第一篇：英語句子結構知識講義與練習

英語寫作講義與練習

英語句子結構知識講義與練習

一． 詞類

英語的詞有實詞與虛詞兩種。

實詞都有實義，共有六類：

1）名詞（noun），如book,water

2）代詞(pronoun),如I ,you

3）形容詞(adjective)，如beautiful,happy

4）數(shù)詞(numeral)，如four,third

5）動詞(verb)，如come,take

6）副詞(adverb)，如there,today,carefully

虛詞沒有實義，共有四類：

1）冠詞(article)，如a,an the

2）介詞(preposition)，如in, at,on,of

3）連詞(conjunction)，如and,or

4）感嘆詞(interjection)，如oh

二． 句子成分

一個句子一般皆由兩部分組成，即主語部分和謂語部分。

如：I get up early every day.主語：是一句的主體，是全句述說的對象，常用名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞或從句擔任，一般位于句首。

如：I respect his privacy.謂語：是說明主語的動作或狀態(tài)的，常用動詞擔任，置于主語之后。

如：The sun rises in the east.賓語：是表示及物動詞的動作對象和介詞所聯(lián)系的對象的，常由名詞或相當于名詞的詞擔任，置于及物動詞或介詞之后。

如：She gave a roar of pain.定語：是限定或修飾名詞或相當于名詞的詞的，常由形容詞或相當于形容詞的短語或從句擔任。形容詞常置于名詞之前，相當于形容詞的短語或從句常置于名詞之后。

如：John had a great desire to travel.狀語：是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的，常同副詞或相當于副詞的短語或從句擔任。修飾動詞時，可置于動詞之前，亦可置于動詞之后；修飾形容詞或副詞時，常置于它們之前。

如：She speaks English well.補語：是用來補充主語和賓語的意義的，一般都著重說明主語或賓語的特征，常由名詞或形容詞擔任。

如：I consider the book expensive.表語：就是位于連系動詞之后的主語補語。

如：I am a teacher.三． 句子

第1頁

英語只有三種句子結構，即簡單句、并列句和復合句

1）簡單句，一個含有主語（或并列主語）和謂語（或并列謂語）的句子。Caroline came into the classroom and sat down.2）并列句，由等立連詞把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句（叫做分句）合成的句子。I came home early, but she remained to the end of the concert.3）復合句，由關聯(lián)詞把主句和一個或一個以上從句合成的句子。

He said that he would come in the evening.根據(jù)句子的目的或用途，句子又可分為：

1）陳述句用以陳述事實。The sun sets in the west.2）疑問句用以提出問題。Who is standing at the window?

3）祈使句用以表示請求、命令等。Open the window, please.4）感嘆句用以表示喜怒哀樂等強烈感情。How handsome he is!

在英語里，句子的基本結構有下列五種：

一． 主+謂

I study in a middle school.He works.for ABC company.She will go there.1．自從改革開放以來我們家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化

Great changes have taken place in our hometown since the reform and opening-up.2．這場大火持續(xù)了約2小時。

The fire last about two hours.3．我在一家旅行社工作了兩個月。

I worked in a travel agent for two months.4．我們約定在上午6：30校門口碰面。

We are to meet at the gate at 6:30 a.m.5．目前世界上只有幾千只大熊貓。

Currently only several thousand of giant pandas exist in the world.6．本課程開課時間9月10日。

The course starts on September,10th.7．我的家鄉(xiāng)位于長江之濱。

My hometown lies on the Changjiang River.8．他工作努力。

He studied hard.9．我將在今年七月份畢業(yè)。

I will graduate in July this year.二． 主+謂+賓

She can speak fluent English.My mother made a sweater specially for me.I dislike watching TV.I will consider the matter.1．為了提高英語口語我們將要舉行高中英語演講比賽

To improve our oral English we will hold the English Speech Compitition for senior students.2．一家美國公司想在我市建一個紙廠。

An American company wants to build a paper factory.3．我們可以在因特網(wǎng)上欣賞音樂、觀看球類比賽、交友。

We can enjoy music, watch ball games and make friends on the internet.4．我每天用英語寫日記。

I keep a diary in English every day.5．電視在日常生活中扮演著重要的作用。

TV plays an important role in our daily life.6．這可以提高工作效率、降低產(chǎn)品成本。

It can raise the work efficiency and reduce the cost of the products.7．節(jié)日期間，人們會拜訪親朋好友。

During the festival, people will call on their relatives and friends.8．我市有超過100萬人口。

My city has a population of more than 1 million.9．如今人們過上了幸福的生活。

Nowadays people live a happy life.10． 大多數(shù)人都擁有了自己的房子。

The majority of people have a house of their own.11． 本公司已開發(fā)出了名為陽光牌的新型小轎車。

The company have developed a new kind of car with Sunshine as its brand.12． 放煙花能營造一種幸福吉祥的氛圍。

Setting off fireworks can create an atmosphere of happiness and joy.13． 我獲得全國大學生英語演講比賽一等獎。

I won the the first prize in the national English Speech Compitition for college students.14． 我懂法語和日語。

I know French and Japanese.15． 我們可以通過手機發(fā)短信和上網(wǎng)。

We can send short messages and surf the internet through mobile phones.16． 他最近取得了很大的進步。

He has made great progress recently.17． 她在與他人溝通上方面感到有點困難。

She has some difficulty communicating with others.18． 我?guī)ьI他們參觀了一些名勝。

I showed them around some places of interest.19． 我們以米飯為主食。

We live on rice.20． 在他的幫助下，我的口語水平大提高了。

With his help, my oral English has improved a lot.21． 自從改革開放以來，我的家鄉(xiāng)呈現(xiàn)出一派新的景象。

My hometown has taken on a new look since the reform and opening-up.22．

三． 主+謂+雙賓

My father gave me a bike as a gift.She bought me a book.Mr.Wu teaches us English.1.他向我解釋遲到的原因。

2.他經(jīng)常發(fā)EMAIL給我。

3.他把書遞給我。

四． 主+謂+賓+賓補

What he said made us happy.I find the book very interesting.I find it hard to learn English well.I consider her my younger sister.1．你能看到河上來來往往的船只，一片繁忙的景象。

You can find ships and boats coming and going busily on the river.2．他的醫(yī)生建議他不要演出了。

His doctor advises him not to perform.五． 主+系+表

I am a student.The apple tastes nice.The food goes bad easily in Summer.My cousin becomes a teacher.1．春節(jié)是中國最重要的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日之一。

The Spring Festival is one of the most important festivals in China.2．大熊貓瀕臨滅絕。

Giant pandas are on the point of dying out.3．街道寬敞、干凈，兩旁綠樹成蔭。

The streets are wide and clean with green trees on both sides.4．晚上，燈火通明，格外漂亮。

At night, it looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.5．本產(chǎn)品很受顧客歡迎。

The products are popular with customers.6．歡迎所有高中學生參加本次比賽。

All the senior students are welcome to take part in the contest.7．并非所有人都贊成這個計劃。

Not all the people are in favor of the plan.8．他成為第一個游過長江的中國人。

He is the first to swim across the Changjiang River.9．人們不再為食物而擔憂。

People are no longer worried about food.10． 中餐往往含有豐富的纖維和少量的脂肪和糖。

The Chinese food is rich in fibre and low in fat and sugar.11． 如今的婁底與以前不一樣了。

Nowadays Loudi is different from what it used to be.12． 學生對本課程很感興趣。

Students are interested in the course.13． 盡管這些，優(yōu)點還是多于缺點。

In spite of these, the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.14． 橋長50米，寬10米。

The bridge is 50 meters long and 10 meters wide

15． 張家界因自然美景而出名，有深谷，奇峰，怪石。

Zhangjiajie is famous for natural beauty, with deep valleys, peculiar peaks and strange stones.復合句：

一． 定語從句

1．凡有意參賽者須在五月二十五號前到學生會辦公室報名。

2．我認為首頁的名人頭像太大了，有點占空間。

3．我們學到了課堂上學不到的東西。

4．據(jù)報道，中國世界上擁有手機最多的國家。

5．大廳的右邊是起居室，是休息，看電視，娛樂的地方。

6．四月和十月是到張家界旅游最的月份，這時溫度20度左右，景色宜人。

二． 名詞性從句

I． 主語從句

II． 賓語從句

1．有人認為我們應該提高保護環(huán)境的意識。

Some people think that we should increase the awareness of environmental protection.2．我們正在激烈地討論中學生是否應該上網(wǎng)。

Now we’re having a head discussion about whether middle school students should surf the internet or not.3．我建議政府應采取措施解決這一問題。

4．III． 表語從句

IV． 同位語從句

三． 狀語從句

I． 時間狀語從句

II． 條件狀語從句

III． 原因狀語從句

IV． 讓步狀語從句

V． 目的狀語從句

VI． 結果狀語從句

1．我們建議應多組織學生外出旅游以便更多地了解校外的情況。

VII．

特殊句型：

一． There be 句型

1．出國留學有很多好處。

2．大廳的右邊有一間電腦室和一間書房。

二． 強調句型

1.正是因為手機我們才能夠隨時隨地聯(lián)系。

2.三． It 句型

1．該是禁止放煙花的時候了。

It’s time that setting off fireworks should be forbidden.2．修建這座橋花了十八年。

It took us 18 years to build the bridge.3．我認為出國留學是明智的。

四． 非謂語動詞

1．全家坐在一起吃團圓飯。

We sit together having a reunion dinner.2．晚餐后，他們會看電視到深夜，迎接新年的到來。

After supper, they will watch TV till into the night, greeting the coming of the new year.3．有些商販在學校前面的街道上擺灘買食物及其它物品。

五． 過渡銜接詞

六． 被動語態(tài)

1．本次比賽時間：六月九日下午四點鐘。比賽地點：教學樓五樓大禮堂。

The contest will be held in the auditorium on the fifth floor in the teaching building at 4:00 p.m.June 9th.2．將為前五名頒獎。

The first five winner will be given prizes.3．觀點不同。

Opinions are divided.4．機器人可以用來取代人做一些危險的重活。

5．上課時間是每周二下午3：00至5：00。

6．別墅配有現(xiàn)代設備。

第二篇：句子結構講義

Lecture Two What is a loose sentence?

從修辭的角度來看，句子有松散句、圓周句和對偶句之分。松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先說最重要的事情，因而讀者在看到幾個詞后就知道這句話的主要內容了。

She decided to study English though she was interested in music.The Wangs must have gone away for the summer holidays, for we have not seen them for two or three weeks.松散句比較易懂，簡單，自然和直接。

What is a periodic sentence?

再比較下面的句子：

Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.觀察上面的句子，可以知道：雖然意思表達和之前相同，主要意思都是她決定學英語。第一句中，主要意思放在句子的開頭，在第二句則放在句子末尾。第一句的第一部分在結構上已經(jīng)完整，而第二句的第一部分只是個狀語從句，不加上第二句就不能成為一個句子。

把最重要的意思放在最后面或者靠后的位置上，并且句子的結構直到最后一個詞時才完整。這樣的句子叫做圓周句。例如：

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.(Jane Austen)上面的句子明顯是個圓周句（掉尾句）。因為它的結構和意思在最后一個詞之前都不完整。圓周句的結構按照逐步推向高潮的遞進順序形成。圓周句比較復雜、正式和文雅。

What is a balanced sentence?

兩個結構相似但意思相反的平行從句便是對偶句。

On hearing the new, he was angered, and I was saddened.The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people.In Plato’s opinion man was made for philosophy;in Bacon’s opinion philosophy was made for man.對偶句會給人留下深刻的印象，因為它含有相反的意思，而且因節(jié)奏和諧而悅耳。對偶句主要用于說明文，議論文及演說等正式文體中。

What is an effective sentence?

1.Completeness(完整)完整是好句子的第一要點。一個完整的句子表達單一的完整思想,意思必須緊密相關。

例1.（Faulty）Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician.(Revised)He was born in a small town in South China in the early 50s.In his childhood he liked to sing songs.Later he entered a conservatory.In the 70s he became a famous musician.例2.Faulty：Do Fu was one of the greatest poet.Revised: Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Period.2.連貫(Coherence)

連貫是指句子各部分之間清楚而合理的聯(lián)系。句子中的詞語和部分應恰當?shù)劂暯樱鼈冎g的關系應十分清楚。不連貫的句子通常有以下幾種毛?。?a.平行結構使用有誤

例1． A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.Revised: A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he does.Revised: A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.例2．We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman.Revised: We thought she was charming, intelligent, and very capable.Revised: We thought she was a charming, intelligent, and very capable young woman.例3． We have great faith and high hopes for her.Revised: We have great faith in and high hopes for her.b.代詞指代不清楚

例1.She told my sister that she was wrong.例2.He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.Revised：He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not badly hurt.例3.I'm gonging to the lecture on modern Chinese drama, because he is a dramatist I like.c.修飾語和被修飾語之間的關系不明確

例1.Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.例2.On entering the classroom, the students stood up and said, “Good morning!” 例3.To get ready for the trip, all the things she needed were put into a suitcase.這些句子因為用了懸垂結構，句子缺少了連貫性，句子意思就讓人費解。當然，也有一些固定的說法，如：to be frank, generally speaking, judging by…, speaking of…, just to name a few…

再看下面的一些句子：

例1.She put into her bag the picture books she had bought for her children.例2.She bought several pictures books and put them into her bag, which she intended to give to her children.Revised: She bought several picture books for her children and put them into her bag.例3.The idea he mentioned at first sounded good.例4.The idea he mentioned sounded good at first.Revised: The idea he first mentioned sounded good.例5.He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed.例6.He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.Revised: He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting.d.人稱、數(shù)、語氣和語態(tài)上變動混亂

例1.An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.例2.Those who wish to take Linguistics are expected to sign his name on this sheet of paper.例3.Students should learn to analyze and solve problems independently.Don’t rely on your teachers’ help.例4.She reviewed the lesson taught last week and all the exercises assigned by the teacher were done.以上句子前后不一致，變動混亂，寫作時應該避免不必要的變動。3.簡潔性（Conciseness)

句中不應有任何不必要的詞。只要意思充分表達了，用詞越少越好。用詞過多只會意思模糊，而不是更清晰。人們常常用不必要的詞，所以最好在寫完一篇文章后，仔細檢查一兩遍，看看有沒有一些可刪去而又不影響意思表達。試比較： 例1.Wordy：It was blue in color.例2.It was small in size.例3.Mary is a quiet and careful woman.例4.He returned in the early part of the month of August.Concise:

1.It was blue.2.It was small.3.Mary is quiet and careful.4.He returned in the early August.請看下面的句子，想想如何更加簡潔：

(1)He gave many reasons for the failure, but the reasons he gave were not convincing.(2)In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible.(3)This machine was jointly designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleagues.(4)There was a pine tree that stood like a giant on the top of the mountain.It towered over the trees around it.(5)Mr.Smith usually like to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.(6)Li Qing, who was a first-year student of the college, would go to a park near her school every day in the morning.She would bring a small recorder with her.In park she would find a quiet corner and listen to a tape of English stories.Revised:

(1)He gave many reasons for the failure, but none of them was convincing.(代詞指代重復內

容使得句子更加簡潔）

(2)In my opinion, your plan is feasible.I think your plan is feasible.(3)This machine was jointly designed by the old engineer and some of younger colleagues.This machine was designed by the old engineer in collaboration with some of his younger colleagues.(4)The pine tree on the top of the mountain stood like a giant and towered over the trees around it.The giant pine tree on the top of the mountain towered over the trees around it.On the top of the mountain was a giant tree which towered over the trees around it.(5)Mr.Smith prefers wines produced in France.Mr.Smith prefers French wine.(6)Every morning, Li Qing, a first-year student of the college, would go to a nearby park, bringing a small recorder with her.There she would listen to a tape of English stories in a quiet corner.小結：好的句子要做到完整，連貫，邏輯關系清晰，簡潔，這四條是基本要求；當然除此以外，如果重點內容突出，句式多變，則更加錦上添花。這些都不是一朝一夕可以做到，需要大量練習。

Exercises 下列句子不夠完整或不夠連貫或不夠簡潔，請加以修改：(1 I read the novel on the train, which didn’t interest me at all.(2)A well-dressed man admitted us to the house, and we later learned that he was a thief.(3)I lost some important documents and found them three days later.The police had helped me.(4)Tell Helen, if she is at home, I will come to see her.(5)Listening attentively, a faulty sound was heard.(6）On entering the room, no one was seen.(7)Fred is energetic, capable and a man you can rely on.(8）My watch is either fast or yours is slow.(9)He nearly finished reading ten books during the vacation.(10)To tell my friend the good news the letter was posted at once.(11)I will go to the lecture, for I like his poems.(12)Dickens’ novels offer no solution to the social injustices he exposes in them.(13)There are more books in their library than in our library.(14)We planned to meet just before sunrise very early in the morning.(15)The cause of the flood was due to the heavy rain in late spring.(16)It seemed to his friends that his attitude was of a puzzling nature.(17)He did not tell the truth with an honest attitude.(18)Zhao was the person who was elected the representative of the class by the whole class.(19)What I am trying to say is that in my opinion he has not done his work very well and its needs improving.(20）You must first work out an outline for your paper, and then after you have done that, you need to collect all kinds of material to support your point of view.(21)This pretty actress keeps appearing in Tv serials repeatedly.(22)One reason why people are well informed in this country is because of the fact that there are many newspapers which can easily be bought or subscribed to.(23)There are about 50 patients or so in this ward, among whom many are being given acupuncture treatment.(24)Whatever he does, he works seriously with great care, and does his best so as to do it well.(25)She said that she would come if she could, but not to wait for her.練習題答案：

1.On the train I read the novel, which didn’t interest me at all.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.We later learned that the well-dressed man who admitted us to the house was a thief.The police helped me to find some important documents which I had lost three days before.Tell Helen that I will come to see her if she is at home.Listening attentively, I heard a faulty sound.I entered the room and saw no one.Fred is energetic, capable.You can rely on him.Either my watch is fast or yours is slow.He finished reading nearly/almost ten books during the vacation.To tell my friend the good news, I posted the letter at once.I will go to the lecture, for I like the speaker’s poems.Dickens’ novels offer no solution to the social injustices exposed in him.Their library has more books than ours.去掉very early 去掉the cause of To his friends his attitude was a puzzle.He did not tell the truth.The whole class elected Zhao their representative.I mean that he has not done his work well enough.去掉first, after you have done that 去掉repeatedly 去掉because of the fact , which can, be There are about 50 patients in this ward, and many are being given acupuncture treatment.去掉with great care, so as to do it well 后半句改為but we needn’t wait for her

第三篇：英語句子結構

英語句子結構

一、英語語句基本結構分析：

（一）主謂賓結構：

1、主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），數(shù)詞，動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般

英語句子結構

在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！

eg: The boy comes from America.He made a speech.Tow and tow is four.To be a teacher is my dream.Doing a research is a necessary step of covering a story.2、謂語：謂語由動詞構成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。謂語可以是不及物動詞（vi.）沒

有賓語，形成主謂結構，eg:We come.Many changes took place in my home town.注（以下這些詞是不及物動詞：表發(fā)生、出現(xiàn)的，如：take place, appear, happen, break out;表來、去，如：com

e, go 等）

3、賓語：賓語位于及物動詞之后，一般同主語構成一樣，不同的是構成賓語的代詞必須是‘代詞賓格’，如：me，him，them等。除了代詞賓格可以作賓語外，名詞，動名詞，不定式等可以作賓語。

eg：I will do it tomorrow.The boy needs a pen.I like swimming.I like to swim this afternoon.（二）主系表結構：

1、主語：同‘主謂賓’結構。

2、謂語：聯(lián)系動詞（Link verb）：be動詞（am,is,are,was,were,have been）；其他聯(lián)系動詞如：become成為，turn變

成，go變和感官動詞如：feel, touch, hear, see等。其特點是聯(lián)系動詞與其后的表語沒有動賓關系，表語多為形容詞

或副詞，既，不可能是賓語。

3、表語：說明主語的狀態(tài)、性質、等。可為形容詞、副詞、名詞、代詞、不定式、分詞。（1）當聯(lián)系動詞不是be，而其后是名詞和代詞時，多表達‘轉變?yōu)椤?，注意與動賓關系的區(qū)別。

eg: He became a teacher at last.His face turned red.（2）感官動詞多可用作聯(lián)系動詞

eg: He looks well.他面色好。

It sounds nice.這個聽起來不錯。

I feel good.我感覺好。

The egg smells bad.這個雞蛋難聞。

例：Tom is a boy.（Tom是個男孩）主語為Tom,系詞為be動詞的第三人稱單數(shù)is，表語為a boy

（三）There be 結構：

There be 表示‘存在有’。這里的there沒有實際意義，不可與副詞‘there那里’混淆。

此結構后跟名詞，表示‘（存在）有某事物’

試比較：There is a boy there.（那兒有一個男孩。）/前一個there無實意，后一個there為副詞‘那里’。

二、定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用‘……的’表示。

定語通常位于被修飾的成分前。若修飾some,any,every,no構成的復合不定代詞時，（如：something、nothing）；

或不定式、分詞短語作定語、從句作定語時，則定語通常置后。副詞用作定語時須放在名詞之后。

（一）形容詞作定語：

The little boy needs a blue pen.小男孩需要一支藍色的鋼筆。

（二）數(shù)詞作定語相當于形容詞：

Two boys need two pens.兩個男孩需要兩支鋼筆。

（三）形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格作定語：

His boy needs Tom's pen.他的男孩需要Tom的鋼筆。

There are two boys of Toms there.那兒有Tom家的兩個男孩。

（四）介詞短語作定語：

The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours.教室里的男孩需要你的一支鋼筆。

The boy in blue is Tom.穿蘭色衣服的孩子是湯姆。

There are two boys of 9,and three of 10.有兩個9歲的，三個10歲的男孩。

（五）名詞作定語：

The boy needs a ball pen.男孩需要一支圓珠筆。

副詞作定語：

The boy there needs a pen.那兒的男孩需要一支鋼筆。

不定式作定語：

The boy to write this letter needs a pen.寫這封信的男孩需要一支鋼筆。

（六）分詞（短語）作定語：

The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.那個微笑的男孩需要一支他媽媽買的鋼筆。

（七）定語從句：

The boy who is reading needs a pen.那個在閱讀的男孩需要一支鋼筆。

三、狀語：狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或全句，說明方式、因果、條件、時間、地點、讓步、方向、程度、目的等

狀語在句子中的位置很靈活，常見情況為：通常在句子基本結構之后，強調時放在句首；修飾形容詞或副詞時，通常位于被修飾的詞之前；表示時間、地點、目的的狀語一般位于句子兩頭，強調時放在句首，地點狀語一般須

在時間狀語之前；一些表示不確定時間（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副詞狀語通常位于be動詞、助動

詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，動詞之前。

有時狀語在句中的某個位置會引起歧義，應注意，如：The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教

室里的女孩‘（此時in the classroom為girl的定語），也可以理解為‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’（此時in the classroom為地

點狀語），最好寫作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.'

（一）副詞（短語）作狀語：

The boy needs a pen very much.男孩非常需要一支鋼筆。（程度狀語）

The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother.男孩非常需要他母親買的那支鋼筆。（賓語較長則狀語前置）

The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩現(xiàn)在需要一支鋼筆。（時間狀語）

（二）介詞短語作狀語：

In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支鋼筆。（地點狀語）

Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母親面前，湯姆總是一個男孩子。（條件狀語）

On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天，教室里沒有學生。（時間狀語）

（三）分詞（短語）作狀語：

He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）

Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因為不得不完成作業(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）

（四）不定式作狀語：

The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）

（五）名詞作狀語：

Come this way!走這條路?。ǚ较驙钫Z）

（六）狀語從句：

時間狀語從句，地點狀語從句，原因狀語從句，結果狀語從句，目的狀語從句，比較狀語從句，讓步狀語從句，條件狀語從句

四、直接賓語和間接賓語：

（一）特殊的同源賓語現(xiàn)象： fight a fight , dream a dream , etc.（二）有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，如：give給，pass遞，bring帶，show顯示。這兩個賓語通常一個指人，為間接賓語；一個指物，為直接賓語。間接賓語一般位于直接賓語之前。

一般的順序為：動詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語。

eg:Give me a cup of tea,please.強調間接賓語順序為：動詞 + 直接賓語 + to + 間接賓語。eg:Show this house to Mr.Smith.Mr.五、賓語補足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系，它們一起構成復合賓語。

（一）名詞/代詞賓格 + 名詞

The war made him a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士。

（二）名詞/代詞賓格 + 形容詞

New methods make the job easy.新方法使這項工作變得輕松。

（三）名詞/代詞賓格 + 介詞短語

I often find him at work.我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作。

（四）名詞/代詞賓格 + 動詞不定式

The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老師讓學生們關上窗戶。

（五）名詞/代詞賓格 + 分詞

I saw a cat running acrothe road.我看見一只貓跑過了馬路。

六、同位語：同位語是在名詞或代詞之后并列名詞或代詞對前者加以說明的成分，近乎于后置定語。如：

We students should study hard.（students是we的同位語，都是指同一批‘學生’）

We all are students.（all是we的同位語，都指同樣的‘我們’）

七、獨立成分：有時句子中會有一些與句子沒有語法聯(lián)系的成分，稱為句子獨立成分（注意：區(qū)別于分詞獨立結構）。

感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等?？隙ㄔ~yes否定詞no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。

如： The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信，這個故事還遠沒結束。

情態(tài)詞，表示說話人的語氣（多作為修飾全句的狀語）：perhaps也許，maybe大概，acturely實際上，certainly當然，等。

八、分詞獨立結構：分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語與句子的主語一致！否則應有自己的邏輯主語，構成分詞獨立結構。

例：錯句：Studying hard,your score will go up.正確：（1）Studying hard,you can make your score go up.或（2）If you study hard,your score will go up.解析：錯句中分詞studying沒有自帶邏輯主語，則其邏輯主語就是句子的主語，既your score.顯然做study的應是人，不應是your score（分數(shù)）。正確句（1）更正了句子的主語，使其與分詞邏輯主語一致（同為you）；正確句（2）則使用條件分句帶出study的主語，（不過已經(jīng)不是分詞結構了）。

分詞獨立結構常省略being,having been.不過‘There being…’的場合不能省略。

如：

Game（being）over,he went home.He stands there,book（being）in hand.獨立結構還可用with、without引導，作狀語或定語。這種結構不但可以用分詞，還可以用不定式、形容詞、介詞短語、副詞或名詞等。

如：

With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon.無事可做，他很快就睡著了。

The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose.老師進來了，戴著一付眼鏡。（注意，此句on his nose不可省略?。?/p>

第四篇：一年級句子結構練習

一年級句子結構練習

1、誰 干什么； ①往南 ②飛 ③燕子 ④一群 ⑤排隊

仿寫：

2、誰 在什么地方 干什么； ①做游戲 ②小朋友 ③在操場上

仿寫：

3、誰 在怎么樣的地方 干什么；①小馬 ②池塘邊 ③在 ④喝水 ⑤清清的 仿寫：

4、誰 為 誰 干什么； ①為 ②買了 ③皮球 ④媽媽 ⑤一個 ⑥我仿寫：

5、誰 帶 誰 干什么； ①帶 ②秋游 ③我們 ④老師 ⑤去

仿寫：

6、誰和誰 在什么地方 干什么；①小兔 ②草地上 ③在 ④和 ⑤賽跑 ⑥小馬

仿寫：

7、什么地方有 什么；①美麗的 ②有 ③池塘 ④一朵 ⑤荷花 ⑥里 仿寫：

8、什么地方有什么在干什么；①樹林里 ②啄木鳥③在 ④為大樹 ⑤有 ⑥治病 ⑦一只

仿寫：

9、什么時候，誰 怎么樣地 干什么；①秋天 ②一群 ③往南飛 ④小燕子 ⑤排著隊 仿寫：

第五篇：英語句子結構分析網(wǎng)站

英語句子結構分析

句子的劃分

i.根據(jù)結構劃分：①簡單句:s+v（主+謂）s+link-v+p(主+謂+表)s+v+o（主+謂+賓）

s+v+o+o（主+謂+間賓+直賓）s+v+o+c（主+謂+賓+賓補）

②并列句 and, but, or等

③復合句：名詞從句（賓，主，表，同）

副詞從句（狀語從句）

形容詞從句（定語從句）ii.根據(jù)功能劃分： 陳述句

疑問句（一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反義疑問句，修辭疑問句）

祈使句

感嘆句

一．五種句型

1.i am a webaholic.我是一個網(wǎng)蟲。

chatting on the internet is interesting.我喜歡網(wǎng)上聊天。2.internet dating hurts.網(wǎng)戀有害。

3.i like chatting online.我喜歡網(wǎng)上聊天。

4.chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.網(wǎng)上聊天給我?guī)砗芏鄻啡ぁ?.we can call internet addicts a webaholic.我們管網(wǎng)上一隱君子叫網(wǎng)蟲。

② 保持某種狀態(tài)：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay.③ 看起來，好像：appear, look, seem.④ 感官動詞：feel, smell, sound, taste.ii.跟雙賓語的動詞

1、“七給”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“帶”(bring)8個及物動詞,在直接賓語前置時,必須在后面加上“to”。即“vt.+ sth.+ to + sb.”

如:he lent some money to me.類似動詞的還有：get,mail,offer,owe(借），pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等

2、“buy”(買);“draw”(畫);“make”(制作)三個動詞,在直接賓語前置時,則必須在后邊加“for”,構成“vt.+ sth.+ for + sb.”。

如:mother bought a new dress for me。類似的動詞還有：build，choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(訂購）,reach等。

3、當直接賓語是代詞時，間接賓語for和to于直接賓語之后

如：richard made it for him。理查德為他做的這個東西 give it to me。把它給我

4、有些動詞后可單獨用直接賓語、間接賓語或雙賓語，如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay.i asked john.我問約翰

i asked a question.我問了一個問題

i asked john a question.我問了約翰一個問題

5、suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等動詞后必須跟介詞to, 不能進行直接賓語與間接賓語的轉換。could you explain your point of view to us? =could you explain to us your point of view? iii.復合賓語結構

1,verb（動詞）＋object（賓語）＋to do sth his father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。2, verb（動詞）＋object（賓語）＋doing sth my father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.3, verb（動詞）＋object（賓語）＋done yesterday i had a picture taken with two americans.4, verb（動詞）＋object（賓語）＋adj(形容詞)you should keep the room clean and tidy.你應該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。5，verb（動詞）＋object（賓語）＋prep(介詞短語)my father kept me at home 6，verb（動詞）＋object（賓語）＋n(名詞)we made him our monitor.● 常見的動詞有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。● 注意：動詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動詞不定式作賓補時，不帶to。如：

1)the boss made him do the work all day.老板讓他整天做那項工作。

2)i heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我聽見她在隔壁唱了一個晚上。

二,各種句子成分 1）主語：是一句的主體，是全句述說的對象.students study.(學生學習。)we are friends.(我們是朋友)if you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.不經(jīng)歷風雨，怎么見彩虹。

the secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.成功的秘訣在于從磨練開始，并要堅持不斷磨練。

the painter painted a very nice picture.(畫家畫了一幅漂亮的畫。)they fought against sars bravely.(他們勇敢地與非典搏斗。)to see is to believe.(耳聽為虛眼見為實).helping animals is to help people.(幫助動物就是幫助人類。

eating too much is bad for your health.(=it is bad for your health eating too much.)(吃得太多對你的身體不利。)充當主語的形式：1）名詞2）代詞3）名詞短語4）名詞從句5）數(shù)詞6）不定式7）-ing形式.2）謂語：是對主語加以陳述，表示主語的行為或狀態(tài)，常用動詞或者動詞詞組擔任，放在主語的后面。如：

students study.(學生學習。)we are friends.(我們是朋友)i have a dream.you don’t always want what you need, or need what you want.所需之物未必皆所欲，所欲未必皆所需。

he travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。)who teaches you english this year?(今年誰教你們的英語？)the pizza has gone bad.(那塊烤餡餅已經(jīng)變壞。)he can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel.(他不可能讀完了那本長達800頁的小說。)something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out.(該采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)謂語形式：動詞（英語句子的靈魂）

3）賓語：表示行為的對象，放在及物動詞或者介詞之后。如： they are teachers.(他們是老師。)i play with him.(我和他一起玩。)you don’t find opportunities?you make them.你找不到機會。你得去創(chuàng)造機會。

you probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.如果你常開著電視，你就可能聽不到機會的敲門聲。篇二：英語句子結構分析

摘要：文章是由句子有機組合而成的。單詞好比語言的一個個零散的部件，只有組成了句子才有真正的意義。因此，讀懂句子是讀懂文章的基礎，也是我們做對題目的關鍵。當然，讀

懂句子需

文章是由句子有機組合而成的。單詞好比語言的一個個零散的部件，只有組成了句子才有真正的意義。因此，讀懂句子是讀懂文章的基礎，也是我們做對題目的關鍵。當然，讀懂句子需要我們具備一定的語法知識，而語法又是讓同學們感到最為頭痛東西。但是我們要知道，在英語文章閱讀中，語法歸根結底是為我們讀懂文章而服務的，只要能夠掌握基本的語法規(guī)律，無障礙的讀懂復雜的句子，語法的任務就圓滿的完成了。那些掙扎并糾結在復雜語法中的同學們則是掉進了語法學習的誤區(qū)。下面就來介紹句子的基本結構以及讀懂句子的快

捷方法。

英語句子分為簡單句和復合句。所謂的簡單句，就是一個句子中只包含一個主謂結構的句子。復合句又分成并列句和復雜句，下面我們分別對這三種情況加以簡要的分析。

1、簡單句

簡單句，即只有一個主謂結構的句子。除了特殊情況，英語句子中都有主語、謂語(或表語)，有時候還有賓語；而且除了倒裝句等特殊句型，一般情況下，主語、謂語、賓語的先后順序是固定的，不可能賓語跑到謂語前面，或者謂語跑到主語前面。目前很多語法書都把英語的簡單句歸納為五種基本句型。實際上，英語簡單句還可以簡化為三種形式：

主語 + 謂語(及物動詞)+ 賓語；i hate grammar.主語 + 謂語(不及物動詞)； grammar sucks.主語 + 系動詞 + 表語 grammar is hell.所以，我們在閱讀句子的時候，不管句子有多長，不管是并列句還是復合句，都必須首先分清各句中的主語、謂語（或表語），有的句子中還包括賓語。因為主語、謂語、賓語中

英語句子的主干，抓住了句子的主干，句子的基本意思就清楚了。

2、并列句

并列句就是兩個或以上的簡單句，由表示并列關系的連詞或標點符號連接而成。常見的連詞：and, not only...but also, neither...nor...or, either...or...otherwise，but, yet, while, so, for等。閱讀中遇到并列關系的句子，一般情況下是以連詞為界限，將句子分成前、后幾個部分，并分別來分析，各句的意思一般可以單獨理解，最后將各句合 并即可。

i hate grammar, / while he loves it.（以while為界，可分為前后兩個小句子）摘要：

3、主從復合句 主從復合句即是復雜句，它也是由兩個以上的句子構成。與并列不

同的是，各分句之間的意思是緊密相連的，所以我們不能簡單地把各個句

3、主從復合句

主從復合句即是復雜句，它也是由兩個以上的句子構成。與并列不同的是，各分句之間的意思是緊密相連的，所以我們不能簡單地把各個句子拆開來看，而必須將各分句綜合起來

進行理解。有時候，分句里面有可能還包含分句。

說到從句，我們還要介紹一下英語中的三大從句：名詞性從句，形容詞性從句和副詞性

從句。三大從句之下又包括紛繁復雜的從句形式：

名詞性從句：主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句

形容詞性從句（定語從句）：限制性，非限制性

副詞性從句（狀語從句）：時間，地點，原因，條件，目的，讓步，方式，結果看到這里，可能有些同學又會產(chǎn)生抵觸情緒了，其實這些細致的劃分我們可以跳過，對于具體句子中的從句如何解決其實很簡單，你只需知道從句做什么成分就可以了，從句做什

么成分，就是個什么功能的從句。

the sad thing is that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone.（表語）

what the ugly man chooses is living alone.（主語）

we all know that the ugly man chooses living alone.（賓語）

the thing that the ugly man with a lot of money chooses living alone was known to everyone.（同位語）

the ugly man who has a lot of money chooses living alone.（定語）

although the ugly man has a lot of money, he chooses living alone.（狀語）在閱讀這樣的復雜句的時候，首先要找出主句或從句從哪兒開始，到哪兒結束，首先理

解主句的意思，最后再把從句的內容與主句綜合起來。

介紹完句子結構，就該說說復雜句子的解決方法了，那就是優(yōu)先提取主干法。這種方法顧名思義就是先把句子的主干提取，因為主干是句子的精髓所在，然后再看其他補充或修飾的成分。

one of the results of the conflict between the two factions was 【that [ what in previous years had been referred to as the american, native, or, occasionally, new york school(---the most representative school of american art in any gee---)主語從句](had by 1890)was firmly established in the minds of critics and public alike as the hudson river school.表語從句】

首先找到句子主干成分：one of the results was...很明顯的主系表結構，that 引導的顯然是個表語從句，表語從句中又有一個由what引導的主語從句，主干結構是...was firmly established.最后再加上修飾成分，句子就很容易分析了，也可以輕而易舉的翻譯并理解了：兩個派別斗爭的結果之一是：直到1890年，這個曾經(jīng)被稱作美國的、本土的、或者偶爾被稱作是紐約的美國藝術題材中最有代表性的學派，以哈德遜河學派命名

被穩(wěn)固的建立在批評家和公眾的思想之中了。

優(yōu)先提取主干是一個很有效地方法，如果我們具備了基本的句子結構知識，了解了句子的成分構成，先提取主干，抓住句子精髓，再看從句和其他部分，理清各個部分之間的關系，任何復雜的句子也就迎刃而解了。

以下是兩個有趣的句子,你能分析其句子成分并理解其大意嗎?1.i saw a saw saw a saw.2.i don’t think that that thatthat that student pronounced iscorrect.分析與理解:1.i saw a saw saw a saw.(saw n.v.鋸)分析:i是主語,第一個saw是see的過去式,作謂語;第二個saw是名詞

英語句子結構分析

教學重點：

1：掌握五種基本句型

2：了解除be以外的其他四種系動詞。

3：了解接to和for的雙賓語的動詞有哪些。4：能夠區(qū)分雙賓語和復合賓語得區(qū)別。

英語句子結構分析

句子的劃分

i.根據(jù)結構劃分：①簡單句 s+v（主+謂）s+v+p(主+謂+表)s+v+o（主+謂+賓）

s+v+o+o（主+謂+間賓+直賓）s+v+o+c（主+謂+賓+賓補）

②并列句 and, but, or ③復合句：名詞從句（賓，主，表，同）

副詞從句（狀語從句）

形容詞從句（定語從句）ii.根據(jù)功能劃分： 陳述句

疑問句（一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反義疑問句，修辭疑問句）

祈使句

感嘆句

iii.根據(jù)句子成分：單個詞匯

短語

從句

一．陳述句（五種句型）

1.i am a webaholic.我是一個網(wǎng)蟲。

chatting on the internet is interesting.我喜歡網(wǎng)上聊天。2.internet dating hurts.網(wǎng)戀有害。

3.i like chatting online.我喜歡網(wǎng)上聊天。

4.chatting on the internet brings me a lot of fun.網(wǎng)上聊天給我?guī)砗芏鄻啡ぁ?.we can call internet addicts a webaholic.我們管網(wǎng)上一隱君子叫網(wǎng)蟲?？谠E解讀：

go 一般表示事物由好變壞，結果是不好的。

如：its such a hot day today that this dish has gone smelly.今天太熱了，菜都餿了。

grow 表示逐漸變化，強調的是緩慢變化的過程，后面往往接表示天氣或外貌變化的靜態(tài)形容詞。

如：i want to grow old with you.我想和你一起慢慢變老。run 與grow 是對應的，其主語多為能流動，能消耗的東西。

如：still water runs deep.靜水深流。turn多接表示顏色和天氣的形容詞，側重于表達與之前大不相同。

如：the weather suddenly turned hot.天氣突然變熱了。in spring the trees turn green, the flowers

一、簡單句句子成分 01 主語 謂語主謂 狀語主謂 地點狀語

主語：動作的執(zhí)行者，名詞、代詞、-ing形式、不定式to do等可以作主語。

謂語：表示動作，由動詞擔任。英語句子不同時態(tài)、語態(tài)形式都在謂語部分體現(xiàn)。

狀語：修飾謂語，由副詞或其它結構擔任，表示時間、地點、程度、方式、原因、目的、條件等。02主謂賓語主謂 間賓 直賓時間狀語

賓語：動作的對象，名詞、代詞、-ing形式、不定式to do等可以作賓語。有的動詞如bring、give、buy、offer等可以帶兩個賓語，一個指人（間接賓語），另個指物（直接賓語）。

注意：只有及物動詞（vt.）才能直接帶賓語，不及物動詞（vi.）后面不能直接跟賓語。03定語 主 謂 間賓 定語 直賓時間狀語

定語：放在（主語或賓語）名詞前修飾名詞，由形容詞或其它結構擔任。(祈使句，省略主語you)謂 間賓 直賓 定語（后置）04 主 系動詞表語（“系動詞+表語”構成“系表結構”，作謂語）05 主 系動詞表語 主 系表 主系 表

注意：以上動詞若表示其它含義，就不是系動詞，而是行為動詞，后面就不能帶形容詞作表語。注意下面兩句中l(wèi)ook的不同含義：

定 主 謂賓 狀語（副詞）定 主 系 表（形容詞）主 定語（后置）謂語（被動語態(tài)）原因狀語

主 謂 賓目的狀語主 系 表 結果狀語 主謂 賓賓補 方式狀語

賓補：賓語補足語，補充說明賓語。09主（形式）真正主語

注意：當句子主語結構太長時，往往用it放在謂語前面充當形式主語，而真正主語放在句尾，以保持句子的平衡。注意：there be 句型的主語在be動詞后面。

主語

how wonderfully ∣ how beautiful ∣ how + adv.∣ 主 謂 how + adj.∣ 主 系

what an intelligent girl ∣ what important advice ∣ what + a/an+ adj.+n.∣ 主 系 what + n∣ 主 謂

注意：感嘆句的句子結構1）how感嘆句：how + adv.(adj.)+主謂?!2)what感嘆句：what +（a/an）+ adj.+n.+主謂?！注意反義疑問句結構：陳述部分+反問？

二、復合句句子結構（主句、從句）主 謂 間賓賓語從句（引導詞that）賓語從句（引導詞whether/if是否）賓語從句（引導詞what什么）注意：該句中could表示客氣語氣，不是過去時。

賓語從句（引導詞whose誰的）i don’賓語從句（引導詞how怎樣）賓語從句（引導詞what什么）

let’.→ let’.賓語從句（引導詞when and where）不定式短語作賓語

注意：賓語從句在句中作賓語；引導詞有that、whether/if（是否）、what、where、when、how等疑問詞；1）賓語從句中用陳述語序（主語在前，謂語在后）；2）如果主句是過去時，從句用相應的過去的時態(tài)（一般現(xiàn)在→一般過去，現(xiàn)在進行→過去進行，一般將來→過去將來，現(xiàn)在完成→過去完成，一般過去→過去完成）；但是如果賓語從句表示的是客觀事實或真理，從句仍用一般現(xiàn)在時；3）疑問詞引導的賓語從句常?？梢赞D換成“疑問詞+to do”結構。（主將從現(xiàn)）

條件狀語從句，引導詞if（如果）21 he won’unless = if not 條件狀語從句，引導詞unless（除非，如果不）

注意：條件狀語從句中不能用將來時，若要表示將來的動作，必須用一般現(xiàn)在時代替。時間狀語從句，引導詞as soon as（一??就）時間狀語從句，引導詞when（當??的時候）24 the workers didn’時間狀語從句，引導詞until（直到??）

注意：時間狀語從句中不能用將來時，若要表示將來的動作，必須用一般現(xiàn)在時代替。

提醒：注意主句、從句時態(tài)搭配。時間狀語從句，引導詞since（直從??以來）26 i didn’

原因狀語從句，引導詞because（因為）原因狀語從句，引導詞now that（既然）讓步狀語從句，引導詞although（雖然，盡管）讓步狀語從句，引導詞though（雖然，盡管）結果狀語從句，引導詞so?that（如此??以至于）目的狀語從句，引導詞so that?（為了）比較狀語從句，引導詞as? as?（和?一樣）比較狀語從句，引導詞than（更）

三、并列句 并列句，連接詞and，表示“和”

and連接的兩個并列句子，時態(tài)往往一致 并列句，連接詞but，表示“但是” 36 the doctor felt very tired, but he still went on working.該句可以換種方式表達although 并列句，連接詞or，表示“否則”

注意：該句可以換種方式表達if 并列句，連接詞so，表示“因此，所以”

注意：該句可以換種方式表達because

四、反義疑問句

the old man can hardly read or write.（改為反意疑問句）the old man can hardly read or write, ______ ______? 40 there is no important information in the newspaper.（改為反意疑問句）there is no important information in the newspaper, ______ ______? 41 he failed to swim across the river in ten minutes.（改為反意疑問句）he failed to swim across the river in ten minutes, ______ ______? 42 mike’s already got much information about the suspect.（改為反意疑問句）mike’s already got much information about the suspect, ______ ______? 注意：反義疑問句的反問部分由“助動詞+人稱代詞主格”組成，若陳述部分是肯定句，反問部分就用否定，即：“肯定-否定式”；若陳述部分是否定，反問部分就用肯定，即“否定-肯定式”。但應注意除not、no表示否定外，還有never、hardly、rarely、seldom、few、little都表示否定。