第一篇:高校英語專業(yè)老師總結(jié):四字漢語的翻譯
漢語四字格翻譯
(一)并列關(guān)系
名山大川 famous mountains and great rivers
名勝古跡 scenic spots and historicalsites 湖光山色 landscape of lakes and hills 青山綠水 green hills and clear waters 奇松怪石 strangely-shaped pines and grotesque rock formations
平等互利 equality and mutual benefit 揚長避短 play up strengths and avoid weaknesses
反腐倡廉 fight corruption and build a clean government
簡政放權(quán) streamline administration and institute decentralization
集思廣益 draw on collective wisdon and absorb all useful ideas
國泰民安 the country flourish and the people live in peace and harmony
政通人和 the government functions well and people cooperate well
國計民生 national welfare and the people’s livelihood
辭舊迎新 bid farewell to the old year and usher in the new
徇私舞弊 bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud
流連忘返 linger on with no thought of leaving for home
國際局勢復(fù)雜多變 the complex and volatile international situation
開拓進取 blaze new trails and forge ahead 求同存異 seek common ground while shelving differences
(二)語意重復(fù)
廣袤無垠的中華大地 the boundless expanse of the Chinese territory
高瞻遠矚的決策 a visionary/far-sighted decision
貫徹落實重大決策carry out/ implement a series of major policy decisions
層巒疊嶂 peaks rising one after another 優(yōu)勝劣汰 survival of the fittest 延年益壽 prolong one’s life
靈丹妙藥 panacea / miraculous cure 長治久安 a long period of stability 求真務(wù)實 pragmatic
審時度勢 size up the trend of events 招商引資 attract investment 譽滿全球舉世聞名 world-renowned 功在當(dāng)代,利在千秋 in the interest of the current and future generations
繼往開來,承前啟后(continue the past and open up the future)break new ground for the future
路遙知馬力,日久見人心 Time will tell.吃的苦中苦,方知甜中甜 no sweet without sweat
車到山前必有路,船到橋頭自然直 in the end things mend /there’s always a way out 急功近利 eager for instant success and quick profits
大黑掃黃 crack down on gangland and pornography
德高望重 of high ability and integrity 互利互補 mutually complementary and beneficial
互諒互讓mutual understanding and accommodation
遵紀守法 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law
(三)目的關(guān)系
減員增效 downsize(and cut payroll)to improve efficiency(for efficiency)
退耕還林 return cultivated land to forest or pastures
集資辦學(xué) raise money to set up new schools
結(jié)黨營私 form cliques for private gain
扭虧為盈 turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one
(四)途徑方式
寓教于樂 teach through lively activities 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude
按勞分配 distribution according to performance
以商養(yǎng)文 support /sponsor cultural activities with the profits from doing business
(五)偏正詞組
廉潔奉公 honestly perform one’s official duties
環(huán)境綠化 environmental greening 超前消費 premature consumption;Over-consume;excessive consumption 以強凌弱 the strong domineering over the weak
以人為本 people foremost;People-oriented
(六)動賓關(guān)系
優(yōu)勢互補 complement each other’s advantages
自主經(jīng)營,自負盈虧 make one’s own management decisions, take full responsibility for one’s own profits and losses
(七)條件關(guān)系
不進則退 no progress simply means regression
(八)省略意象
瞻前顧后 overcautions and indecisive 源遠流長 have a long history 嘔心瀝血 spare no efforts
畫龍點睛 bring out the crucial point 花天酒地 go on the loose 汗馬功勞 exploits 聞名遐邇 famous 獨具匠心 original
中流砥柱 mainstay, chief cornerstone 魚米之鄉(xiāng) a land of milk and honey 世外桃源 a haven of peace
浩如煙海的文化典籍 numerous volumes of literature
第二篇:翻譯漢語
液壓系統(tǒng)與氣壓系統(tǒng)
液壓傳動和氣壓傳動稱為流體傳動,是根據(jù)17世紀帕斯卡提出的液體靜壓力傳動原理而發(fā)展起來的一門新興技術(shù),1795年英國約瑟夫?布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814),在倫敦用水作為工作介質(zhì),以水壓機的形式將其應(yīng)用于工業(yè)上,誕生了世界上第一臺水壓機。1905年將工作介質(zhì)水改為油,又進一步得到改善。
第一次世界大戰(zhàn)(1914-1918)后液壓傳動廣泛應(yīng)用,特別是1920年以后,發(fā)展更為迅速。液壓元件大約在 19 世紀末 20 世紀初的20年間,才開始進入正規(guī)的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)階段。1925 年維克斯(F.Vikers)發(fā)明了壓力平衡式葉片泵,為近代液壓元件工業(yè)或液壓傳動的逐步建立奠定了基礎(chǔ)。20 世紀初康斯坦丁?尼斯克(G?Constantimsco)對能量波動傳遞所進行的理論及實際研究;1910年對液力傳動(液力聯(lián)軸節(jié)、液力變矩器等)方面的貢獻,使這兩方面領(lǐng)域得到了發(fā)展。
第二次世界大戰(zhàn)(1941-1945)期間,在美國機床中有30%應(yīng)用了液壓傳動。應(yīng)該指出,日本液壓傳動的發(fā)展較歐美等國家晚了近20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速發(fā)展液壓傳動,1956 年成立了“液壓工業(yè)會”。近20~30 年間,日本液壓傳動發(fā)展之快,居世界領(lǐng)先地位。
液壓傳動有許多突出的優(yōu)點,因此它的應(yīng)用非常廣泛,如一般工業(yè)用的塑料加工機械、壓力機械、機床等;行走機械中的工程機械、建筑機械、農(nóng)業(yè)機械、汽車等;鋼鐵工業(yè)用的冶金機械、提升裝置、軋輥調(diào)整裝置等;土木水利工程用的防洪閘門及堤壩裝置、河床升降裝置、橋梁操縱機構(gòu)等;發(fā)電廠渦輪機調(diào)速裝置、核發(fā)電廠等等;船舶用的甲板起重機械(絞車)、船頭門、艙壁閥、船尾推進器等;特殊技術(shù)用的巨型天線控制裝置、測量浮標、升降旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺等;軍事工業(yè)用的火炮操縱裝置、船舶減搖裝置、飛行器仿真、飛機起落架的收放裝置和方向舵控制裝置等
傳遞動力只有三種方法:電傳動、機械傳動、液壓傳動。實際上,許多設(shè)備將這三種方式組合起來形成一個更有效的系統(tǒng)。知道三種方式的各自突出優(yōu)點是確定哪種方法是最好的傳遞方式的重要因素。例如:液壓比機械能夠更有效的進行遠距離傳遞。然而,液壓傳動沒有電傳動的距離遠。
液壓動力系統(tǒng)一般比較關(guān)注調(diào)節(jié)流量和控制壓力,這樣的系統(tǒng)一般包括:
1.泵是一種將原動力轉(zhuǎn)化成液體壓力的機構(gòu)。
2.閥是用來控制泵的輸出流量的方向、產(chǎn)生壓力的大小和流量的大小。能量的大小是通過控制流量和壓力的大小所決定的。3.執(zhí)行機構(gòu)是在需要的地方將液壓能轉(zhuǎn)換成可用的機械能的機構(gòu)。
4.傳遞介質(zhì)是液體,其提供剛性傳動和控制,被密封在閥處提供潤滑作用以及起冷卻系統(tǒng)的作用。
5.連接件,是用來連接各種系統(tǒng)組件,傳遞壓力油液并使油液返回油箱。
6.油箱和冷卻器,是分別用來保證油液質(zhì)量和冷卻油液的。7.氣動系統(tǒng)需要通過油霧器向從調(diào)壓閥出來的氣體中撒入潤滑油。這是為了防止氣動系統(tǒng)配合件間的磨損。
液壓系統(tǒng)是用于工業(yè)應(yīng)用,如沖壓機、鋼鐵廠、制造業(yè)、農(nóng)業(yè)機械、礦業(yè)、航空、空間技術(shù)、深??碧?、交通、海洋技術(shù)、海上天然氣和石油勘探。簡言之,每個人的生活都要受益于液壓技術(shù)。放電加工又叫做電鍍或者電火花加工,是基于火花放電侵蝕金屬的原理。我們知道當(dāng)兩根帶電的導(dǎo)線接觸時會產(chǎn)生電弧,如果我們仔細觀察連接兩根導(dǎo)線的金屬時會注意到一小部分金屬已經(jīng)被侵蝕掉留下了一個小坑。
基本的電火花加工系統(tǒng)是由一個連接到直流電源的形狀工具和工件及其兩者之間的電介質(zhì)組成,這是一種最廣泛使用的加工過程,尤其是刻鍛操作——當(dāng)工具與工件件的電位差足夠高時通過電流的瞬間放電,從工件表面移除非常少得金屬。
機械控制包括凸輪和調(diào)速。盡管他們已經(jīng)被用于比較復(fù)雜的機器,但為了更加經(jīng)濟,今天它們被用于簡單和固定周期控制。一些自動化機器,如螺桿機,仍然使用凸輪基礎(chǔ)控制。機械控制機構(gòu)很難制造但不容易磨損。
但氣動控制在某些應(yīng)用上仍非常受歡迎,它是由壓縮空氣、氣動閥和轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)組成的簡單邏輯控制系統(tǒng)。雖然容易反應(yīng)遲緩,但由于是由標準件構(gòu)筑邏輯,因此比機械控制容易建立。氣動控制系統(tǒng)容易受磨損。
像機械控制系統(tǒng)一樣,機電控制系統(tǒng)使用開關(guān)、繼電器、時間計數(shù)器等等來構(gòu)建邏輯,它更加快和靈活。控制器采用機電控制被稱為中繼設(shè)備。
流體動力是自動化系統(tǒng)的肌肉,是因為一下四個方面: 1.簡單而精確的控制。通過簡單的杠桿原理,流體動力系統(tǒng)可以輕松的啟動、停止、加速或者減速,并且定位動力可以提供任何的動力需要而使定位偏差精確到1/10000英寸。2.成倍的動力。液壓系統(tǒng)可以簡單而有效的將一盎司的力轉(zhuǎn)換成百噸的輸出力。3.恒定的力或轉(zhuǎn)矩。只有液壓系統(tǒng)可以不管速度怎么變化保持提供恒或力轉(zhuǎn)矩,這可以適應(yīng)不論是輸出的速度或轉(zhuǎn)速是幾英寸每小時、幾百英寸每秒還是幾轉(zhuǎn)每小時、幾千轉(zhuǎn)每秒。4.簡單、安全、經(jīng)濟,一般情況下液壓系統(tǒng)可以比機械或者電力系統(tǒng)用更少的零件實現(xiàn)同樣的功能。
因為它們的簡單維護和操作而使安全度和可靠性實現(xiàn)最大化。例如,新的轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)的產(chǎn)生使得其他車輛的電力系統(tǒng)顯得陳舊,轉(zhuǎn)向單元有在一個整體上得許多手動操作的方向控制閥和進油調(diào)壓閥組成。運輸、海洋技術(shù)、海上天然氣和石油勘探等各個領(lǐng)域都離不開液壓。它提供了簡單的系統(tǒng)。另外,很小的輸入扭矩去控制最難得應(yīng)用。在有限的空間里需要一個小得轉(zhuǎn)向機構(gòu)是非常必要的而且能夠減少操作者的疲勞。液壓系統(tǒng)的另外一個好處就是可以立即進行可逆運行。自動的過載保護和無級變速控制。液壓系統(tǒng)可以有比任何一直電源都高的動力。盡管液壓有這么多的優(yōu)勢但也不能代替所有的動力傳遞。氣動系統(tǒng)
氣動系統(tǒng)是依靠壓縮氣體來進行傳遞和控制的。氣壓系統(tǒng)通常用空氣(不用其他氣體)作為流體介質(zhì),因為空氣是安全、成本低而又隨處可得的流體,在系統(tǒng)部件中產(chǎn)生電弧有可能點燃泄漏物的場合下(使用空氣作為介質(zhì))尤其安全。在氣動系統(tǒng)中,壓縮機是用于壓縮和供應(yīng)充足的空氣,壓縮機通常有活塞式、葉片式或螺釘式。一般的壓縮機是靠壓縮體積來增加空氣壓力。氣動系統(tǒng)通常使用一個大型集中的空氣壓縮機,并認為它是無限大的??諝庠搭愃朴陔娏ο到y(tǒng)只需將插頭插入就可以獲得電力。這樣壓縮空氣管道可以從一個氣源引出接到整個工廠的不同地方。壓縮空氣可以通過過濾器將空氣中的污染物去除,這些污染物將會損壞氣動系統(tǒng)的配合部件,例如閥和氣缸。之后壓縮空氣經(jīng)過一個減壓閥將壓縮空氣的壓力降到特定應(yīng)用所需的值。由于空氣沒有好的潤滑效果(包含20%的氧氣),氣動系統(tǒng)需要一個油霧器將潤滑油注射到從調(diào)壓器輸出來的壓縮氣體中。這樣可以防止有配合移動的氣動部件的損壞。大氣中的空氣含有不同程度的水分,這些水分會洗掉潤滑劑從而導(dǎo)致過度磨損和腐蝕,因此,在某些應(yīng)用中需要空氣干燥劑來消除這些不良的水分。因為氣動系統(tǒng)排氣直接進入大氣,將會帶來噪音,因此消聲器安裝在排氣閥口和執(zhí)行件處以減少噪聲,并且使操縱人員避免噪聲和灰塵顆粒的污染。氣動系統(tǒng)將代替液壓系統(tǒng)的可能性原因有以下幾個因素;
液體的慣性比氣體的大,因此在加速和減速、啟動和制動時存在潛在的問題。
由于牛頓定律(F=m×a),將油液加速所需的力比將氣體加速到同樣值所需要的力要大很多倍,這導(dǎo)致更大的摩擦壓力和功率損失。而且液壓系統(tǒng)采用的油液介質(zhì)與氣體不同,它需要設(shè)置特制的儲存油箱和無泄漏回油系統(tǒng)。液壓系統(tǒng) 工程液壓回路 泵就是用來提供壓力油的也可以說是提供動力。閥是用來控制油的流量和控制提供需要的壓力。每一個液壓動力系統(tǒng)用一個或者多個泵提供液壓油。從液壓動力系統(tǒng)出來的液壓油完成工作。壓力油用來推動活塞桿在氣缸中運動或者使液壓馬達的軸轉(zhuǎn)動。泵的作用就是液壓動力系統(tǒng)中將油液加壓以完成工作。一些動力系統(tǒng)使用低壓100pi來完成工作。當(dāng)需要大功率輸出時可以達到10000pi或者更多,所以我們發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的一些液壓動力系統(tǒng)是由至少一個泵來加壓油液的。泵的種類
三種類型的泵應(yīng)用在泵的動力系統(tǒng)中。(1)回轉(zhuǎn)泵(2)往復(fù)泵(3)離心泵。在泵的特性匹配中,使泵的最好的特點完成特殊的工作是一種趨勢,例如,一個離心泵可以和一根柱塞泵串聯(lián)一起提供壓力油。控制閥
壓力控制閥用來保證不同回路所需的壓力值,壓力控制閥利用將高壓區(qū)的油轉(zhuǎn)移到低壓區(qū)從而保證高壓區(qū)的壓力。閥可以分為安全閥、減壓閥、平衡閥、順序閥和卸荷閥。
第三篇:英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文——翻譯
論譯學(xué)觀念 現(xiàn)代化
On the Modernization of the Concept of Translation Studies 摘要:本文認為,人類翻譯經(jīng)歷了三個階段,即口語翻譯階段、文字翻譯階段和文化翻譯階段,目前我們已經(jīng)處于文化翻譯階段。鑒于翻譯所處的文化語境已經(jīng)變化,所以我們有必要進行譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化,調(diào)整、豐富和充實我們對翻譯和翻譯研究的認識,推進翻譯學(xué)學(xué)科的建設(shè)。
關(guān)鍵詞:翻譯研究 譯學(xué)理論 觀念現(xiàn)代化
Abstract: The present paper aims to propose there are three periods in the translation history of the world, i.e., the period of oral communication(close to interpreting), the period of written translation and the period of cultural translation.Now we are in the third period when the cultural context of the translation and the translation studies have taken great changes.It’s time to modernize and adjust our concepts about the translation and the translation studies and bring new dimensions to them in order to put forward the construction of the translation studies as a relatively independent discipline.Key Words: translation studies, translation theories, modernization of the concept
自從上世紀八十年代有學(xué)者提出建立翻譯學(xué)以來,國內(nèi)翻譯界圍繞著翻譯學(xué)的問題,圍繞著翻譯理論有用無用的問題,就一直爭論不已。爭論的雙方各執(zhí)其詞,一方呼吁建立翻譯學(xué),認為翻譯學(xué)是一門獨立的學(xué)科,另一方則譏笑翻譯不可能有“學(xué)”,建立翻譯學(xué)的努力是一個未園而且也難園的夢。雙方誰也沒有說服誰,至今聚訟不已,各執(zhí)其端,有時的反應(yīng)甚至還相當(dāng)激烈。
反對者中有人說:“譯家不可能因為掌握了現(xiàn)有的任何一套翻譯理論或遵循了以上任何一套翻譯原則,其翻譯水準就會有某種質(zhì)的飛躍。??如今我國譯林之中的后起之秀,可謂人才濟濟,無論他們用什么翻譯理論武裝自己,無論他們對翻譯的過程、層次有多透徹的認識,無論他們對翻譯美學(xué)原理如何精通,無論他們能把讀者分成多少個層次從而使其翻譯更加有的放矢,也無論他們能用理論界最近發(fā)明的三種機制、四種轉(zhuǎn)換模式把翻譯中的原文信息傳遞得如何有效,他們的譯作會比傅雷的高明多少呢?霍克思(David Hawks)與閔福德(John Minford),雖然是西方人士(后者還曾是筆者所在學(xué)系的翻譯講座教授),從來就不信什么等值、等效論,他們憑著深厚的語言功底和堅強的毅力,也‘批閱十載’,完成了《紅樓夢》的翻譯。在眾多的英文版《紅樓夢》中,他們的譯作出類拔萃,在英美文學(xué)翻譯界堪稱一絕?;艨怂荚谒麑懙姆g后記一書中也沒有提到任何時髦的翻譯理論,但東西方翻譯界和翻譯理論界仍然為其譯作而折服。由此可見,翻譯理論與譯作的質(zhì)量并沒有必然的關(guān)系?!边€有一位自稱“在20世紀出版了50多部中英法互譯作品的譯者”也聲稱:“從實踐上講,西方的‘純理論’對我完全無用?!眎i
i 這些話聽上去振振有詞,甚至咄咄逼人,其實明顯失之偏頗,而且不經(jīng)一駁。因為這些話的前提是:翻譯的純理論應(yīng)該對譯作的質(zhì)量負責(zé),翻譯的純理論應(yīng)該對翻譯實踐“有用”。如此提出問題,已經(jīng)到了幼稚可笑的地步。這就像一個泥瓦匠和一個小木匠跑去對一位建筑學(xué)教授說,“你寫的《建筑學(xué)》對我們造房子毫無用處。”更有甚者,他們倆還硬牽著那位建筑學(xué)教授到工地上去,泥瓦匠對教授說:“你寫了那么多的建筑學(xué)論文,你現(xiàn)在倒砌一垛墻給我們看看,有沒有我砌的墻結(jié)實?!毙∧窘硨淌谡f:“你研究了那么多年的建筑學(xué)理論,我讓你刨一塊木板,看你能不能像我一樣刨得既平整又光滑。”看,這個泥瓦匠和那個小木匠對建筑學(xué)理論的否定,與上述兩位作者對翻譯理論(純理論)的質(zhì)疑和否定,真可謂異曲同工,何其相似乃爾。
然而,類似的認識和觀點(甚至行為)在我國翻譯界卻有相當(dāng)?shù)氖袌?。把純理論研究與具體的實踐指導(dǎo)相混淆,把翻譯理論與譯作的質(zhì)量牽強聯(lián)系,這正是我們某些翻譯家、甚至某些翻譯教師、翻譯研究者在譯學(xué)理論認識上的一個誤區(qū)。這種情況也從一個方面表明,在我國翻譯界嚴格意義上的譯學(xué)意識還沒有真正確立,我們的翻譯研究、尤其是譯學(xué)研究還不夠成熟。
我們不妨把翻譯界的情況與其他學(xué)科的情況作一個比較。試想:在文學(xué)藝術(shù)界會不會有哪位作家對著文藝學(xué)家宣稱“你的文學(xué)理論對我的創(chuàng)作完全無用”?會不會有哪位歌唱家去質(zhì)問音樂理論家:“為什么讀完了你的《音樂原理》,我的演唱技巧仍然毫無長進?”當(dāng)然,我們更難設(shè)想會有人質(zhì)疑陳景潤對哥德巴赫猜想的研究對我們計算國民經(jīng)濟的總值有什么幫助,質(zhì)疑科學(xué)史學(xué)者研究幾億萬年前的宇宙大爆炸對改善我們今天的空氣質(zhì)量有什么實用價值,等等,等等。類似的例子我們還可以舉出許多許多。譬如,對巴爾扎克、托爾斯泰的作品,我們的文藝理論家們大多是表示“折服”的,但是難道會有人跑出來宣稱文藝理論對作家的創(chuàng)作質(zhì)量“沒有必然的關(guān)系”?
然而,這種在其他學(xué)科都不大可能發(fā)生的對理論研究的懷疑和否定,卻不斷地在我們的翻譯界發(fā)生。這是不是說明我們的翻譯學(xué)學(xué)科、甚至我們的翻譯研究至今還不夠成熟呢?而之所以存在這樣的情況,其中一個很重要的原因,就是我們翻譯界的譯學(xué)觀念還沒有及時轉(zhuǎn)變。如果仔細考察一下我們討論的翻譯,我們討論的翻譯研究,我們應(yīng)該能夠發(fā)現(xiàn),翻譯所處的文化語境已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯的內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯研究的內(nèi)容也已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,然而我們的譯學(xué)觀念卻沒有變化,我們的翻譯研究者隊伍沒有發(fā)生實質(zhì)性的變化,我們不少人的譯學(xué)觀仍然停留在幾十年前、甚至幾百年以前。而要改變目前這種狀況,盡快實現(xiàn)我國翻譯界譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向是目前我們譯學(xué)界的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化的問題大致可以從以下三個方面進行討論。
一.翻譯研究的最新進展與譯學(xué)觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變
在討論翻譯研究的最新進展時,我們認為必須把這個“最新進展”放到整個中外翻譯研究發(fā)展史的大背景中去看,而且,有可能的話,還要盡可能地聯(lián)系我們國家自己的翻譯研究現(xiàn)狀,這樣才有可能比較容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)中外翻譯研究中的“最新進展”,也比較容易發(fā)現(xiàn)我們國家翻譯研究中所存在的問題。
這樣,如果我們從整個中西翻譯研究發(fā)展史的大背景上去看的話,那么我們應(yīng)該可以發(fā)現(xiàn),一直到20世紀上半葉,也就是在上世紀五十年代以前,中西翻譯研究的差別并不是很大:因為中西翻譯界基本上都停留在傳統(tǒng)的譯學(xué)研究范疇之內(nèi),也即主要關(guān)心的是翻譯的方法(如直譯、意譯等問題)、翻譯的標準(如嚴復(fù)的“信達雅”,泰特勒的翻譯三原則等)、翻譯的可能性(可譯性與不可譯性等)等問題。但是進入上世紀五、六十年代以后,西方翻譯研究中出現(xiàn)了三個大的突破和兩個劃時代的轉(zhuǎn)向,這使得西方翻譯研究與此前的研究相比,發(fā)生了重大的實質(zhì)性的變化。
所謂的“三大突破”,首先指的是自上世紀五十年代以來的西方翻譯研究開始從一般層面上的對兩種語言轉(zhuǎn)換的技巧性研究,也即從“怎么譯”的問題,深入到了對翻譯行為本身的深層探究,提出了翻譯中的等值問題,等效問題,等等。當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究中的語言學(xué)派學(xué)者是這方面的代表,如卡特福特,紐馬克,尤金·奈達,以及雅可布遜等。對這方面的研究進展,我們國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界比較熟悉,這里就不贅言了。
其次,也即第二個突破,指的是當(dāng)代西方的翻譯研究不再局限于對翻譯文本本身的研究,而是還把目光投射到了譯作的發(fā)起者(即組織或提議翻譯某部作品的個人或群體)、翻譯文本的操作者(譯者)和接受者(此處的接受者不光指的是譯文的讀者,還有整個譯語文化的接受環(huán)境)身上。它借鑒了接受美學(xué)、讀者反應(yīng)等理論,跳出了對譯文與原文之間一般字面上的忠實與否之類問題的考察,而注意到了譯作在新的文化語境里的傳播與接受,注意到了翻譯作為一種跨文化傳遞行為的最終目的和效果,還注意到了譯者在這整個翻譯過程中所起的作用,等等。自上世紀七十年代起,以詹姆斯·霍爾姆斯(James S Holmes)、埃文-佐哈(Itamar Even-Zohar)、吉迪恩·圖里(Gideon Toury)、利菲弗爾(André Lefevere)、蘇珊·巴斯奈特(Susan Bassnett)、朗貝爾(José Lambert)、以及梵·登·勃魯克(R.van den Broeck)等為代表一些學(xué)者,他們的研究就屬于這種性質(zhì)。他們竭力打破文學(xué)翻譯研究中業(yè)已存在的禁錮,探索建立文學(xué)翻譯研究的新模式。他們都把翻譯研究的重點放在翻譯的結(jié)果、功能和體系上,他們都對制約和決定翻譯成果和翻譯接受的因素、對翻譯與各種譯本類型之間的關(guān)系、翻譯在特定民族或國別文學(xué)內(nèi)的地位和作用、以及翻譯對民族文學(xué)間的相互影響所起的作用感到興趣。這無疑是翻譯研究的一大深化和進展,也是當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究中的第二個大的突破。
最后,當(dāng)代西方翻譯研究中一個最大的、也即第三個大的突破,還表現(xiàn)在把翻譯放到一個宏大的跨文化和跨學(xué)科的語境中去審視。研究者開始關(guān)注翻譯研究中語言學(xué)科以外的其他學(xué)科的因素。他們一方面認識到翻譯研究作為一門獨立學(xué)科的性質(zhì),另一方面又看到了翻譯研究這門學(xué)科的多學(xué)科性質(zhì),注意到它不僅與語言學(xué)、而且還與文藝學(xué)、比較文學(xué)、哲學(xué)甚至社會學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)等學(xué)科都有密不可分的關(guān)系。但是翻譯研究最終關(guān)注的當(dāng)然還是文本在跨文化交際和傳遞中所涉及的一系列文化問題,諸如翻譯在譯入語文化語境里的地位、作用,以及文化誤讀、信息增添、信息失落等。正如韋努蒂(Lawrence Venuti)提到的,“符號學(xué)、語境分析、和后結(jié)構(gòu)主義文本理論等表現(xiàn)出了重要的概念差異和方法論差異,但是它們在關(guān)于‘翻譯是一種獨立的寫作形式,它迥異于外語文本和譯語文本’這一點上還是一致的?!?/p>
在這種情況下,翻譯不再被看作是一個簡單的兩種語言之間的轉(zhuǎn)換行為,而是譯入語社會中的一種獨特的政治行為、文化行為、文學(xué)行為,而譯本則是譯者在譯入語社會中的諸多因素作用下的結(jié)果,在譯入語社會的政治生活、文化生活、乃至日常生活中扮演著有時是舉足輕重的角色。鑒于此,德國功能學(xué)派的另一學(xué)者賈斯塔·霍爾茲-曼塔利(Justa Holz-Manttari)甚至不把翻譯簡單地稱作為“翻譯”(translation),而是用一個杜撰的、含義更為廣泛的新詞“迻譯行為”(translatorial action)代替它,以表示各種各樣的跨文化交際行為。這個詞還不光局限于翻譯、改編、編譯,它甚至把與外來文化有關(guān)的編輯、查閱等行為也包括在內(nèi)。在這種“行為”里,譯者變得像是一個根據(jù)委托人要求設(shè)計“產(chǎn)品規(guī)范”(product specification)的專家,并生產(chǎn)符合接受者文化圈特定需要的“信息傳遞物”(message transmitter),而譯作也不再尋求與原文的等值,而只是一份能滿足委托人需要的目的語文本。
西方翻譯研究中的三大突破,又可以歸納為兩個轉(zhuǎn)向,那就是上世紀五十年代開始的語言學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向和七十年代前后開始的文化轉(zhuǎn)向。語言學(xué)轉(zhuǎn)向使得當(dāng)代西方的譯學(xué)研究對翻譯中的語言轉(zhuǎn)換觀察和分析更加具體細微;而文化轉(zhuǎn)向則借用各種當(dāng)代文化理論對翻譯進行考察、剖析,進行新的闡述,體現(xiàn)為從文化層面上對翻譯進行整體性的思考,它更注重諸如共同的規(guī)則、讀者的期待、時代的語碼,注重翻譯與譯入語社會的政治、文化、意識形態(tài)等的關(guān)系,更關(guān)注翻譯作為一種跨文化交際行為在譯入語社會中的巨大影響和作用。這方面的例子有埃文-佐哈爾的多元系統(tǒng)理論,有前幾年去世的安德魯·利菲弗爾提出的“折射理論”,也有最近幾年在國際譯學(xué)界相當(dāng)活躍的西奧·赫曼斯、蘇珊·巴斯奈特等人的著述,以及尼南賈納、斯皮瓦克等人的后殖民主義翻譯理論研究。
當(dāng)代西方學(xué)者謝莉·西蒙說:“80年代以來,翻譯研究中最激動人心的一些進展屬于被稱為‘文化轉(zhuǎn)向’的一部分。轉(zhuǎn)向文化意味著翻譯研究增添了一個重要的維度。不是去問那個一直困擾翻譯理論家的傳統(tǒng)問題――‘我們應(yīng)該怎樣去翻譯?什么是正確的翻譯?’――而是把重點放在了一種描述性的方法上:‘譯本在做什么?它們怎樣在世上流通并引起反響?’??這種轉(zhuǎn)向使我們理解到翻譯與其他交流方式之間存在著有機的聯(lián)系,并視翻譯為寫作實踐,貫穿所有文化表現(xiàn)的種種張力盡在其中?!碑?dāng)前西方學(xué)界已有越來越多的學(xué)者開始從文化層面上審視、考察翻譯,翻譯研究正在演變?yōu)橐环N文化研究,翻譯研究的文化轉(zhuǎn)向和文化研究的翻譯轉(zhuǎn)向已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)代西方學(xué)術(shù)界的的一道最新景觀。然而對翻譯研究來說,這種文化轉(zhuǎn)向具有更為重要的意義。它不僅在一定程度上揭開了當(dāng)代翻
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iii譯研究的一個新的層面,而且還對主宰中外翻譯界幾千年的一些譯學(xué)觀念,諸如“忠于原文”的翻譯觀,譯作與原作的關(guān)系,譯者與原作者的關(guān)系,等等,產(chǎn)生了相當(dāng)大的沖擊,從而為國際譯學(xué)界、也為中國譯學(xué)界展示出相當(dāng)廣闊的研究前景。
二.翻譯的文化語境及其內(nèi)涵的變化
如本文一開始所述,目前,人類翻譯所處的文化語境已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯的內(nèi)涵已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,翻譯研究的內(nèi)容也已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化,然而我們的譯學(xué)觀念卻沒有變化,我們的翻譯研究者隊伍沒有發(fā)生實質(zhì)性的變化,我們不少人的譯學(xué)觀念沒有變化,仍然停留在幾十年前、甚至幾百年前的狀態(tài)。然而,翻譯所處的文化語境以及翻譯的內(nèi)涵究竟發(fā)生了什么樣的變化呢?這里我們不妨對人類的翻譯史做一個簡單的回顧。
眾所周知,翻譯作為人類跨越語言界限的交往行為已經(jīng)具有一、二千年以上的歷史。在這一、二千年的時間里,翻譯這個行為的文化語境發(fā)生了巨大的、實質(zhì)性的變化。
回顧人類的翻譯史,粗粗劃分一下,我們大致可以看到這樣三個大的發(fā)展階段。
初期階段是一個口語交往階段,這是人類翻譯最早的階段。這里我們有意不用“口譯”而用“口語交往”,這是因為這個階段的“口語交往”與目前嚴格意義上的“口譯”尚有一定的差距。這一階段翻譯的內(nèi)容大多限于一般的交往和簡單的商貿(mào)活動,如何達到交往雙方基本信息的相互溝通是這一階段翻譯的主要目的。對這一階段翻譯的含義我們可以借用《周禮·秋官》和《說文》中對“譯”的解釋:前者稱翻譯為“換易言語使相解也”,后者則簡單明了地說翻譯就是“傳四夷之言”。當(dāng)然,從我們今天的角度看這兩則對翻譯的定義,我們把它們用諸書面翻譯也未嘗不可,但當(dāng)初如此解釋翻譯,其原始用意恐怕是偏向口語翻譯的。
中期階段我們也許可以稱之為文字翻譯階段,也即人類進入文字翻譯以來的階段,借用施萊爾馬赫的話來說,也就是“真正的翻譯”的階段。這個階段有相當(dāng)長的歷史跨度,其翻譯內(nèi)容以早期的宗教典籍和以后的文學(xué)名著、經(jīng)典文獻(除宗教文獻外的哲學(xué)、社會科學(xué)著作等)為主。我們一些最基本的翻譯觀,諸如圍繞翻譯“可譯”與“不可譯”的性質(zhì)之爭、“直譯”與“意譯”的方法之爭,以及翻譯的標準,如泰特勒的翻譯三原則、嚴復(fù)的“信達雅”,等等,都是在這一階段形成的。
由于這一階段所翻譯的對象主要是宗教典籍、文學(xué)名著、經(jīng)典文獻,譯者、甚至讀者對這些原著都是取仰視態(tài)度,所以我們也就不難理解為何在這一階段,“忠實于原文的內(nèi)容”成為翻譯家們最核心的翻譯觀――宗教典籍、文學(xué)名著、經(jīng)典文獻這些著作都是翻譯者以及譯作的讀者頂禮膜拜的對象,翻譯時譯者當(dāng)然要小心翼翼,字斟句酌,否則一不小心歪曲了原文,招致批評不說,甚至因此獲罪都有可能。與此同時,隨著文學(xué)翻譯數(shù)量的急劇上升,文本形式的傳遞也開始引起重視,這樣,我們對翻譯的認識又向前推進了一步:翻譯不僅要傳遞原作的內(nèi)容,還要傳達出原作的形式意義。但是這一階段的譯學(xué)觀基本上還是建立在兩種語言的轉(zhuǎn)換的基礎(chǔ)上,基本上還是局限在原文與譯文的文本之內(nèi)。
第三階段,也許我們可以稱之為文化翻譯階段,因為這一階段的翻譯已成為民族間全方位的文化交流,成為極重要的一項人類文化交際行為,翻譯的視野大大拓寬。第三階段的開始大致可以追溯至上世紀五十年代末、六十年代初,當(dāng)時雅各布遜提出了翻譯的三種類型、也即語內(nèi)翻譯、語際翻譯和符際翻譯時,這種翻譯的定義顯然已經(jīng)背離了傳統(tǒng)的譯學(xué)觀念,它越出了單純語言的界限,使得翻譯的定義不再僅僅是“語言文字的轉(zhuǎn)換”,而是進入了寬泛意義上的信息轉(zhuǎn)換和傳遞。至于之后的德國功能學(xué)派翻譯學(xué)學(xué)者漢斯·威爾梅(Hans Vermeer)的翻譯行為理論(action theory of translation)竭力強調(diào)譯者的目標(skopos)在翻譯過程中的決定性作用,英國的斯坦納提出“理解也是翻譯”、當(dāng)代美國女性主義批評家斯皮瓦克提出“閱讀即翻譯”等概念,更是大大拓展了翻譯的含義,使得翻譯成了幾乎滲透人類所有活動的一個行為,從人際交往到人類自身的思想、意識、政治、社會活動,等等;當(dāng)代西方文化理論,則進一步把翻譯與政治、意識形態(tài)等聯(lián)系起來,翻譯的內(nèi)涵更是空前擴大。如后殖民主義翻譯理論家尼南賈納聲稱:“我對翻譯的研究,完全不是要去解決什么譯者的困境,不是要在理論上再給翻譯另立一說,以便能夠找到一個‘縮小’不同文化間之‘隔閡’的更加保險可靠的‘辦法’。相反,它是要對這道隔閡、這種差異作徹底的思索,要探討如何把對翻譯的執(zhí)迷(obsession)和欲望加以定位,以此來描述翻譯符號流通其間的組織體系。關(guān)于翻譯的論述是多種多樣的,但它們卻都沒有或缺乏或壓制了對歷史性和不對稱的意識。就這一狀況進行考察,便是我的關(guān)懷所在?!?/p>
不無必要強調(diào)說明一下的是,這里所謂的第三階段、也即文化翻譯階段的出現(xiàn),并不意味著第二階段、也即文字翻譯階段的結(jié)束。這兩個階段在相當(dāng)長一個時期里將會是相互交融、并存并進的,而相關(guān)的譯學(xué)觀也將是并存互補。所以我們應(yīng)該看到,翻譯研究中的文化轉(zhuǎn)向給傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)觀帶來的是沖擊,而不是顛覆,文化翻譯階段出現(xiàn)的新的譯學(xué)觀是豐富、深化原有的譯學(xué)觀,而不是取代、更不是推翻傳統(tǒng)的譯學(xué)觀。
然而,不少事實表明,在翻譯的文化語境和翻譯的內(nèi)涵都已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化的今天,我們相當(dāng)一部分翻譯研究者和翻譯教學(xué)者的譯學(xué)觀念還沒有來得及發(fā)生實質(zhì)性的變化,基本上還是停留在文字翻譯階段。有人曾直率地指出:“有關(guān)語言與翻譯的政治,是我們大陸學(xué)人思考中的一個盲點?!睋Q句話說,有關(guān)語言與翻譯的政治問題,我們國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界至今還沒有人把它當(dāng)作一個翻譯研究中的學(xué)術(shù)問題認真地思考過。其實,冷靜思考一下的話,我們當(dāng)能發(fā)現(xiàn),我們譯學(xué)研究中的“盲點”恐怕還不止“翻譯的政治”這一個問題吧。這恐怕也就是為什么至今在國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界對于翻譯學(xué)、翻譯理論等問題仍然爭論不休的一個原因。從這個意義上而言,我國的譯學(xué)理論建設(shè)與翻譯學(xué)科建設(shè)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)到了一個瓶頸口了。
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vi如果再不迅速實現(xiàn)譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向,這種一定程度上譯學(xué)觀念的滯后,勢必會阻滯中國譯學(xué)的進一步發(fā)展,從而對我們整個翻譯事業(yè)帶來不利的影響。
三.譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化與翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科建設(shè)
譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化直接關(guān)系到翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科建設(shè)。但是在討論這個問題之前,有兩組概念必須予以區(qū)分,這就是翻譯研究與譯學(xué)研究的區(qū)別,以及翻譯事業(yè)與譯學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)之間的區(qū)別。之所以如此,是因為國內(nèi)翻譯界在討論翻譯學(xué)或翻譯理論問題時,經(jīng)常把這兩組概念相混。本來,只要稍微仔細地辨別一下,這兩組概念的差異是很容易辨清的:翻譯研究泛指一切與翻譯有關(guān)的研究,同樣,翻譯事業(yè)不僅包括翻譯實踐,還要包括翻譯研究(有具體翻譯的研究,也有理論研究),而后者,也即翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)科建設(shè)則偏重于譯學(xué)作為一門獨立學(xué)科的發(fā)展問題,既有翻譯學(xué)科在學(xué)校里的課程設(shè)置、教學(xué)計劃,更有譯學(xué)理論等方面的探討。
但是國內(nèi)翻譯界總是有人在一提到要深入進行譯學(xué)研究時,就會搬出一些聯(lián)系具體翻譯實踐的“翻譯研究”,以此來否定純理論的譯學(xué)研究,還有人則強調(diào)翻譯要得到全社會的重視,靠的是“走出象牙之塔,投身于改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的大潮”,靠的是“編印一系列有關(guān)‘入世’及為外商準備的中外文對照的資訊材料”,這樣就會“受到全社會的歡迎”
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。他們抓住一點,即在西方翻譯的稿酬也比較低,以此證明盡管在西方翻譯的理論研究取得很大的成就,但翻譯仍然沒有得到足夠的重視,等等。然而,他們卻沒有看到在西方普遍開設(shè)的獨立的翻譯系、翻譯學(xué)院、翻譯學(xué)碩士、博士學(xué)位點,而在我國,盡管早在清末馬建忠就已經(jīng)提出設(shè)立翻譯書院的提議,但直至最近幾年才陸續(xù)有學(xué)校設(shè)立了單獨的翻譯系和翻譯學(xué)院。然而,至今仍然沒有獨立的翻譯學(xué)的學(xué)位點。
由此可見,討論譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化的問題并不是一個多余的問題。
那么如何實現(xiàn)譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化呢?或者說,譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)在哪幾個方面呢?
首先,要能夠正確處理翻譯理論與翻譯實踐之間的關(guān)系。不要一提翻譯理論就想到對我的翻譯有用還是無用,另外也不要把個別譯者的經(jīng)驗體會誤認、或者更嚴重的是冒充為理論。香港浸會大學(xué)張佩瑤教授于2002年在上海外國語大學(xué)舉行的翻譯研討會上通過追溯“theory”一詞的來源,指出“理論”意即“道理、法則、規(guī)范”,是系統(tǒng)的東西,科學(xué)的東西,是現(xiàn)代建構(gòu)出來的產(chǎn)物,因此,從某種意義上說,無論中西,早期的翻譯論述中其實是有“論”而無“理論”。她認為,重經(jīng)驗講實踐,不只是中國特色,中外皆然,不同點是西方自上個世紀70年代后大力發(fā)展純理論的東西,從多角度探討翻譯的本質(zhì),而中國的譯學(xué)研究很大程度上還沒有脫離傳統(tǒng)的巢臼,仍然強調(diào)以實踐為基礎(chǔ),很少探討翻譯的語言哲學(xué)問題,追問翻譯的本質(zhì),所以在中國譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)型過程中,應(yīng)該首先重估中國傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)理論的價值,然后再考慮如何引入西方新的譯學(xué)理論范式。
香港中文大學(xué)王宏志教授也有相似的意見。他分析了中國傳統(tǒng)譯學(xué)中討論的ix主要內(nèi)容,認為徒有理論之虛名而無其實,只是經(jīng)驗的堆砌而已。雖然這些經(jīng)驗之談對翻譯實踐有一定的參考價值,但是它們不能看成是真正的譯學(xué)理論研究,因為真正的譯學(xué)研究是有邏輯性的,是客觀的,科學(xué)的。翻譯研究不是價值判斷,不是用作指導(dǎo)實踐。鑒于中國至今尚無真正的譯學(xué)理論研究,王宏志認為,當(dāng)務(wù)之急是建立嚴格意義上的翻譯學(xué)科,確立新的研究方向,實現(xiàn)從原文為中心向譯文為中心的研究范式的轉(zhuǎn)型。
其實,對于翻譯理論有用無用的困惑,不光在我國翻譯界存在,在國外也同樣存在。2002年出版的一本《理論對翻譯家有用嗎?――象牙之塔與語詞表面之間的對話》討論的也是這個問題。該書的兩位作者Andrew Chesterman和 Emma Wagner指出,那種指令性的研究(prescriptive study),也就是要去規(guī)定翻譯家該怎么做、不該怎么做的研究,已經(jīng)過時了(old-fashioned),現(xiàn)在的研究者(顯然是指的純理論研究者),要做的是描述性的研究(descriptive study),他們的研究是“描述、解釋、理解翻譯家所做的事,而不是去規(guī)定翻譯家該怎么做。”
從這個意義上而言,相對于傳統(tǒng)翻譯研究的實用主義觀念,翻譯的純理論研究也許可定義為“無用之用”。因為從傳統(tǒng)的實用觀念來看,翻譯的純理論研究是“無用”的,如同本文開首引用的兩位作者所說的那樣。但是從另一個角度看,純理論研究也有它的功用。以筆者本人的譯介學(xué)研究為例,它對具體的翻譯實踐雖然“無用”,但是它在在區(qū)分“翻譯文學(xué)史”和“文學(xué)翻譯史”的概念方面,在界定翻譯文學(xué)的概念方面、在確立翻譯文學(xué)在中國文學(xué)中的地位方面,又有傳統(tǒng)翻譯研究所無法替代的功用。
其次,譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化要求我們從事翻譯實踐和翻譯教學(xué)的人中間有一部分人應(yīng)該有成為專門翻譯理論家的追求。我們當(dāng)然不反對從事翻譯理論的專家學(xué)者們在從事翻譯理論研究的同時,在可能的情況下也從事一些翻譯實踐。但是,從目前我們國內(nèi)譯學(xué)界的實際情況來看,我們更迫切需要一批有獨立譯學(xué)理論意識的、能全身心獻身于中國譯學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)的人才隊伍。
關(guān)于這個問題,前幾年王東風(fēng)教授就已經(jīng)提出了“21世紀的譯學(xué)研究呼喚翻譯理論家”的觀點。他指出:“雖然從理論上講,實踐與理論之間的互動始終存在,但從根本上講,實踐和理論是不能互相取代的。說白了就是,實踐家不是理所當(dāng)然的理論家,理論家也未必就是理所當(dāng)然的實踐家,實踐家可以成為理論家,但前提是他必須花費與他的實踐幾乎相同的時間和精力去鉆研理論。反之亦然?!?/p>
xiixi
x當(dāng)代學(xué)科建設(shè)的特點之一就是分工越來越細,研究隊伍開始分流,各有所重,這意味著每一門學(xué)科需要有一支專門的研究隊伍,我們再也不可能像從前俄國的羅蒙諾索夫那樣,一個人既是詩人,語言學(xué)家,語文學(xué)家,又是化學(xué)家,物理學(xué)家,等等,等等。
從相關(guān)學(xué)科的發(fā)展史看,這個問題也許可以看得更清楚。學(xué)科的建立固然離不開具體的實踐以及對實踐的研究,但更需要專門的理論工作者。文藝學(xué)學(xué)科的建立、比較文學(xué)學(xué)科的建立,主要不是靠的從事實際寫作和創(chuàng)作的詩人、小說家和劇作家,而是靠的文藝理論家和比較文學(xué)家,其中的主力更是在高等學(xué)府從事研究生教學(xué)和相關(guān)學(xué)科的理論研究的學(xué)者?,F(xiàn)在,中國翻譯學(xué)學(xué)科的建設(shè)與發(fā)展的情況也一樣。
最后,譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化意味著要有開闊的學(xué)術(shù)視野,這是與上述學(xué)術(shù)隊伍的分流、分工,是相輔相成、互為補充的兩個方面。一門獨立的學(xué)科當(dāng)然需要專門的學(xué)科理論的支撐,但是由于現(xiàn)代學(xué)科、尤其是我們這門學(xué)科的研究對象――翻譯的特殊性(它幾乎與所有的學(xué)科都有關(guān)系),所以我們這門學(xué)科的理論,也即翻譯學(xué),也必然是開放性的,它必然、也必須借用各種當(dāng)代文化理論,以拓展它的研究視野,以展示它的方方面面。翻譯研究的界限不再像以前那么分明,學(xué)科之間的重疊、交叉、接壤的情形將越來越多,越來越普遍。這一點從當(dāng)代國外以及我們國內(nèi)的翻譯研究中已經(jīng)得到了證實,這里無須贅言。
十六大以來,我國報刊媒體有一個詞的出現(xiàn)率相當(dāng)高,這就是“與時俱進”。現(xiàn)在我們是不是也應(yīng)該把這個詞(這已經(jīng)不是一個普通的詞,而是代表了一種觀念)用到我們的譯學(xué)界來,讓我們的譯學(xué)觀念也能與時俱進,實現(xiàn)譯學(xué)觀念的現(xiàn)代化轉(zhuǎn)向,以推進我國譯學(xué)學(xué)科建設(shè)的健康發(fā)展呢?
參考文獻
[1]謝天振.譯介學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語教育出版社,1999.[2]謝天振.翻譯研究新視野[M].青島:青島出版社,2003.[3]許寶強、袁偉(選編).語言與翻譯的政治[C].北京:中央編譯出版社,2001.[4]張柏然、許鈞(主編).面向21世紀的譯學(xué)研究[C].北京:商務(wù)印書館,2002.[5]Anderman,Gunilla and Margaret Rogers, ed.Translation Today—Trends and Perspectives Multilingual Matters LTD, Clevedon, 2003.[6]Chesterman, Andrew and Emma Wagner.Can Theory Help Translators? A dialogue between the ivory tower and the wordface [M].St.Jerome Publishing, Manchester,UK & Northampton, MA, 2002.[7]Niranjana, Tejaswini.Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the
Colonial Context [M].University of California Press, Berkley·Los Angeles· Oxford,1992.i 李克興《中國翻譯學(xué)科建設(shè)的出路》,載《譯學(xué)新探》,青島出版社,2002年,第147頁。
許淵沖《關(guān)于翻譯學(xué)的論戰(zhàn)》,《外語與外語教學(xué)》2001年第11期。iii Lawrence Venuti ed.The Translation Studies Reader, Routledge, 2000, p.215.iv 同上,參見p.216-7。v Sherry Simon, Gender in Translation, Routledge, 1996,p.7 vi 尼南賈納《為翻譯定位》,載《語言與翻譯的政治》,中央編譯出版社,2001年,第122-123頁。vii 參見《語言與翻譯的政治》,中央編譯出版社,2001年,第1頁。viii 參見《中國翻譯》2002年第6期第35頁。ix 參見李小鈞《促進譯學(xué)觀念轉(zhuǎn)變 推動譯學(xué)建設(shè)――2002年上外中國譯學(xué)觀念現(xiàn)代化高層學(xué)術(shù)論壇綜述》,載《中國比較文學(xué)》2003年第1期。x 同上。xi Andrew Chesterman and Emma Wagner,Can Theory Help Translators?—A dialogue between the ivory tower and the wordface,St.Jerome Publishing, Manchester, UK & Northanmpton, MA, 2002, p2.xii
王東風(fēng)《中國譯學(xué)研究:世紀末的思考》,載張柏然、許鈞《面向21世紀的譯學(xué)研究》,商務(wù)印書館,2002年,第58頁。
ii
第四篇:英語專業(yè)論文翻譯
A smart copper(II)-responsive binucleargadolinium(III)complex-based magnetic resonanceimaging contrast agent?
Yan-meng Xiao,ab Gui-yan Zhao,ab Xin-xiu Fang,ab Yong-xia Zhao,ab Guan-hua Wang,c Wei Yang*a and Jing-wei Xu*a A novel Gd-DO3A-type bismacrocyclic complex, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], with a Cu2+-selective binding unitwas synthesized as a potential “smart” copper(II)-responsive magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)contrast agent.The relaxivity of the complex was modulated by the presence or absence of Cu2+;in the absence of Cu2+, the complex exhibited a relatively low relaxivity value(6.40 mM1 s1), while the addition of Cu2+ triggered an approximately 76% enhancement in relaxivity(11.28 mM1 s1).Moreover, this Cu2+-responsive contrast agent was highly selective in its response to Cu2+ over other biologically-relevant metal ions.The influence of some common biological anions on the Cu2+-responsive contrast agent and the luminescence lifetime of the complex were also studied.The results of the luminescence lifetime measurements indicated that the enhancement in relaxivity was mainly ascribed to the increased number of inner-sphere water molecules binding to the paramagnetic Gd3+ core upon the addition of Cu2+.In addition, the visual change associated with the significantly enhanced relaxivity due to the addition of Cu2+ was observed from T1-weighted phantom images.Introduction Copper(II)ion is a vital metal nutrient for the metabolism of life and plays a critical role in various biological processes.1,2 Its homeostasis is critical for the metabolism and development of living organisms.3,4 On the other hand, the disruption of its homeostasis may lead to a variety of physical diseases and neurological problems such as Alzheimer's disease,5 Menkes and Wilson's disease,6 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,7,8 and prion disease.9,10 Therefore, the assessment and understanding of the distribution of biological copper in living systems by noninvasive imaging is crucial to provide more insight into copper homeostasis and better understand the relationship between copper regulation and its physiological function.A wide variety of organic uorescent dyes have been exploited for the optical detection of ions in the last few decades.11–13However, optical imaging using organic uorescent dyes hasseveral limitations such as photobleaching, light scattering,limited penetration, low spatial resolution and the disturbance of auto uorescence.14 By comparison, magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)is an increasingly accessible technique used as a noninvasive clinical diagnostic modality for medical diagnosis and biomedical research.15 It can provide high spatial resolution three-dimensional anatomical images with information about physiological signals and biochemical events.16 As a powerful diagnostic imaging tool in medicine, MRI can distinguish normal tissue from diseased tissue and lesions in a noninvasive manner,17–19 which avoids diagnostic thoracotomy or laparotomy surgery for medical diagnoses and greatly improves the diagnostic efficiency.Multiple MRI imaging parameters can provide a wealth of diagnostic information.In addition, the desired cross-section for acquiring multi-angle and multi-planar images of various parts of the entire body can be freely chosen by adjusting the MRI magnetic eld;this ability makes medical diagnostics and studies of the body's metabolism and function more and more effective and convenient.Contrast agents are often used in MRI examinations to improve the resolution and sensitivity;the image quality can be signicantly improved by applying contrast agents which enhance the MRI signal intensity by increasing the relaxation rates of the surrounding water protons.20 Due to the high magnetic moment(seven unpaired electrons)and slow electronic relaxation of the
paramagnetic gadolinium(III)ion, gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents are commonly employed to increase the relaxation rate of the surrounding water protons.16,21 However, most of these contrast agents are nonspecific and provide only anatomical information.On the basis of Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan theory,22–24 several parameters can be manipulated to alter the relaxivity of gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents.These parameters include the number of coordinated water molecules(q), the rotational correlation time(sR)and the residence lifetime of coordinated water molecules bound to the paramagnetic Gd3+ center(sM).Adjusting any of these three factors provides the opportunity to design “smart” MRI contrast agents for specific biochemical events.25–27 In recent years, there have been many studies on the development of responsive gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents;most of them have focused on the development of targeted, high relaxivity and bioactivated contrast agents.These responsive gadolinium(III)-based MRI contrast agents can be modulated by particular in vivo stimuli including pH,28–35 metal ion concentration36–43 and enzyme activity.44–50 Notably, a number of copper-responsive MRI contrast agents have been reported to detect uctuations of copper ions in vivo.51–58 These activated contrast agents exploit the modulation of the number of coordinated water molecules to generate distinct enhancements in longitudinal relaxivity in response to copper ions(Cu+ or Cu2+).In this study, we designed and synthesized a binuclear gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], that is specically responsive to Cu2+ over other biologicallyrelevant metal ions.The new copper-responsive MRI contrast agent comprises two Gd-DO3A cores connected by a 2,6-bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinic acid scaffold59,60(BMPNA), which functions as a receptor for copper-induced relaxivity switching.The synthetic strategy for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] is depicted in Scheme 1.Subsequently, the T1 relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was studied at 25 C and 60 MHz in the absence or presence of Cu2+.Experiments to determine the selectivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] towards Cu2+ over other biologically-relevant ions were carried out as well.Luminescence lifetime was measured to determine the number of coordinated water molecules(q)of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the absence or presence of Cu2+.In addition, T1-weighted phantom images were collected to visualize the relaxivity enhancement caused by Cu2+, suggesting potential in vivo applications.Experimental section
Materials and instruments
All materials for synthesis were purchased from commercial suppliers and used without further purication.1H and 13C NMR spectra were taken on an AMX600 Bruker FT-NMR spectrometer with tetramethylsilane(TMS)as an internal standard.Luminescence measurements were performed on a Hitachi Fluorescence spectrophotometer-F-4600.The time-resolved luminescence emission spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer LS-55 uorimeter with the following conditions: excitation wavelength, 295 nm;emission wavelength, 545 nm;dela time, 0.02 ms;gate time, 2.00 ms;cycle time, 20 ms;excitation slit, 5 nm;emission slit, 10 nm.The luminescence lifetime was measured on a Lecroy Wave Runner 6100 Digital Oscilloscope(1 GHz)using a tunable laser(pulse width ? 4 ns, gate ? 50 ns)as the excitation(Continuum Sunlite OPO).Mass spectra(MS)were obtained on an auto ex III TOF/TOF MALDI-MS and anIonSpec ESI-FTICR mass spectrometer.Elemental analyses were performed on a Vario EL Element Analyzer.Synthesis Synthesis of compound 3.Methyl 2,6-bis(3-(bromomethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinate(Compound1)59,60 and 4,7,10-tris(2-(tert-butoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-4,7,10-triaza-azoniacyclododecan-1-ium bromide(Compound 2)61 were prepared following thereported methods.Compound 2(0.25 g, 0.296 mmol)was suspended in 2 ml anhydrous acetonitrile with 6 equivalents of NaHCO3(0.1492 g)and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h.Compound 1(0.0675 g, 0.148 mmol)was added, and the mixture was slowly heated to reflux(80 C)and stirred overnight.After the reaction was terminated, the mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solution was ltered.The precipitate was washed several times with anhydrous acetonitrile, and the collected ltrate solution was evaporated under reduced pressure.The residue was puried using silicagel column chromatography eluted with CH2Cl2–n-hexane–CH3OH(10 : 3 : 1, v/v/v)to afford Compound 3(0.1038 g, 53%)as a pale yellow solid.1H NMR(600 MHz, DMSO): 8.22(s, 2H), 8.15(s, 2H), 6.62(s, 2H), 4.53(s, 4H), 3.82(s, 3H), 3.42(m, 4H), 2.98(m, 8H), 2.85(s, 8H), 2.71(m, 24H), 1.33(s, 54H)(Fig.S1?).13C NMR(151 MHz, CDCl3): d 173.21, 172.44, 163.99, 152.38, 150.11, 143.13, 128.07, 109.83, 108.36, 82.59, 57.84, 56.52, 56.06, 55.56, 52.98, 50.55, 48.91, 47.30, 27.96(Fig.S2?).HRMS(ESI): m/z calc.for C67H111N13O14 [M + 2H]2+ 661.92650, [M + H + Na]2+ 672.91747, [M + 2Na]2+ 683.90844, found [M + 2H]2+ 661.92584, [M+ H + Na]2+ 672.91690, [M + 2Na]2+ 683.90682(Fig.S3?).Synthesis of compound 4.Compound 3(0.1 g, 0.0756 mmol)was stirred with triuoroacetic acid in methylene chloride solution(2 ml)at room temperature for 24 h.The solvent was then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was washed three times in CH3OH and CH2Cl2 to eliminate excess acid.The obtained residue was dissolved with a minimum volume of CH3OH and precipitated with cold Et2O.The precipitate was ltered to afford a brown yellow solid(0.1022 g).1H NMR(600 MHz, DMSO): 9.06(s, 2H), 8.17(s, 2H), 6.84(s, 2H), 4.33(s, 4H), 3.98(s, 3H), 3.56(b, 20H), 3.09(m, 24H)(Fig.S4?).13C NMR(151 MHz, D2O): d 174.11, 169.13, 164.64, 150.75, 148.85, 142.10, 129.88, 109.75, 107.99, 55.69, 54.01, 53.10, 52.43, 51.15, 49.59, 48.22, 47.69(Fig.S5?).MALDI-TOFMS spectrum(CH3OH): m/z calc.for C43H63N13O14 [M H] 984.46, found 984.7(Fig.S6?).Anal calc.for C43H63N13O14-$3CF3COOH$2H2O: C, 43.14;H, 5.17;N, 13.35;found C, 42.34;H, 4.999;N, 13.29%.Preparation of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] and [Tb2(DO3A)2-BMPNA].Compound 4(0.05 mmol)was dissolved in 2 ml of highly-puried water.GdCl3 or TbCl3(0.1 mmol)was added dropwise.The pH was maintained at 6.5–7.0 with NaOH during the whole process.The solution was then stirred at 75 C for 24 h.MALDI-MS(H2O): m/z calc.for C42H55N13O14Gd2 [M + H]+ 1281.46, found 1281.4(Fig.S7?).MALDI-MS(H2O): m/z calc.for C42H55N13O14Tb2 [M + H]+ 1284.3, found 1284.4(Fig.S8?).T1 measurements.The longitudinal relaxation times(T1)of aqueous solutions of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] were measured on an HT-MRSI60-25 spectrometer(Shanghai Shinning Globe Science and Education Equipment Co., Ltd)at 1.5 T.All of the tested samples were prepared in HEPES-buffered aqueous solutions at pH 7.4.All of the metal ions(Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Fe2+)were used as chloride salts.Concentrations of Gd3+ were determined by ICP-OES.Relaxivities were determined from the slope of the plot of 1/T1 vs.[Gd].The data were tted to the following eqn(1),20
(1/T1)obs ?(1/T1)d + r1[M](1)
where(1/T1)obs and(1/T1)d are the observed values in the presence and absence of the paramagnetic species, respectively, and [M] is the concentration of paramagnetic [Gd].Luminescence measurements.Luminescence emission spectra were collected on a Hitachi uorescence spectrophotometer-F-4600.The luminescence lifetime was measured on a Lecroy Wave Runner 6100 Digital Oscilloscope(1 GHz)using a tunable laser(pulse width ? 4 ns, gate ? 50 ns)as the excitation(Continuum Sunlite OPO).Samples were excited at 290 nm, and the emission maximum(545 nm)was used to determine luminescence lifetimes.The Tb(III)-based emission spectra were measured using 0.1 mM solutions of Tb complex analog in 100 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.4 in H2O and D2O in the absence and presence of Cu2+.The number of coordinated water molecules(q)was calculated according to eqn(2):62,63 q= ? 5(sH2O1 sD2O1 0.06)(2)T1-weighted MRI phantom images.Phantom images were collected on a 1.5 T HT-MRSI60-25 spectrometer(Shanghai Shinning Globe Science and Education Equipment Co., Ltd).Instrument parameter settings were as follows: 1.5 T magnet;matrix =256 256;slice thickness =1 mm;TE= 13 ms;TR= 100 ms;and number of acquisitions =1.Results and discussion Longitudinal relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in response to copper(II)ion To investigate the inuence of Cu2+ on the relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], the longitudinal relaxivity r1 for the [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] contrast agent was determined using T1 measurements in the absence or presence of Cu2+ at 60 MHz and 25 C using a 0.2mMGd3+ solution of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in 100 mM HEPES buffer(pH 7.4)under simulated physiological conditions.The concentrations of Gd3+ were determined by ICP-OES.The relaxivity r1 was calculated from eqn(1).In the absence of Cu2+, the relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was 6.40 mM1 s1, which was higher than that of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)](4.2 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 25 C)and Gd(DO3A)(H2O)2(4.8 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 40 C).64 Upon addition of up to 1 equiv.of Cu2+, the relaxivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] increased to 11.28 mM1 s1(76% relaxivity enhancement).As shown in Fig.1, the relaxivity gradually increased with the copper ion concentration, reaching a maximum value of approximately 1.2 equivalents of Cu2+.Due to the use of triuoroacetic acid in the synthesis of Compound 4, triuoroacetic acid residues produced CF3COO in the [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] solution, allowing CF3COO to partially coordinate with Cu2+ to form “Chinese lantern” type structure complexes.65 When the amount of added copper ions was further increased to above 1.2 equiv., the relaxivity was maintained at the same level.The observed difference in Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement demonstrated the ability of this contrast agent to sense Cu2+ in vivo by means of MRI.Our designed contrast agent not only exhibited a higher relaxivity, but also displayed a Cu2+-responsive relaxivity enhancement.Selectivity studies The relaxivity response of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] exhibited excellent selectivity for Cu2+ over a variety of other competing, biologically-relevant metal ions at physiological levels.As depicted in Fig.2(white bars), the addition of alkali metal cations(10 mM Na+, 2 mM K+)and alkaline earth metal cations(2 mM Mg2+, 2 mM Ca2+)did not generate an increase in relaxivity compared to the copper ion turn-on response;even the introduction of d-block metal cations(0.2 mM Fe2+, 0.2 mM Fe3+, 0.2 mM or 2 mM Zn2+)did not trigger relaxivity enhancements.We noted that Zn2+ is also known to replace Gd3+ in transmetalation experiments;however, studies with analogous Gd3+-DO3A complexes demonstrated that this ligand is more kinetically inert to metal-ion exchange.66 To ensure the kinetic stability of the complex, we used MS to monitor [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the presence of 1 equiv.of Zn2+.No metal-ion exchange was observed at room temperature after 7 days(Fig.S13?).Relaxivity interference experiments for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the presence of both Cu2+(0.2 mM)and other biologically-relevant metal ions were also conducted;the results are shown as black bars in Fig.2, indicating that these biologically-relevant metal ions(Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+)had no interference on the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement.In addition, we also tested the Cu2+ response for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in the presence of physiologically-relevant concentrations of common biological anions to determine whether the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement was affected by biological anions at physiological levels.As previously mentioned, Cu2+ binding induced an enhancement in relaxivity from 6.40 mM1 s1 to 11.28 mM1 s1(a 76% increase).As shown in Fig.3, in the presence of citrate(0.13 mM), lactate(0.9 mM), H2PO4(0.9 mM), or HCO3(10 mM), the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement was approximately 61%(from 6.01 mM1 s1 to 9.66mM1 s1), 66%(from 6.13mM1 s1 to 10.16 mM1 s1), 20%(from 5.88 mM1 s1 to 7.02 mM1 s1), or 55%(from 6.15 mM1 s1 to 9.55 mM1 s1), respectively.Additionally, 100 mM NaCl had almost no effect(an approximately 75% increase), and a simulated extracellular anion solution(EAS, contain 30 mM NaHCO3, 100 mM NaCl, 0.9 mM KH2PO4, 2.3 mM sodium lactate, and 0.13 mM sodium citrate, pH =7),67 resulted in a Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement of approximately 26%(from 6.02 mM1 s1 to 7.56 mM1 s1).Generally, the results revealed that lactate, citrate, and HCO3 had slight impacts on the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement, while H2PO4 and EAS influenced the enhancement to a greater degree.As shown in Scheme 2, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] possessed two water molecules after the addition of 1 equiv.Of Cu2+.According to the work of Dickins and coworkers, in lanthanide complexes with two water molecules, the waters can be partially displaced by phosphate, carbonate, acetate, carboxylate, lactate and citrate at different levels.68–70 The influence of these anions on the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement may be attributed to the partial replacement of coordinated water molecules by these anions.The relatively high concentration of phosphate could likely replace coordinated water molecules to reduce the increased number of water molecules surrounding the paramagnetic Gd3+ centre induced by Cu2+.As shown in Table 1, we measured the number of water molecules in the rst coordination sphere of Tb3+ in the presence of phosphate;the number of coordinated water molecules(q)decreased from 1.5 to 0.8.Coordination features Luminescence lifetime experiments were performed to explore the mechanism of the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement.Luminescence lifetime measurements of lanthanide complexes have been widely used to quantify the number of inner-sphere water molecules.71 In particular, Tb3+ and Eu3+ have commonly been applied for lifetime measurements because their emission spectra are in the visible region when their 4f electrons are relaxed from higher energy levels to the lowest energy multiplets.72,73 Therefore, the Tb3+ analogue of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA], [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA], was prepared according to a similar method, and the luminescence lifetimes of the Tb3+ analogue in HEPES-buffered H2O and D2O in the absence and presence of Cu2+ were measured.As shown in Fig.S9,? the luminescence decay curve of [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was tted to obtain the luminescence lifetimes74(Table 1), and the number of coordinated water molecules(q)was calculated by eqn(2).The analysis results(Table 1)for [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] in HEPES-bufferedH2OandD2O in the absence and presence of Cu2+ indicated that q increased from 0.6 to 1.5 upon the addition of 1 equiv.of Cu2+;this result indicated that the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement for [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] was most likely due to the increased number of coordinated water molecules around the Gd3+ ion upon Cu2+ binding to the pyrazole centre(Scheme 2).Aer the addition of Cu2+, Cu2+ removed the pyrazole centre N atom from the paramagnetic Gd3+ ion to generate an open coordination site available for a water molecule.Luminescence emission titrations of [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] towards Cu2+ were also performed to investigate the binding properties of the contrast agent towards Cu2+.Upon addition of 1 equiv.Cu2+, the luminescence of [Tb2(DO3A)2BMPNA] at 545 nm decreased gradually and reached a minimum due to the quenching nature of the paramagnetic Cu2+(Fig.S10?).The titration data indicated a 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry(Scheme 2)Copper-responsive T1-weighted phantom MRI in vitro To demonstrate the potential feasibility of this Cu2+-responsive [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] for copper-imaging applications, T1-weighted phantom images of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] were acquired in the absence and presence of copper ions.The phantom images depicted in Fig.4 displayed distinct increases in image intensity in the presence of 1 equiv.Cu2+ compared with those without Cu2+(Fig.4D).Moreover, some of the other competing metal ions were also tested to further verify the selectivity of [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA] towards Cu2+.Discernible differences were not observed upon the addition of Mg2+(Fig.4C), Zn2+(Fig.4E), or Ca2+(Fig.4F).In addition, we also tested the clinical contrast agent Magnevist(Fig.4G);the image intensity was a bit darker than that of our contrast agent.Conclusions
In conclusion, we designed and synthesized a novel bismacrocyclic DO3A-type Cu2+-responsive MRI contrast agent, [Gd2(DO3A)2BMPNA].The new Cu2+-responsive MRI contrast agent comprised two Gd-DO3A cores connected by a 2,6-bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)isonicotinic acid scaffold(BMPNA)that functioned as a Cu2+ receptor switch to induce a distinct relaxivity enhancement in response to Cu2+;the relaxivity was increased up to 76%.Importantly, the complex exhibited high selectivity for Cu2+ over a range of other biologically-relevant metal ions at physiological levels.Luminescence lifetime experiment results showed that the number of inner-sphere water molecules(q)increased from 0.6 to 1.5 upon the addition of 1 equiv.Cu2+.When Cu2+ was coordinated in the central part of the complex, the donor N atom of the pyrazole centre was removed from the paramagnetic Gd3+ ion and replaced by a water molecule(Scheme 2).Consequently, the Cu2+-triggered relaxivity enhancement could be ascribed to the increase in the number of inner-sphere water molecules.The designed contrast agent had a longitudinal relaxivity of 6.40 mM1 s1, which was higher than that of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)](4.2 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 25 C)and Gd(DO3A)(H2O)2(4.8 mM1 s1, 20 MHz, 40 C).In addition, the visual change associated with the signicantly enhanced relaxivity from the addition of Cu2+ was observed in T1-weighted phantom images.Acknowledgements We are grateful to the State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry for nancial support.Notes and references 1 S.Puig and D.J.Thiele, Curr.Opin.Chem.Biol., 2002, 6, 171.2 S.C.Leary, D.R.Winge and P.A.Cobine, Biochim.Biophys.Acta, Gen.Subj., 2009, 146, 1793.3 D.D.Agranoff and S.Krishna, Mol.Microbiol., 1998, 28, 403.4 H.Kozlowski, A.Janicka-Klos, J.Brasun, E.Gaggelli, D.Valensin and G.Valensin, Coord.Chem.Rev., 2009, 253, 2665.5 K.J.Barnham, C.L.Masters and A.I.Bush, Nat.Rev.Drug Discovery, 2004, 3, 205.6 D.J.Waggoner, T.B.Bartnikas and J.D.Gitlin, Neurobiol.Dis., 1999, 6, 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The Royal Society of Chemistry 2014 RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 34421–34427 | 34427
第五篇:英語專業(yè) 翻譯句子
? 劉玉翠回到村里,就好比是住進了監(jiān)牢里。Having returned to the village,Liu Yucui felt as if she had got into prison.? He drove as if possessed by the devil.他著魔似的駕車狂奔。
? …h(huán)er sharp mind, sawing raggedly through illusions like a bread knife through a hunk of frozen fish.她敏銳的思想慢慢地剔開了錯覺, 就象一把面包刀割開一塊厚厚的凍魚一樣。
…(He)wanted it all with a horrible intensity, as the faun wants the nymph.他強烈得可怕地渴望著這一切,象牧神渴望林間的仙女一樣。
? The pen is to a writer what the gun is to a fighter.作家的筆猶如戰(zhàn)士的槍。
? Every family is said to have at least one skeleton in the cupboard.俗話說,衣柜里面藏骷髏,見不得人的事家家都有。
? Advice and correction roll off him like water off a duck’s back.勸導(dǎo)對他好像水過鴨背似的不起作用。
? Life is like a yo-yo.生活是一個悠悠球,充滿一連串的起伏不定。? 愛自己尊如菩薩,待他人穢如糞土。She had as high an opinion of herself as if she were a goddess, and treated like dirt ?.接著他們用繩子五花大綁,把節(jié)振德捆得象個粽子似的,又是一陣拳打腳踢。
? They give him a good cuff and kick, trusses him up like a fowl and then went on walloping and kicking him again till his nose and mouth were a bloody pulp.? Today you see them bouncing, buxom, red as cherries.如今你看他們又結(jié)實又胖,臉上紅撲撲的。
? Every bean has its black.人皆有短處。
? The best is the enemy of the good.要求過高反難成功。
? Don’t trust him.He is an ambulance chaser.不要相信他,他是個惟利是圖的人。
? 何等動人的一頁又一頁篇章!這是人類思維的花朵。What inspiring chapters!They are the flowers of the human brainwork.? 霎時間,東西長安街成了喧騰的大海。At once,the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans.? Jane’s uncle is an old fox,up to all kinds of evils.簡的叔叔是個老狐貍,什么壞事都干得出來。
? After that long talk,Jim became the sun in her heart.那次長談之后,吉姆成了她心中的太陽。
? 每條嶺都是那么溫柔,雖然下自山腳,上至嶺頂,長滿了珍貴的林木,可是誰也不孤峰突起,盛氣凌人。All the ridges were so amiable.None of them stood above the others with arrogance,though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.? “Don’t talk to me about no opportunity any more.Opportunity’s knocking down every door in the country,trying to get in.When I was young,a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.” “休說什么機會難逢。機會正在國內(nèi)每家每戶敲門,想要進去呢。我年輕那會兒,人們得出門去尋找機會,揪著耳朵把它拖回來。”
? How soon hath Time,the subtle thief of youth,stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year!時間,這個盜竊青春的狡猾的小偷,盜竊了我二十又三年飛走了。
我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里,一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。Six years have passed by in a twinkle since
I came to the capital city from the countryside.She is the prettiest girl in the world.她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。
? 尤氏道:“我也暗暗地叫人預(yù)備了?!褪悄羌|西,不得好木頭,且慢慢地辦著罷?!?“I’ve secretly sent people to get things prepared.But they haven’t found good wood for that thing yet,so we have to wait.”
?
His daughter is rather weak in the head.他的女兒腦子不太好使。
? 我和她的關(guān)系出現(xiàn)了一個“黑洞”,后來“裂變”,到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)“死機”了。
? The initial “black hole” in the relationship between me and her later turned into a “fission” and finally into a “crash”.? 禿頭站在白背心的略略正對面,彎了腰,去研究背心上的文字。Baldy,standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin,stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin.?
His wife spent all her life on the stage.(= theatrical profession)他的妻子在舞臺上度過了一生。(=戲劇工作,表演藝術(shù))
? Paper and ink cut the throats of men,and the sound of a breath many shake the world.(= written words;speech)紙墨能割斷人的喉管,嗓音能震動整個世界。(紙墨=寫幾個字;嗓音=說幾句話)
? Great minds think alike.(= Great people think alike.)英雄所見略同。(不宜譯成 “偉大的腦袋所見略同?!保?/p>
? Gray hair should be respected.(gray hair = the aged)老年人應(yīng)受到尊敬。(不宜譯成
“灰頭發(fā)應(yīng)受到尊敬?!保?/p>
? 得到母親去世的消息,我很悲痛。(“得到”= “我得到”)On hearing of my mother’s death,I was caught in a tremendous grief.(“on hearing of”= “as soon as I heard of ”)? 2)“When did he say this?” “At the playground.And walking home.Yesterday.”
(= “He said this at the playground when he was walking home yesterday.”(John
Cheever:The Season of Divorce)
“他什么時候說這話的?”“在廣場上。昨天回家的路上。”
? He has provided the poor with jobs,with opportunity,with self-respect.(在 with self-respect 之前省去了連詞 and。)他給窮人提供了工作,提供了機會,提供了自尊。? They smiled,shook hands,parted.(在 parted 之前省去了 and。)他們微微一笑,相互握手,分手告別。? 折繞;Periphrasis ? “孔乙己,你臉上又添上新傷疤了!”(“ 添上新傷疤”意為 “又挨打了”。)“Kong Yiji!You’ve got fresh scars on your face!” ? 胡思亂想,一夜也不曾合眼。(“不曾合眼”意為“沒睡著覺”。)Indulging himself in wild fancies,he did not close his eyes throughout the night.? Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience.(= Her nose was blocked.)她的嗅覺系統(tǒng)暫時有些不便。(=她鼻塞。)
? His brother is a disturber of the piano keys.(= pianist)他哥哥是一個跟鋼琴鍵找麻煩的人。(=鋼琴家)(這一折繞句有著幽默的效果。)
? 然而悲慘的皺紋,卻也從他的眉頭和嘴角出現(xiàn)了。Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.? 廣場上又燒起歡樂的篝火。Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.? After a happy day,she had a sleepless night.她在度過歡樂一天之后,卻又熬過一個不眠之夜。
? In the examination,the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher,who was obviously suspicious of his cheating.在考場上,那個男孩用緊張的眼光瞥了老師一眼,老師顯然懷疑到他在作弊。
? 敬愛的周總理啊,人民想念您,祖國需要您,我們的黨不能沒有您!(呼人)Oh,our beloved Premier Zhou,our people miss you very much,our motherland is in need of you,and our Party cannot afford to have your departure!? England!awake!awake!awake!英格蘭!醒來!醒來!醒來吧!? Jerusalem thy sister calls!(呼物)你的姐姐耶路撒冷在呼喚著你!
事情就是這樣,他來進攻,我們把他消滅了,他就舒服了。消滅一點,舒服一點;消滅得多,舒服得多;徹底消滅,徹底舒服。This is the way things are:if they attack and we wipe them out,they will have that satisfaction;wipe out some,some satisfaction;wipe out more,more satisfaction;wipe out the whole lot,complete satisfaction.? It is an outrage to bind a Roman citizen;to scourge him is a crime;to put him to death is almost parricide.(Cicero)綁架一個羅馬公民是一種違法行為;對他進行肉體折磨是一種犯罪行為;把他處死幾乎等于殺父母一樣的叛逆行為。
? Threaten him,imprison him,torture him,kill him:you will not induce him to betray his country.威脅他,監(jiān)禁他,拷打他,處死他:這些都不能使他背叛自己的國家。? How haughtily he cocks his nose,他昂首挺胸,趾高氣揚,傲慢無比,? To tell what every schoolboy knows.講開了每個小學(xué)生都知道的東西。
? The explosion completely destroyed a church,two houses,and a flowerpot.這起爆炸事故徹底毀壞了一個教堂、兩所房屋和一個花盆。
? 周蘩漪:你這一次到礦上去,也是學(xué)著你父親的英雄榜樣,把一個真正明白你,愛你的人丟開不管么? FAN:And the reason why you are going away to the mine is that you’re following your father’s heroic example and throwing over the one person who really understands and loves you? ? 根據(jù)報紙上官方介紹,他是天底下頭等大好人,渾身上下毫無缺點,連肚臍眼都沒有。According to the official write-ups in the papers,he’s the best man in the world.He doesn’t have a single defect in his whole body.Why,he doesn’t even have a belly-button!? What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!—they let the paupers go to sleep!以此說明他那行善的國家的仁慈法律是多么有意義的例證!——他們竟允許窮人睡覺!? “The boy has broken another glass,”said the mother.母親說:“小家伙又打碎了一個杯子?!?/p>
? “A fine thing!”the father replied.父親回答道:“好得很!”
? 生產(chǎn)多么需要科學(xué)!Our production is in burning need of science!? 革命多么需要科學(xué)!Our revolution is in burning need of science!
人民多么需要科學(xué)!Our people are in burning need of science!We can gain knowledge,by reading,by reflection, by observation or by practice.(parallelism)求知門徑頗多,或閱讀,或思考,或觀察,或?qū)嵺`。
? I came,I saw,I conquered.(parataxis)我只身前往,我明察秋毫,我旗開得勝。? We laughed,we sang,we danced.(parataxis)我們縱情歡笑,我們放聲歌唱,我們翩翩起舞。
? 不知細葉誰裁出?(問)But do you know by whom these young leaves are cut out? ? 二月春風(fēng)似剪刀。(答)The early spring wind is as sharp as scissor blade.? Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?(問)我能不能拿夏天來同你相比? ? Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(答)(Shakespeare)你呀比夏天來得可愛和溫煦。
? 幸因腐草出,By chance you’re born from grasses of decay,? 敢近太陽飛? Dare you fly near where shines the light of day? ? Then who will cheer my bonny bride殺了這漂亮新娘的愛人,When they have slain her lover? 還有誰能使她歡愉? ? O,if you felt the pain I feel!啊,要是你能體會這痛苦!? But O,who ever felt as I? 唉,可誰的感覺像我一樣? ? 卜卜卜——機關(guān)槍的聲音跟著又來。The staccato chatter of a machine-gun was heard again.? 敲了兩下門,心上還突突直跳。He knocked twice at the gate,his heart thudding violently.? A hammering clatter of hoofs beating the hard road.“得、得、得”,堅硬的路面上響著接連不斷的馬蹄聲。
? White jagged lightning,followed by the brazen clash and deep rumble of thunder.天空中閃過一道成V形的白色閃電,緊接著傳來一聲霹靂,然后是深沉的隆隆雷聲。
櫻花紅陌上,The pathways red with cherry blossoms;
柳葉綠池邊。The lakeside green with willow leaves.Beauty,strength,youth,are flowers but fading seen;美貌、體力、年輕,就像花朵,終
將衰盡;
Duty,faith,love,are roots,and ever green.義務(wù)、信念、愛情,就像樹根,萬古長青。
你剛才所說做大生意做得有些討厭,這還是第一百零一回聽到的話。Just now you said it’s a tiring job to do a big sale.It is the first time I’ve heard this.飯來張口,衣來伸手have only to open one’s mouth to be fed and hold out one’s hands to be dressed
秦時明月漢時關(guān),The age-old moon still shines o’er the ancient Great Wall,萬里長征人未還。But our frontier guardsmen have not come back at all.When the cat’s away,the mice will play.貓兒不在,鼠兒作怪。
阿舒已二八,A-Shu is twice eight,懶惰故無匹。For laziness he has no equal.三五中秋夕Mid-autumn’s fifteenth night is here again.清游擬上元。As on the Feast of Lanterns we stroll round.Now,of my threescore years and ten,在我的七十壽數(shù)內(nèi),Twenty will not come again.有二十已一去不回。
Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.八十七年前,我們的先輩在這塊大陸上創(chuàng)建了一個新的國家。
楊柳青青江水平,? 聞郎江上唱歌聲; ? 東邊日出西邊雨,? 道是無晴卻有晴。
? Between the willows green ? the river flows along,? My beloved in a boat ? is heard singing a song.? The west is veiled in rain,? the east basks in sunshine,? My beloved is as deep in love ? as the day is fine.? 春蠶到死絲方盡,The silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart; ? 蠟炬成灰淚始干。The candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.? 空對著,山中高士晶瑩雪;Vainly facing the hermit in sparkling snow-clad hills ? 終不忘,世外仙姝寂寞林。I forget not the fairy in lone woods beyond the world.(楊)
有個農(nóng)村叫張家莊,張家莊有個張木匠。張木匠有個好老婆,外號叫“小飛娥”。小飛娥生了個女兒叫艾艾。There was a village called Zhangjia Village,where lived Carpenter Zhang,who had a good wife,nicknamed Little Moth,who gave birth to a girl called Ai’ai.? 他一見面是寒暄,寒暄之后說我 “胖了”,說我 “胖了”之后即大罵其新黨。Having exchanged some polite remarks upon meeting he observed that I was fatter,and having observed that I was fatter launched into a violent attack on the reformists.? Still he sought for fame...fame,that last infirmity of noble mind.可是他仍舊追逐名氣——追逐名氣,這是個高尚人永遠擺脫不了的弱點。
? He gave his life;life was all he could give.他奉獻了自己的生命;生命是他能奉獻的一切。
? 1)我媽媽是個古板人,講究的是三從四德。(周立波:《山鄉(xiāng)巨變》)My mother is rigidly conservative.She’s very particular about the Three Obediences and the Four Virtues.? 1)藍的天,綠的地,長長的小路,她走來了!(張枚同等:《麥苗返青的時候》)The blue sky,the green land,and the long path.Here she was coming along.? 1)哼!你別看我耳朵聾——可我的心并不 “聾”啊!(郭澄清:《大刀記》)Humph!My ears are deaf,but my mind is not.? 2)小火車在歡騰地急馳。人們的心和火車一樣,向家鄉(xiāng)急奔。(曲波:《林海雪原》)The little train and the hearts of all its passengers,together,sped merrily homeward.1)他細味他倆最近的幾頁可愛的歷史。想一節(jié)傷一回心,但他寧愿這樣甜蜜的傷心。(《朱自清文集》第一卷)He meditated upon their recent pleasant experiences.Each time he indulged in such meditation,he felt heart-broken.But he was eager to taste this kind of sweet bitterness.2)年年難過年年過,Hard up,we manage to get over it each year; 3)處處無家處處家。(解放前的一副趣聯(lián))Homeless,we try to make home everywhere.4)The land did not move,but moved.The sea was not still,yet was still.Paradox flowed into paradox,stillness mixed with stillness,sound with sound.(E.Ray Bradbury: The Vacation)大地止而亦行,大海動而亦靜。萬寂交而萬籟和,若真若假,若是若非。
1)中國還有一句成語,三個臭皮匠,合成一個諸葛亮。單獨的一個諸葛亮總是不完全的,總是有缺陷的。Still another Chinese proverb says three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.Zhuge Liang by himself can never be perfect,he has his limitations.5)這對年輕夫婦并不相配,一個是西施,一個是張飛。This young couple is not well matched,one is a Xi Shi---a famous Chinese beauty,while the other is a Zhang Fei---a well-known ill-tempered brute.6)3)He is a modern Samson.他是現(xiàn)代參孫式的大力士。(Samson:參孫,《圣經(jīng)》中人物,以身強力大著稱。)
7)4)We have enrolled every local Cicero.我們把各地西塞羅式的雄辯家都招來了。(Cicero:西塞羅,古羅馬雄辯家、政治家、哲學(xué)家。)8)5)Our village Hercules has come.我們村的大力士來了。(Hercules:海格立斯,希臘神話里主神宙斯之子,力大無比,曾完成十二項英雄事跡。)9)倒裝;Anastrophe 10)1)屈原:鼓動吧,風(fēng)!咆哮吧,雷!閃耀吧,電!把一切沉睡在黑暗懷里的東西,毀滅,毀滅,毀滅呀!(郭沫若:《屈原》)
11)QU YUAN:Blow,wind!Roll,thunder!Flash,lightning!Destroy all things that slumber in darkness,destroy them utterly!12)2)如果我能夠,我要寫下我的悔恨和悲哀,為子君,為自己。(魯迅:《傷逝》)I want,if I can,to record my remorse and grief,for Zijun’s sake as well as for my own.13)3)Fine and sunny it was when we started on our way.我們動身那天,天氣晴朗,陽光燦爛。14)4)So beautifully did she sing that the audience burst into applause.她唱得美妙動聽,全體聽眾都為她鼓掌。
1)幾何老師手拿一把丁字尺,走進了教室。With a T square in his hand,the teacher of geometry came into the classroom.15)2)老張走進房間一看,只見女兒在床上睡成一個 “大”字。Old Zhang went into the room and saw his daughter lying on the bed in the shape of the Chinese character 大.16)3)It was just impossible for him to get into this I-shaped hole.要他鉆進這個 “工”字形的洞口,是完全不可能的。
17)4)What they need now is a large quantity of Z iron.他們目前需要的是大量的乙字鐵。18)A thin man in a thin overcoat watched them out of thin,emotionless eyes.(James Thurber: One Is A Wanderer)一個骨瘦如柴、衣服單薄、雙目失神的男子注視著他們。19)1)Dumb dogs are dangerous.不吠的狗最危險。
20)2)Sarah sits by six sick city slickers.薩拉坐在來自城里的六個生著病的狡猾騙子的身旁。21)3)Four fat friars fanned flickering flames.四個肥胖的修士扇著閃爍不定的火焰。22)4)Round the rough and rugged rock the ragged rascal rudely ran.23)那個衣著破爛的惡棍繞著粗糙不平的巖石狂奔。
24)1)這個連長太 “軍閥”了!年紀不大,脾氣可不小!(曲波:《山呼海嘯》)
25)(名→動)“ This company commander is too much of a “warlord”.Though he’s young,he easily gets into a fit of temper.26)2)他 “科員”了一輩子。(老舍:《離婚》)27)He’s been clerked all his life.28)(名→動)He's been an office clerk all his life.29)3)The sight of the happy children warmed his heart.看到幸福的孩子們溫暖著他的心
30)(形→動)看到幸福的孩子們,他心里感到熱乎乎的。31)4)You can never fox me.(名→動)你決騙不了我。
32)5)You have no right to boss me.你無權(quán)老板我(名→動)你無權(quán)指揮我。33)1)狗拿耗子——多管閑事 be as nosy as a dog trying to catch a rat;
34)瞎子點燈——白費蠟 be like a blind man holding a candle--a sheer waste of wax。35)科學(xué)需要社會主義,社會主義更需要科學(xué)。(郭沫若:《科學(xué)的春天》)
36)Science is in need of socialism,while socialism is in greater need of science.37)
他們那種快活勁兒,真叫人喜歡,我喜歡他們,他們喜歡我。(艾蕪:《屋里的春天》)38)Their liveliness is very appealing.I like them,and they like me.39)Ma is as selfless as I am.媽同我一樣無私。
40)又:Ma is a nun,as I am.媽和我一樣,也是個修女。41)You can cage a swallow,can’t you? But you can’t swallow a cage,can you? 42)你可以把一只燕子關(guān)到籠里,是嗎? 但你不能吞下一個籠子,對嗎? 43)Strong in attack,and in defense unrivalled.進攻上,無堅不摧;防守上,無懈可擊。44)The melody was old;old also were the words.曲調(diào)是古老的;同樣古老的是歌詞。45)3)Mr.Hooligan is more than a hooligan while Mr.Fox is more than a fox.46)胡里干先生是個大流氓,福克斯先生是個老狐貍。
47)4)A man has two hands,but a clock has three hands.人有兩只手,而鐘有三根指針。
48))Tom looked at her with eyes and envy(= with envious eyes).湯姆用羨慕的眼光望著她。49)4)They drank from goblets and from gold(= from gold goblets).(Virgil)他們手拿金杯喝著酒。
上周一個溫暖、多云的早上,我們一道去布朗克斯動物園看小駝鹿,剛好也給新買的一雙黑鞋子試試腳。我們沒想到運氣會那么好,一頭母鹿正帶著小鹿站在鹿苑的圍墻旁邊,鹿苑在猴舍的下面。為了得到更好的觀察視角,我們踱行到鹿苑地勢較低、緊鄰一條小溪的那端。有條小路很少有人踏足。來到鐵絲網(wǎng)下小溪涓涓流過的這一僻靜之所,就看到一頭紅鹿站直了身子,在她身旁掙扎著站立的是一頭斑點小鹿,嬌美得就像放在縮小透鏡中去看的一件飾物。母親帶著孩子站在一棵灰色的山毛櫸樹下,樹干上被人刻寫上了幾十顆心形圖案和刻寫人姓名的首字母縮寫??吹接忠活^小鹿躺在地面上,我們才意識到他們是母鹿剛剛產(chǎn)下的雙胞胎。后生的這頭小鹿身體還是濕的,還沒有站立起來。這是一幅難得一見的森林奇景,竟然出現(xiàn)在最受歡迎的紐約市五大城區(qū)之一的這個地方,我們還有什么不滿足的呢(這真是上天對我們的最大恩賜)。我們腳上穿著的新鞋子似乎也開始合腳了,不像開始那么夾腳了。
母鹿離鐵絲網(wǎng)只有幾步之遙,我們便坐在小路邊的一塊石頭上,觀察新生的小鹿在中布朗克斯這個嚴密布控的鹿苑中是如何(戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢)開始生活的。母鹿剛剛產(chǎn)下雙胞胎,對我們的到來有些不滿,抬起一只前蹄,在地上輕輕地跺了跺。然后她低下頭去,叼起產(chǎn)下的胞衣,盡心盡力地嚼了起來,并用嘴使勁地把它甩來甩去,好像它就是一捆干草。我們正看期間,一絲陽光穿過云層照在鹿寶寶身上,照亮了它們紅褐色的皮毛,也照亮了它們白色的斑點。偶然會有一些漫無目的的游客走到這里來,然而沒有人意識到這里發(fā)生了多么不同尋常的事情!“看這些袋鼠!”一個孩子嚷道。他和媽媽一起面目表情看了一眼鹿就走開了。
過了一會兒,躺著的那頭小鹿使出全部的力氣和智慧站了起來,第一次站起身來努力嗅探著圈禁它的鹿苑的秘密。作為對兒子站起來的褒獎,母親放下嘴里的胞衣,試圖用嘴舔干他的身體。她逆著小鹿身上的紋理舔,特別關(guān)注那些關(guān)鍵部位。與此同時,大兒子踮著腳尖,邁著碎步,朝小溪走去,并下到了溪水中去。他在溪水中間停下來撒了泡尿,就像小孩子洗澡的時候常干的事情。然后,在母親眼光的注視下,他趟過了溪水,到了溪對岸,選了一個藏身之處躺了下來,那是緊鄰鐵絲網(wǎng)的一棵臭崧樹葉底下,樹葉正好把他遮住,四條腿一條不拉地收攏在身下。雖然他并未完全走出游人的視野,但已巧妙地躲藏到搖曳的光影背后,避開了人的視線。遠方不知何處傳來了正午12點的汽笛報時聲。我們又呆了一會兒,他一動也不動。離開鹿園以前,我們跨過小溪,在鐵絲網(wǎng)前跪下,將手伸過網(wǎng),去驗證一下我們聽聞的秘密:在新生鹿的兩耳之間搔一下并不會驚著小鹿。我們搔了一下,事實的確如此。