突然出現(xiàn)在河岸上。

3、代替過去將來時(shí)

用于come, go ,leave, start, stay, arrive等表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，以表示過去將要發(fā)生的動作。She asked me whether he was starting the next day.她問我他是否第二天就走

4、表達(dá)褒貶等感情色彩

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)也可以和always，constantly，continually，forever等連用，表示說話人的主觀感情，如贊揚(yáng)、不滿、厭煩等。

He was always trying out new ideas.他總是試驗(yàn)一些新的設(shè)想 He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨這怨那

5、wonder, hope, think，want 等表示心理的動詞用于進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示婉轉(zhuǎn)的語氣---Excuse me, sir.Would you do me a favor?--打擾了,先生。你能幫我個(gè)忙嗎？

---Of course.What is it?--當(dāng)然。什么事？

---I was wondering if you could tell me how to fill out this form.--我一直在想你是否能告訴我怎樣填這張表

（六）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“助動詞have/has+過去分詞”構(gòu)成?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法如下：

1、表示發(fā)生在過去的動作或存在的狀態(tài)到說話時(shí)剛剛完成或結(jié)束，通常使用不具有延續(xù)意義的動詞，arrive, become, begin, break等。這種用法可帶有迄今意義的時(shí)間狀語，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可帶有包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。

I have already posted the photos.我已經(jīng)把照片寄出了

2、表示從過去某時(shí)開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)，也許還將繼續(xù)下去。這種用法通常用于具有延續(xù)意義的動詞，如live, stay, work等，并帶有表示時(shí)間段的狀語或迄今意義的時(shí)間的狀語，如for, since等

They have lived in Beijing since 2002.他們自從2002年以來就住在北京。

注意：表示短暫的動作動詞或狀態(tài)動詞不能用于這種用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能說：She has come to our school for 2 years.3、表示到現(xiàn)在為止的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作。常與often, always 等連用 He has been late for class every morning this week.這個(gè)星期他每天早晨都遲到。My father has always gone to work by bike.我爸爸一向騎車上班

4、用于時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中，表示將來要完成的動作或一個(gè)動作先于另一個(gè)動作。He will be back before I have finished my work.我完成工作之前他會回來的。

5、用在“It(This)is(will be)the first/second/third…time+ that從句”中

在這種從句中，當(dāng)主句動詞為is/will be時(shí)，that-從句的動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，that 可以省略。主句中的主語還可用this, this evening等;這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的first也可用其他序數(shù)詞；time也可由其他名詞替代

This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次來這里。It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.這將是我第一次當(dāng)眾講話。

6、“It(This)is the best(worst, most interesting等)+ 名詞+從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句要求用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

This is the best film I've ever seen.這是我所看過得最好的一部電影 This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.這是他寫得最好的一部小說。

7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以表示反問的語氣（與when連用）或感情色彩-Who is Jerry Cooper? 杰利?庫珀是誰呀？

-Haven't you met him yet? I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.你還沒見過他？我看見你和他在開會時(shí)握手了。Now you've done it.你這下可闖禍了。When have I been treated like this?我什么時(shí)候吃這一套？

8、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)都表示完成的動作，但現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這一動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的情況，所以它不能和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般過去時(shí)則表示過去的動作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生關(guān)系，它可以和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。

I have seen the film.我看過這部電影。（我了解這部電影的內(nèi)容）

I saw the film last week.我上星期看了這個(gè)電影。（只說明上星期看了這個(gè)電影，不涉及現(xiàn)在的情況）

He has lived here since 1972.1972年以來他一直住在這里。（他現(xiàn)在還住在這里）He lived here in 1972.1972年他們住在這里。（不涉及到現(xiàn)在是否還住在這里）

9、使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾點(diǎn)

（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確表示過去的時(shí)間狀語(如yesterday, last week, in 1976, two days ago, just now等)連用，但可以和下列不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用，如never, ever, always, yet, already, before, just, lately, so far, recently等

She has already come.她已經(jīng)來了。I have met him before.我以前曾見過他。

（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以和表示從過去某時(shí)刻延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在(包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi))的時(shí)間狀語連用。如today，this year，these days，this morning等

It has been hot this summer.今年夏天一直很熱。(說話時(shí)仍是夏天)I have written two letters this morning.今天上午我寫了兩封信。(說話時(shí)仍是上午)（3）表示短暫意義的動詞，如open，go，come，die，leave，arrive，begin，return，stop等，不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如要表達(dá)“他離開這兒已經(jīng)3年了”這一意思時(shí)，不能說“ He has left here for three years.”而要把其中的動詞換為延續(xù)性動詞或用其他表達(dá)法。如上句可用下列方式表達(dá): He has been away from here for three years.He left here three years ago.It is three years since he left here.（4）have/has been to表示到過某個(gè)地方，而have/has gone to表示已經(jīng)去了某處。He has been to the Great Wall.他到過長城。(現(xiàn)在他已不在長城)He has gone to the Great Wall.他去長城了。(現(xiàn)在他不在此地)

（七）過去完成時(shí)

過去完成時(shí)由“助動詞had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。用法如下：

1、過去完成時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作。它表示動作發(fā)的時(shí)間是“過去的過去”。表示過去某一時(shí)間可用by, before等構(gòu)成的短語，也可用when, before，after，until等引導(dǎo)的從句或通過上下文表示。

When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.當(dāng)我們到達(dá)電影院時(shí)，電影已經(jīng)開始了。

2、表示動作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到過去的這一時(shí)間，而且還可能繼續(xù)下去的動作，常和for, since構(gòu)成的短語或引導(dǎo)的從句連用。

3、用于表示與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬條件從句或as if從句中表示與過去事實(shí)相反

If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你，他就會問你這件事了。

Had I known that you wanted the book , I would have sent it.如果我知道你要這本書，我會送來的。

4、放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等過去時(shí)動詞的后面，表示在這些動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生了的事情。

My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告訴我，他已通過了考試。

5、用在 “It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引導(dǎo)的定語從句要用過去完成時(shí)。

This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.這是39年里他們第一次見面。It was the first time we had spoken together.這是我們第一次在一起說話。

6、intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動詞的過去完成時(shí)，表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的設(shè)想、意圖或希望等，含有某種惋惜。

I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本來昨天打算要去看你，但我來了個(gè)不速之客。

7、過去完成時(shí)常用結(jié)構(gòu)有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副詞的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他剛睡下鈴就響了。

No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他們剛剛離開大樓，一顆炸彈就爆炸了。

（八）過去將來時(shí)

過去將來時(shí)一般由 ”助動詞would(第二、三人稱)/should(第一人稱)+動詞原形“構(gòu)成。不論什么人稱，美國英語皆可用would。用法如下：

1、表示對過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。常用于賓語從句中。I thought they would come to help me.我認(rèn)為他們會來幫我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他說他要在車站等我們。

2、表示過去的某種習(xí)慣行為

He would sit for hours doing nothing.過去他常常坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.過去星期天他經(jīng)常來看望我們。

3、過去將來時(shí)的其它表達(dá)法（1）was/were going to ①表示過去的打算和意圖

He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期開始工作。（打算）②表示沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的打算和意圖

He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚來，但下雨了。(沒實(shí)現(xiàn))I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想這部電影會很有趣的。（結(jié)果不是）（2）was/were to+動詞原形

這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過去的計(jì)劃安排或注定要發(fā)生的事情。如果計(jì)劃的動作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動詞的完成式。

At that time he did not know that quitting the job was to become the turning point in his life.(注定要發(fā)生的事情)那時(shí)他不知道辭職將會成為他生活的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。She said she was to take up the position.(表示打算)他說他打算上任。

She said she was to have taken up the position.(計(jì)劃但未能實(shí)現(xiàn))他說他本打算上任。（3）was/were about to＋動詞原形

was/were about to＋動詞原形，表示過去即將發(fā)生的事。

The meeting was about to be held the following day.會議打算第二天開。

（4）表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞(如go，come，leave，start等)的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示按照過去的計(jì)劃安排將在過去將來發(fā)生的事情。

I didn't know you were coming.我不知道你會來。

（九）其他時(shí)態(tài)

1、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由”助動詞have/has been+-ing形式“構(gòu)成。用法如下：

（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并有可能延續(xù)下去的動作。常和for，since引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語連用。

They have been living here for 10 years.他們住在這里十年了。（2）表示一個(gè)動作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到說話時(shí)候剛結(jié)束。

I have been waiting you for about one hour.我等你大約一個(gè)小時(shí)了。(說話時(shí)”等“的動作剛結(jié)束)（3）表示重復(fù)（只斷斷續(xù)續(xù)，而非一直不停）

We've been discussing the matter several times this year.我們今年已數(shù)次討論那件事。（4）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的比較

A.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成，或者在過去曾經(jīng)發(fā)生過的動作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往表示仍將繼續(xù)下去的動作。

I have written an article.我寫了一篇文章。（已完成）

I have been writing an article.我一直在寫一篇文章。（還在寫）

B.當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示剛剛結(jié)束時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)則強(qiáng)調(diào)動作在不久以前持續(xù)進(jìn)行的情景，并帶有感色彩。

Now we have cleaned the room;we can move the things in.現(xiàn)在房子打掃好了，我們可以往里搬東西了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)打掃完了的結(jié)果）

-You look so tired.What have you been doing?你看起來很累，你干什么了？-I've been playing football.我踢足球了。（強(qiáng)調(diào)不久前踢球的情景）

2、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)由”助動詞shall/will+be+v-ing“構(gòu)成，用法如下:（1）表示將來某一時(shí)刻或某段時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動作，常與this time tomorrow, at 4 o'clock tomorrow afternoon等時(shí)間狀語連用。

I'll be visiting professor Li at 2 this afternoon.今天下午2點(diǎn)我將拜訪李教授。

At this time tomorrow we'll be flying over the Atlantic.明天此時(shí)我們正在飛越大西洋的上空。（2）表示一種已經(jīng)決定或肯定的動作或情況，或表示某動作將在按計(jì)劃發(fā)生而未完成。

We shall be having a meeting in a minute.我們一會兒就要開會。Will you be seeing Mr.Wang this evening? 今晚你會見王先生嗎？

3、將來完成時(shí)

將來完成時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完成的動作。將來完成時(shí)由”shall /will +have +v-ed“構(gòu)成。用法如下：

（1）將來完成時(shí)表示將來某一時(shí)間或動作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動作，通常與before或by連用。

By the end of this month , we'll have studied 10 units.到這月末，我們將學(xué)完10單元。（2）表示持續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間的動作或狀態(tài),這動作或狀態(tài)也可能將繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.下月他們搬到這里時(shí)，我們已住在該市五年了。

（3）表示對現(xiàn)在或?qū)砜赡芡瓿蓜幼鞯耐茰y

It is seven.He will have got up.現(xiàn)在7點(diǎn)，他可能已經(jīng)起床了

4、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示過去某一時(shí)間以前一直在進(jìn)行的動作。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由”助動詞had+ been+ v-ing“構(gòu)成。

（1）過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始并延續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)間。這一動作可能己經(jīng)停止也可能還在進(jìn)行。

She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告訴我她己經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)法語5年了。（仍繼續(xù)）

She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告訴我她己經(jīng)等我一個(gè)鐘頭了。（不再繼續(xù)）

（2）表示反復(fù)的動作、企圖、情緒、最近的情況

You had been giving me everything.你對我真是有求必應(yīng)。（感激）

I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究這首詩。（我還沒懂）

二、動詞的語態(tài)

（一）被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成

被動語態(tài)表示句子的主語是動作的承受者，也就是動作的對象，一般說來只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。其構(gòu)成為”be+及物動詞的過去分詞“。助動詞be有人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化，其變化規(guī)則與be作為連系動詞時(shí)完全一樣。含有情態(tài)動詞的謂語變化為被動語態(tài)時(shí)，由”情態(tài)動詞（can, may must, have to等）+be +動詞的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)合謂語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)，其構(gòu)成為“be going to（be to, used to, be about to）+ be +動詞的-ed形式”構(gòu)成。

（二）被動語態(tài)的適用范圍

1、當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動作的執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰是動作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。這時(shí)不用by短語。

This jacket is made of cotton.這件上衣是棉料的。

2、為了強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí)

Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。

3、出于策略、委婉、禮貌等不提出動作的執(zhí)行者 You are said to be active recently.據(jù)說你最近很活躍。常用于如下短語：

It's not known that… ……不得而知

It's said that… 據(jù)說…… It's reported that… 據(jù)報(bào)道……

It's not decided that…尚未決定 It's believed that… 據(jù)認(rèn)為……

It's announced that…據(jù)宣布……

（三）主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)

主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)要遵循以下原則：主動句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語（如果是人稱代詞，賓格變?yōu)橹鞲瘢?；把主動句中的謂語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)；主動句中的主語變?yōu)閎y介詞短語（如果是人稱代，主格變?yōu)橘e格），有時(shí)介詞短語可省去。

1、含有單個(gè)賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳?/p>

在一般情況下，將主動句中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍泳涞闹髡Z，動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)，主動句的主語變?yōu)閎y的賓語，但是短語可以不要。

Everyone likes the book.(active voice)大家都喜歡這本書?！鶷he book is liked by everyone.(passive voice)這本書受大家喜歡。

2、含有復(fù)合賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳?/p>

有些動詞后面可以跟“賓語+補(bǔ)足語”結(jié)構(gòu)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)被稱作復(fù)合賓語。含復(fù)合賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只將主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)中的主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語保留不動，這時(shí)它就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。可以充當(dāng)賓語補(bǔ)足語的有名詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、V-ing和V-ed等。

（1）行為動詞

They advised her to take the medicine.(active voice)他們勸她吃這種藥。→She was advised to take the medicine.(passive voice)她被勸告吃這種藥。（2）感官動詞和使役動詞跟不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)

在主動句中，動詞不定式做感官動詞（see, watch, hear等）和使役動詞（make ,have）的賓語補(bǔ)足語，通常省去動詞不定式符號to。但改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)后，要把省略了to再加上。They made him go there alone.他們讓他自己去那里。

→He was made to go there alone.他被迫自己去那里。注意：動詞是let時(shí)，其被動結(jié)構(gòu)中不定式仍不帶to。

They let John go.他們讓約翰走?！鶭ohn was let go.約翰不得不走。

3、含有雙賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳?①直接賓語是名詞、代詞時(shí)

有些動詞（give, tell, buy等）在句中做謂語時(shí)可有兩個(gè)賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語），又稱雙賓語。含雙賓語的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，可以將其中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)保留不動。一般是將主動結(jié)構(gòu)的間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語。當(dāng)直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)的主語時(shí)，間接賓語前應(yīng)加介詞to（有時(shí)可以省去）或for。She gave me the book.(active voice)她給了我這本書?！鶬 was given the book.(passive voice)有人送給我一本書 →The book was given to me.(passive voice)。這本書是別人送的。注意：被動句中兩個(gè)間接賓語對比時(shí)，其前的介詞to不可省略。This apple is given to me, not to you.這個(gè)蘋果是給我的，不是給你的。②直接賓語是從句時(shí)

如果直接賓語是從句時(shí)，一般只能構(gòu)成以間接賓語為主語的被動句。

Someone told me where the accident had happened.（passive voice）有人告訴我事故是在何處發(fā)生的。

→I was told where the accident had happened.(passive voice)我被告知事故在何處發(fā)生。

4、帶賓語從句的主動句換為被動句

（1）帶賓語從句的主動句換為被動句時(shí)，通常用it作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的形式主語。We believed that he was ill.我們相信他病了。→It was believed that he was ill.都相信他病了。

（2）帶賓語從句的主動句換為被動句時(shí)，可以改為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

He said the play was very interesting.他說這臺戲劇很有趣。

→The play was said to be very interesting.據(jù)說這臺戲劇很有趣。

5、帶有情態(tài)動詞或be going to的主動句換為被動句

如果主動句帶有情態(tài)動詞或be going to(be about to, be to, used to, have to)等，在變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r(shí)，情態(tài)動詞或be going to等不變，只是后面的主動詞變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。He is going to give me a book.他打算給我一本書。→I am going to be given a book.有人打算給我一本書。

We must take measures to stop pollution.我們必須采取措施制止污染?！鶰easures must be taken to stop pollution.必須采取措施制止污染。

（三）被動結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)態(tài)

被動語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)是由be的不同時(shí)態(tài)+及物動詞的-ed形式來構(gòu)成的

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是由“be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)（am/is/are）+及物動詞的-ed形式”構(gòu)成。Football is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球。

2、一般過去式

一般過去式的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是由“be的一般過去式（was/were）+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。The building was built in 1559.這座建筑是1559年建成的。

3、一般將來時(shí)

一般將來時(shí)的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是由“be的一般將來時(shí)（shall/will be）+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。

More factories will be built in my hometown.我們家鄉(xiāng)會建更多的工廠。

4、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是由“be的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（am/is/are being）+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。

The life of the milu is being studied at present.目前人們正在研究麋鹿的生活習(xí)慣。

5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)是由“be的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)（has/have been）+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。

All the preparations for the task have been completed and we're ready to start.任務(wù)的準(zhǔn)備工作業(yè)已完成，我么們準(zhǔn)備開始。

6、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)是由“be的過去進(jìn)行時(shí)（was/were being）+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。

When I got there a new road was being built by them.我到那里時(shí)，他們正在建一條新路。

7、過去完成時(shí)

過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)是由“be的過去完成時(shí)（had been）+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。

He asked me how many English words had been learned by that year.他問我到那年我學(xué)了多少英語單詞。

8、含有情態(tài)動詞或be going to 的被動語態(tài)

含有情態(tài)動詞的被動結(jié)構(gòu)是由“情態(tài)動詞或be going to(be about to, used to, be to, have to等)+be+及物動詞的-ed形式” 構(gòu)成。This bike can be mended in two hours.兩個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)可修好該自行車。They have to be given a lot of money.必須給他們很多錢。

9、短語動詞的被動語態(tài)

通常只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)，但有些短語動詞相當(dāng)于及物動詞，可以有被動語態(tài)，但短語動詞是一個(gè)不可分隔的整體，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉構(gòu)成短語動詞的介詞或副詞。

Have you sent for the doctor?你派人去請醫(yī)生了嗎? →Has the doctor been sent for?派人去請醫(yī)生了嗎? 注意：主動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞為“不及物動詞+名詞+介詞”構(gòu)成的及物的短語動詞時(shí)，通常把它看成一個(gè)整體。但也可將這類短語動詞本身的名詞用作主語，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)，尤其是在名詞前有定語修飾時(shí)。

Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill.必須仔細(xì)照料這些孩子，尤其是在他們生病時(shí)。

You should pay more attention to your pronunciation.你應(yīng)當(dāng)注意你的發(fā)音。→More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.注意你的發(fā)音。

（四）Get型被動語態(tài)

被動語態(tài)的基本形式是由“be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。但在現(xiàn)代英語中大量地出現(xiàn)了由“get+及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動語態(tài)，這叫g(shù)et-型被動語態(tài)。get-型被動語態(tài)中的過去分詞數(shù)量有限，通常為單個(gè)的動詞或比較簡單的動詞短語。

1、get+及物動詞的過去分詞

get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等動詞的-ed形式連用，構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)一般指動作的結(jié)果而非動作本身，常指“最后終于，突然發(fā)生”等意義。

He got wounded in the battle.他在戰(zhàn)斗中受傷了。

The boy got hurt on his way home from work.男孩在回家的路上受傷了。

2、get-型被動語態(tài)一般不宜用在含有雙賓語的結(jié)構(gòu)中，也不宜與see, hear, watch, listen to等感官動詞構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。

The old man was offered a large sum of money.（正）有人給了這位老人一大筆錢。The old man got offered a large sum of money.(誤)

3、get-型被動語態(tài)有時(shí)有言外之意或具有感情色彩

He got taught a lesson.他被教訓(xùn)了一頓。（有“活該”之意）

How did the window get closed.窗戶怎么關(guān)上了？（有“不該關(guān)上’之意）

4、get-型被動語態(tài)有時(shí)表示開始進(jìn)入某種狀態(tài)，而be+動詞的-ed形式只表示存在的狀態(tài)。

She got tired.她感到累了。（有開始感到疲勞的含義）She was tired.(只表示”她累了”)

（五）主動形式表示被動意義

1、既是及物又是不及物的動詞

一些既是及物又是不及物的動詞。如read, write, sell, open, shut, begin, wash, wear, cut, lock, play, pack, strike, split, act, draw, iron, dry, eat heat, clean等；此類動詞常接副詞作狀語（有些可以不加）。

Books of this kind sell well.這本書很暢銷 The door won't shut.門關(guān)不上

2、系動詞

系動詞look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等。此類動詞常接形容詞作表語。

-Do you like the material?你喜歡這塊面料嗎？-Yes, it feels very soft.喜歡，手感不錯(cuò)。

The dish tastes good.這菜味道不錯(cuò)。

3、need等詞后面常接主動的-ing分詞形式

need, want, require，stand, take, won't bear, repay, deserve等詞后面常接主動的-ing分詞形式，表示被動意義。在這種情況下，句子的主語在邏輯上是-ing分詞的賓語。Your hair needs cutting.你的頭發(fā)需要理。

The room wants cleaning everyday.這個(gè)房間需要每天打掃。

The point deserves mentioning.這一點(diǎn)值得提。

The rules take some learning.這規(guī)則需要下點(diǎn)功夫?qū)W。That won't bear thinking of.那不堪想象。

4、某些表語的形容詞后，用不定式主動表示被動

當(dāng)動詞不定式作表語形容詞（如形容詞easy, difficult, hard等）的狀語，又與句子的主語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。This question is difficult to answer.這個(gè)問題很那回答。The room is comfortable to live in.這屋子住起來很舒服。

5、某些作賓補(bǔ)的形容詞后，用不定式主動表示被動

當(dāng)動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)形容詞（如形容詞easy, difficult, hard等）的狀語，又與句子的賓語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。

We find the man hard to get along with.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)人很難相處。I think English easy to learn.我發(fā)現(xiàn)英語很好學(xué)。

6、不定式作定語

不定式作定語與前面的名詞或代詞有動賓關(guān)系時(shí)，動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動含義。I have a lot of work to do this week.本周我有很多工作要做。

7、be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)

在be worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)中，-ing分詞形式表示被動含義。句子的主語在邏輯上是-ing分詞的賓語。

The film is worth seeing.這部電影值得看。

（六）不宜用被動語態(tài)的動詞

英語中并非所有動賓結(jié)構(gòu)的句子都能改為被動語態(tài)?，F(xiàn)將不宜改為被動語態(tài)的句子類型舉例說明如下：

1、當(dāng)have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示狀態(tài)的及物動詞作謂語時(shí) Our village has twenty tractors.我們村有20臺拖拉機(jī)。The hall can hold 2000 people.這個(gè)大廳能盛2000人 The war lasted four years.這場戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了4年

2、當(dāng)某些及物動詞（如leave, enter, join,等）的賓語是表示處所、地點(diǎn)或組織時(shí) The students entered the classroom one by one.學(xué)生門陸續(xù)地進(jìn)了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago.我哥哥2年前入了黨。My father left his hometown five years ago.我父親5年前離開了家鄉(xiāng)。

3、當(dāng)主動句中有表示數(shù)量、長度、大小或程度等的詞或詞組作賓語，但此賓語在意義上相當(dāng)于狀語時(shí)

Each stone weighs as much as two and a half tons.每塊石頭重達(dá)兩噸半 He ran ten miles without rest.他一氣跑了10英里路

4、當(dāng)表示行為、方式的賓語在意義上相當(dāng)于狀語時(shí)

He spoke that way his father had spoken just now.他學(xué)著他父親剛才的樣子講話

5、當(dāng)句子的賓語和謂語是一個(gè)不可分割的整體時(shí) We Chinese always keep words.我們中國人說話是算數(shù)的

6、當(dāng)句子的賓語是反身代詞時(shí)

He can dress himself.他能自己穿衣服。

Help yourself to the dishes.隨便吃菜

7、當(dāng)句子的賓語為相互代詞時(shí)

We learned from and helped each other.我們互相學(xué)習(xí)互相幫助

For years the three sisters looked after one another.多年來仨姐妹互相照顧

8、當(dāng)句子的賓語是同源賓語時(shí)

The Browns live a happy life.布朗一家過著幸福的生活。

9、當(dāng)句子的賓語為行為者（主語）身體上某一部分時(shí)。

I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive.看到他還活著，我簡直不相信自己的眼睛。He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence.他跨越柵欄時(shí)傷了腳。

10、某些動詞+介詞的慣用詞組也不能變?yōu)楸粍泳?The book belongs to me.這本書是我的。

11、當(dāng)句子的賓語是動名詞或動名詞短語時(shí)。He likes studying English.他喜歡學(xué)習(xí)英語

12、當(dāng)句子的賓語是動詞不定式或動詞不定式短語時(shí) I wish to go there myself.我想親自去那里一趟

注意：少數(shù)以不定式（短語）做賓語的動詞（如agree, feel, decide, think等）可以變?yōu)楸粍泳洌荒芤圆欢ㄊ剑ǘ陶Z）直接做被動句的主語，而要借助it為先行主語，將不定式（短語）置于謂語動詞之后

He has decided to go and study abroad.→It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad.他已決定出國留學(xué)。

第二篇：動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)教案專題

動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)教案

徐紅平2012-9動詞時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)

目標(biāo)：1.掌握英語的八種基本時(shí)態(tài)和幾種?？紩r(shí)態(tài)

2.了解并熟練掌握高考的幾種熱點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài)

3.區(qū)分并正確運(yùn)用幾種易混時(shí)態(tài)

一、英語的常見時(shí)態(tài)：

一般

進(jìn)行

完成完成進(jìn)行

現(xiàn)在

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去

一般過去時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去完成時(shí)

過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

將來

一般將來時(shí)

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

將來完成時(shí) /

過去將來

過去將來時(shí)

/ / /

練兵場——穩(wěn)操勝券

1.Look at the timetable.Hurry up!Flight 4026 ______ off at 18∶20.A.takes

B.took

C.will be taken

D.has taken 答案 A 解析: 飛機(jī)、火車等按時(shí)刻表運(yùn)行，表達(dá)時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。

2.The young girl sitting next to me on the plane was very nervous.She_before.A.hasn’t flown

B.didn’t fly

C.hadn’t flown

D.wasn’t flying

答案 C 解析: hadn’t flown動作發(fā)生在was nervous之前。

3.My cousin went to Canada two years ago.He ______ there for a few months and then went to America.A.worked

B.would work

C.would be working

D.has been working 答案 A 解析: 考查一般過去時(shí)的基本用法。句中并列連詞and連接兩個(gè)發(fā)生在過去的順承的動作，時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)該一致。

4.--Your job ______ open for your return.--Thanks.A.will be kept

B.will keep

C.had kept

D.had been kept 答案 A 解析: keep the job/the position open使工作、職位等處于空缺狀態(tài)，由句意“隨時(shí)歡迎你回來工作”可知用將來時(shí)。

5.--______ you ______ him around the museum yet?--Yes.We had a great time there.A.Have;shown

B.Do;show C.Had;shown

D.Did;show 答案 A 解析: 此處表示說話者詢問對方“有沒有帶領(lǐng)他參觀博物館”的結(jié)果，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。6.--I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.--Impossible.She ______ TV with me in my home then.A.watched

B.had watched

C.would watch

D.was watching 答案 D 解析: 考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)。句意為：“我昨晚8點(diǎn)鐘在公園看見簡和她男朋友了！”“不可能。她當(dāng)時(shí)正在我家和我一起看電視?！贝颂帟r(shí)間狀語為then，指的是at eight yesterday evening，指過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)正在進(jìn)行的動作，故應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。7.The flowers were so lovely that they ______ in no time.A.sold

B.had been sold

C.were sold

D.would sell 答案 C 解析: 由“were so...”可知此處用一般過去時(shí)態(tài)；flowers應(yīng)該是“被賣光”，故用被動形式。8.--What’s that noise?

--Oh, I forgot to tell you.The new machine ______.A.was tested

B.will be tested C.is being tested

D.has been tested 答案 C 解析: 根據(jù)一對一的問答可知，“機(jī)器正在被檢測”，故選C項(xiàng)。

9.In a room above the store，where a party ______, some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held

B.has been held C.will be held

D.is being held 答案 A 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)。根據(jù)“some workers were busily setting the table”判斷，聚會還沒舉行，應(yīng)用將來時(shí)態(tài)，且整個(gè)句子用了過去時(shí)，故用過去將來時(shí)態(tài)。10.--I have got a headache.--No wonder.You ______ in front of that computer too long.A.work

B.are working

C.have been working

D.worked 答案 C 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。由“I have got a headache”可知，空處應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動作“從過去開始持續(xù)至今且還會進(jìn)行下去”，體現(xiàn)過去開始的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響及結(jié)果。

二、熱點(diǎn)時(shí)態(tài): 一般過去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.I ______ you not to move my dictionary--now I cannot find it.A.asked

B.ask

C.was asking

D.had asked 2.--The window is dirty.--I know.It ____ for weeks.A.hasn’t cleaned B.didn’t clear C.wasn’t cleaned D.hasn’t been cleaned 3.She was surprised to find the fridge empty;the child _____ everything!A.had been eating

B.had eaten

C.have eaten

D.have been eating 4.--Has Sam finished his homework today?

--I have no idea.He ______ it this morning.A.did

B.has done

C.was doing

D.had done 5.--Have you decided already?

--Yes, I______ at once.--Yes, I______ already.A.have decided

B.decided

C.will decide

D.had decided

三、易混時(shí)態(tài)辨析: 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1).Listen to the two girls by the window.What language ____ they _______(speak)? 2).I ______ ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year.A.will play

B.have played

C.played

D.play 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)指經(jīng)常性，習(xí)慣性的動作；而現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)則表示此刻或近一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。

2.一般過去時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1).He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.A.wrote;has finished

B.was writing;has finished C.was writing;had finished

D.wrote;will finish

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行而尚未完成的動作或狀態(tài)。2).As she _______ the newspaper, Granny _______ asleep.A.read;was falling

B.was reading;fell

C.was reading;was falling

D.read;fell

長動作在進(jìn)行時(shí),被一個(gè)短動作打斷,長動作用進(jìn)行體,短動作用一般體。一般過去時(shí)表示一個(gè)已經(jīng)完成的動作或過去習(xí)慣性的動作，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動作，具有持續(xù)和未完成的含義。3.一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1).I _______(live)there for six years when I was a kid.2).He ________ abroad for ten years and now he is used to the life in Beijing.A.has lived

B.had lived

C.lived

D.was living 3).When I was at college I _______ three foreign languages but I ________ all except a few words of each.A.spoke;had forgotten

B.spoke;have forgotten

C.had spoken;had forgotten

D.had spoken;have forgotten 二者所表示動作均發(fā)生在過去。一般過去時(shí)僅指動作在過去發(fā)生了，對現(xiàn)在沒有影響；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動作雖發(fā)生在過去，但影響到現(xiàn)在仍然存在。

四、挑戰(zhàn)高考——信心滿滿

1.Ladies and gentlemen，please fasten your seat belts.The plane ______.A.takes off

B.is taking off

C.has taken off

D.took off 答案 B 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。動詞go，come，leave及詞組take off等用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的動作。

2.John，a friend of mine，who got married only last week，spent $ 3，000 more than he ______ for the wedding.A.will plan

B.has planned

C.would plan

D.had planned 答案 D 解析: plan表示的動作發(fā)生在spend這一過去動作之前，故應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)。句意為：我的朋友約翰上周結(jié)婚了，婚禮花去了3 000美元，超過了原計(jì)劃。3.--Did you see a man in black pass by just now?--No, sir.I ______ a newspaper.A.read

B.was reading C.would read

D.am reading 答案 B 解析: 由just now判斷應(yīng)用過去時(shí)態(tài)，又由語境“穿黑衣服的人路過時(shí)，我正在看報(bào)，所以沒看見他”知空處要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

4.I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ______ there several years ago.A.are going

B.had been

C.went

D.have been 答案 C 解析: 句中several years ago是一般過去時(shí)的標(biāo)志。5.--Have you got any job offers?--No.I ______.A.waited

B.had been waiting

C.have waited

D.am waiting 答案 D 解析: 句意為：“有人給你提供工作了嗎？”“沒有，我正在等著。”用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

6.When you are home, give a call to let me know you ______ safely.A.are arriving

B.have arrived

C.had arrived

D.will arrive 答案 B 句意: 當(dāng)你到家的時(shí)候，打電話給我讓我知道你已經(jīng)到家了。

解答：根據(jù)選項(xiàng)此題考察時(shí)態(tài)。此題可以根據(jù)句意也可以使用排除法。句意為“當(dāng)你到家的時(shí)候，打電話給我讓我知道你已經(jīng)到家了”B選項(xiàng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示將來完成，譯為“已經(jīng)??”。同時(shí)也可以使用排除法，arrive既可以使用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來也可以用will + do表示將來，因此A和D同時(shí)排除，C為過去完成時(shí)，使用過去完成時(shí)時(shí)句中一定要有一般過去時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)是過去的過去，因此C也排除，選擇B.7.--Tommy is planning to buy a car.--I know.By next month, he _______ enough for a used one.A.saves

B.saved

C.will save

D.will have saved 答案 D 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為“——Tommy將計(jì)劃買車。——我知道，到下個(gè)月為止，他積攢的錢足夠買一輛舊車了?！眀y next month是將來完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志，全句表示在將來next month之前完成“積攢足夠錢”的動作，對將來的時(shí)間next month產(chǎn)生影響，能買一輛舊車。故選D。

8.--That must have been a long trip.--Yeah, it ______ us a whole week to get there.A.takes

B.has taken

C.took

D.was taking 答案 C 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為“——那一定是長途旅行?！堑?，我們花了整整一周時(shí)間才趕到那兒?！鳖}干中must have done是對過去的肯定推測，提示時(shí)間在過去，描述過去的情況，排除A和B，D項(xiàng)was taking進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表將來，但事實(shí)上事情已發(fā)生，這與題意不符，因此選C。

9.When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ______ there.A.had been lying

B.has been lying

C.was lying

D.has lain 答案 A 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為“當(dāng)Alice蘇醒過來時(shí)，她不知道她在那兒躺了多久了。”過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示持續(xù)到過去某時(shí)之前的動作。came to蘇醒過來是過去時(shí)，蘇醒前的情況是過去的過去，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的過去里發(fā)生的事，故選A。

10.Planning so far ahead _ no sense--so many things will have changed by next year.A.made

B.is making

C.makes

D.has made 答案 C 解析: 考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)。句意為“計(jì)劃這么超前毫無意義—到明年許多事情會發(fā)生變化的?！鼻熬浔硎粳F(xiàn)在的情況make no sense，后句表示到將來會產(chǎn)生的后果will have changed。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示主語的特征或狀態(tài)。is making和has made表示具體的動作過程，故不選。因此選C。

第三篇：高三英語語法復(fù)習(xí)教案-動詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)

高三英語語法復(fù)習(xí)教案-動詞時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài) 【時(shí)態(tài)的基本概念】

時(shí)態(tài)是表示謂語動作時(shí)間概念的動詞形式。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)專指謂語動詞而言，不同時(shí)間概念的謂語動作有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，每一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)又有各自不同的動詞形式。高中階段要求學(xué)生熟練掌握八種時(shí)態(tài)，此外現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)在高中教材中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，也應(yīng)列入“應(yīng)知應(yīng)會”的范圍。

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或規(guī)律性的動作。

Each person needs water and a diet of healthy food.(P.2, Senior Book1B)The moon travels round the earth once every month.(P.8, Senior Book2B)在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來的概念。引起時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有：when, after, before, until, as soon as；引起條件狀語從句的連詞有：if, unless;so(as)long as。

I will not stop my fight against slavery until all slaves are free.(P.52, Senior Book1A)2.一般過去時(shí)：過去發(fā)生過了的動作，這個(gè)動作的全過程已經(jīng)結(jié)束。諸如yesterday, last… …ago都是典型的一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語。

Fortunately, I was in time for the interview.(P.34, Senior Book2B)The interview went well and I told the company about my experiences and answered their questions as honestly as I could.(P.34, Senior Book2B)3.一般將來時(shí)：將要發(fā)生的動作。----It's a bit windy today, isn't it?----Yes, it is.Hopefully tomorrow will turn out fine.(P.43, senior Book2B)Besides, you will not find coral near the mouths of rivers either because the river water has too much soil in it or because it is polluted.(P.20, Senior Book2B)Do you think our manager is going to have a new factory built?(P.24, Senior Book2B)4.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：說話時(shí)正在發(fā)生的動作。

I'm doing a word puzzle in this newspaper.I'm trying to find the name of a famous person.Can you help me?(P.1, Senior Book2B)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)同always配合使用時(shí)，帶有厭惡、批評，不喜歡等感情色彩。

They also have bad teeth, because of the sugar which they are always eating.(P.3, Senior Book1B)5.過去進(jìn)行時(shí):過去某一時(shí)間或某段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動作。

He bought a coffee and as the train was traveling fast and moving from side to side , he decided to drink it there and not to carry it back to his seat.(P.32, Senior Book2B)Over 500 people were working in the building when the fire broke out on the 11th floor.(P.6, Senior Book1B)6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去的動作。

Mr.Ball has just called on Mrs.Zhu to give her a message.(P.13, Senior Book2B)同現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系是：“剛剛探訪了朱夫人，給她帶了口信”，這件事距現(xiàn)在時(shí)間很近，沒有多長時(shí)間。

We shall have to make a decision about Ms King, whose story I have just told you.(P.19, Senior Book1B)同現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系是：現(xiàn)在你們已經(jīng)知道有關(guān)她的經(jīng)歷，不會影響做出決定。

7.過去完成時(shí)：比過去的一個(gè)參照動作或時(shí)間更早的動作，作為參照的過去的動作或時(shí)間有時(shí)在句子中直接表述出來，有時(shí)通過上下文暗示。Her parents were dead and had left her a lot of money.(P.14, Senior Book2B)本句中had left her a lot of money 發(fā)生在her parents were dead之前，比較容易看出“過去的過去”，應(yīng)該不會產(chǎn)生理解上的困難。

Einstein had always been fond of music and had learnt music as a young boy.(P.3, Senior Book2B)課文一直在敘述愛因斯坦的經(jīng)歷、成就，使用的都是一般過去時(shí)。或者我們可以說一般過去時(shí)是課文的基礎(chǔ)時(shí)態(tài)。課文的最后又倒敘愛因斯坦少年時(shí)代的事情，這是比基礎(chǔ)時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)更早的動作，因此兩個(gè)并列的謂語動詞都用過去完成時(shí)。在這類句子中，作為參照的動作或時(shí)間需要我們通過對文章的整體理解才能體會出來。

8.過去將來時(shí)：以過去某一時(shí)間為參照，將要發(fā)生的動作。在賓語從句中由于時(shí)態(tài)呼應(yīng)的要求，經(jīng)常會用到過去將來時(shí)。

I thought it was going to be fun.(P.54, Senior Book1A)針對 I thought 這個(gè)過去的動作而言的將來。

9.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： 由過去開始，延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并且可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的動作。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)在句子中一般可以翻譯成“一直┉”。

People have been talking of it a lot recently.(P.25, Senior Book2B)最近人們一直在大量地談?wù)撨@件事。

Pippa's parents have been waiting for them.(P.61, Senior Book2A)Pippa的父母一直在等他們。

For years we have been dreaming better housing and jobs.(P.37, Senior Book2B)多年來我們一直夢想著更好的住房和工作?！鞠嚓P(guān)知識及運(yùn)用】

1.一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別。

上述三個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)在使用中容易混淆是因?yàn)樗麄冇邢嘟牡胤?，這個(gè)相近之處就是“過去”?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的概念都同“過去”有關(guān)，彼此之間的混淆便由此產(chǎn)生。只有抓住他們的不同，才能熟練地將這三種時(shí)態(tài)區(qū)別開。①一般過去時(shí)只用以陳述過去發(fā)生過的事情。

In a poor district in Paris, in the year 1775, there was a wine shop, the owner of which was Monsieur Defarge.(P.56, Senior Book2B)向讀者陳述1775年所發(fā)生的故事的地點(diǎn)、人物等有關(guān)信息。②現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表達(dá)的動作雖然發(fā)生在過去，但說話時(shí)要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)過去的動作與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系，語意的重心著眼于現(xiàn)在。這種過去的動作同現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系有兩種情況： a)過去的動作對現(xiàn)在仍具有影響。

----Would you go to see the film with me this evening?----Sorry, I have seen it before.have seen the film的動作肯定發(fā)生在過去，對現(xiàn)在的影響是“我不想和你去看了”。b)過去的動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。表示這種延續(xù)時(shí)經(jīng)常會用到for、since一類時(shí)間狀語。I have worked in Beijing since I graduated from the university.(從畢業(yè)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)We have lived in Beijing for about 20 years.(20年前發(fā)生的 “l(fā)ive”，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)③過去完成時(shí)必須有一個(gè)過去的動作作為參照點(diǎn)，由此發(fā)生了同一般過去時(shí)混淆的問題。過去完成時(shí)是一種相對的時(shí)態(tài)，它必須有一個(gè)過去的動作為參照，比這個(gè)過去的參照動作更早的動作才能用過去完成時(shí)。如果沒有這個(gè)過去的參照的動作，就沒有過去完成時(shí)，即使是一億年前的動作也是一般過去時(shí)。

When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.got to the cinema是過去的動作，had begun則發(fā)生在got to the cinema 之前。進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的兩種概念

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去進(jìn)行時(shí)都具有兩種不同的時(shí)間概念：瞬間概念和階段概念。

①現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的瞬間概念就是“說話的時(shí)候”。表示瞬間概念時(shí)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的時(shí)態(tài)特點(diǎn)是，動作已經(jīng)開始，正在過程中，但尚未結(jié)束。

基于這一特點(diǎn)，下列句子通常用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，以表達(dá)動作沒有結(jié)束。Our country is getting stronger and stronger.I'm getting on well with my English.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的瞬間概念通常用表示“點(diǎn)時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語表達(dá)出來。I was doing my homework this time yesterday.Mother was cooking when I came home.②階段概念的時(shí)間狀語是“段時(shí)間”，表示在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直在做的動作，至于動作是否結(jié)束則不是說話者所關(guān)心的。

He is writing a new novel these days.這些天他一直在寫一本新小說。（沒有干其他的事情）The workers were building a bridge last year.這些工人們?nèi)ツ暌恢痹谛藿ㄒ蛔鶚颉?.將來時(shí)的五種動詞形式

1.will(shall)+動詞原形，用以表示“預(yù)見”和“主觀意圖” Go through the gate and you will find the entrance to Bear Country on the other side.(P1, Senior Book2A)（表示“預(yù)見”）

Let's go together then.I will meet you at the theatre at six-thirty.(P.19, Senior Book2A)

(表示“主觀意圖)2.be going to + 動詞原形，用以表示”打算做某事“或”已經(jīng)有跡象將要發(fā)生的情況。I'm going to cut this tree down.(P.25, Senior Book1B)It is going to rain.(有跡象表明將要下雨)3.be to +動詞原形，用以表示按照計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作或表示命令、禁止。

The message is this: you are to go to the hotel where rooms have already been booked for you.(P.33, Senior Book2B)4.will be doing，在當(dāng)代英語中用以表示純粹的將來。Who will be taking over her job? Everybody else will be wearing jewellery.(P.13, Senior Book1B)5.用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動詞形式表示將來的概念。這種用法通常僅限于瞬間動詞，因?yàn)樗查g動詞不可能有“進(jìn)行”的概念，所以不會產(chǎn)生歧義。

How many of you are making the trip?(P.9, Senior Book1B)Is anybody seeing you off?(P.13 Senior Book1A)

【語態(tài)的基本概念】 語態(tài)是表示主語、謂語和賓語之間相互關(guān)系的動詞形式。在英語中有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)之分。

主動語態(tài)所表達(dá)的主、謂、賓之間的關(guān)系是：主語發(fā)出或執(zhí)行謂語動作，謂語動作的對象或承受者為賓語。即主語同謂語具有語意上的邏輯關(guān)系，謂語同賓語具有語意上的邏輯關(guān)系。被動語態(tài)所表達(dá)的關(guān)系是：動作的承受者做句子的主語，這時(shí)句子的主語和謂語之間具有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。Satellites for broadcasting are used to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to another.(P.8, Senior Book2B)謂語動詞use同主語satellites for broadcasting具有邏輯動賓關(guān)系，因此使用被動語態(tài)。我們可以將這個(gè)句子恢復(fù)成正常的主、謂、賓關(guān)系：

We use satellites for broadcasting to send radio and TV programmes from one part of the world to another.【相關(guān)知識及運(yùn)用】

1.被動語態(tài)的動詞形式問題： 在語言實(shí)踐中，語態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)總是結(jié)合在一起使用，每一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)都有同它相對應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)形式。

被動語態(tài)的基本形式：語態(tài)助動詞be + 過去分詞。

凡需進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)變化時(shí)，只將be 變?yōu)榕c其相應(yīng)的時(shí)態(tài)形式，過去分詞永遠(yuǎn)不變。

動詞do 的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)形式變化對照表

主動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) do(does)am(is, are)+ done 一般過去時(shí) did was(were)+ done 一般將來時(shí) will(shall)do will be + done 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am(is are)doing am(is,are)being+done 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was(were)doing was(were)being+done 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have(has)done have(has)been+done 過去完成時(shí) had done had been+done 過去將來時(shí) would do would be + done 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) have(has)been doing 沒有被動形式 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) Had been doing 沒有被動形式

Many of them are well received, such as Follow Me;Follow Me to Science.(P.46, Senior Book1A)Ships and planes can be warned so that they can keep out of the path of the hurricane.(P.9, Senior Book2B)They are already being used in agriculture and industry.(P.26, Senior Book2B)Computer will be used more and more in transport.(P.26, Senior Book2B)A new government programme has been designed to help disabled people.(P.46, Senior Book2B)2.高考試題實(shí)例分析 直接考查時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)知識的試題主要體現(xiàn)在單項(xiàng)選擇和改錯(cuò)兩個(gè)題型中，而且?guī)缀趺磕甓紩嫉?，因此必須將時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)問題作為復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，務(wù)求達(dá)到深刻理解，熟練運(yùn)用。近年來高考命題的特點(diǎn)是，在特定的語言環(huán)境中考查對時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)的理解。試題的意圖往往隱蔽、迂回，迷惑項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)技巧很高，容易干擾考生的思維。如果沒有對時(shí)態(tài)概念的深刻理解，沒有對語言應(yīng)用環(huán)境的綜合分析，便會對試題感到困惑。下列試題可以幫助我們領(lǐng)悟高考命題的趨勢。例1：

Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology ______ so rapidly.（2001年高考試題）

A.is changing

B.has changed

C.will have changed

D.will change 答案為A。試題沒有把考查的意圖定位于對時(shí)態(tài)概念的簡單理解，考生必須對現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的本質(zhì)特征----動作尚未完成，仍在過程中----有深刻的理解，否則將思路僅僅局限在“正在變化”、“已經(jīng)變化”或“將要變化”，難于得出正確的結(jié)論。例2：

I ______ ping-pong quite well, but haven't had time to play since the new year.（2001年高考試題）

A.will play

B.have played

C.played

D.play 答案為D。but 分句使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，將談話的時(shí)間概念限定在“當(dāng)前”。如果選C，前一分句說“過去”，后一分句說“現(xiàn)在”，不合邏輯。本句的意思是說“乒乓球一向打得好，只是最近一段時(shí)間沒有打”，“乒乓球打得好”是一種技能，選用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，是“經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作”這一概念的擴(kuò)展和延伸。例3：

----You haven't said a word about my new coat, Brenda.Do you like it?---I'm sorry I ______ anything about it sooner.I certainly think it's pretty on you.（2002年高考試題）

A.wasn't saying

B.don't say

C.won't say

D.didn't say 答案為D。sorry的原因是早先沒有說到這件事，因此必須用一般過去時(shí)。例4：

The price ______, but I doubt whether it will remain so.（1999年高考試題）

A.went down

B.will go down

C.has gone down

D.was going down 答案為 C。目前價(jià)格的狀況已經(jīng)低下來，至于“價(jià)格下降”始于何時(shí)同談話的內(nèi)容無關(guān)。試題意在考查對“過去的動作對現(xiàn)在的影響”的理解。

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練1 I.用所給動詞的適當(dāng)?shù)倪^去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的形式填充。

1.Let's keep to the point or we ______ never_______(reach)any decisions.2.My mind wasn't on what he was saying, so I'm afraid I______(miss)half of it.3.I don't think Jim saw me;he _____ just ______(start)into space.4.I ____(ask)you not to move my dictionary--now I can't find it.5.Sales of CDs have greatly increased since the early 1990s, when people ______(begin)to enjoy the advantages of this new technology.6.--George and Lucy got married last week.Did you go to their wedding?

--No, I ______ ______ ______(invite).Did they have a big wedding?

7.Shirley _____(write)a book about China last year but I don't know whether she has finished it.8.John and I have been friends for eight years.We first got to know each other at a Christmas party.But we _____ ______(see)each other a couple of times before that.9.His wife _____ ______(hope)to catch the first train but she was too late.10.I _____ ______(catch)in the heavy rain on the way to the cinema.11.I found the sentence _____ ______(not read)smoothly.12.What he had said at the meeting _____(prove)true.13.---Did you see Tom at the party?

---No.He _____ _____(leave)by the time I arrived.14.---How time flies!It's already 10 o'clock.---Oh, I _____ _____(not realize)it at all.15.---I'm sorry that I shouldn't have been so rude to you.---You did_____(lose)your temper but that's OK.II.用所給動詞的適當(dāng)?shù)倪^去時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)的形式確翻譯下列各句 ：

1.The thief tried to break away from the policeman who _____ _____(一直抓著)him but failed.2.--What were you doing when Tony phoned you?

--I had just finished my work and ____ _____(正準(zhǔn)備開始)to take a shower.3.--You were out when I dropped in at your house.--Oh, I_____ _____(在等候)for a friend from England at the airport.4.---Why haven't you asked her to come here?

---She ________(正在做工)an important experiment when I found her and she hasn't finished it.5.---What were you up to when she dropped in?

---I_____ _____(剛玩了一會兒)for a while and _____ _____ _____ _____(正打算看書)some reading.6.Turn on the television or open a magazine and you ______often_____(會看到)advertisement showing happy families.7.---What place is it?---Haven't you seen that we are back where we _____(回到了原地)? 8.---Tomorrow is my birthday.I'd like you and Jane to come.---I'm not sure if she _____ _____(將)free.9.The crazy fans ______ _____ ______(一直在等)patiently for two hours and they would wait till the movie star arrived.10.You_______ _______(要求你ask)not to move the desk--now it is broken.時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練2 1.By the time I saw the angry expression in his face, I _____ exactly what I was having to face.But not for a moment _______ I should quit.A.had known;I thought

B.have known;had I thought

C.would know;I would think

D.knew;did I think 2.In such a fierce competition, a person h as to make every effort if he _____.A.has succeeded

B.is to succeed

C.should succeed

D.will succeed 3.The man opened his eyes and moved his lips, as if ______ that he had something to tell the doctor.A.saying

B.having said

C.to say

D.to have said 4.It should be 302.But I hear that it _____ till tomorrow.A.was put off

B.will put off

C.has been put off

D.is put off 5.The University of Tokyo is the oldest university in Japan and has always been in the lead when it comes to ____ new challenges.A.be faced

B.face

C.facing

D.faced 6.In fact, more and more people _____ to live a greener, healthier and more environmentally “green life”.A.chose

B.choose

C.are choosing

D.have chosen 7.Our car _____ at the present speed until it reaches Qingdao at about nine o'clock tonight.A.went

B.is going

C.goes

D.will be going 8.China is _____ to______ continued help to Iraq in its reconstruction.A.willingly;give

B.willing;giving

C.willing;offer

D.will;offering 9.I ________, but I can't leave until I finish typing all the letters.A.had planned to

B.planned to

C.am still planning to

D.was still planning to

10.Unfortunately, when we dropped in, Doctor Li _______ for Indonesia to rescue the injured there, so we only had time for a few words.A.has just left

B.was just leaving

C.had just left

D.just left 11.Has George returned from Japan yet? I'd like to meet him.Why do you look so upset?Usually at 13:15 but because of a small accident on the line, it

at 13:45.A．does;is going to start B．will;starts C．does;will start D．will;is to start 11.---How about my food? I __________ here for almost half an hour.---I'm sorry, sir.It must be ready by now.A.have been sitting

B.am sitting C.had been sitting

D.was sitting 12.---Remember the first time we met, Susan?---Of course I do.You _______ in the library.A.read

B.had read

C.were reading

D.would read 13.The number of people hurt in the traffic accident _______ to 95, the news agency reports.A.has increased

B.have increased

C.has been increased

D.have been increased 14.It seems that you _______ this report or you can see what I questioned just now.A.don't read B.didn't read C.haven't read D.hadn't read 15.-Hello, Jim.I

to see you today.Sonia said you

ill.-Oh I'm OK.A.didn't expect;were

B.don't expect;were C.haven't expected;are

D.are not expecting;are 16.We were very busy yesterday.Otherwise we _____ part in the discussion.A.would take

B.did take

C.had taken

D.would have taken 17.---My flight ______.I'd better be on my way.Goodbye.---Bye.Happy landing!A.was announced

B.is being announced

C.has announced

D.is announced 18Dear me!You

anything in the taxi!A.had never left

B.have never left

C.would never leave

D.never leave 19.This time next week, we _______astronauts from the Challenger trying to deal with the mechanical problems.A.will see B.will have seen C.will be seeing D.shall see 20.Hey, Lee.I ___________ you never took interest in anything like this.What a surprise!A.don't think

B.didn't think C.think

D.thought 21.George had thought of paying a visit to the zoo with his children last Sunday, but he just ________ he would have so little time to spare.A.hadn't known

B.wouldn't know

C.knew

D.didn't know 22.Those who were late for school this morning，down your names on the blackboard!A.write

B.wrote

C.are writing

D.will write

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)高考題 2007年高考

1.The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time.（全國卷I）

A.sold

B.had been sold

C.were sold

D.would sell 2.I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ________ there several years ago.（全國卷I）

A.are going

B.had been

C.went

D.have been 3.-Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.-Oh, nothing much.In fact, I ____ of my friends back home.（全國卷II）A.have just thought B.was just thinking C.would just think D.will just be thinking 4.-Tom, you didn't come to the party last night?

-I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do.（全國卷II）A.had to B.didn't C.was going to D.wouldn't 5.-Did you tidy your room?（上海卷）

-No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.A.had B.have C.have had

D.will have 6.With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ______ in the past years.（上海卷）A.discovered B.have discovered C.had been discovered D.have been discovered 7.They_____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they'd never have been able to afford to go.（山東卷）

A．had got

B．got

C．have got

D．get 8.-Did Peter fix the computer himself?-He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers.（安徽卷）A.has it fixed

B.had fixed it

C.had it fixed

D.fixed it 9.They became friends again that day.Until then, they _____ to each other for nearly two years.（安徽卷）

A.didn't speak

B.hadn't spoken

C.haven' t spoken D.haven' t been speaking 10.-How can I apply for an online course?

-Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do for you.（北京卷）A.see

B.are seeing

C.have seen

D.will see 11.I got caught in the rain and my suit____.（北京卷）

A.has ruined

B.had ruined

C.has been ruined

D.had been ruined 12.-It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.-Oh, don't mention it.I _____past your house anyway.（北京卷）

A.was coming

B.will come

C.had come

D.have come 13.-I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.（福建卷）-Impossible.She

TV with me in my home then.A.watched B.had watched C.would watch D.was watching 14.Danny

hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.（福建卷）A.works

B.is working

C.has worked

D.worked 15.As the years passed, many occasions-birthdays, awards, graduations-________ with Dad's flowers.（湖南卷）

A.are marked

B.were marked

C.have marked

D.had marked

16.Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _____ English for a year.（湖南卷）

A.studies

B.studied

C.is studying

D.has been studying 17.At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______.（江蘇卷）A.has been reached B.had been reached

C.has reached

D.had reached 18.-______ you ______ him around the museum yet?（江蘇卷）-Yes.We had a great time there.A.Have … shown

B.Do … show C.Had … shown

D.Did … show 19.-Ouch!You hurt me!

-I am sorry.But I

any harm.I

to drive a rat out.（江西卷）A.didn't mean;tried

B.don't mean;am trying C.haven't meant;tried

D.didn't mean;was trying 20.-I have got a headache.-No wonder.You

in front of that computer too long.（江西卷）

A.work

B.are working

C.have been working

D.worked 21.I

there little more than a week when I set to work with the scientist.（陜西卷）A.would be B.have been C.had been D.will be 22.The unemployment rate in this district

from 6% to 5% in the past two years.（上海春）A．has fallen B．had fallen

C．is fall in

D．was falling 23.John had to have his car repaired in a garage because it

seriously.（上海春）A．damaged B．was being damaged

C．had damaged D．had been damaged 24.When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what ________.（四川卷）A．have marked

B.have been marked

C．had marked

D．had been marked 25.-Did you see a man in black pass by just now?

-No, sir.I ________ a newspaper.（四川卷）

A.read

B.was reading

C.would read

D.am reading 26.If Newton lived today, he would be surprised by what ____ in science and technology.（天津卷）

A.had discovered

B.had been discovered

C.has discovered

D.has been discovered 27.-Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.（浙江卷）-________? That's his third one in just one month.A.Had he

B.Did he

C.Does he

D.Has he

28.Professor James will give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where ____ yet.（浙江卷）

A.hasn't been decided

B.haven't decided

C.isn't being decided

D.aren't decided 29.The play had already been on for quite some time when we ____ at the New Theatre.（浙江卷）

A.have arrived

B.arrived

C.had arrived

D.arrive 30.-Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?-Yes, he did.He ________ his old friends for a long time.（重慶卷）

A.didn't see

B.wouldn't see

C.hasn't seen D.hadn't seen 31.Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)_______birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.（重慶卷）

A.is said to be buying

B.is said to have bought

C..had said to buy

D.has said to have bought 32.-Do you have any idea what Paul does all day?-As I know, he spends at least as much time playing as he _______.（重慶卷）A.writes B.does writing

C.is writing

D.does write 33.When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone.Where______?（重慶卷）A.did you go

B.have you gone

C.were you

D.had you been 34.-Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?

-Yes, I have.I guess it ______ now.（遼寧卷）

A.has graded

B.is graded

C.is being graded

D.is grading 35.-Has your father returned from Africa yet?-Yes, but he _____ here for only three days before his company sent him to Australia.（遼寧卷）A.was

B.has been

C.will be

D.would be 2008年高考

1.-Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time?（全國I卷）-Yes, since she ______ the Chinese Society.A.has joined B.joins

C.had joined

D.joined 2.The wet weather will continue tomorrow, when a cold front ______ to arrive.（全國I卷）A.is expected B.is expecting C.expects

D.will be expected 3.-----Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?（安徽卷）

-----Yes, I did.You know, my brother ________ in the match.A.is playing

B.was playing

C.has played

D.had played 4.I like these English songs and they ________many times on the radio.（安徽卷）A.taught

B.have taught

C.are taught

D.have been taught 5.So far this year we ______ a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.（福建卷）A.saw

B.see

C.had seen

D.have seen 6.I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn't get through.Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!（湖南卷）

A.was talking

B.has been talking

C.has talked

D.talked 7.Well, I'm thinking about the salary….（湖南卷）

A.offer

B.will offer

C.are offered

D.will be offered 8.-I'm sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final.-I think so.He ______ for it for months.（江蘇卷）A.is preparing B.was preparing C.had been preparing D.has been preparing 9.By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it'll be too late for him to do anything about it.（山東卷）A.walks

B.walked C.has walked D.had walked 10.I ______it to you this morning!（浙江卷）

A.would lend

B.was lending

C.had lent

D.lent 20.-What's that noise?（浙江卷）

-Oh, I forgot to tell you.The new machine ______ A.was tested

B.will be tested

C.is being tested

D.has been tested 21.-Have you read book called Waiting for Anya?-Who _______ it?（北京卷）

A.writes

B.has written

C.wrote

D.had written 22.The hotel wasn't particularly good.But I ____ in many worse hotels（北京卷）.A.was staying

B, stayed

C.would stay

D.had stayed 23.No decision

about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.（北京卷）

A.will be made

B.is made

C.is being made

D.has been made 24.He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young.（天津卷）A.was playing

B.played

C.has played

D.had played 25.Judy is going to marry the sailor she __ in Rome last year.（重慶卷）A.meets

B.met

C.has met

D.would meet 26.He __ as a national hero for winning the first gold metal for his country in the Olympics.（重慶卷）

A.regarded

B.was regarded

C.has regarded

D.had been regarded 27.Teenagers __ their health because they play computer games too much.（重慶卷）A.have damaged

B.are damaging

C.damaged

D.will damage 28.Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?(上海卷)Terry? Never!She ___ tents and fresh air!A.has hated

B.hated

C.will hate

D.hates 29.In recent years many football clubs ___ as business to make a profit.(上海卷)A.have run

B.have been run C.had been run D.will run

參考答案

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練1 I.1.will never reach

2.missed

3.was;staring

4.asked

5.began

6.hadn't been invited

7.wrote

8.had seen

9.had hoped

10.was caught 11.didn't read

12.proved

13.had left

14.didn't realize

15.lose II.1.was holding

2.was starting

3.was waiting

4.was doing

5.had played;was going to do

6.will;see

7.were

8.will be

9.had been waiting

10.was asked 時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練2 1-10 DBCCC CDCCB

11-20 AABCA DBCDC

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練

1-5 BCCDD

6-10 ABBDB

11-15 ACACA

16-21 DBBCD

21-22 DA

時(shí)態(tài)語態(tài)高考題 2007年高考

1-5 CCBCA 6-10 DBCBD 11-15 CADCB

16-20 DBADC 21-25CADBB 26-30 DBABD

31-35BBCCA 2008年高考題

1-5 DABDD

6-10 ACDCA

11-15 CDACA 26-29 BBDB

21-25CDABB 16-20 ABBDC

第四篇：中考英語二輪專項(xiàng)復(fù)習(xí)動詞語態(tài)

動詞語態(tài)練習(xí)

一、單項(xiàng)選擇

1． —Our classroom is so clean.—It ___________ every day.A.cleaned B.was cleaned C.cleans D.is cleaned 2．Boys and girls , more attention should be paid to ____the word correctly A． pronouce B.be pronounced C． pronoucing D.pronouced 3．The word ________ five letters.A.is made up B.makes up of C.is made up of 4．The gifts by my friends yesterday.A.are bought B.is brought C.were bought D.was bought 5．— Mom, my classmates are playing outside.Can I join them? — Not until your homework.A.finishes B.is finished C.finished D.was finished 6． Oh, dear!The key ________ the door _________ in the room.A.with, forget B.to , is left C.by , forgot D.with, is left 7． More than 70,000,000 sharks ______ for their fins every year.It's really time for us to do something.A.kill B.killed C.are killed D.were killed 8．---I ______to make a decision for myself.What should I do ?----If I _____you , I ‘d talk with my parents A.don’t allow, am B.won’t allow，was C.am not allowed, were D.weren’t allowed ,be 9．Betty, why didn't you answer the phone last night? —Oh, sorry about that.My mobile phone ______ in the living room.A.left B.has left C.is left D.was left 10．This listening material, together with its CD-ROMs, ______ well.A.sells B.sell C.is sold D.are sold 11．— Ningbo _______a lot in the past10 years.— Yeah, you`re right.A.changes B.has changed C.has been changed D.will change 12．—Look at the sign on the right.—Oh, parking ______ here.A.doesn’t allow B.isn’t allowed C.didn’t allowed D.wasn’t allowed 13．—Have you moved into the new flat? —Not yet.The room _________.A.has been painted B.is painted C.is being painted D.was painted 14．— Do you know Lucy’s grandma? —Of course.She is a kind woman, but she has______

for about a month since she _____ in the accident.A.been dead;was killed

B.died;was killed C.been dead;killed D.died;killed 15．The Yellow River flood large areas, but now the waters of it are used to energy.A.was used to;producing B.used to;producing C.was used to;produce D.used to;produce 16．This kind of flower well these days.Would you like to have one? A.sell B.sells C.are sold D.is sold 17．Can 16-year-old students drive to school? No, they shouldn’t ______ to drive because they aren’t serious enough.A.allow B.be allowed C.allowed D.have allowed 18．--The film “Avatar”（阿凡達(dá)）_______ on the TV next month.--Really? I’m looking forward to it.A.will show B.is show C.will be shown D.is shown 19．---Guess what he will say when I ask him about it again.---Even if you him again, he will not tell you anything.A.ask B.are going to ask C.will ask D.asked 20．A new bridge in our city next year and it is over eight hundred meters long.A.builds B.will be built C.is built D.will build

二、補(bǔ)充句子

根據(jù)中文意思，完成下列句子，每空限填一詞。（共5小題，計(jì)10分）21．最近的醫(yī)院離此地也有大約十公里遠(yuǎn)。

The __________ hospital is about ten kilometers __________.22．嘲笑處于困境中的人是不禮貌的。

It’s not polite to __________ __________ those people in trouble.23．學(xué)校規(guī)定上課不許遲到。

The school rule says, “Don’t __________ __________ for class.” 24．熊貓?jiān)谖覈艿胶芎玫恼疹櫋?/p>

Pandas __________ __________ good care of in our country.25．我們覺得晚上出去是危險(xiǎn)的。

We find __________ __________ to go out at night.參考答案

1．D 【解析】

試題分析：句意：我們的教室真干凈。它每天被打掃。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者，即行為動作的對象。被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be＋及物動詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成為am/is/are+動詞的過去分詞，結(jié)合句意，故選D?？键c(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)的用法。2．C 【解析】

試題分析：句意：孩子們，要更加注意正確的發(fā)單詞的音。pay attention to sth/doing,注意……，to是介詞后加名詞或動名詞。雖然該句是被動結(jié)構(gòu)，但是to仍然是介詞，故選C。

考點(diǎn)：考查動名詞的用法。3．C 【解析】

試題分析：句意：這個(gè)單詞是由五個(gè)字母組成的。分析：被……組成: be made up of ,因此選擇第三項(xiàng)。故選C 考點(diǎn)：考查固定詞組的用法。4．C 【解析】

試題分析：句意：昨天，這些禮物被我的朋友買了。分析：考查被動語態(tài)的用法，通過時(shí)間狀語yesterday，體現(xiàn)為一般過去式的被動語態(tài)，構(gòu)成為was/were done（動詞的過去分詞），結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，第三項(xiàng)符合題意。故選 C 考點(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)的用法。5．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：媽媽，我的同班同學(xué)在外面玩，我能加入他們嗎？直到你的作業(yè)做完才能加入。動作的承受者作主語用被動語態(tài)。其結(jié)構(gòu)是，主語+be+done。until引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句，從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)態(tài)，故選B?？键c(diǎn)：考查一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)。6．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：親愛的，門的鑰匙忘在了房間里了。the key to the door 門的鑰匙 the answer to the question等表示一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系的名詞經(jīng)常用to表示所有的關(guān)系。forget忘記，后不加地點(diǎn)，leave sth(at,in…),把某物落在某地。如果主語是動作的承受者，或者是說動作不是由主語而是由其他人完成的，則用被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)句意可知鑰匙和忘記之間是被動關(guān)系，故選B。

考點(diǎn)：考查介詞和被動語態(tài)的用法。7．C 【解析】 試題分析：句意：每年都有超過7千萬頭鯊魚被殺以獲得它們的鰭片。這是一個(gè)事實(shí)的描述，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)；該句應(yīng)該是鯊魚被殺害，因此是被動語態(tài)，所以選C 考點(diǎn)：考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)。8．C 【解析】

試題分析：句意：--我不被允許自己做決定。我應(yīng)該做什么？--如果我是你，我應(yīng)該和我的父母談一談。分析：第一個(gè)空為被動語態(tài)，體現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在不能自己做決定，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)被動詞態(tài)；第二個(gè)空考查虛擬語氣，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，其if 從句的謂語形式用動詞的過去式(be 一般用were)，主句用would/ should/ could/ might +動詞原形。故選C 考點(diǎn)：考查被動語氣和虛擬語氣的用法。9．D 【解析】

試題分析：句意：貝蒂，昨天晚上為什么你不接電話？對不起，我的手機(jī)忘在臥室里了。動作的承受者作主語用被動語態(tài)。其結(jié)構(gòu)是，主語+be+done.根據(jù)句意，可知動作發(fā)生在過去，故選D。

考點(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)的用法。10．A 【解析】

試題分析：句意：伴有光驅(qū)的這個(gè)聽力材料賣得很好。表示事物性質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)的，用主動形式表示被動語態(tài)。此處表示這個(gè)聽力材料買的好，故用主動形式，主語是This listening material，故謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)形式，故選A。考點(diǎn)：考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)及語態(tài)。11．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：寧波在過去的10年當(dāng)中改變了很多?！堑?，你說得對。結(jié)合語境可知本句描述的是從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。選B?？键c(diǎn)：考查時(shí)態(tài)辨析 12．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：看看右邊的標(biāo)語，啊，這里不允許停車。被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受

者，即行為動作的對象。其結(jié)構(gòu)是，主語+be+done。根據(jù)句意，可知停車是動作的承受者，故用被動結(jié)構(gòu)，因?yàn)檫@是一個(gè)標(biāo)語展示的內(nèi)容，所以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，故選B。考點(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)的用法。13．C 【解析】

試題分析：句意：--你已經(jīng)搬入新的公寓了嗎？--還沒有。這個(gè)房間正在裝修。分析：考查被動語態(tài)的用法，通過句意體現(xiàn)正在裝修，因此運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)被動語態(tài)，構(gòu)成方式為be being done（動詞的過去分詞）。故選C 考點(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)的用法。14．A 【解析】

試題分析：句意：—你認(rèn)識露絲的奶奶嗎？—當(dāng)然，她是一個(gè)善良的女人，但她自從死于事故后已經(jīng)死亡大約一個(gè)月了。根據(jù)題干分析since從句中“死于事故”應(yīng)用被動語態(tài)，因有since狀語從句，所以主句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)，故選A?？键c(diǎn)：考查動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 15．D 【解析】 試題分析：句意:過去黃河水常常淹沒大片的土地，但是現(xiàn)在黃河水被用來產(chǎn)生能源。be used to do sth.被用來做某事；be used to doing sth.習(xí)慣于某事；used to do sth.過去常常做某事。根據(jù)句意可知選D?？键c(diǎn)：考查動詞。16．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：這些天這種花賣的很好，你愿意買一個(gè)嗎？根據(jù)語境可知花賣得好不能用被動語態(tài)，This kind of flower看成單數(shù)故動詞單三式；根據(jù)句意故選B 考點(diǎn)：考查動詞的用法。17．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：---16歲的孩子們能開車去上學(xué)嗎？---不，他們不應(yīng)當(dāng)被允許開車，因?yàn)樗麄儾皇亲銐虻恼J(rèn)真。shouldn’t be be allowed to do表示不應(yīng)當(dāng)被允許做某事；根據(jù)句意故選B 考點(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)。18．C 【解析】

試題分析：句意：---這部電影Avatar將在下個(gè)月在電視上上映。根據(jù)題意可知用將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)will be done;根據(jù)句意故選C.考點(diǎn)：考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)。19．A 【解析】

試題分析：句意：—猜一下當(dāng)我在問他這件事時(shí)他會怎么說?！词鼓阍賳査膊粫嬖V你任何事情。第二空even if引導(dǎo)的是條件狀語從句，根據(jù)“主將從現(xiàn)”原則，主句是一般將來時(shí)態(tài)，在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)態(tài)，從句主語是you，所以謂語動詞用原形，故選A?？键c(diǎn)：考查動詞時(shí)態(tài)

20．B 【解析】

試題分析：句意：一座新橋明年在我們城市修建，它超過8百米長。根據(jù)題干分析bridge和build構(gòu)成被動關(guān)系，因此用被動語態(tài)，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“be+動詞的過去分詞”，根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語next year（明年），所以用一般將來時(shí)態(tài)的被動語態(tài)，故選B?？键c(diǎn)：考查被動語態(tài)的用法

21．nearest;away 22．laugh at 23．be late 24．a(chǎn)re taken 25．it;dangerous 【解析】 試題分析：

21．要用最高級形式nearest;距離后用副詞away。22．“嘲笑”用動詞短語laugh at。

23．“遲到” 用動詞短語be late放在Don’t后，構(gòu)成祈使句的否定句。24．a(chǎn)re taken是謂語動詞，根據(jù)語境用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)形式。Pandas是復(fù)數(shù)，所以用are。

25．這里用it做形式賓語代替后面的不定式to go out at night;dangerous是形容詞做賓語補(bǔ)足語

考點(diǎn)：單詞填空。

第五篇：2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語教案

2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語教案

專題八 非謂語動詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

【專題要點(diǎn)】非謂語動詞和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用法如下：1.動名詞和動詞不定式作主語、賓語；2.只跟動名詞作賓語的動詞或動詞短語；3.只跟動詞不定式作賓語的常見動詞； 4.既可以跟動名詞又可以跟動詞不定式作賓語，且意義不同的動詞或短語；5.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的區(qū)別；6.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作定語時(shí)的區(qū)別； 7.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作狀語時(shí)的區(qū)別；8.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語； 9.there be 結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種非謂語形式；10.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語； 11.with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語或定語。

【考綱要求】非謂語動詞包括不定式、動詞-ing形式和過去分詞三種形式。動詞的非謂語形式是中學(xué)英語語法的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),也是每年高考熱點(diǎn)中的熱點(diǎn), 考綱要求掌握：非謂語動詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)；他們在英語句子中的作用；非謂語動詞的基本用法和含義，非謂語動詞在句子中可以充當(dāng)多種句子成分，比如主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、表語等；掌握非謂語動詞充當(dāng)相同句子成分時(shí)的辨析；掌握非謂語動詞在不同的語境、語義下的運(yùn)用。對于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)考綱要求掌握獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式；在句子中的作用以及with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。

【教法指引】非謂語動詞包括不定式、v-ing形式和過去分詞，是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的難點(diǎn)，也是高考考查的重點(diǎn)。高中英語非謂語動詞是一個(gè)重要考點(diǎn)，教師在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考中要注意重點(diǎn)突出、訓(xùn)練得當(dāng)，尤其是對以下要點(diǎn)的復(fù)習(xí)： 1.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的用法區(qū)別；2.非謂語動詞的主動式與被動式；3.非謂語動詞完成式的用法；4.非謂語動詞用作伴隨狀語；5.非謂語動詞用作目的狀語；6.非謂語動詞用作結(jié)果狀語；7.非謂語動詞用作賓語補(bǔ)足語；8.非謂語動詞的邏輯主語問題；9.非謂語動詞用作主語的問題；10.“(be+)過去分詞+介詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；11.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和there be結(jié)構(gòu)的非謂語動詞形式。

對于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)習(xí)，教師必須要講清它的構(gòu)成方式和在句子中的作用以及與with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和分詞之間的辨析的關(guān)系?！局R網(wǎng)絡(luò)】 非謂語動詞用法

非謂語動詞主要包括不定式、動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。為了區(qū)分這三種不同的非謂語動詞的用法和含義，我們將分別從三種非謂語動詞在句子中做主語、賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語、表語以及一些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)句型等角度來區(qū)分其用法和細(xì)微含義。1．不定式和動名詞作主語的區(qū)別

(1)動名詞作主語通常表示抽象動作；而不定式作主語表示具體動作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．這里禁止抽煙。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽這么多煙對你身體很不好。(具體)(2)動名詞作主語時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。不定式短語通常用來表示一件未完成的事或目的。

Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰時(shí)刻開車令人厭煩。(經(jīng)驗(yàn))(3）不定式做主語，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語，把作主語的不定式短語后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、動名詞和分詞作表語的區(qū)別(1)不定式作表語

1)不定式作表語一般表示具體動作，特別是表示將來的動作。

To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做兩件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開始干。2）如果主語是不定式（表示條件），表語也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。

To work means to earn a living．工作就是為了生活。

3)如果主語是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語是對主語起補(bǔ)充說明 作用。

His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來買一輛豪華轎車。

The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)動名詞作表語：動名詞作表語，表示抽象的一般性的行為。Our work is serving the people．我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的愛好是集郵。(注)動名詞作表語時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說明動作是由主語完成的。動名詞做表語，說明主語的性質(zhì)或情況。

People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分詞作表語

分詞做表語有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語，一種是過去分詞做表語，這兩者區(qū)別是考試中經(jīng)?？嫉降牡胤健Ｒ话銇碚f，表示心理狀態(tài)的動詞如excite，interest等都是及物動詞，漢語意思不是“激動”，“高興”，而是“使激動”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動的”、“令人高興的”，過去分詞則是“感到激動的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“令人??的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到??”都用-ed形式。換句話說，若人對??感興趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí)，就是說sb./sth.is interesting.這類詞常見的有： interesting使人感到高興--interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動的--excited感到激動的 delighting令人高興的--delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的--puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的---satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的--surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的--worried感到擔(dān)心的

Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。

The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要學(xué)生學(xué)得太多，他們會感到糊涂的。

The argument is very convincing．他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。

They were very excited at the news．聽到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動。3．不定式和動名詞作賓語的區(qū)別

英語中大多數(shù)動詞既可跟不定式，也可跟動名詞作直接賓語，但有些動詞要求：(1)不定式做賓語和賓語補(bǔ)足語 1)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓語 【口訣記憶】

決心學(xué)會想希望，拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝，主動答應(yīng)選計(jì)劃 同意請求幫一幫，愿望似乎就沒有，碰巧承擔(dān)常努力。attempt企圖 enable能夠 neglect忽視 afford負(fù)擔(dān)得起 demand要求 long渴望 arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算 begin開始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏 appear似乎，顯得 determine決定 manage設(shè)法 cease停止 hate憎恨，厭惡 pretend假裝 ask問 dread害怕 need需要 agree同意 desire愿望 love愛 swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望 bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供 beg請求 fail不能 plan計(jì)劃

bother擾亂；煩惱 forget忘記 prefer喜歡，寧愿 care關(guān)心，喜歡 happen碰巧 prepare準(zhǔn)備 decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí)regret抱歉，遺憾 choose選擇 hesitate猶豫 profess表明 claim要求 hope希望 promise承諾，允許 start開始 undertake承接 want想要 consent同意，贊同 intend想要 refuse拒絕 decide決定 learn學(xué)習(xí)vow起

contrive設(shè)法，圖謀 incline有?傾向 propose提議 seek找，尋覓 try試圖

2)下面的動詞要求不定式做賓補(bǔ)：動詞+賓語+動詞不定式 ask要求，邀請 get請，得到 prompt促使 allow允許 forbid禁止 prefer喜歡，寧愿 announce宣布 force強(qiáng)迫 press迫使 bride 收買 inspire鼓舞 request請求 assist協(xié)助 hate憎惡 pronounce斷定，表示 advise勸告 exhort告誡，勉勵(lì) pray請求

authorize授權(quán)，委托 help幫助 recommend勸告，推薦 bear容忍 implore懇求 remind提醒 beg請求 induce引誘 report報(bào)告

compel強(qiáng)迫 invite吸引，邀請，summon傳喚 command命令 intend想要，企圖 show 顯示 drive驅(qū)趕 mean意欲，打算 train訓(xùn)練 cause引起 instruct指示 require要求 deserve應(yīng)受 leave使，讓 tell告訴 direct指導(dǎo) like喜歡 tempt勸誘 entitle有資格 order命令 warn告誡 enable使能夠 need需要 urge激勵(lì)，力說 encourage鼓勵(lì) oblige不得不 want想要 condemn指責(zé)，譴責(zé) lead引起，使得 teach教 entreat懇求 permit允許 wish希望(2)有少數(shù)動詞只能用動名詞作賓語 【口訣記憶】

考慮建議盼原諒，避免錯(cuò)過繼續(xù)練，否認(rèn)完成就欣賞 禁止想象才冒險(xiǎn)，不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡

acknowledge承認(rèn)，自認(rèn) cease 停止 mention說到，講到 admit 承認(rèn) tolerate忍受 dislike不喜歡，討厭 advocate：提倡，主張 complete完成 dread可怕 appreciate 感激，欣賞 confess坦白 endure忍受 avoid避免 contemplate細(xì)想 enjoy享有，喜愛 bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒

can't help不禁 delay延遲 escape逃跑，逃避 can't stand受不了 deny否認(rèn) excuse借口 consider 考慮 detest嫌惡 fancy幻想，愛好 favor 造成，偏愛 mind 介意 repent悔悟 figure描繪，計(jì)算 miss錯(cuò)過 resent怨恨

finish完成，結(jié)束不得 pardon原諒，饒恕 resist抵抗，阻止 forgive原諒 permit 允許 resume恢復(fù) imagine設(shè)想 postpone延遲，延期 risk冒險(xiǎn)

involve卷入，包含 practise 實(shí)行，實(shí)踐 suggest建議 hate討厭 prevent阻止 save營救，儲蓄 keep保持 quit放棄停止 stand堅(jiān)持，忍受 loathe非常討厭，厭惡 recall回想

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激兩年前給我出國學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會。

(3)有些動詞后使用動名詞和動詞不定式作賓語的差別 【口訣記憶】 想起忘記常后悔

1）forget to do 忘記要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘記做過某事（此事已做過或已發(fā)生）2）stop to do 停止、中斷（某件事），目的是去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或經(jīng)常做的事 3）remember to do 記住去做某事（未做）remember doing記得做過某事(已做)4)regret to do對要做的事遺憾 regret doing對做過的事遺憾、后悔 5）try to do努力、企圖做某事 try doing試驗(yàn)、試一試某種辦法 6)mean to do打算，有意要? mean doing意味著

7）go on to do 繼而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 繼續(xù)（原先沒有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建議（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具體行為；+doing sth 表示抽象、傾向概念（注)如果這些動詞前有should一詞，其后賓語只跟不定式，不能跟動名詞。例如： I should like to see him tomorrow．

10)need, want, deserve +動名詞表被動意義；+不定式被動態(tài)表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。

Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不記得以前見過那個(gè)人嗎? You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要記著是明天動身。

I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔給她講過我的想法。(已講過)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在沒辦法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。

Let's try doing the work some other way．讓我們試一試用另外一種辦法來做這工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我沒想要傷害你的感情。

This illness will mean(your)going to hospital．得了這種病(你)就要進(jìn)醫(yī)院。4．不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別(1）不定式作定語

1)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是主謂關(guān)系

He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一個(gè)離開教室的。The train to arrive was from London．將要到站的火車是從倫敦開來的。2)不定式與其所修飾的名詞可能是動賓關(guān)系 Get him something to eat．給他拿點(diǎn)兒東西吃。

She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。

3)不及物動詞構(gòu)成的不定式做定語，要加上適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~和被修飾的名詞形成邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，這里的介詞不能省去。

I need a pen to write with．我需要一支筆寫字。There is nothing to worry about．沒有什么值得發(fā)愁的。

4)不定式修飾一些表示方向、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等抽象名詞如： ability能力，本領(lǐng) drive趕，駕駛 movement運(yùn)動，活動 ambition抱負(fù)，野心 effort努力，嘗試 need需要，需求 campaign戰(zhàn)役，運(yùn)動 failure失敗，不及格 opportunity機(jī)會 chance機(jī)會 force力，壓力，要點(diǎn) promise許諾，希望 courage勇氣 intention意向，意圖 reason理由，原因 decision決定 method方法，方式 light光，光線，亮光

determination決心，決定 motive動機(jī)，目的 struggle奮斗，努力，tendency傾向，趨勢 wish希望，愿望，祝愿

5）被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定詞時(shí)候，只能用不定式。

6）不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了農(nóng)活，約翰什么都愿意干。

7）如果其動詞要求用不定式做賓語，或者其形容詞要求不定式做補(bǔ)語，則相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to do His wish to buy a car came true．他要買輛車的愿望實(shí)現(xiàn)了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us． 他們放棄這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的決定使我們大吃一驚。

He is always the first to come and the last to leave． 他總是第一個(gè)到來，最后一個(gè)離去。(2)分詞作定語

分詞作定語時(shí)有下面幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動意義，過去分詞一般表示被動含意。2)現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表示狀態(tài)或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他沖進(jìn)了正在燃燒著的房子。

The child standing over there is my brother．站在那兒的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our classroom．朝南的房間是我們的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那個(gè)修好的表了嗎? He is an advanced teacher．他是個(gè)先進(jìn)教師。

3）下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義，這點(diǎn)要注意： departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分詞作定語時(shí)的時(shí)間關(guān)系 一般來說，不定式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之后；現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時(shí)發(fā)生；過去分詞表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。例如：

Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要見那位將從北京請來的醫(yī)生嗎？

Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要見那位正在辦公室里寫病歷的醫(yī)生嗎？ 5．不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

（1）現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。

現(xiàn)在分詞做狀語與過去分詞做狀語的最主要區(qū)別在于兩者與所修飾的主語的主動與被動關(guān)系的區(qū)別。

1）現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是主動關(guān)系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后將門隨手關(guān)上。

Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何辦是好，他去找父母幫忙。

2）過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間的關(guān)系是被動關(guān)系。

Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果對這些樹多關(guān)心一些，它們本來會長得更好。

Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困難的時(shí)候，我們必須設(shè)法克服。(2)動詞不定式和分詞作狀語的區(qū)別

1)分詞作狀語一般表示伴隨，而不定式常常表示目的。

They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他們站在路邊談?wù)撝@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(伴隨)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他們站在路邊為的是談?wù)撨@個(gè)計(jì)劃。(目的)2)分詞作狀語放在句子開頭，除表示原因之外有時(shí)表示時(shí)間或條件。動詞不定式作狀語時(shí)，除了表示目的以外，還表示結(jié)果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在專心讀書，他忘了吃午飯的時(shí)間。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔細(xì)讀書時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)了一些從前不知道的東西。(時(shí)間)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔細(xì)閱讀，你會學(xué)到一些新的東西。(條件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太窮，不能維持他的生活。(結(jié)果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．這男孩個(gè)子不夠高，手伸不到書架。(結(jié)果)We are glad to hear the news．我們很高興聽到這消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做狀語時(shí)候應(yīng)該注意的：

a：not/never too?to, too?not to , but/only too? to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義

b：做結(jié)果狀語的不定式只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，常見的不定式動詞有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。

c：不定式做狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語一般為句子的主語，否則用for引導(dǎo)主語。6．非謂語動詞?？嫉钠渌Y(jié)構(gòu)（1)疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)

疑問詞who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可構(gòu)成一種特殊的不定式短語。它在句中可以用作主語、賓語、表語和雙重賓語。如：

When to start has not been decided．何時(shí)動身尚未決定。(主語)I don't know what to do．我不知道該怎么辦。(賓語)The difficulty was how to cross the river．困難在于如何過河。(表語)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告訴你哪里可以買到此書。（雙重賓語）注）A.有時(shí)疑問詞前可用介詞，如：

I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。

B.動詞know 后面不能直接跟不定式作賓語，只能跟疑問詞（如：how, what）+不定式： While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介詞except和but作“只有?，只能?”講時(shí)跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)（but與不帶to的不定式 連用）。

When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不帶to的不定式

1）在表示生理感覺的動詞后的不定式不帶to。這類詞有： feel 覺得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear聽到 watch注視 listen to聽 perceive察覺，感知 notice注意 see看見 look at看 hear聽

On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一類是某些使役動詞，如make, let，have等。如： Let him do it.讓他做吧。

I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：

①上述感覺動詞與使役動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)．其后的不定式一般需帶to，如： He was seen to come．

The boy was made to go to bed early.②在動詞find與help之后，不定式可帶to亦可不帶to，如: He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他發(fā)現(xiàn)羊在此季節(jié)越出柵欄，感到驚訝。

3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：

Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看電視別的什么也沒有干。但是，如果謂語動詞不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式則仍須帶。

The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．醫(yī)生除了讓他戒煙，其它什么都沒有說。

There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他們沒有別有別的辦法。

（4）不定式與動名詞的邏輯主語和分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

1)不定式的邏輯主語為：for +名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 不定式。例如： I found it impossible for him to do the job alone．我發(fā)現(xiàn)他—個(gè)人干這活是不可能的。

(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容詞后面，常用of引出不定式的邏輯主語。例如： It was wise of him to do that．他那樣做是明智的。

2)動名詞的邏輯主語為；①人稱代詞的所有格+動名詞；②名詞's+動名詞。例如： Tom insisted on my going with them．他堅(jiān)持要我和他們一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜歡他妻子工作得很晚。

3)某些形容詞，如：careless等不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語。這類詞主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等 It is very kind of you to help me．你幫助我太好了。

間或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遺憾了公司里有這么多的麻煩。

7．非謂語動詞中的有關(guān)句型（1）動名詞作主語的句型

1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.閱讀是門藝術(shù)。Seeing is believing.眼見為實(shí)。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名詞+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭沒有用。It is no good objecting.反對也沒有用。It is a great fun playing football．打籃球很有趣。

It is a waste of time trying to explain．設(shè)法解釋是浪費(fèi)時(shí)間。

3)It is + useless(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容詞)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking.光說沒用。

It is nice seeing you again．真高興又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper．晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．開這種小車是浪費(fèi)。8.非謂語動詞的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)

有些非謂語形式已成為固定用語，用來表示說話人對說話內(nèi)容所特的態(tài)度。1）現(xiàn)在分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

judging from / by?, generally speaking, strictly speaking 2)不定式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

to tell you the truth, to make things worse, to begin / start with 3)動詞原形： Believe it or not(信不信由你)4)作連詞的分詞considering（考慮到，就?而言），providing / provided ?假如，supposing 假如 這些詞用來表示條件的連詞，后接that 從句。

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

一、概念：

“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構(gòu)成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系，通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。

二、功能：

“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”實(shí)質(zhì)就是帶有自己主語的非限定狀語從句。眾所周知非限定性從句通常以主句的某一成分作為自己的邏輯主語，從而依附于主句。而有些非限定性從句和無動詞從句帶有自己的主語，在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系，因此成為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。其實(shí)，雖然叫做獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，并不是真正的獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬分句，在句中有多種作用。如：表原因、表?xiàng)l件、表方式、表伴隨、表時(shí)間等，在句中通常起狀語作用。

三、形式：

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上有兩部分組成：第一部分有名詞或代詞擔(dān)任，第二部分由分詞、動詞不定式、形容詞、副詞、或介詞短語擔(dān)任。按其結(jié)構(gòu)形式分為：—ing 分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；—ed分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)；無動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)等。

四、舉例：

1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于無事可做，他們離開了。（代詞＋－ing;表原因）

2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著書。（無動詞結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）

3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，閉著眼睛。（名詞＋－ed;表狀態(tài)）

4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放學(xué)了，我們開始玩籃球。（名詞＋副詞；表時(shí)間）

5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.沒再多說一個(gè)字，他拾起那張紙。（借此結(jié)構(gòu)；表伴隨）

6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我們的晚會開始了。（名詞＋不定式；表時(shí)間）

五、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語作狀語的異同：

1、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語都可以轉(zhuǎn)化成狀語從句。但是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語從句后，有自己的邏輯主語，與主句的主語不一致；而分詞短語轉(zhuǎn)化為狀語從句后，從句的主語與主句的主語相同。例：

⑴ If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.－→Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.如果時(shí)間允許，本周末我們最好休息一下。

⑵ When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.－→Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful.從頂樓上看，花園更漂亮。

2、還應(yīng)該注意，分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語不是總和主句的主語一致，而是主句的其他成分。語法上稱作“依著原則”；有些分詞結(jié)構(gòu)在句子上找不到它的邏輯主語，語法上稱作“懸垂分詞”。例：

⑴ Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.在屋里找表，用了我很長時(shí)間。(依著原則)⑵ When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.(我們)種花時(shí)必須小心，不能碰壞花根。（懸垂分詞）

六、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同：

1、有的分詞短語可以獨(dú)立存在，在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語，實(shí)際上已經(jīng)成了習(xí)慣短語。這些短語有：generally speaking;frankly speaking;judging from;supposing等等。例：

⑴ Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.總的來說，這個(gè)規(guī)則很容易懂。

⑵ Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl.根據(jù)他所說的，她一定很誠實(shí)。

2、有些固定短語是帶to的不定式，表明說話人的立場和態(tài)度，在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語有：to be honest;to be sure;to tell you the truth;to cut a long story short;to be frank;to make the matter worse等等。例：

⑴ To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.說實(shí)話，我在會上說的并不是我的意見。

⑵ To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car.更糟糕的是，他把鑰匙鎖在車?yán)锪?/p>

七、非謂語動詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語動詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Such an able man to help you，you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來幫你, 你遲早一定會成功的。（such an able man和 to help you 之間存在著主謂關(guān)系）

= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。（seating himself at the desk擁有了自己的邏輯主語he，注意是“主格”）

= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學(xué)校。（lost 的邏輯主語是the key，lost 也可以用完成式having been lost）

= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A．不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

在“邏輯主語+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來表達(dá)。1．動詞不定式用主動的形式

在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。His mother to come tonight，he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來,他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。（= As his mother is to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner.）

——will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會嗎？ ——sorry.So many exercise-books to check, I really can't afford any time.對不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時(shí)間。

（＝Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight ,I really can't afford any time.）

The four of us agreed on a division of labour , each to translate a quarter of the book.我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。

（＝The four of us agreed on a division of labour and each is to translate a quarter of the book.）

Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.種上許多的樹，花和草后，我們新建的學(xué)校將看上去更美。(=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.)B．-ing形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

動詞的-ing形式作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語一般應(yīng)與句子的主語保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。（= As he was very ill, he went home.）Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后，他開始看雜志。（= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.）

1． 表示時(shí)間的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

Everyone being ready, the teacher began his class.每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句When everyone was ready)The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每個(gè)人坐好后，主席開始開會。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句after everyone was seated）2． 表示原因的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.由那個(gè)男孩帶路，我們沒有困難就找到了那奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous.許多眼睛看著他，他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語從句As many eyes were watching him）必背：

含有being的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

It being National Day today，the streets are very crowded.今天是國慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。

= As it is National Day today, the streets are very crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.沒有別的事可討論，我們都回家了。

= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3． 表示條件的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.時(shí)間允許的話，我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If time permits)My health allowing, I will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語從句If my health allows）4． 表示方式的-ing形式作“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校里走著，每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and each wears a card in front of his chest）

The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看著天空。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

C．-ed形式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”

與邏輯主語+動詞的-ing形式一樣，如果-ed形式的邏輯主語和句子的主語不一致的話，就需要用-ed形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡單英語寫的，英語初學(xué)者也能看懂。

= As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。

= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。

= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed, he had two months' leave.任務(wù)完成以后，他休了兩個(gè)月的假。（=When the task had been completed, he had two months' leave.）比較：

動詞不定式表示動作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動詞-ed形式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動詞-ing形式往往表示動作正在進(jìn)行。

The manager looks worried，many things to settle.經(jīng)理看上去很著急, 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled.許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了，經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動詞-ed形式settled表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）

The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV.小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）

The food cooked, the boy went to bed.飯做好了，小孩去睡了。（兩個(gè)動作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的

八、with、without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

介詞with/without +賓語+賓語的補(bǔ)足語可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A． with+名詞代詞+形容詞

He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。

= He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。

= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：

在“with+名詞代詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。

With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。

With his father well-known, the boy didn’t want to study.父親如此出名，兒子不想讀書。B． with+名詞代詞+副詞

Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時(shí)，我們的學(xué)校看上去更美。

= Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。

= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C． with+名詞代詞+介詞短語

He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。

= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth.或 Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。

= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in his mouth.D． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ed形式

With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。

= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號發(fā)出了，火車開始起動了。

= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn’t dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒完成，我不敢回家。

= I wouldn’t dare go home because the job was not finished.E． with+名詞代詞+動詞的-ing形式

The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。

= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。

= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window.他趁沒人注意的時(shí)候，從窗口溜走了。

= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F． with+名詞代詞+動詞不定式

The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男孩看上去很不開心。

= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。

The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：

在with/without 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without不能省略）

九、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)原因狀語、時(shí)間狀語、條件狀語和伴隨狀語外，還能作定語。在形式上，“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號與主句隔開。A．作狀語

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句或并列分句。1．表示時(shí)間 Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.夜幕降臨，我們在一家小旅館住了下來。

（= When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.）All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。

（= When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner.）With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。

（After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.）2．表示原因

With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決，新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。

（= As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.）

There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由于在半夜沒有交通工具了，他只好步行回家。

(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3．表示條件

Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動會。

（= If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.）All the work done, you can have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。

（=As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest.）

Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.如果從各方面考慮，你的計(jì)劃似乎更實(shí)際些。

（= If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical.）提示：

表示時(shí)間、原因、條件的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連詞。【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.下課了，學(xué)生都離開了教室。

【誤】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon appearing, they continued their way.月亮出來了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4．表示伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明

The strange man was walking down the street, with a stick in his hand.那個(gè)奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。

（= The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand.）The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進(jìn)來，手被捆在背后。

（=The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back.）Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。

（Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.）B．作定語

獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。

He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.(with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the student)他就是有許多問題要解決的那個(gè)人。

= He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off.(with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾bottle)你可以使用一個(gè)頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。

= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。(without的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,修飾the road)= He was walking along the road that didn’t have any street lights on its both sides.提示：

在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個(gè)句子改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的情況。需要提示的是，不 是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。

If you stand on the top of the mountain，the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）

If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細(xì)檢查試卷的話，有些錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）