第一篇：專(zhuān)八考試技巧

1）首句和尾句法：經(jīng)我多年研究，閱讀中的每一段的第一句和最后一句加起來(lái)就是后面5個(gè)問(wèn)題的60%的答案所在地，把每一個(gè)名詞和動(dòng)詞用鉛筆劃出來(lái)）

2）作者態(tài)度題和單詞互換題。（作者態(tài)度一般都是中立和積極向上的，單詞互換一定要選擇最簡(jiǎn)單的，因?yàn)榻o出的單詞就是文中很難的詞）

3）階梯和長(zhǎng)短選題法（這個(gè)要面授才可以懂得如何運(yùn)用）

4）關(guān)鍵題回歸法，每個(gè)問(wèn)題都會(huì)有一個(gè)名詞，把這個(gè)名回到回文中找（注意，找的時(shí)候一定要找它的同義詞和相近詞），它所在的句子一般就是答案。

5）作者引用，大寫(xiě)字母，THAT,WHICH ,AS 等句型是必考內(nèi)容。作文是最能體現(xiàn)一個(gè)人的綜合水平，詞匯，語(yǔ)法和思想。下面的作文思路是我多年研究所總結(jié)出的，同學(xué)們務(wù)必記住每一段所要包括的內(nèi)容，每寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子不可以少于7個(gè)單詞（一但你寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子少于7個(gè)單詞，作文是不可能取得高分，這也是上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)改卷老師所要求的），每天堅(jiān)持寫(xiě)作文，題目可以看下往年真題，我推薦一個(gè)方法就是背，然后用自己的話(huà)寫(xiě)出來(lái)。下面的都是曾經(jīng)考過(guò)的作文，看看我是怎樣寫(xiě)思路的。

(必要作文思路)what is your ambition?

第1段：Ambition is the decision one that makes resolution and carries out into action.It is a burning desire to achieve any tasks and mission in our life.Shakespeare put it, “one who has no ambition that means one

who has no soul.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to accomplish our goals, then our life becomes meaningful, which almost have a bearing on all aspects of life.1，主題定義。2，延伸主題（解釋?zhuān)?，引用名人名言（自編）4，對(duì)名人名言的態(tài)度（贊成還是反對(duì)）5，主題的影響（國(guó)家，社會(huì)，個(gè)人等方面）

第2段：First aspect, ambition offers us a sense of mission(觀點(diǎn)一和例證一)

In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full play.（觀點(diǎn)二和例證二)

Last but not the least,（觀點(diǎn)三和例證三）

對(duì)比觀點(diǎn)（好與壞）

第3段： To sum up1）自己的獨(dú)特看法

2）主題的意義

3）問(wèn)題的存在和解決方法

What I Have Learnedat University

The development of an individual human existence can be divided into several important stages.But no period can be more influential upon the later course of our life than the years we have experienced in college.Here is the cradle of intelligentsia with vision, mission and passion.And now, as I am ready to leave campus and face the real world, I dare say that no other place can teach me more.I am very proud that in university I have learnt how important it is for one to have vision, that ability to see ahead of time and possibly others.College has raised me up, so that I could enjoy a broader view of the world.University Library, the sanctuary of mind always keeps me in a close touch with the great thoughts of giants, Shakespeare, Russell, Churchill, Roosevelt, to name only a few.All these overwhelmingly famous names have turned familiar and friendly here.These great minds teach me how to live a meaningful life.They warn me that the last but greatest enemy for mankind is human existence itself.Their words of wisdom shall guide and guard me overcome all the obstacles beset in the course of my life.In the light of this statement, I have to say that college years have brightened up my vision.It is at university that I have acquired an added understanding of the meaning of mission i.e.man should have shoulders strong enough to take more responsibilities of the time.College has enriched me,so that I, to some extent, have discovered the truth to live by.When I was a sophomore, I was chosen a volunteer for the Red CrossInstitution.My job, then, was to assist the doctor with the bloodcollecting in a blood donation car on the street.Those daysbestowed me with a moving but a little bit singular picture, inwhich the painful injection and hearty smile are perfectly and

beautifully combined.Every parcel of blood means a piece of hope,through which I see that the possession of life lies in sharing.This is how college years has defined my mission.It is after some years at university that I have better apprehendedTonybee when he said, “Glory belongs to those who are actually in the arena, fighting passionately whilst showing every now and thenmistakes or shortcomings.” I have understood the spirit of

transcending myself, sometimes even in a crazy way.If youth is the freshness of the deep springs of life, then college must be the

fountain of passion.It cheers in the chaos of gym;it hides in thesilence of lab.During the college years, I never stopped pursuingmy own dream, because I never fail to be inspired by the flowingcurrent of young passion.Lawrence H.Summers, former President of Harvard said in hisfarewell speech, “College graduates, capable of deep reflections are what the world needs.” Living in a world of madding crowd, a group,or even a small group of people are expected to remain

transcendental and sober.If any can live up to so high a standardof existence, college graduates can.And I am fortunate in beingamong them at this moment and having spared little time cultivating my vision, mission and passion in the past four years.With these, I have better courage to change myself and most probably better

preparation for my future.第1段列舉了四位名人的思想對(duì)本人的影響；第2段講了自己在大二期間做志愿者的經(jīng)歷，真實(shí)感人，證明mission的重要性；第3段引用了歷史學(xué)家湯恩比（Tonybee）的名段講了passion（激情）對(duì)人生的影響；最后一段，再引哈佛大學(xué)前任校長(zhǎng)Summers（現(xiàn)任奧巴馬內(nèi)閣成員）的演講進(jìn)一步深化了主題。當(dāng)然，此文如果在遣詞造句方面再下一定功夫，就會(huì)更加完美！

成功不是必然的,一定要有方法,要堅(jiān)持,我在全國(guó)講學(xué),看到很多同學(xué)很容易放棄,一遇到問(wèn)題就躲避.我不會(huì)定義成功,但我會(huì)定義失敗,那就是放棄,就算你沒(méi)有通過(guò)也沒(méi)關(guān)系,成功不在乎你失敗多少次,不在乎你跌倒了多少次,而是你最后一次有沒(méi)有站起來(lái).記住你是最強(qiáng)的。

第二篇：專(zhuān)八翻譯技巧總結(jié)

專(zhuān)八翻譯

第一章

考題基本規(guī)律

所有考題均圍繞人文話(huà)題，從未出現(xiàn)科學(xué)技術(shù)方面的考題。

·英譯漢要求高于漢譯英要求，前者只要“達(dá)意”，后者則還要“傳神”。

·首選順譯，不會(huì)出大錯(cuò)。

·英譯漢，直譯為主；漢譯英，意譯為主；時(shí)間緊迫，可以“譯述”。

·用兩種文化去思維，比如在英翻中時(shí)不能隨意套用漢語(yǔ)成語(yǔ)。

·其他注意事項(xiàng)：

1，不要遺漏或曲解原文信息。

2，詞匯、句式恰當(dāng)而多變。

3，與原文風(fēng)格一致。

4，翻譯頭幾句要格外用心，提高印象分。

第二章

漢譯英翻譯技巧

一，詞的翻譯

1，詞義選擇

（1）

語(yǔ)境詞

手機(jī)刷新了人與人的關(guān)系。

Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.（2）

表意模糊的詞 這所全國(guó)重點(diǎn)大學(xué)為社會(huì)輸送了大批的人才。

The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.（3）

比喻詞匯

老師答應(yīng)給這幾個(gè)學(xué)生“開(kāi)小灶”。

The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.2，詞義轉(zhuǎn)換：英語(yǔ)的靜態(tài)性和抽象性決定其出現(xiàn)名詞化和介詞化的傾向。

（1）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞

吃頭兩個(gè)菜時(shí)，也是贊不絕口。

You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.（2）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)介詞

這樣，每個(gè)地方都有自己的傳說(shuō)，風(fēng)俗也就衍傳了下來(lái)。

Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.（3）動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞

所以人們對(duì)于大自然，全都一致并且深深地依賴(lài)著。

Therefore, everyone has become unanimously and profoundly dependent on Nature.（4）形容詞副詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞

只有這些生靈自由自在地享受著這個(gè)黃昏。

…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.（5）名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞

大自然對(duì)人的恩賜，無(wú)論貧富，一律平等。

People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.3，詞的增補(bǔ)

（1）語(yǔ)法需要：增補(bǔ)的詞多為冠詞、名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞。

面對(duì)一池碧水，將憂(yōu)心煩惱全拋到一邊，使自己的身心得到充分休息。

When facing a pool of green water, you forgot all your worries and annoyance and enjoy a good rest, both mentally and physically.在我所呆的三年半中，共有14位學(xué)生被招進(jìn)了他的實(shí)驗(yàn)室，最后博士畢業(yè)的只剩下5人。

During the three and a half years I stayed at the lab, a total of 14 students were recruited to his lab, but only 5 of them got their doctor’s degrees at last.（2）意思表達(dá)需要

世界上第三代博物館是充滿(mǎn)全新概念的博物館。

The third generation museums in the world are run on entirely new concepts.（3）文化背景解釋的需要

黃鼠狼給雞拜年。

The weasel goes to pay his respects to the hen——not with the best of wishes.4，詞的減省

于是轉(zhuǎn)喜為怒，轉(zhuǎn)贊美為責(zé)備挑剔，轉(zhuǎn)首肯為搖頭。

Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.用點(diǎn)畫(huà)成線(xiàn)，用線(xiàn)畫(huà)成平面，用平面畫(huà)成立體。

With points you can make a line;with lines, planes;with planes, solids.5，詞的替代

（1）名詞成分替代：用代詞替代重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞（this/that/all/both/none/some/any/who/which/whose）；用名詞性代詞替代重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的名詞（enough/half/the former/the latter/the one）；同義詞替代。

另一種方法是化學(xué)方法。

Another method is the chemical approach.（2）謂語(yǔ)成分替代

你說(shuō)他很勤奮，他確實(shí)很勤奮。

You say he is diligent, so he is.成績(jī)有雙重性，錯(cuò)誤也有雙重性。

Achievement has a dual character, so do mistakes.（3）分句替代

你會(huì)來(lái)出席會(huì)議嗎？假如不出席會(huì)議，請(qǐng)及早通知我們。

Will you attend the meeting? If not, please notice us as soon as possible.二，句子翻譯

1，確立主干

（1）

確立主語(yǔ)

·避免主語(yǔ)機(jī)械對(duì)應(yīng)

這個(gè)地區(qū)雨比較多。

It rains a lot in this area.·方位詞或時(shí)間詞在主語(yǔ)位置

山下住著一位老婦人。

There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.·用it做主語(yǔ)翻譯主語(yǔ)是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的漢語(yǔ)

信不信是你的事。

It is your concern whether you believe me or not.最好是等他們回來(lái)。

It is advisable to wait till they come back.勤能補(bǔ)拙

It is diligence that makes for deficiency.（2）確立謂語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞通常只能由某個(gè)動(dòng)詞或者系表結(jié)構(gòu)擔(dān)任。

在人際關(guān)系上我們不要太浪漫主義。

We shouldn’t be too romantic about personal relationship.當(dāng)他活著一天，總要盡量多工作、多學(xué)習(xí)，不肯虛度年華，不讓時(shí)間白白地浪費(fèi)掉。

As long as he is living, he always work and study as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life.2，語(yǔ)序調(diào)整

（1）定語(yǔ)的位置：英語(yǔ)中，單詞充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)多為前置，短語(yǔ)和從句充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)多為后置。

釣魚(yú)是一項(xiàng)能陶冶性情的運(yùn)動(dòng)，有益于身心健康。

Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health.（2）狀語(yǔ)的位置

他是1970年5月20日在北京朝陽(yáng)區(qū)出生的。

He was born in Chaoyang District of Beijing on May 20, 1970.（3）漢英語(yǔ)言敘事重心不同：漢語(yǔ)先敘事，后表態(tài)或評(píng)論，以突出話(huà)題，這叫主題句。漢譯英有時(shí)會(huì)譯為掉尾句，即先表態(tài)或評(píng)論，后敘事，以突出主語(yǔ)。

萬(wàn)一有什么困難，給我們一個(gè)信。

Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.（4）漢英語(yǔ)言強(qiáng)弱詞語(yǔ)的順序不同：英語(yǔ)遵循前輕后重，前簡(jiǎn)后繁的原則。

救死扶傷，實(shí)行革命的人道主義。

Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice the revolutionary humanitarianism.一霎時(shí)，一陣被人摒棄，為世所遺忘的悲憤兜上心頭，禁不住痛哭起來(lái)。

In no time, I was thrown into a feeling of sorrowful anger at being forgotten and abandoned by the rest of the world and could not help crying my heart out.（5）否定的轉(zhuǎn)移

不是所有的金屬都具有同樣好的導(dǎo)電性能。

All metals do not conduct electricity equally well.我的朋友都不吸煙。

None of my friends smoke.（6）習(xí)慣用法

衣食住行是老百姓關(guān)心的大問(wèn)題。

Food, clothing, shelter and transportation are the biggest concern of the common people.他饑寒交迫，吃了不少苦。

He suffered a great deal from cold and hunger.3，正反互換（1）漢語(yǔ)正說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)反譯

那個(gè)房間總是關(guān)著的。

The windows of that room were never open.（2）漢語(yǔ)反說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)反譯

·漢語(yǔ)用“無(wú)、不、沒(méi)、非”等詞表示全部否定，在英語(yǔ)中可用no, not, none, nothing, nor, neither等詞以及否定前綴、后綴等來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng)翻譯。

學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)離不開(kāi)好的詞典。

A good dictionary is indispensable for learning a foreign language.·漢語(yǔ)用“決不、永不、從不”等詞表示絕對(duì)否定，在英語(yǔ)中可用never, not at all, by no means等進(jìn)行對(duì)譯。

在任何情況下我們都不應(yīng)該放棄希望。

Under no circumstances should we give up our hope.·漢語(yǔ)用“并非總是”“不是太”等表示部分否定，在英語(yǔ)中可用not every, not much, not always等進(jìn)行對(duì)譯。

·漢語(yǔ)中用“幾乎不、很少”等表示半否定，在英語(yǔ)中可用barely, hardly, seldom等進(jìn)行對(duì)譯。

（3）漢語(yǔ)反說(shuō)，英語(yǔ)正譯：英語(yǔ)中有一類(lèi)詞形式上是肯定的，但意義上是否定的，在翻譯漢語(yǔ)否定句時(shí)，可以直接使用。

生活遠(yuǎn)非凈是樂(lè)事。

Life is far from being a bed of roses.風(fēng)景沒(méi)得無(wú)以言表。

The scenery is too beautiful to describe.（4）雙重否定的翻譯：漢譯英的雙重否定用“否定詞+not”來(lái)處理。

所有規(guī)則都有例外。

沒(méi)有你的幫助，我是不能按時(shí)完成這一工作的。

But for your help, I should not have finished the work in time.人不會(huì)不犯錯(cuò)誤。

It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.4，語(yǔ)態(tài)對(duì)譯

（1）漢語(yǔ)中的許多隱性被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)在英譯文中藥轉(zhuǎn)為顯性。

推薦我的是一位教授。

I was recommended by a professor.（2）漢語(yǔ)泛稱(chēng)如“有人”、“大家”等做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，英譯時(shí)多使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)；含有“據(jù)說(shuō)”等不定人稱(chēng)的詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常比較固定的用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行英譯中。

（3）漢語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)的句子在譯為英語(yǔ)時(shí)，也可能轉(zhuǎn)為主動(dòng)句：一是表示“開(kāi)始”、“結(jié)束”意義的不及物動(dòng)詞；二是表示“移位”、“運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)”意義的動(dòng)詞；三是無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行時(shí)。

蔬菜正在鍋里做著。

The vegetables are cooking.5，長(zhǎng)句翻譯

（1）原序?qū)ψg：針對(duì)單一主語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句，關(guān)鍵是分清邏輯中心和層次。

我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗簾，窺見(jiàn)園中大千世界，一片喧鬧。

Without being noticed, I lifted the curtain of my small room, only to spy a bustle of a kaleidoscopic world down in the gardon.最為常見(jiàn)的是，一個(gè)人走著走著突然停下來(lái)，眼鏡盯著手機(jī)屏幕發(fā)短信，他不在乎停在馬路中央還是廁所旁邊。

We are very familiar with the scene when a person suddenly stopped his/her steps to edit short messages with eyes glued at the phone, not caring about his/her stopping in the road center or beside the restroom.中華民族自古以來(lái)從不把人看作高于一切，在哲學(xué)文藝方面的表現(xiàn)都反映出人在自然界與萬(wàn)物占著一個(gè)比例恰當(dāng)?shù)牡匚?，而非絕對(duì)統(tǒng)治萬(wàn)物的主宰。

Chinese people has never regarded human being as the highest creature among everything else since ancient times, whose behavior in both philosophy and arts take a rather appropriate proportion with all others in the natural world, but not as an absolute dominant ruler.（2）分句合譯

它們幾乎沒(méi)有一個(gè)顧得上抬起頭來(lái)，看一眼這美麗的黃昏。

Hardly any of them cares to look up and throws a glance at the beautiful twilight.一個(gè)人的生命究竟有多大意義，這有什么標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可以衡量嗎？

Could there be any standards to evaluate the meaning of one’s life?

（3）斷句分譯

一個(gè)春天的傍晚，園中百花怒放，父母在園中設(shè)宴，霎時(shí)賓客云集，笑語(yǔ)四溢。

One spring evening, my parents held a banquet in the garden where all sorts of flowers were in full bloom.Instantly, a crowd of guests gathered together and their laughter was heard all over there.（4）主、次信息句

在世紀(jì)之交的偉大時(shí)代，我們的祖國(guó)正在走向繁榮富強(qiáng)，海峽兩岸人民也將加強(qiáng)交流，共同推進(jìn)祖國(guó)統(tǒng)一大業(yè)早日完成。

At the turn of century, as our motherland is becoming more prosperous and powerful, people across the Straits will strengthen their exchanges, and work together to realize the cause of the reunification of our motherland.5，無(wú)主句

但是，大體上看一個(gè)人對(duì)待生命的態(tài)度是否嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真，看待他對(duì)待工作、生活的態(tài)度如何，也就不難對(duì)這個(gè)人的存在意義做出適當(dāng)?shù)墓烙?jì)了。

However, if we, on the whole, can find out whether his attitude towards his life is serious or not and what is his attitude towards his life and work, it would not be difficult to make an appropriate evaluation of the meaning of one’s life.三，段落翻譯

1，段落的銜接：運(yùn)用連接詞、替代詞、指稱(chēng)語(yǔ)、特定冠詞，體現(xiàn)語(yǔ)篇性。

有水有魚(yú)的地方大都是好環(huán)境的，好環(huán)境便會(huì)給人好心情。

A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people in good mood.2，段落的連貫

大自然對(duì)人的恩賜，無(wú)論貧富，一律平等，所以人們對(duì)于自然，全都一致并深深地依賴(lài)著。尤其在鄉(xiāng)間，上千年來(lái)人們一直以不變的方式生活著。

People, poor or rich, are equally favored by Nature.Therefore human beings, with no exception, have been deeply dependant on it.This is particularly true in the country side where people have been living in the same styles for thousands of years.3，段落的文體

我們的揚(yáng)子江、黃河，可以代表我們的民族精神，揚(yáng)子江及黃河遇見(jiàn)沙漠、遇見(jiàn)山峽都是浩浩蕩蕩的往前流過(guò)去，以成其濁流滾滾，一瀉千里的魄勢(shì)。

The Yangtze River and the Yellow River are both the symbolic of our national spirit.The two mighty rivers negotiate desserts and gorges until their turbid torrents surge forward with irresistible force.臺(tái)灣海峽局勢(shì)復(fù)雜、嚴(yán)峻，李登輝悍然拋出所謂“兩國(guó)論”的分裂主張，臺(tái)灣當(dāng)局新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人對(duì)一個(gè)中國(guó)原則采取回避和模糊的態(tài)度，臺(tái)灣分裂勢(shì)力圖謀以各種形式把臺(tái)灣從中國(guó)分割出去，嚴(yán)重破壞了海峽兩岸和平統(tǒng)一的前提和基礎(chǔ)。這是造成臺(tái)灣海峽局勢(shì)緊張的根本原因。

Taiwan Straits situation is now complicated and grim and the tension across the Straits has been created by the so-called “two-states” theory flagrantly dished out in an attempt to split the country by Lee Teng-hui, the former illegal “president” of Taiwan, and the evasive and obscure attitude of the new leaders of the Taiwan authorities towards the One-China principle as well as Taiwan separatist forces’ scheme of splitting the island province from China in one form or another, which have seriously undermined the preconditions and foundation for peaceful reunification across the Straits.第三章 英譯漢翻譯技巧

一，詞的翻譯

1，詞義選擇

（1）根據(jù)詞性選擇詞義

Writers can not bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year.詩(shī)人約翰·濟(jì)慈26歲便溘然長(zhǎng)逝，文人們對(duì)此難以接受。然而他們自己過(guò)了26歲時(shí)，卻半開(kāi)玩笑地認(rèn)為自己的生命是失敗的。

（2）根據(jù)詞的使用場(chǎng)合及上下文聯(lián)系選擇詞義

Scientific and technological advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches of the cosmos.科技的進(jìn)步正在使我們能夠探索宇宙的邊陲。（3）根據(jù)詞的搭配和習(xí)慣選擇詞義

Winners do not play “helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game.贏家絕不會(huì)擺出一副無(wú)助的樣子，更不會(huì)玩弄推卸責(zé)任的游戲。

2，詞義引申

（1）具體引申

We have ability to solve this crisis and avoid the worst.我們有能力化解這場(chǎng)危機(jī)，避免其往最壞的方向發(fā)展。（2）抽象引申

Because once you know how you are and how other people see you, you can then get into the driver’s seat.因?yàn)橐坏┠懔私饬俗约旱臓顩r以及別人對(duì)你的看法，你就能掌握主動(dòng)權(quán)。

3，詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換

（1）名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞

The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty.游戲的種種規(guī)則就是將困難武斷地強(qiáng)加于人。（2）介詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞

Victory at all costs——victory in spite of all terrors——for without victory there is no survival.不惜一切代價(jià)去奪取勝利——不懼一切恐怖去奪取勝利——因?yàn)闆](méi)有勝利就不能生存下去。（3）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞

Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.贏家無(wú)懼于運(yùn)用自己的知識(shí)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立思考。

4，詞的增加

（1）使語(yǔ)義完整

In his classical novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building.詹姆斯·費(fèi)尼莫爾·庫(kù)珀在他的經(jīng)典小說(shuō)《拓荒者》一書(shū)中，描述了主人公——一個(gè)地產(chǎn)開(kāi)發(fā)商，帶著表妹游覽一座他正在建造的城市的情景。（2）補(bǔ)出原文省略部分

Beyond all that is the profound significance of children to the very institution of the family itself.除了上述原因之外，子女對(duì)于家庭這一制度本身也有著極其深遠(yuǎn)的意義。（3）傳達(dá)語(yǔ)法含義

A U-2 pilot also carried a shaving kit, civilian clothes, pictures of his wife, some gold coins, watches and rings?

U-2型駕駛員還帶了一套修面工具，幾件衣服，幾張妻子的照片，一些金幣、手表和戒指??

5，詞的刪減

（1）結(jié)構(gòu)性刪詞

Although pure science usually has no apparent connection with technology, it does lend itself to the development of applied science.理論科學(xué)雖然通常與技術(shù)沒(méi)有明顯的聯(lián)系，但確實(shí)有助于應(yīng)用科學(xué)的發(fā)展。（2）修辭性刪詞

There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, and the grass was dead.天未下雪，但葉落草枯。

二，句的翻譯

1，句序調(diào)整

（1）主語(yǔ)重心變?yōu)橹黝}重心

The last time universities experienced such far-reaching change in information processing was during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first quarter of the 20th century.在信息處理方面，高等院校上一次深遠(yuǎn)的變革發(fā)生在19世紀(jì)后期和20世紀(jì)前期的50年間。（2）前置重心變?yōu)楹笾弥匦?/p>

I’m lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, when for the time being I feel empty and need filling up.只有在我過(guò)于勞累時(shí)，在我長(zhǎng)時(shí)間無(wú)間斷地工作時(shí)，或是在我感到內(nèi)心空虛需要充實(shí)的時(shí)候，我才會(huì)感到孤獨(dú)。

（3）銜接手段連接變?yōu)闀r(shí)間順序鋪陳

I came back yesterday from Hong Kong where I had spent two weeks vacation after the completion of the construction job I had been in charge of in the south.我在南方負(fù)責(zé)一項(xiàng)工程建設(shè)，任務(wù)完成后，我到香港度了兩周的假，昨天剛剛回家。（4）無(wú)靈主語(yǔ)變?yōu)槿朔Q(chēng)主語(yǔ)

Our world is bursting of knowledge——but desperately in need of wisdom.我們正處于一個(gè)知識(shí)泛濫、卻極度缺乏智慧的世界之中。（5）狀語(yǔ)位序的調(diào)整

PC industry has developed rapidly all over the world during the past 20 years.個(gè)人電腦產(chǎn)業(yè)在過(guò)去二十年里在世界各地得到了迅速發(fā)展。（6）定語(yǔ)位序的調(diào)整

A smart machine such as this one would be capable of helping people in a variety of professions.這樣聰明的機(jī)器將能夠?yàn)楦餍懈鳂I(yè)的人們提供幫助。

2，語(yǔ)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)譯

（1）被動(dòng)句變主動(dòng)句 He is respected by everybody.人人都尊敬他。

（2）被動(dòng)句變泛稱(chēng)句

I was told not to trust what I read in the newspaper.有人告訴我不要相信報(bào)紙上的消息。（3）被動(dòng)句變無(wú)主句

Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.應(yīng)該盡最大努力告誡年輕人吸煙的危害，特別是染上煙癮后的嚴(yán)重后果。

3，正反轉(zhuǎn)換

（1）英語(yǔ)正說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)反譯

If you hang back, and reserve and criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from what you read.如果讀書(shū)伊始便固步自封、處處設(shè)防。甚至批評(píng)挑剔，那么你就無(wú)法盡可能多地從閱讀中獲得最大的價(jià)值。

（2）英語(yǔ)反說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)正譯 I didn’t give up hope completely.我仍抱一絲希望。

4，長(zhǎng)句翻譯（1）斷句法

As he walked away, he turned for one last glimpse of her in the doorway, tiny and smiling and waving good-bye.當(dāng)他離開(kāi)時(shí)，他回過(guò)頭來(lái)看了她最后一眼。只見(jiàn)她站在門(mén)口，體態(tài)嬌小，面帶微笑，揮手向他告別。

（2）縮合法

American women have come a long way on the road toward a role for women which is as dignified and responsible as the one assigned to men.美國(guó)婦女為了爭(zhēng)取與男人同等的崇高而又富有責(zé)任感的社會(huì)角色，已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)步。

三，語(yǔ)篇翻譯

1，語(yǔ)篇銜接：由英語(yǔ)中的手段性銜接轉(zhuǎn)化為漢語(yǔ)的詞匯性銜接。

At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same style in dress, the same books on the shelves.旅行者在美國(guó)和歐洲隨時(shí)都可以看到類(lèi)似的東西，諸如風(fēng)格相同的建筑?？钍较嗨频姆棧瑫?shū)架上也擺著相同的書(shū)籍。

2，語(yǔ)篇連貫：構(gòu)成不同成分之間的語(yǔ)義關(guān)聯(lián)。

He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting what they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic text books.學(xué)生們最初很容易教，因?yàn)樗麄兡馨呀趟麄兊臇|西付諸實(shí)踐，現(xiàn)在教師卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他們面對(duì)著大量未曾接觸過(guò)的英語(yǔ)詞匯和習(xí)慣用法而躊躇起來(lái)，因?yàn)檫@些詞匯和習(xí)慣用法都是基礎(chǔ)教科書(shū)所沒(méi)有涉及的內(nèi)容。

3，語(yǔ)篇文體：英譯漢以議論文居多，翻譯要注重保持其邏輯性。

It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules.下棋的時(shí)候，如果你不受規(guī)則約束、隨心所欲地改變那些全然武斷的游戲規(guī)則，你會(huì)更容易贏棋。然而，下棋的樂(lè)趣在于按照規(guī)則取得勝利。

We have before us many, many months of struggle and suffering.我們所面臨的將是一場(chǎng)極其嚴(yán)峻的考驗(yàn)，將是一場(chǎng)曠日持久的斗爭(zhēng)和苦難。

第三篇：2014專(zhuān)八考試的注意事項(xiàng)

TEM8-2014 網(wǎng)上評(píng)卷考生提醒（上外考試中心）

1.2014年TEM8統(tǒng)測(cè)繼續(xù)實(shí)行網(wǎng)上評(píng)卷，請(qǐng)考生仔細(xì)閱讀答題卡上的注意事項(xiàng)，并按注意事項(xiàng)的有關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行；

2.請(qǐng)自行檢查書(shū)寫(xiě)和填涂用筆：選擇題必須用正規(guī)的2B鉛筆填涂；非選擇題必須用黑色字跡簽字筆（0.5mm）書(shū)寫(xiě)，確保填寫(xiě)的字跡清晰（考生作答不得使用圓珠筆或其他顏色墨水筆）；

3.答題卡下發(fā)后，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)答題卡出現(xiàn)破碎、內(nèi)容空白、印刷歪斜、模糊等情況，考生應(yīng)立刻提出換卡，監(jiān)考教師負(fù)責(zé)更換；

4.正式答題前?？忌鷦?wù)必用黑色字跡簽字筆填寫(xiě)自己的準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)、姓名和學(xué)校；再用2B鉛筆把對(duì)應(yīng)準(zhǔn)考證號(hào)碼的標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑；

5.考生不得填涂缺考、違紀(jì)項(xiàng)，違者責(zé)任自負(fù)；

6.選擇題必須用2B鉛筆填涂，使用其它筆填涂無(wú)效，修改時(shí)要用橡皮擦干凈；每題只能填涂一個(gè)答案，多填不得分；

7.非選擇題必須使用黑色字跡簽字筆在規(guī)定的答題區(qū)域內(nèi)作答，超出紅色矩形邊框限定區(qū)域的答案無(wú)效。（請(qǐng)注意書(shū)寫(xiě)的字跡要清晰工整、大小合適、字距和行距適當(dāng)）；

8.非選擇題部分的答案如需修改，可用修改符號(hào)將部分書(shū)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容劃去，然后緊挨著在其后面、上方或下方寫(xiě)出新的答案，修改后的答案與正文一樣不得超過(guò)該題答題區(qū)域的紅色矩形邊框，否則修改的答案無(wú)效；

9.嚴(yán)禁使用涂改膠帶紙改錯(cuò)或用透明膠帶紙粘扯需要修改的內(nèi)容；

10.嚴(yán)禁在答題卡上的圖象定位點(diǎn)（黑方塊）周?chē)M(jìn)行任何涂寫(xiě)、作答和標(biāo)記；其他在答題卡上有明確規(guī)定不許答題的地方，也不得作答；

11.保持答題卡的清潔和平整，不得折疊和破損；

12.凡違反上述規(guī)定，造成無(wú)法評(píng)閱試卷者，后果自負(fù)；

13.正確的答題方式和技巧將有利于考生避免失分，希望廣大考生掌握正確的答題方式和技巧，考出好成績(jī)。

我校關(guān)于2014年專(zhuān)業(yè)八級(jí)考試的補(bǔ)充規(guī)定

1.務(wù)必嚴(yán)肅考紀(jì)考風(fēng)，嚴(yán)肅處理一起形式的違紀(jì)行為；

2.今年我校專(zhuān)八考試全部在10號(hào)樓5、6樓教室進(jìn)行，統(tǒng)一使用音頻播放，請(qǐng)廣大考生務(wù)

必自備音頻接收機(jī)或收音機(jī)。

3.考生務(wù)必出示準(zhǔn)考證和身份證（二者缺一不可，本校10級(jí)學(xué)生可用學(xué)生證代替身份證，其他考生必須同時(shí)出示身份證）；

4.考試過(guò)程中必須關(guān)閉并上交通訊設(shè)備，考試過(guò)程中一經(jīng)，則視為舞弊行為；

5.考試過(guò)程中的試卷和答題卡發(fā)放與回收時(shí)間以監(jiān)考老師的指令為準(zhǔn)；

6.考試開(kāi)始直至結(jié)束前，任何考生都不得提前離開(kāi)考點(diǎn)，考試過(guò)程中因故暫時(shí)離開(kāi)考場(chǎng)，必須征得監(jiān)考老師同意并陪同。

7.再次強(qiáng)調(diào)：攜帶音頻接收機(jī)，2B鉛筆，黑色簽字筆，不得隨意填涂，嚴(yán)禁使用涂改液、透明膠。

8.周三至周五（3月19-21日）連續(xù)三天14：30-17：00學(xué)校進(jìn)行調(diào)頻臺(tái)試音，請(qǐng)同學(xué)們

提前調(diào)試音頻接收機(jī)。注：考試過(guò)程中沒(méi)有備用接收機(jī)或收音機(jī)。

祝全體考生取得優(yōu)異成績(jī)！

外語(yǔ)學(xué)院

2014-03-17

第四篇：專(zhuān)八改錯(cuò)技巧個(gè)人整理,超齊全

校對(duì)與改錯(cuò)是英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)八級(jí)考試的第二部分。該部分采用主觀測(cè)試題型。該項(xiàng)目包含兩個(gè)部分：答題要求和一篇要求修改的短文。答題要求部分說(shuō)明修改短文的三種方法：加入、刪去和改動(dòng)某一單詞，并舉例說(shuō)明。要求修改的短文長(zhǎng)度為200字左右。短文的體裁和題材不超出學(xué)生所熟悉的范圍。短文內(nèi)含10個(gè)錯(cuò)誤；錯(cuò)誤都出現(xiàn)在標(biāo)有題號(hào)的行內(nèi)。錯(cuò)誤一般涉及單個(gè)詞；每行只出現(xiàn)一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。要求修改的單詞既有功能詞（如介詞、冠詞等），也有實(shí)義詞（動(dòng)詞、名詞等）。錯(cuò)誤既涉及句內(nèi)也涉及句際。?

校對(duì)與改錯(cuò)部分的測(cè)試目的是檢查學(xué)生在實(shí)際語(yǔ)境中靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力。該項(xiàng)目考查學(xué)生的語(yǔ)法和詞匯知識(shí)，但更側(cè)重評(píng)估學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言能力。校對(duì)改錯(cuò)部分要求學(xué)生在15分鐘內(nèi)找出10個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，并根據(jù)要求用三種方法之中的一種改正錯(cuò)誤。這一部分要求考生掌握三種知識(shí)：?

1、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)

眾所周知，英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力包括眾多因素，其中之一是語(yǔ)法知識(shí)。沒(méi)有系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，學(xué)習(xí)者就很難全面、準(zhǔn)確地以口頭或書(shū)面的形式表達(dá)思維或意念。對(duì)于把英語(yǔ)作為外語(yǔ)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握尤為重要，因?yàn)樗兄谔岣哒Z(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性、邏輯性。鑒于此，校對(duì)改錯(cuò)項(xiàng)目的一個(gè)測(cè)試點(diǎn)是檢驗(yàn)高年級(jí)學(xué)生語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的掌握程度及其運(yùn)用能力。一般地說(shuō)，該項(xiàng)目中要求改正的錯(cuò)誤里包括一些語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。例如：?

定語(yǔ)從句（1996年第三題），?

情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（1997年第一題），?

冠詞（1997年第九題），?

介詞（1998年第四題），?

反身代詞（1998年第六題），等等。

校對(duì)改錯(cuò)項(xiàng)目要求學(xué)生運(yùn)用已學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，來(lái)判斷句子的正誤，找出語(yǔ)病，并作修正。這里要強(qiáng)調(diào)的一點(diǎn)是，八級(jí)考試的這個(gè)項(xiàng)目不是孤立地測(cè)試學(xué)生的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)；它更偏重學(xué)生運(yùn)用語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的能力，即怎樣把書(shū)本知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)化成實(shí)際能力。因此，對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，在平時(shí)一要鞏固已學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，理清概念；二要注重提高運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)解決具體問(wèn)題的能力。?

2.詞匯與搭配

校對(duì)改錯(cuò)項(xiàng)目的另一測(cè)試點(diǎn)是學(xué)生對(duì)常用詞匯、搭配和用法的了解及運(yùn)用。比如：

外層空間應(yīng)為outer space，而不是out space（1996年第 5題），?

做動(dòng)作應(yīng)為 perform an act，而不是 make an act（1997年第 8題），?

姿式應(yīng)為posture，而不是post（1997年第10題），?

站起來(lái)應(yīng)為 get to their feet，而不是get on their feet（1998年第 4題），等等。

詞匯測(cè)試面涵蓋各類(lèi)詞性的詞，同時(shí)側(cè)重考核它們的搭配與用法。歸根結(jié)底，詞匯測(cè)試部分主要是檢驗(yàn)高年級(jí)學(xué)生在詞匯方面是否達(dá)到英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)高年級(jí)教學(xué)大綱所規(guī)定的要求。詞匯的積累不是一朝一夕即可完成的，它需要在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中逐步積累，積少成多。因此，對(duì)于學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，平時(shí)自己在學(xué)習(xí)中要注意擴(kuò)大、鞏固已有的詞匯量，這點(diǎn)是非常重要的。同時(shí)，在學(xué)習(xí)、掌握詞匯的過(guò)程中，特別要注意提高自己靈活運(yùn)用詞匯的能力。?

3.篇章結(jié)構(gòu)

在第1、第2點(diǎn)中我們提到校對(duì)改錯(cuò)項(xiàng)目的兩個(gè)測(cè)試點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)法和詞匯。同時(shí)我們也再三強(qiáng)調(diào)，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目盡管涉及以上兩點(diǎn)的評(píng)估，但它不是簡(jiǎn)單、孤立地檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)法詞匯知識(shí)。

該項(xiàng)目仍著眼于語(yǔ)言的運(yùn)用。也就是說(shuō)，該項(xiàng)目旨在測(cè)試在具體語(yǔ)境或上下文中使用語(yǔ)法或詞匯的能力。在校對(duì)改錯(cuò)這個(gè)特定的考試環(huán)境中，它所提供的具體語(yǔ)境或上下文是一篇200來(lái)字的短文。這篇短文由十來(lái)個(gè)在意義上相關(guān)聯(lián)的句子構(gòu)成；而需要修改的語(yǔ)病都出現(xiàn)在這些意義上相互關(guān)聯(lián)的句中。鑒于這個(gè)特點(diǎn)，學(xué)生就要從篇章結(jié)構(gòu)這個(gè)角度去判斷句子的正誤。也就是說(shuō)，學(xué)生要跳出單句的框架，從語(yǔ)段（表達(dá)一相關(guān)層次意思的句子組合）的角度來(lái)進(jìn)行判斷。??

從語(yǔ)篇角度看，校對(duì)改錯(cuò)項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)的錯(cuò)誤可大致分為兩類(lèi)：?

1）句內(nèi)錯(cuò)誤：一般對(duì)此類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤的判斷無(wú)須超越句子本身。如：?

96年試卷的第6題?

water rising away from the depths of the earth during（6）_____?

（刪去away）?

1999年試卷的第4題

hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories（4）____

（把in 改成 on）

2）句際錯(cuò)誤：對(duì)此類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤的判斷要基于上下文之上，也就是牽涉到句與句之間的關(guān)系了。如：?

1997年試卷的第5題?

departure．This is what his body wants to do，therefore（5）____

（把therefore 改成but）?

1999年試卷的第5題

as an hour of gathering produces 240．（5）____

（把a(bǔ)s改成while）

對(duì)第二類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤的判斷要求學(xué)生從篇章角度出發(fā)，把文中的句子看作表達(dá)一完整意思的有機(jī)體。只有這樣，學(xué)生才能找出錯(cuò)誤所在。?

在歷年的考試中，學(xué)生大都能判斷出第一類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤，而對(duì)第二類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤（句際錯(cuò)誤）的判斷準(zhǔn)確率就相對(duì)較低。歷年試卷中難易度系數(shù)偏低的題目也大都為此類(lèi)錯(cuò)誤。因此，學(xué)生平時(shí)要加強(qiáng)對(duì)篇章的理解能力的訓(xùn)練，了解、熟悉篇章結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：語(yǔ)段內(nèi)句子之間的關(guān)系、語(yǔ)段之間的關(guān)系；它們的類(lèi)別；各種不同關(guān)系的表示法，等等。只有在此基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)生才能靈活正確地使用語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，做到準(zhǔn)確答題。

第五篇：2013年英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)八考試作文

2013年英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)八考試作文范文

Is a sound social environment necessary for people to be good to others Helping others has always been a virtue in traditional Chinese culture, but nowadays many people dare not offer help to those in need, for fear of getting into trouble.The issue has aroused public debate over the climate of morality and credibility, and many people sigh over the moral degeneration.In my opinion, while social environment is necessary zk.hushine.comfor people to be good to others, each individual should try his or her best to do good deeds and be sympathetic with others, instead of waiting for the environment to improve.There is no denying that some tragic events turn out to be traps by people with evil intentions, so people are becoming more risk-conscious and are more wary of traps and deceits.some people even wonder, ?Is our society hostile to good people?? The question may sound ridiculous but many people apparently think so.They believe that our current004km.cn society provides a bad environment for good people doing good things, and good people pay a high price for being compassionate.In fact, such kind of things only accounts for a pretty small percentage, but massive media coverage makes the situation seem serious.Actually, most people around me are kind, warm-hearted and helpful, and I am quite delighted in their company.So I believe media should pay more attention to publicizing good people and exemplary deeds to enhance our confidence, rather than exposing disgusting behaviors.At the same time, as John Donne puts it, “No man is an island, entire of itself.Every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main.” Since everyone of us is a component of the society, it is each individual?s conducts that form social morality.Just imagine it is you who need help, what would you feel if everyone watches indifferently or suspiciously? 004km.cnSo, put yourself in other?s position and be sympathetic.If we do nothing but wait for the environment to improve, nothing will happen.Only by removing the fence around our kind consciousness can we reverse the regress of social ethics, and make our world full of warmth and happiness.Therefore, if help is needed, never hesitate to lend a helping hand.It will make you happy and feel better about life.In sum, I contend the idea that while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, it is each individual?s responsibility to offer help to those in need, and together we build up a more harmonious society.Corporate executives, undoubtedly, play a crucial part in a company?s management and operation.Some people argue that the only responsibility of corporate executives, provided they stay 004km.cnwithin the law, is to make as much money as possible for their companies.Do you agree to their opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.In the ?rst part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.寫(xiě)作思路

當(dāng)今社會(huì)，公司的發(fā)展越來(lái)越正規(guī)化，而公司掌舵人的作用也顯得尤為重要，這也是眾多公 司不惜重金競(jìng)相聘用得力高管的重要原因。那么，公司高管究竟要起到哪些作用呢？是不是只要想方設(shè)法為公司盈利就可以了呢？我們認(rèn)為不是這樣的，公司高管還應(yīng)擔(dān)負(fù)起許多其他責(zé)任，包括為全球環(huán)境和人民造福、塑造良好公司形象、保障公司長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展等。Multiple Responsibilities of Corporate Executives Corporate executives do have a responsibility to make money for their companies.For publicly owned companies, this means that they must ?nd a way to maximize shareholder value.But it would be wrong to say that, without quali? cation, making as much money as possible is an executive?s only responsibility.First of all, corporate executives havexueli.woryi.com a duty to protect our natural environment004km.cn and to not exploit human resources, particularly in lesser-developed countries.These poorer countries sometimes have poorly developed legal systems and laws that can be used unfairly by companies, even though the companies are actually operating within the limits of the law in that country.As an example, a pharmaceutical company should not be allowed to test new drugs on people in a poor country even though it is perfectly legal under that country?s laws.Corporate executives must take it upon themselves to ensure that it operates ethically in all countries and that the corporation does not exploit lax operating laws in underdeveloped parts of the world.Secondly, a related responsibility of corporate executives is to make sure that the company re?ects a positive image to the rest of the world, thus giving stockholders and owners a sense of pride in being a part of that company.Most people do not want to be associated with a company that is seen as greedy or exploitive.If corporate executives focus solely on making as much money as possible, there can be a backlash against that company for appearing too materialistic and uncaring.Executives 004km.cnat multinational companies such as McDonald?s and Wal-Mart have recognized this problem in the past and have now become heavily involved in the communities in which their stores are located through charitable programs.A third and also related responsibility of corporate executives is to ensure the long-term viability of their companies.Employees, as well as other stakeholders, need to know that the company executives are interested in building an enduring institution.A good example of this responsibility not being honored is that of the Enron Energy Company and Arthur Andersen bankruptcy and accounting scandal.In this case, corporate executives abdicated their responsibilities to both companies in order to maximize short-term pro?t and possibly their own bonuses and stock options.Corporate executives do have a responsibility to make as much money as possible.But they also have the responsibility to do so in a manner that helps to protect the world?s environment and people, that re?ects a positive corporate image, and that will guarantee the long-term survival of the company.亮點(diǎn)回放 ★用詞亮點(diǎn)

lesser-developed ：欠發(fā)達(dá)的，同下文 中的underdeveloped。take something upon somebody ：承擔(dān)起 ……職責(zé)。exploitive ：剝削的。

backlash ：后坐力，強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)。viability ：生存能力，可行性。abdicate ：正式放棄，退出。

★句式亮點(diǎn)

Corporate executives must take it upon themselves to ensure that it operates ethically in all countries and that the corporation does not exploit lax operating laws in underdeveloped parts of the world.lax operating laws意為“現(xiàn)行法律中的漏洞”；兩個(gè)that均作為ensure一詞 的賓語(yǔ)從句。全句句意為：“公司高管必須承擔(dān)起責(zé)任，確保公司在任何國(guó)家的運(yùn)作都不會(huì)有違道德規(guī)范，同時(shí)在世界欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)，也不鉆現(xiàn)行法律的空子”。

A good example of this responsibility not being honored is that of the Enron Energy Company and Arthur Andersen bankruptcy and accounting scandal.a good example of this responsibility not being honored在此處表示 “一個(gè)不那么光彩的例子，反面教材”。此處作者以安然公司（Enron）和安達(dá)信會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所（Arthur Andersen）為例，充分證明了只圖眼前利益而忽略公司長(zhǎng)足發(fā)展的下場(chǎng)?！锲铝咙c(diǎn)

文章采用的是開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山的開(kāi)頭方式，直接提出作者觀點(diǎn)——為公司多賺錢(qián)不應(yīng)是公司高管的惟一職責(zé)。緊接著，作者采用了分總的行文結(jié)構(gòu)，在主體部分層次分明地論述了公司高管應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的其他責(zé)任。邏輯信號(hào)詞first of all，secondly，a third清晰地對(duì)文章做出了劃分，使讀者一目了然。結(jié)尾部分概括全文，同時(shí)采用了與正文不一樣 的表達(dá)方式，顯示出作者扎實(shí)的文字功底。