第一篇：合同翻譯中英
Contract Date : 合同日期
Contract Number : 合同編號(hào)
SALE & PURCHASE CONTRACT FOR BRAZIL IRON ORE FINES
巴西鐵礦石購(gòu)銷合同
This contract(“Contract”)is made and entered into by and between:
這個(gè)合同（“合同”）是由以下雙方達(dá)成：
Seller :
賣方
Buyer :
買方
Whereas, the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the below-mentioned goods for Asia, on the terms and conditions stated below:
在此，在下述的情況條件下，買方同意購(gòu)買，賣方同意銷售下文提及的貨物，：
CLAUSE 1 : DEFINITION 第一條： 定義
In this contract, the following terms shall, unless otherwise specifically defined, have the following meanings:在本合同中，除非另有特指，詞語(yǔ)均定義如下，(A)“Ore” means Iron Ore Fines of Brazil Origin.“礦石”指的是產(chǎn)地巴西的鐵礦石
(B)“U.S.Currency” means the currency of the United States of America freely transferable from and payable to an external account.“美元貨幣”指的是美國(guó)的自由可轉(zhuǎn)讓的且可支付外國(guó)帳戶的貨幣
(B)“Metric Tonne or MT” means a tonne equivalent to 1,000 Kilogram.公噸或MT 指的是等于1000千克的一噸。
(D)“Wet basis” means Ore in its natural wet state.“濕噸”指的礦石的自然重量
(E)“Dry basis” means Ore dried at 105 degrees Centigrade.“干噸”指的是105攝氏度干燥后的礦石。
(F)“DMT” means dry Metric Tonne
“DMT”指的是干噸重。
CLAUSE 2 : COMMODITY 第二條： 貨物
Ore 鐵
CLAUSE 3 : DELIVERY QUANTITY AND DELIVERY PERIOD 第三條 交貨數(shù)量和交付期限
Quantity :-----WMT(+/-10%)at Buyer’s Option
數(shù)量： ___濕噸（+/-10%）-買方意見
Loading Port : Rio de Janeiro port, Brazil(at Seller’s option)
裝船港：巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧-賣方意見
Discharging Port :----------/----------port, China(at Buyer’s option)
裝卸港： 中國(guó) 港-買方意見
Shipment : On or before--------------, 2006
裝船： 在 年 月 日 之前
CLAUSE 4 : GUARANTEED SPECIFICATIONS第四條： 質(zhì)量保證
Chemical composition(on Dry basis)化學(xué)成分（在干燥狀態(tài)）
Fe鐵 64.50 %(Rejection below 63.50%)拒絕低于63.5%
Al2O3 氧化鋁 2.0% max 不高于2.0%
SiO2 氧化硅 3.5% max 不高于3.5%
Sulphur 硫 0.01% max 不高于0.01%
Phosphorus 磷 0.06% max不高于0.06%
Free moisture content loss at 105 degrees Centigrade shall be 8.00% max.在105攝氏度失去的自然水分含量不能高于8%。
Physical composition(on Wet basis)物理成分（自然狀態(tài)下）
Size(mm)大小 +10 mm 5% max 不多于5% + 1 mm 80% min 不少于
0%-15 mm 15% max 不多于15%
CLAUSE 5 : PRICE 第5條 價(jià)格
US$ per DMT CIF------port, China(Incoterms 2000).The above price shall be based on 64.5% Fe.Rejection below Fe 63.5% based on CIQ analysis report at discharging port and also rejection below Fe 64.0% based on loading port analysis.__ 美元/干噸 CIF __ 中國(guó)港口(Incoterms 2000),這個(gè)價(jià)格是基于64.5%含鐵量的.賣方拒裝在出發(fā)港檢驗(yàn)中低于64%的,同樣買方拒收裝卸港CIQ檢驗(yàn)中低于63.5%含鐵的礦石.CLAUSE 6 : PRICE ADJUSTMENT 第6條 價(jià)格調(diào)整
The prices of Ore stipulated in Clause 5 hereof shall be adjusted by the following bonuses and penalties:第5條中合同規(guī)定的礦石價(jià)格需要被以下方式獎(jiǎng)罰調(diào)整.ORE CONTENT(Fe):含鐵量
BONUS : 獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
For each 1.00% of Fe above 64.5%, the base price shall be increased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.含鐵量每比64.5%高1%,基本價(jià)格應(yīng)該提高1美金/干噸
PENALTY :處罰
For each 1.00% of Fe below 64.5%, the base price shall be decreased by US$ 1.00 per DMT, fractions pro rata.But Buyer has the right to reject Ore which is Fe content is below 63.5%.含鐵量每比64.5%低1%,基本價(jià)格應(yīng)降低1美金/干噸,但買方有權(quán)拒收含鐵量低于63.5%的.OTHER ELEMENTS(IMPURITIES):
If the composition of Ore in respect of Alumina(Al2O3), Silica(SiO2), Sulphur(S)and Phosphorus(P)exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 hereof, Buyer shall accept such delivery of Ore by imposing penalties provided below, fractions pro rata.如果礦石的氧化硅,氧化鋁,硫,磷的成分超過(guò)了第四條內(nèi)容規(guī)定的保證值,買方應(yīng)接受交貨.按比例處以(賣方)罰金,a)Al2O3 氧化鋁
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 2.00% 含量超過(guò)2%的,每增加1%,罰以0.5美元一干噸
b)SiO2 氧化硅
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 1.00% in excess of 3.50%.含量每超過(guò)3.5%,的,每增加1%, 0.5美元一干噸
c)S(Sulphur)硫
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.01%.含量每超過(guò)0.01%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干噸
d)P(Phosphorus)磷
US$ 5(Five)cents per DMT for each 0.01% in excess of 0.06% 含量每超過(guò)0.06%,的,每增加0.01%, 0.5美元一干噸
MOISTURE : 水分
In the event that the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade exceeds the respective guaranteed maximum as set forth in Clause 4 here
of, Seller shall pay Buyer half of the actual freight attributable to moisture content over 8% up to 9% including 9% and full actual freight attributable to moisture content over 9%.當(dāng)?shù)V石在105攝氏度下蒸發(fā)的自然水分超過(guò)第四條所承諾的最大值時(shí),賣方應(yīng)賠付買方:
1)水分的一半運(yùn)費(fèi) 大于8% 小于等于9%時(shí);2)水分的全部運(yùn)費(fèi) 大于9%時(shí)
CLAUSE 7 : PAYMENT
第7條 交付方式
Buyer shall open within seven(7)working days after the date of this contract, on at sight Letter of Credit(“L/C”)in favor of Seller providing for payment of the full invoice value of quantity of Ore.The LC should contain the following terms and conditions:買方應(yīng)在簽訂合同后的7個(gè)工作日內(nèi),開可見信用證 信用證應(yīng)符合以下條款條件:
(i)The L/C shall be issued or transferred by First Class Bank.All banking charges outside the L/C issuing bank including reimbursing charges and confirmation charges are for the account of the Beneficiary.信用證應(yīng)由一級(jí)銀行開證并轉(zhuǎn)交,所有除開證行之外的銀行費(fèi)用,包括支付行費(fèi)用和保兌費(fèi)用,由受益人支付.(ii)L/C shall allow for 10% more or less in value and quantity.信用證價(jià)值和數(shù)量應(yīng)允許10%的增減.(iii)Charter party bills of lading acceptable.租約項(xiàng)下提單可接受
(iv)Third party documents acceptable except for Draft and Invoice.(v)Partial shipment allowed.(vi)Trans-shipment not allowed.(vii)Spelling and other typographical errors are not considered as discrepancies.(A)Provisional Payment
The aforesaid L/C shall be payable against Seller’s sight draft(s)for the amount of ninety-five(95)percent of the CIF value of the shipment accompanied by the documents as stipulated in Clause 8 hereof.The Certificate of Weight issued by SGS Brazil Private, Ltd.(“SGS Brazil”)in Brazil by survey of ship’s draft together with the Certificate of Analysis of sample and of the percentage of the free moisture loss at 105 degrees Centigrade issued by SGS Brazil shall be a basis for the Seller’s provisional invoice for the provisional payment.(B)Final Payment
The balance(+/-)of the CIF value of the shipment after the provisional payment to Seller shall be settled in accordance with Seller’s draft payable at sight together with the final invoice and the documents stated in Clause 8.(2)hereof or by telegraphic transfer by Seller to Buyer in accordance with Buyer’s debit note to Seller together with the documents(except Seller’s final invoice)stated in Clause
8.(2)hereof within ten(10)days from the date of receipt of the said documents, as the case may be.The validity of the L/C should be maintained in accordance with the above.Seller’s final invoice or Buyer’s debit note for the settlement of the balance of the CIF value of the shipment shall be based on the certificate issued by the State General Administration of the People’s Republic of China for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine or its branches(collectively “CIQ China”)as provided in Clause 8 and Clause 9 hereof.If an umpire analysis is required under the Clause 10 hereof, payment adjustment arising from this will be made when the umpire’s certificate is available.If Buyer is not able to submit to Seller the Inspection Certificate issued by CIQ China as per Clause 9 hereof within seventy five(75)days after the completion of discharging, the Draft Survey Certificate of Weight and Certificate of Analysis at loading port shall be the base of the final invoice or debit note.If the cargo is rejected based on CIQ analysis report Seller shall refund the amount vide Clause 7(A)Provisional Payment, within 30 days after the receipt of the CIQ analysis report.Buyer’s banking details:
Bank Name :
Bank Address :
Seller’s bank details:
Bank Name :
Bank Address :
第二篇：合同翻譯中英講解
合同翻譯中英講解
英語(yǔ)合同翻譯
引子:鑒于現(xiàn)在對(duì)外交流事例逐漸增多,英文合同特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)合同的翻譯愈顯重要,若譯文不準(zhǔn)確或不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),勢(shì)必會(huì)引起不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)糾紛.故今以一英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同寫作書籍為藍(lán)本,錄入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(經(jīng)濟(jì))合同的翻譯和寫作。
合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)體現(xiàn)其權(quán)威性.英文合同用語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)之一就表現(xiàn)在用詞上,即選擇那些法律用詞,以及正式用詞,使合同表達(dá)的意思準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤,達(dá)到雙方對(duì)合同中使用的詞無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的程度。
一.hereby 英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this 中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協(xié)議書等正式文件的開頭語(yǔ)；在條款中需要強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)也可用。語(yǔ)法：一般置于主語(yǔ)后,緊鄰主語(yǔ).例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文: 業(yè)主特此立約保證在合同規(guī)定的期限內(nèi),按合同規(guī)定的方式向承包人支付合同價(jià),或合同規(guī)定的其它應(yīng)支付的款項(xiàng),以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補(bǔ)工程中缺陷的報(bào)酬。注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價(jià),指工程的總造價(jià)(6)such...as: 關(guān)系代詞,相當(dāng)于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根據(jù),按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款 例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據(jù)我們所知（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中（5）documentary proof：證明文件
合同翻譯中英講解
supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，whether? or not：不論??是否（2）the owner of the goods：貨方（3）without interruption：無(wú)間斷地（4）carrier：承運(yùn)人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規(guī)定 hereof：of this Clause 參考譯文：
不論港口習(xí)慣是否與本款規(guī)定相反，貨方都應(yīng)晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運(yùn)人需要），無(wú)間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對(duì)違反本款規(guī)定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應(yīng)負(fù)擔(dān)賠償責(zé)任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：
（1）foreign trade dealers：對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規(guī)定（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng) 參考譯文：
本法所稱對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)者，是指依照本法規(guī)定從事對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的法人和其他組織。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：
（1）a limited liability company：有限責(zé)任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司（3）provisions hereof：本法規(guī)定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：
設(shè)立有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規(guī)定的條件。符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，登記為有限責(zé)任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規(guī)定的條件的，不得登記為有限責(zé)任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.合同翻譯中英講解
accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁員
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會(huì)
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：
仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形，情節(jié)嚴(yán)重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項(xiàng)規(guī)定的情形的，應(yīng)當(dāng)依法承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任，仲裁委員會(huì)應(yīng)當(dāng)將其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責(zé)的有關(guān)主管部門
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負(fù)責(zé)公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請(qǐng)復(fù)議
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：
依照本法，履行審批職責(zé)的有關(guān)主管部門，對(duì)符合本法條件的申請(qǐng)不予批準(zhǔn)，或負(fù)責(zé)公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當(dāng)事人可以依法申請(qǐng)復(fù)議或者提起行政訴訟。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注釋：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：
有限責(zé)任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業(yè)職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規(guī)定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.合同翻譯中英講解
applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注釋：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同（2）through amicable negotiations：友好協(xié)商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進(jìn)行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京）
（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規(guī)則（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外 參考譯文：
對(duì)于因履行本合同所發(fā)生的一切爭(zhēng)議，本合同雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決，如協(xié)商無(wú)法解決爭(zhēng)議，則應(yīng)將爭(zhēng)議提交中國(guó)國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易仲裁委員會(huì)（北京），依據(jù)其仲裁規(guī)則進(jìn)行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對(duì)雙方都有約束力。仲裁費(fèi)用應(yīng)由敗訴方承擔(dān)，但仲裁委員會(huì)另有裁定的除外。
例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注釋：
（1）patented technology：專利技術(shù)（2）patent：專利
（3）application for the patent：專利申請(qǐng)
（4）may have the right to control：可能有權(quán)控制的
（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品 hereto: to this Contract 參考譯文：
“專利技術(shù)”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來(lái)獲得的，或乙方有權(quán)或可能有權(quán)控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國(guó)家許可轉(zhuǎn)讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規(guī)定的本合同產(chǎn)品的專利和專利申請(qǐng)。
例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications
合同翻譯中英講解
other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注釋：
（1）either Party hereto：本協(xié)議各方（不譯成“one Party hereto）。
（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進(jìn)、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)
（3）discover, make or develop：開發(fā)
（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件
（5）file application for Letter Patent：申請(qǐng)專利（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護(hù)程序 the same: Letter Patent（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此產(chǎn)生的專利（8）consistent with this agreement：與本協(xié)議不相矛盾 參考譯文：
本協(xié)議各方同意，一方對(duì)于有關(guān)生產(chǎn)及裝配許可證產(chǎn)品或部件所做的改進(jìn)、修正、更新發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)均應(yīng)立即全部通知另一方。開發(fā)改進(jìn)的一方可以自負(fù)費(fèi)用并以自身名義申請(qǐng)專利或采取其它必要的法律保護(hù)程序，由此產(chǎn)生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協(xié)議的有效期內(nèi)，另一方可以與本協(xié)議不相矛盾的方式無(wú)償使用和銷售利用改進(jìn)、修正、更新本發(fā)明或設(shè)計(jì)（無(wú)論其是否取得專利權(quán)）生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品。
例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注釋：
（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)
（2）the technical assistance agreement：技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本協(xié)議附件2 hereto：to this Agreement 參考譯文：
本協(xié)議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關(guān)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的許可證和技術(shù)服務(wù)，F(xiàn)CAM和Y將訂立技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議并作為本協(xié)議附件2（以下稱作“技術(shù)服務(wù)協(xié)議”）。
例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注釋：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實(shí)際可能最大限度地
合同翻譯中英講解
例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注釋：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務(wù)（3）debtor：債務(wù)人（4）creditor：債權(quán)人 參考譯文： 本合同期滿時(shí)，雙方之間發(fā)生的未了債務(wù)不受合同期滿的影響，債務(wù)人應(yīng)向債權(quán)人繼續(xù)支付未了債務(wù)
四 herein 英文釋義:in this 中文譯詞:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的??，本法（中）的??”等時(shí)，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協(xié)議（中）內(nèi)容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：
（1）unfair competition：不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱（3）refer to：是指
（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規(guī)定
（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益
（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序
（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經(jīng)營(yíng)者 herein：in this Law（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經(jīng)營(yíng)或營(yíng)利性服務(wù) engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于 參考譯文：
本法所稱的不正當(dāng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是指經(jīng)營(yíng)者違反本法規(guī)定，損害其他經(jīng)營(yíng)者的合法權(quán)益，擾亂社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序的行為。
本法所稱的經(jīng)營(yíng)者，是指從事商品經(jīng)營(yíng)或營(yíng)利性服務(wù)（以下所稱商品包括服務(wù)）的法人、其
合同翻譯中英講解
參考譯文：
犯本決定規(guī)定之罪有違法所得的，應(yīng)當(dāng)予以沒收。
犯本決定規(guī)定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財(cái)產(chǎn)、承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任的，其財(cái)產(chǎn)不足以支付時(shí)，先承擔(dān)民事賠償責(zé)任。
例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：
（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(?Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（?<指定裝運(yùn)港>）
（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(?Named port of destination)：成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)（?<指定目的港>）
（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(?Named port of destination)：成本、保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)加運(yùn)費(fèi)（??<指定目的港>）（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》 參考譯文：
除非本合同另有規(guī)定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應(yīng)依照國(guó)際商會(huì)制定的《國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。
例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：
（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement（2）dispute：爭(zhēng)議（3）controversy：糾紛（4）difference：歧意
（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協(xié)議雙方（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過(guò)失（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：
除非另有明確表示，則由于執(zhí)行本協(xié)議所引發(fā)或與本協(xié)議有關(guān)的協(xié)議雙方的所有爭(zhēng)議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過(guò)失（包括，但不限于有關(guān)本協(xié)議存續(xù)的爭(zhēng)議，仲裁條款有效性的爭(zhēng)議），如不能以友好協(xié)商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。
合同翻譯中英講解
注釋：
（1）the obligations of making all payments：支付義務(wù)（2）reimbursement：償付
（3）be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費(fèi)用（4）exempt from all taxes：是免稅的
（5）pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔(dān)全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù) herein：in this Agreement 參考譯文：
借款人應(yīng)按照本協(xié)議和票據(jù)完成所有支付義務(wù)。向銀行的償付應(yīng)是不附帶其它費(fèi)用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項(xiàng)不含任何稅務(wù)。借款人應(yīng)按本協(xié)議承擔(dān)全部本協(xié)議規(guī)定的稅務(wù)。
五 hereinafter 英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文
語(yǔ)法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復(fù)，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。
例1：
In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and
Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：
（1）in accordance with：under 根據(jù)
（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法（3）Hereinafter：以下
（4）articles of association：合營(yíng)公司章程（條款）（5）hereby：特此
（6）formulate：prepare 制訂 參考譯文：
根據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)法》以及由
公司（以下稱甲方）與
公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經(jīng)營(yíng)的合同，特制訂本公司章程。
例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);
合同翻譯中英講解
documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：
（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部）
（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市
（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計(jì)劃單列市 參考譯文：
申請(qǐng)?jiān)O(shè)立投資公司，投資者應(yīng)將下列文件經(jīng)擬設(shè)立投資公司所在地的省、自治區(qū)、直轄市、計(jì)劃單列市外經(jīng)貿(mào)部門審核同意后，報(bào)對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外經(jīng)貿(mào)部）審查批準(zhǔn)。
例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：
（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定
（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國(guó)公司法》（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公司法》
（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認(rèn)公司的企業(yè)法人資格
（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規(guī)范公司登記行為 參考譯文：
為了確認(rèn)公司的企業(yè)法人資格，規(guī)范公司登記行為，依據(jù)《中華人民共和國(guó)公司法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱《公司法》），制定本條例。
例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：
（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和技術(shù)交流
（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進(jìn)外資
（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進(jìn)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)
合同翻譯中英講解
參考譯文：
本實(shí)施細(xì)則適用于外國(guó)貿(mào)易商、制造廠商、貨運(yùn)代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易組織（以下簡(jiǎn)稱外國(guó)企業(yè)）在中華人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的常駐代表機(jī)構(gòu)。
例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：
（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權(quán)的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)
（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡(jiǎn)稱審批機(jī)關(guān) Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機(jī)關(guān)（3）register with：辦理登記手續(xù)
（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國(guó)家工商行政管理局
（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權(quán)的（各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市）工商行政管理局 參考譯文：
外國(guó)企業(yè)申請(qǐng)?jiān)谥腥A人民共和國(guó)境內(nèi)成立常設(shè)代表機(jī)構(gòu)，應(yīng)經(jīng)對(duì)外貿(mào)易經(jīng)濟(jì)合作部或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易委員會(huì)（廳）（以下簡(jiǎn)稱審批機(jī)關(guān)）批準(zhǔn)，并在中華人民共和國(guó)國(guó)家工商行政管理局或其授權(quán)的各省、自治區(qū)、直轄市及計(jì)劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡(jiǎn)稱登記機(jī)關(guān)）辦理登記手續(xù)。
六 therein 英文釋義:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文譯詞:在那里；在那點(diǎn)上，在那方面
用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的??，工程中的??”等時(shí)使用。例如表示“修補(bǔ)工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”；表示“用于工程中的材料或機(jī)械設(shè)備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。
例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying
合同翻譯中英講解
A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注釋：
（1）a certificate of the borrower：借款人說(shuō)明書（2）comply with：遵照
（3）the attachments specified therein：附錄4規(guī)定的附件 therein：in Appendix 4 參考譯文：
借款人證明書，其格式基本上應(yīng)遵照附錄4規(guī)定的格式及其規(guī)定的附件。
例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注釋：
（1）exemption：免征稅款
（2）local authorities：地方當(dāng)局
（3）any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機(jī)構(gòu)
（4）taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當(dāng)局的稅收當(dāng)局 therein：in local authorities（5）under the Contract：根據(jù)合同規(guī)定（6）shall be due：應(yīng)予以征收的
（7）the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件 in question：上述 參考譯文： 任何時(shí)候，如果由當(dāng)?shù)鼗蚱淙魏握种C(jī)構(gòu)或稅收當(dāng)局，對(duì)任何根據(jù)合同規(guī)定所支付費(fèi)用應(yīng)予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質(zhì)，現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)，凡可以免征的，借款人應(yīng)及時(shí)向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。
例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注釋：
（1）the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)和外國(guó)企業(yè)所得稅法。（2）at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規(guī)定的稅率 therein：in the Tax Law 參考譯文：
在《中華人民共和國(guó)外商投資企業(yè)和外國(guó)企業(yè)所得稅法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱稅法）公布前已經(jīng)辦理工商登記的外商投資企業(yè)，該企業(yè)應(yīng)按稅法規(guī)定的稅率繳納所得稅。
例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the
合同翻譯中英講解
（6）drawer：出單人
（7）the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭（8）data content thereof：data content of the documents 項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容（9）referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的 參考譯文：
當(dāng)信用證要求運(yùn)輸單據(jù)、保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)和商業(yè)發(fā)票以外的單據(jù)時(shí)，信用證應(yīng)規(guī)定該單據(jù)的出單人及其措辭或項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容。如信用證雖無(wú)此規(guī)定，但提交的單據(jù)的項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容可能證實(shí)與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務(wù)有關(guān)聯(lián)，則銀行將予接受。
例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注釋：
（1）loss or damage：損失與損壞 注：loss與damage同義，同義詞連用是合同文件語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)之一。
（2）any part thereof：any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof：of the Works（3）for incorporation therein：used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in：used in 應(yīng)譯成“用于（工程）中”，而不能譯成“進(jìn)入工程” therein：in the Works 工程中（4）at one’s own cost：自費(fèi)（5）rectify：彌補(bǔ)，糾正
（6）Permanent Works：永久工程
（7）to the satisfaction of the Engineer：達(dá)到工程師滿意的程度 參考譯文：
在承包人負(fù)責(zé)照管工程期間，如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的設(shè)備，除第20.4款所規(guī)定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)外，不管由于任何原因而遭受損失或損壞，承包人應(yīng)自費(fèi)彌補(bǔ)此類損失或損壞，以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的規(guī)定，并達(dá)到工程師滿意的程度。
七.thereof 英文釋義: of that, of it 中文譯詞:由此,其
用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的??”時(shí)，為避免重復(fù)，可使用該詞，比如表示“合同條件、條款”時(shí)，可譯為“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”，此處的thereof表示“of the Contract”；表示“工程任何部分”，可譯為“any parts thereof”，這里的thereof表示“of the Works”。
語(yǔ)法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。
例1：
合同翻譯中英講解
Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注釋：
（1）Tests on Completion：竣工檢驗(yàn)（2）otherwise agreed：另行商定
（3）Employer takes over the Works：業(yè)主接收工程
（4）any section or part thereof：工程任何部分、區(qū)段 thereof：of the Works 參考譯文：
竣工檢驗(yàn)指合同規(guī)定的或由工程師與承包人另行商定的檢驗(yàn)。這些檢驗(yàn)是由承包人在業(yè)主接收工程或工程任何部分、區(qū)段之前進(jìn)行的。
例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注釋：
（1）the collection order：托收指示（2）the protest：拒絕證書
（3）in lieu thereof：代替拒絕證書 thereof：of the protest（4）non-acceptance or non-payment：拒絕承兌或拒絕付款
（5）the banks concerned with the collection：與托收有關(guān)的各銀行
（6）experience non-acceptance and non-payment：遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款（7）the principal：委托人 參考譯文：
托收指示應(yīng)對(duì)于在遭到拒絕承兌或拒絕付款時(shí)，是否需要作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續(xù)）給予特別指示。如無(wú)此項(xiàng)特別指示，與托收有關(guān)的各銀行在遭到拒絕付款或拒絕承兌時(shí)，并無(wú)義務(wù)作出拒絕證書（或采取其它替代法律手續(xù)）。
銀行由于作出拒絕證書或采取其它法律手續(xù)而發(fā)生的手續(xù)費(fèi)或費(fèi)用概由委托人負(fù)擔(dān)。
例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注釋:（1）makes the specification：訂明規(guī)格
（2）the details thereof：the details of the specification規(guī)格的細(xì)節(jié)（3）the communication in question：該通知（4）shall be binding：應(yīng)具有約束力 參考譯文：
合同翻譯中英講解
例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注釋：
（1）this Agreement is terminated：本協(xié)議終止（2）transparency：圖片（3）specifications：規(guī)格
（4）any other manufacturing or engineering information：其它全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料（5）the said Licensed Products：上述許可證產(chǎn)品 參考譯文：
如本協(xié)議因任何理由而終止，所有由甲方提供的圖紙、圖片、規(guī)格以及其它全部生產(chǎn)和操作資料，包括全部復(fù)制品，均返還甲方，同時(shí)，乙方應(yīng)停止生產(chǎn)上述許可證產(chǎn)品、或部件、或零件。
八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder
1)thereafter: after that此后；之后 2）thereto: to that 隨附；附之 3）therewith: with that 與此；與之 4）therefor: for that 因之；為此
5）thereunder: under that 在其下；依照
用法: 本節(jié)提及的各詞，其用法與上面七節(jié)談及的一樣，主要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“that”。如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是“this”，則要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。語(yǔ)法：緊接所修飾詞之后。
例1：
The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注釋：
（1）
decision and award of the arbitration tribunal：仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決（2）
the judgment：司法判決
（3）
any court having jurisdiction：有管轄權(quán)的法院 jurisdiction：管轄權(quán)（4）
the parties thereto：合同雙方 thereto：to the Contract（5）
in good faith：以良好誠(chéng)信的態(tài)度 參考譯文：
仲裁庭的仲裁決定或裁決是終局的，任何一方可以要求任何有管轄權(quán)的法院對(duì)此作出司法判決。雙方須以良好誠(chéng)信的態(tài)度遵守仲裁庭的決定。
例2：
合同翻譯中英講解
例5：
The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注釋：
（1）
the Defects Liability Certificate：缺陷責(zé)任證書
（2）
the expiration of the Defects Liability Period： 缺陷責(zé)任期終止
（3）
different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works：不同的缺陷責(zé)任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分（4）
any works instructed：任何按指示進(jìn)行的工程
參考譯文：工程的缺陷責(zé)任證書應(yīng)由工程師在缺陷責(zé)任期終止后28天內(nèi)頒發(fā)，或者，如果不同的缺陷責(zé)任期適用永久工程的不同區(qū)段或部分時(shí)，則在最后一個(gè)缺陷責(zé)任期終止或根據(jù)第82條，在任何按指示進(jìn)行的工程已完成并達(dá)到工程師滿意之后盡快簽發(fā)。
例6：
The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注釋：
（1）
commitment fee：承諾費(fèi)，承擔(dān)費(fèi)。貸款協(xié)議簽定生效后，如借款人沒有按期使用貸款，需向貸款人支付一定金額的補(bǔ)償費(fèi)用——承諾費(fèi)或承擔(dān)費(fèi)。通常在貸款協(xié)議中確定一個(gè)承諾期。承諾期分為前后兩期，前期不收承諾費(fèi)，后期計(jì)收承諾費(fèi)。如果在前段承諾期已使用全部承諾期金額，則不收承諾費(fèi)。如果在前段承諾期未使用全部承諾期金額，其余額在后段承諾期使用，則計(jì)收承諾費(fèi)。
（2）
the Disbursement Date：貸款發(fā)放日（3）
the Termination Date：貸款終止日（4）
from the date in the third month thereafter：從其后第3個(gè)月的該日 thereafter：after the Termination Date
參考譯文：
借款人每年應(yīng)支付銀行貸款承諾總額0.5%的承諾費(fèi)。支付時(shí)間從簽訂合同之日起（包括該日在內(nèi)），到貸款發(fā)放日和終止日中較早之日（但不包括該日在內(nèi)）為止，從其后第3個(gè)月的該日起開始按季支付至發(fā)放日與終止日中較早之日。
合同翻譯中英講解
workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:
注釋：
（1）
proprietary technical information：專有技術(shù)信息
（2）
designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data：設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料
（3）
the right and licence：許可權(quán)利（4）
technical assistance：技術(shù)協(xié)助（5）
trademarks：商標(biāo) 參考譯文：
鑒于甲方擁有合同產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)及銷售所涉及的技術(shù)信息，包括設(shè)計(jì)、技術(shù)、工藝、配方、技能和其他資料的專有權(quán)；
鑒于乙方以生產(chǎn)、使用和銷售合同產(chǎn)品為目的，希望獲得使用上述協(xié)助的許可權(quán)利； 鑒于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商標(biāo)； 雙方茲就下列內(nèi)容達(dá)成一致：
例3：
Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:
注釋：
（1）
whereas：鑒于
（2）
severally but not jointly：分別但不連帶地（3）
an aggregate amount：總額
（4）
the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows：當(dāng)事人協(xié)議如下 參考譯文：
鑒于借款人提出從銀行借款，各銀行分別但不連帶地向借款人貸款，總額為$50,000,000（5000萬(wàn)美元），當(dāng)事人協(xié)議如下：
例4：
Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows:
合同翻譯中英講解
promises that the law will enforce。何謂“Agreement”?L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.” 根據(jù)這一定義，協(xié)議是對(duì)已經(jīng)做或準(zhǔn)備做的相關(guān)事宜，經(jīng)過(guò)談判、協(xié)商后取得一致意見，以口頭或書面形式做出的約定。Black “Law Dictionary”有兩個(gè)定義。一個(gè)是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance”根據(jù)這一定義，協(xié)議即雙方或多方京某些過(guò)去或?qū)?lái)某些事實(shí)的相關(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)或相關(guān)權(quán)利、義務(wù)的履行而達(dá)成的一致理解和愿望。另一個(gè)是：“The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation.”根據(jù)這一定義，協(xié)議即兩個(gè)或多個(gè)當(dāng)事人，為了約定單方責(zé)任或相互責(zé)任，就財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利、利益的轉(zhuǎn)移取得的一致同意。Contract(合同)和Agreement(協(xié)議)是不是可以互換呢？合同的成立必須具備幾個(gè)主要因素。它們（要約和承諾構(gòu)成的）協(xié)議、約因、設(shè)立法律關(guān)系的愿望和締約能力四大部分組成。L.B Curzon編著的“A Diction of Law”提到：“Contract generally involves”1.offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance(要約和絕對(duì)接受)2.consensus ad idem(意思表示一致，也叫meeting of minds)3.intention to create legal relations(建立合同關(guān)系的意愿)4.genuineness of consent(同意的真實(shí)性)5.contractual capacity of the parties(合同當(dāng)事人的締約能力)6.legality of object(標(biāo)的物的合法性)7.possibility of performance(履行的可能性)8.certainty of terms(條款的確定性)9.valuable consideration(等價(jià)有償)Black 'Law Dictionary“ 中解釋道：Although often used as synonyms with ”contract“, agreement is a broader term, e.g.an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact.” 即“協(xié)議”和“合同”經(jīng)常用作同義詞，但“協(xié)議”這一術(shù)語(yǔ)含義更廣，例如協(xié)議可能缺乏合同的必備條款（essential clauses/provisions）。實(shí)際使用當(dāng)中，協(xié)議可不受必備條款的限制，而稱為合同的文體肯定少不了必備條款，有的合同將其單列，稱為一般條款（General provisions）。1999中國(guó)《合同法》第十二條規(guī)定了八項(xiàng)一般條款，分別是：1.title or name and domicile of the parities(當(dāng)事人的名稱或姓名和住址)2.contract object(標(biāo)的)3.quantity(數(shù)量)4.quality(質(zhì)量)5.price or remuneration(價(jià)款或者報(bào)酬)6.time limit, place and method of performance(履行期限、地點(diǎn)和方式)7.liability for breach of contract(違約責(zé)任)8.methods to settle disputes(解決爭(zhēng)議的方法)上述解釋說(shuō)明，contract(合同)和agreement(協(xié)議)的概念雖然接近，但使用范圍不同，不能互換使用。合同是協(xié)議的重要組成部分，所有合同一定是協(xié)議，而協(xié)議不見得都是合同。可以說(shuō)具備合同成立要求的具有強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行力的協(xié)議才是合同。2．“契約”的英語(yǔ)表達(dá) 英語(yǔ)中表達(dá)契約的用語(yǔ)有：covenant, indenture, deed和compact。它們含義有無(wú)區(qū)別呢。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，covenant是指：Agreement, convention or promise or more parties, by deed in writing, signed, and delivered, by which either of the parties pledged himself to the other that something is either done, or shall be done, or shall not be done, or stipulates for the truth of certain facts.The term is currently used primarily with respect to promises in conveyance or other instruments relating to real estate.看來(lái)covenant主要指針對(duì)不動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓或與不動(dòng)產(chǎn)相關(guān)的證明文件。在Black的“Law Dictionary”中，indenture 是指：A deed between tow parties conveying real estate by which both parities assume obligations, Historically, indenture referred to a crease or wavy cut that was made in duplicates of the deed so their authenticity could be verified later.看來(lái)indenture針對(duì)的也是不動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓，但在傳統(tǒng)做法中為證明其真實(shí)性，被人一撕為二，留下折痕或波紋狀撕痕，以供未來(lái)核對(duì)的那種契約就叫indenture.在Black的“Law Dictionary”
合同翻譯中英講解
construction engineering and installation of project(建議工程承包、安裝合同)服務(wù)方面有：Technical service agreement, technical consulting agreement, technical development agreement, technical transfer agreement, licensing agreement.(技術(shù)服務(wù)、咨詢、開發(fā)、轉(zhuǎn)讓、許可協(xié)議)；Agency agreement(代理協(xié)議)Insurance contract(保險(xiǎn)合同)Financing agreement(融資協(xié)議)Venture capital management agreement(風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資管理協(xié)議)Employment contract for legal consultant(法律顧問(wèn)協(xié)議)公司方面包括有：joint venture contract(合資企業(yè)合同)articles of association, corporate bylaw(章程)partnership agreement(合伙協(xié)議)agreement on assignment of equity interests(股權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議)composition agreement(和解協(xié)議)物流（Logistics）方面包括有：sales contract(買賣合同)purchase contract(采購(gòu)合同)carriage/transportation contract(運(yùn)輸合同)import and export contract(進(jìn)出口合同)warehousing and safekeeping contract(倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)保管合同)contract for compensation trade(補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易合同)人身（personal right）方面包括有：legacy-support agreement(遺贈(zèng)撫養(yǎng)協(xié)議)divorce agreement(離婚協(xié)議)4．合同的訂立、變更、終止、解除、撤銷 漢語(yǔ)中關(guān)于合同的訂立、變更、解除和撤銷說(shuō)法確定，而英語(yǔ)的表達(dá)有有多種。英語(yǔ)中關(guān)于合同的訂立的表述有：Make a contract Enter into a contract Form a contract Create a contract Conclude a contract Execute a contract Covenant名詞科短語(yǔ)的形式分別是：The making of contract The conclusion of contract The entry into contract The formation of a contract The creation of a contract The conclusion of contract The execution of contract Covenant如英文合同、協(xié)議的開始句：This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______(year)by and between Party A and Party B, the parties hereby covenant as follows:本協(xié)議/合同由甲乙雙方于______年______月______日訂立，雙方特此約定如下：英語(yǔ)中關(guān)于合同變更的表述有Alter: 名詞形式alteration，指只改變合同細(xì)節(jié)而不致合同喪失原貌；Change: 名詞形式與動(dòng)詞同，指實(shí)質(zhì)性導(dǎo)致合同喪失原貌的變更Modify: 名詞形式modification，指根據(jù)新的意圖，并限定在該意圖之內(nèi)的變更英語(yǔ)中關(guān)于合同的終止與撤銷的表達(dá)法有：1.Terminate a contract ,名詞形式termination of contract Black's Law Dictionary解釋說(shuō)：Termination refers to an ending, usually before the end of the anticipated term of the contract, which termination may be my mutual agreement or may be by exercise of one party of one of his remedies due to the default of the other party.Termination通常指合同在約定期滿之前終止履行。該終止既可經(jīng)雙方同意而做出，也指一方因另一方違約而行使的一種救濟(jì)權(quán)。但是《美國(guó)統(tǒng)一商法典》卻規(guī)定，“終止”是指合同方未違反合同約定而依法終止合同（Under the Uniform Commercial Code, “termination” means legally ending a contract without being broken by either side）2.cancel a contract,Black's Law Dictionary解釋說(shuō)：cancellation occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of “termination” except that the canceling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance.Cancel 指一方另因另一方違約而解除或取消合同，其效力與termination（終止）一詞幾乎一致，不同點(diǎn)在于撤銷一方仍有權(quán)對(duì)整個(gè)合同或合同中未履行部分主張救濟(jì)。3.discharge contract Steven H.Gifis 的“Law Dictionary”解釋說(shuō)：When it is said that a contract is discharged, it always meant that one or more of the legal relations of the parties have been terminated.The meaning that is most commonly intended is that the legal duty of one of the parties has been terminated.A party who is asserted to be under a legal duty by virtue of his contract may reply that duty has been discharged by some factor that has occurred since the making of the contract.Discharge a
合同翻譯中英講解
and B______,(hereinafter called “The Manager”)of the other part.句子開頭THIS AGREEMENT 或CONTRACT和當(dāng)事人的姓名和名稱，都應(yīng)大寫。當(dāng)事人是自然人的，用“of”和其后的住址相連；是法人或非法人單位的，用“having its registered office at”和其后注冊(cè)地址相連。第二部分：稱為recital。以WHEREAS開頭，進(jìn)入敘述部分，用陳述正式說(shuō)明當(dāng)事人訂立合同的原因。第三部分：稱為habendum，正文。具體約定當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。正文部分的結(jié)束段為：IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written.這段作用相當(dāng)于中文合同的“雙方簽字蓋章，特此為證”。第四部分：稱為schedule或addendum，附錄。是對(duì)前述合同部分條款的必要補(bǔ)充。不是所有合同都有這一項(xiàng)。第五部分：稱為attestation，證明部分。當(dāng)事人如果自然人，用“SIGNED by __”；連接后填寫見證姓名的表達(dá)部分“In the presence of ____”；當(dāng)事人是法人或非法人單位時(shí)，授權(quán)代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf _____ of____”，然后才是In the presence of _______。與中文合同的顯著不同是簽章處除當(dāng)事人外，多了一個(gè)In the presence of _______供證人簽字之處。另一不同的是合同訂立日期沒有放在合同最后，而是出現(xiàn)在開頭段的當(dāng)事人介紹部分。第五部分在新加坡還有另一種表達(dá)“As Witness our Hands this _____day of _____，in the year of our Lord Tow Thousand and One.Signed, sealed, and delivered by the above named In the presence of SignatureAddressOccupation上述合同的格式很有代表性，其它英文格式與之相比大同大異，有的合同中不含附錄。B.美國(guó)APPOINTMENT AS CONTRACT FULL-TIME SENIOR CUSTOMS ADMINISTRATORAN AGREEMENT FOR SERVICES made the 1st day of September, 2000 between ______ of _____(address)(hereinafter referred to as “the Company”)as one part and Mr._______ of _______(address)(hereinafter referred to as the Contractor)of the other part.WHEREBY IT IS AGREED AND DECLARED AS FOLLOWS:1.THAT the Company shall ?2.This agreement shall commence on ?.3.4.IN WITNESS WHEREOF, both parties set their hands on the date herein mentionedSIGNED BYName esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)Contractor esignation :For and on behalf of :(signature)本合同分為四個(gè)大部分（缺附錄，schedule）。與上一合同基本相同，但第一段沒有謂語(yǔ)，不是個(gè)完整的句子。個(gè)別用詞與前一合同有差別。最后落款處還多了了“職務(wù)”，即designation(有的合同還慣用position).C.香港CONTRACTCONTACT NO.SIGNING DATE/PLACETHE BUYER: NameLegal AddressContactTHE SELLER: NameLegal AddressContactThis contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller.Whereby the Buyer agrees o buy and the Seller agrees to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions.1.NAME OF COMMODITY AND SCOPE OF THE CONTRACT 2.PRICE3.PAYMENT4.PACKING5.IN WITHNESS WHEREOF, this contract has been executed effective as of the date first above written.THE BUYER THE SELLER___________ ___________By:__________ By:__________Date:------------_________ Date:------------_________THE END USER___________By: __________Date:--------____-_________比起前兩個(gè)合同，該買賣合同的不同之處于在于，合同開頭出現(xiàn)了合同編號(hào)和簽署日期，當(dāng)事人名稱或姓名采用簡(jiǎn)單列舉式。證明部分用完成時(shí)被動(dòng)態(tài)，最后落款處SIGNED BY項(xiàng)目，但增加了最終用戶一項(xiàng)。D.日本SERVICE AGREEMENTThis agreement is made and entered into on March 1st ,2001, by and between______ LTD(hereinafter referred to as “ARTY A”), and ________CO., LTD.((hereinafter referred to as “ARTY B”)WITNESSTH:WHEREAS, PARTY B has
合同翻譯中英講解
保障。如合同出現(xiàn)的“瑕疵”、“救濟(jì)”、“不可抗力”、“管轄”、“損毀”、“滅失”等就可能讓非行業(yè)人士費(fèi)解，在英語(yǔ)以上表達(dá)分別為defect、remedy、force majuere/Act of God、jurisdiction、damage and/or loss)。另外幾乎每個(gè)合同都少不了hereinafter referred to as , whereas, in witness whereof, for and on behalf of , hereby, thereof 等虛詞。這也是合同英語(yǔ)的一大特色。其它例子還有：“賠償”用“indemnities”，而不用“compensation”“不動(dòng)產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)讓”用“conveyance”，而不用“trnasfer of real estate”“房屋出租”用“tenancy”，而“財(cái)產(chǎn)出租”用“l(fā)ease of property”“停業(yè)”用“wind up a business”或“cease(名詞是cessation)a business”,而不用“end/stop a business”專利許可中的“特許權(quán)使用費(fèi)”只用“royalities”還款或?qū)＠暾?qǐng)的“寬限期”英文“grace”,“當(dāng)事人在破產(chǎn)中的和解”用“composition”以實(shí)物出資為“investment in kind”“依照合同相關(guān)規(guī)定”一般說(shuō)“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等，不說(shuō)“according to relevant terms and conditions in the contract”“合同任何一方當(dāng)事人不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本合同”英文表述為“Neither party hereto may assign this contract”，其中“hereto”表示“to the contract”，選用“Neither party to the contract”較少。3． 同義詞、近義詞、相關(guān)詞的序列FOR value RECEIVED，the undersigned does hereby sell, transfer, assign and set over to ______ all his right, tile and interest in and to a certain contract dated ______, 19____ by and between the undersigned and ______，a copy of which is annexed hereto.在這里的同義詞和近義詞并列（如sell, transfer, assign and set over，right和 tile and interest），在英文合同里十分普遍。這是出于嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)和杜絕漏洞的考慮，有的也屬于合同用語(yǔ)的固定模式。如：This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.句中“made and entered into”和“by and between”兩組分別屬于同義詞和相關(guān)詞并列。For and in consideration of mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows: 句中“for and in consideration of ”，“covenants and agreements”三組同義司和近義詞并列。The parties have agreed to vary the Management on the terms and subject to the conditions contained herein.這里的“on the terms”和“subject to the conditions”是一個(gè)意思都表示“依照本協(xié)議的條款規(guī)定”。合同條款的固定模式是“terms and conditions”再例如：“Party A wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the feective date”，一句中的“realease”和“discharge”意思幾乎相同。并列的詞還有：ships and vesselssupport and maintenancelicenses and permitscharges, fees, costs and expensesany and allany duties, obligations or liabilities the partners, their heirs, successors and assignscontrol and management of the partnership applicable laws, regulations, decrees, directives, and rules5.拉丁詞在國(guó)外合同中，拉丁詞仍然是很常見：比例稅率：用pro rate tax rate要比proportional tax rate多從事慈善性服務(wù)的律師：pro bono lawyer，不怎么用lawyer engaged in charitable legal assistance委托代理人：多用agent ad litem不可抗力： force majuere.說(shuō)真的，我期待過(guò)你的出場(chǎng)。
未認(rèn)識(shí)你以前，我便有想象過(guò)你會(huì)是什么樣子——長(zhǎng)發(fā)還是短發(fā)、文藝還是清純、非主流還是海歸范兒。只是當(dāng)你出現(xiàn)時(shí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)跟想象中的完全不一樣；而跟你相熟了之后，我慢慢覺得你就該是這樣，這樣的你，才是我曾經(jīng)期待過(guò)的你。那天你終于出現(xiàn)——有了朱恒玉在你來(lái)之前一個(gè)月提起你要來(lái)、有了Micheal提起與你的面試、有了同事聲稱今天要來(lái)個(gè)美女....這一切，好像都在為你的到來(lái)做
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第三篇：中英翻譯差異
漢英文化差異對(duì)英語(yǔ)翻譯的影響
【摘要】翻譯活動(dòng)并不是簡(jiǎn)單的文字轉(zhuǎn)換，而是把一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語(yǔ)言的工作，因而是一種跨文化的活動(dòng)。而各個(gè)民族的生活環(huán)境和生活經(jīng)歷不同造成了他們所創(chuàng)造的文化之間也具有巨大差異，這種差異又造成了各自語(yǔ)言上的巨大差異。這些差異對(duì)譯者翻譯過(guò)程以及翻譯翻譯結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性產(chǎn)生巨大影響。本文將從地理位置、宗教信仰、生活習(xí)慣和習(xí)俗、以及詞義聯(lián)想和文化意象共四個(gè)方面探討中西方文化的差異對(duì)翻譯活動(dòng)的影響?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】漢英文化 英語(yǔ)翻譯 差異 影響
引言
語(yǔ)言是社會(huì)現(xiàn)象,也是文化現(xiàn)象,語(yǔ)言反映文化,又受文化的制約,語(yǔ)言與文化的密切關(guān)系注定了翻譯與文化的關(guān)系。根據(jù)一般概念, 翻譯是將一種語(yǔ)言的信息用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)的活動(dòng)。這個(gè)概念只提及語(yǔ)言的信息, 未提到文化的信息, 是不完整的概念。世界上不同的民族和地域的人們創(chuàng)造了具有各自特點(diǎn)的民族地域文化，這種文化上的差異造成了各自語(yǔ)言的巨大差異，所以翻譯不僅是把一種語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換成另外一種語(yǔ)言的工作。更是文化上的交流活動(dòng)。我國(guó)著名學(xué)者王佐良教授在談到文化與翻譯的關(guān)系時(shí)指出: “翻譯工作者處理的是個(gè)別的詞, 他面對(duì)的則是兩大片文化?！?/p>
一、漢英的地理位置差異與英語(yǔ)翻譯
一定的文化實(shí)體總是存在于一定的空間地域內(nèi)的，因此它不可避免地要反映該地域的自然特點(diǎn)與物產(chǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的特點(diǎn)，具體反映在語(yǔ)言上也有所不同。在用自然景觀或物體作比較時(shí)，不同的語(yǔ)言表現(xiàn)就存在明顯的差異。就拿中國(guó)和英國(guó)相比，以英國(guó)為例，英國(guó)四周環(huán)海，是一個(gè)典型的島國(guó)，并且在歷史上英國(guó)的航海業(yè)非常發(fā)達(dá)，曾一度領(lǐng)先于其他國(guó)家，因而英語(yǔ)中與海洋有關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)和表達(dá)就特別豐富。中國(guó)則不同，中國(guó)有2/3 的邊界線在陸地上，文化的繁榮興盛起源于中原。中華民族世代在亞洲大陸生活并繁衍，生活的方方面面都離不開土地，所以他們對(duì)土地有一種特殊的感情。在語(yǔ)言中也潛移默化體現(xiàn)與土地的關(guān)系，如，漢語(yǔ)“揮金如土”，比喻鋪張浪費(fèi)，花錢大手大腳，而英語(yǔ)中則用“spend money like water” 此外，英語(yǔ)中有大量關(guān)于船和水的俗語(yǔ)和習(xí)語(yǔ)，而在漢語(yǔ)中卻找不到完全相同的對(duì)應(yīng)，如: “all at sea”（指不知所措）、“as close as an oyster”（指守口如瓶）、“drink like a fish”（指豪飲）等等。中國(guó)人經(jīng)常用“天南地北”來(lái)表達(dá)對(duì)祖國(guó)幅員遼闊的贊嘆，而英國(guó)人則用“from sea to sea”來(lái)表達(dá)國(guó)土面積的意思。
“東風(fēng)”和“西風(fēng)”在中西文化中有著不同的解讀，這也是由國(guó)家的地理環(huán)境的差異造成的。中國(guó)西鄰高山，東臨大海，東風(fēng)就是溫暖春天的象征，所以中國(guó)人偏愛東風(fēng)，故素有“西風(fēng)凜冽”與“東風(fēng)送暖”之辭。而英國(guó)卻擁有完全不同的地貌與氣候，它西鄰大西洋，東面與歐洲大陸相望，西風(fēng)溫暖而濕潤(rùn)，東風(fēng)反而寒冷。英國(guó)人對(duì)西風(fēng)的喜愛在雪萊的《西風(fēng)頌》中表現(xiàn)得淋漓盡致，詩(shī)中有這么一句：“Oh the west wind.If winter comes, can spring be far behind.”（啊，西風(fēng)！假如冬天已經(jīng)來(lái)臨，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？）如果不了解英國(guó)的地理環(huán)境，譯者在翻譯這個(gè)句子時(shí)可能就會(huì)感到困惑：為什么雪萊會(huì)歌頌寒冷的西風(fēng)呢？因此，這種地理環(huán)境的差異有時(shí)會(huì)給翻譯帶來(lái)較大的困難。
二、漢英雙方宗教信仰差異與英漢翻譯
在語(yǔ)言漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展歷史中，宗教的影響是不容小覷的，各國(guó)的語(yǔ)言或多或少都會(huì)沾染上些許宗教色彩。英國(guó)人大多信基督教，按照基督教的理解，世界和宇宙是上帝創(chuàng)造的，這個(gè)世上的萬(wàn)事萬(wàn)物都要服從上帝的旨意。在中國(guó)則大多數(shù)人信奉佛教，在他們心中，由各派佛祖主宰這個(gè)世界。中英文中都有大量與宗教信仰相關(guān)的詞語(yǔ)，中文里有“借花獻(xiàn)佛”、“放下屠刀，立地成佛”等說(shuō)法。在西方國(guó)家，人們表示對(duì)對(duì)方的祝福時(shí)常會(huì)說(shuō)“God bless you!”，在鼓勵(lì)灰心喪氣的朋友時(shí)，人們通常會(huì)說(shuō)“God helps those who help themselves”（天助自助者）。與宗教有關(guān)的典故在翻譯工作中也很常見。如：“The thing I bought yesterday am found to be an apple of Sodom.” 中的“an apple of Sodom” 便是出自于圣經(jīng)中的一個(gè)典故。據(jù)圣經(jīng)《舊約·創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》記載, 所多瑪是古代死海邊上的一座城市, 由于那里的居民驕奢淫逸, 罪大惡極, 上帝降火燒毀了這座城,城中的百姓、莊稼和牲畜全都化為灰燼, 傳說(shuō)在那里的死海邊上長(zhǎng)著一種外表美麗、摘下便成為灰燼的蘋果。后來(lái), “an apple of Sodom” 比喻罪惡的城市, 罪惡之地。只有了解這一典故, 才能正確譯成：“我發(fā)現(xiàn)昨天買的東西外表好看卻實(shí)際無(wú)用?！比绻g者不熟悉圣經(jīng)里的這個(gè)典故，那么他在翻譯的時(shí)候就不能準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出原文的意思。
三、生活習(xí)慣和習(xí)俗的差異與英語(yǔ)翻譯
我們常說(shuō): “ 一方水土養(yǎng)一方人。” 的確如此, 這其中也包含著文化的差異。漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)是建立在不同文化基礎(chǔ)上的兩種語(yǔ)言, 它們各自反映著自己特殊的民族文化和歷史傳統(tǒng)。語(yǔ)言和文化是息息相關(guān)的, 有什么樣的文化, 就會(huì)有與之相對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言來(lái)反映。
就拿數(shù)字來(lái)說(shuō)，“8”在中國(guó)是一個(gè)吉利的數(shù)字，很多人在競(jìng)投車牌，電話號(hào)碼等的時(shí)候愿意花上一大筆錢，就只為了圖一個(gè)吉利。可是如果是拿這些數(shù)字給英國(guó)人，可能他們只會(huì)一笑而過(guò)甚至?xí)X得奇怪為什么要花那么多錢買一堆數(shù)字。稱謂上，中國(guó)人是講究尊卑大小，因此會(huì)有“舅舅”、“舅媽”、“叔叔”、“嬸嬸”等的稱謂?？墒窃谟⒄Z(yǔ)的 “uncle”、“aunt”這兩個(gè)詞就代替了這些稱謂的麻煩。中國(guó)人性格上是比較內(nèi)斂的，而外國(guó)人則思想相對(duì)比較開放。因而在生活上，中國(guó)人都喜歡委婉的表達(dá)自己的情感，比如：某人稱贊某個(gè)人的女兒很漂亮?xí)r，中國(guó)人一般會(huì)說(shuō)：“哪里，哪里?！币员磉_(dá)自己的謙虛。如果把這幾句直接翻譯過(guò)來(lái)就會(huì)鬧出笑話：“Your daughter is beautiful.” “where, where.”所以在翻譯這類詞語(yǔ)時(shí)，譯者一定要考慮到不同的生活習(xí)俗對(duì)日常表達(dá)的影響，千萬(wàn)不能僵硬地采用直譯來(lái)傳達(dá)原文的意思。除此之外，中國(guó)人見面很喜歡問(wèn)別人：“你吃飯了沒?！钡怯?guó)人則是喜歡見面就討論今天的天氣，兩個(gè)極端反映出雙方文化的差異。如果在翻譯的時(shí)候沒有這些文化內(nèi)涵作為根基，那么譯者也很難把真正的意思翻譯出來(lái)。
四、詞義聯(lián)想和文化意象與翻譯
由于英漢兩個(gè)民族生活環(huán)境和生活經(jīng)歷的不同, 在詞義聯(lián)想和文化意象上必然存在著一些差異。例如: 對(duì)“dragon”一詞的理解中西差異就很大, 中國(guó)人視之為神圣, 尊貴的象征, 因而望子成龍，稱自己為龍的傳人；而在西方人的眼中, 龍卻是嘴里噴火的四足怪物, 在《圣經(jīng)》 里是罪惡的象征。就拿“龍鳳胎”一詞舉例，我們不能翻譯成： “A baby dragon and a baby phoenix”那樣很容易讓西方人誤解，甚至大為吃驚，感到不可思議。正確的譯文應(yīng)該是：“pigeon pair”。同樣西方人對(duì)“dog” 的看法也與中國(guó)人大相徑庭, 英語(yǔ)中含有“dog” 的習(xí)語(yǔ)很多, 大多表示喜愛的感情, 例如:“ a lucky dog”(幸運(yùn)兒)；“ Every dog has his day.”(凡人皆有得意日。)等等, 而漢語(yǔ)中卻說(shuō)“痛打落水狗”“走狗”等,大多含有貶義。
中華文化五千年，其中最為璀璨而西方又無(wú)法相比的就是唐詩(shī)。中國(guó)的唐詩(shī)分門別類，有四言絕句，八言律詩(shī)等。中國(guó)詩(shī)人可以用用寥寥數(shù)十字去表達(dá)一個(gè)絕美的意境，就以《靜夜思》為例：“床前明月光，疑是地上霜。舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉(xiāng)?！?6字就已經(jīng)把詩(shī)人的思念之前形象生動(dòng)地表達(dá)出來(lái)。若是把這16字翻譯為英文，那么字?jǐn)?shù)肯定是超過(guò)原來(lái)的詩(shī)句，最重要的是詩(shī)句原來(lái)的意境也不復(fù)存在。又例如，中文中常有：“好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上”之說(shuō)。英文中卻是沒有的，中國(guó)人自行翻譯為：“Good good study, day day up.”明顯就違反了英語(yǔ)的日常用法。又如：“If the public officials of higher authorities resort to bribery, those of lower authorities will follow.This is called：Fish begins to stink at the head.”以中國(guó)人的思維，或會(huì)翻譯出：“上級(jí)公務(wù)員行賄受賄, 下級(jí)公務(wù)員也會(huì)效仿。這叫：魚從頭開始發(fā)臭?！蓖耆闹袊?guó)式英語(yǔ)，被中文思維所以困擾，所以才會(huì)出現(xiàn)最后一句翻譯的笑話。以上種種課看出中英雙方的思維差異之大，以此導(dǎo)致雙方在詞義聯(lián)想以及意境上有巨大的差別。所以在進(jìn)行翻譯的時(shí)候，譯者不能只顧轉(zhuǎn)換語(yǔ)言符號(hào)而忽略非語(yǔ)言符號(hào)的結(jié)果。以‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’為例，它的英語(yǔ)文化涵義是什么? 怎樣把這層意義轉(zhuǎn)化到漢語(yǔ)譯文中來(lái), 使其也具有類似的漢語(yǔ)文化內(nèi)涵, 換句話說(shuō)，就是把這短短的英文句子翻譯出具有中國(guó)風(fēng)味的句子。這就需要譯者有兩種文化的詞義聯(lián)想和文化意象，將‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’與中文中的某些詞句來(lái)年息起來(lái)，再根據(jù)語(yǔ)境得出翻譯的結(jié)果，這樣的句子才會(huì)更加“有味道”。而正確的譯文應(yīng)為：“上級(jí)公務(wù)員行賄受賄, 下級(jí)公務(wù)員也會(huì)效仿，這叫： 上行下效(或上梁不正下梁歪)。”上行下效或上梁不正下梁歪都是漢語(yǔ)習(xí)語(yǔ), 寓意深刻, 能夠較好地對(duì)接‘Fish begins to stink at the head.’中的文化內(nèi)涵。結(jié)語(yǔ)
本文通過(guò)地理、宗教、生活習(xí)慣和習(xí)俗、以及在詞義聯(lián)想和文化意象四方面對(duì)漢英翻譯的關(guān)系，初步地了解漢英文化差異對(duì)英語(yǔ)翻譯的影響。我們可以看到，文化的差異給詞語(yǔ)的表達(dá)打上了深深的文化烙印，語(yǔ)言承載豐富的文化內(nèi)涵。而翻譯不僅要力求語(yǔ)言意義上的等值，而且更重要的是文化意義上的等值。要想翻譯出完美的作品，譯者就必須在理解詞的內(nèi)涵上下功夫，深入了解譯出語(yǔ)和譯入語(yǔ)之間的文化差異，對(duì)譯文做出綜合判斷，選擇合適的翻譯技巧，只有把文化和語(yǔ)言能力有機(jī)結(jié)合，才能做好翻譯工作。
參考文獻(xiàn)
⑴楊立剛.試析漢英文化差異與翻譯.黑龍江教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2004(6):99.⑵張捷.試論漢英文化差異對(duì)翻譯的影響.吉林師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2011(3):54 ⑶劉法公.漢英文化差異與漢英翻譯信息障礙.外語(yǔ)與外語(yǔ)教學(xué).2000(12):45
第四篇：英語(yǔ)中英翻譯
exclusive privileges 獨(dú)有的特權(quán)
better off 更好的
national income 國(guó)民收入
business investment expenditure 企業(yè)投資支出 replacement cost 重置成本
short-distance distribution 短途配送 downtown business district 市中心商業(yè)區(qū) checkout counter 結(jié)賬柜臺(tái) the required reserve 準(zhǔn)備金 self-sufficient 自給自足的 shopping centre 購(gòu)物中心 know-how 專有技術(shù)
floating captial流動(dòng)資本 economies of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)
talk show 談話節(jié)目
viewer demographics 觀眾人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù) the peculiar powers 獨(dú)特的力量 foreign-trade zones 對(duì)外貿(mào)易區(qū) investment demand 投資需求 outlying villages 偏遠(yuǎn)的村莊 advertising media 廣告媒體 a change in situation 形式的變化 captial equipment 資本設(shè)備
原材料Raw material 產(chǎn)品統(tǒng)一條形碼 The unified product bar code 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化集裝箱Standard container 貿(mào)易差額Balance of trade 名勝古跡historical interest 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)Scale economy 壟斷性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Monopolistic competition 補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易Compensation trade 赤字 in the red 原始資本積累 Primitive accumulation of capital
無(wú)形貿(mào)易Invisible trade 定期存款賬戶Deposit account 市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)Market economy 商業(yè)銀行Commercial Bank 生產(chǎn)資料The means of production 文明世界The civilized world 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Infrastructure 額外儲(chǔ)備金The extra reserves 保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)Insurance premium 直接稅Direct tax 醫(yī)療設(shè)備 Medical device 人造絲Artificial silk 批量生產(chǎn)Batch production 攜手合作Work together 壟斷性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Monopolistic competition 在和平時(shí)期In times of peace 保險(xiǎn)單Insurance policy 成本效益Cost effectiveness 提單 bill of lading 財(cái)政危機(jī)Financial crisis 人際關(guān)系Interpersonal relationship 每隔幾分鐘 every free minutes 保守秘密Keep a secret 國(guó)家稅務(wù)State Taxation 生活方式 Way of life 兩份報(bào)紙 two copies of newspaper
一塊肥皂 a bar of soap
一件家具 a piece of furniture
一把剪刀 a pair of scissors
丟棄 throw away
陷入困境 get into trouble
工業(yè)產(chǎn)品 industrial goods
農(nóng)產(chǎn)品 agriculture goods
一輩子一次性的收獲 a one-in-a-lifetime acquisition
沒有出路的工作 a dead-end job
付一大筆錢 pay good money
過(guò)時(shí) be out of fashion
流行 be in the fashion
批量生產(chǎn) mass-production
降低成本 lower the cost
在起作用 be at work
物美價(jià)廉的產(chǎn)品 better quality products at good values
所得稅 income tax
投放市場(chǎng) put on the market
小批量 in limited quantities
大量地 in large quantities
要求 ask for
下降 go down
從商go into business
努力做某事 strive to do sth.醫(yī)療設(shè)備 medical device
劣質(zhì)產(chǎn)品 inferior products
一條面包 a loaf of bread
溫和寬容的 easy-going
人造絲 artificial silk
假牙 artificial teeth
對(duì)?有害 be harmful to
警惕 be on guard
認(rèn)為某事當(dāng)然 take sth for granted
由?組成 be composed of
一個(gè)中年婦女 a middle-aged women
一些性格開朗的女孩 an open-minded girl
一個(gè)意志軟弱的人 a weak-minded man
一個(gè)意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人 a strong-minded soldier
遭受 suffer from
由于壓力 as a result of stress
警告信號(hào) warning signals
交通阻塞 traffic jam
指出 point out
逃離 run away from
自殺 commit suicide
從事攝影 take up photography
高度工業(yè)化國(guó)家 a highly industrialized country
工業(yè)生產(chǎn) industrial production
制成品 manufactured goods
領(lǐng)先 take over the lead
失去領(lǐng)先地位 lose one's lead
赤字 in the red
就?而言 as far as ? is concerned
易手 change hands
賺錢 earn money
金融中心 a financial centre
貿(mào)易中心 a commercial centre
國(guó)際貿(mào)易 international trade
外貿(mào) foreign trade
商船船隊(duì) a merchant fleet
巨額金錢 vast sums of money
一大筆錢 a large sum of money
對(duì)付，處理 deal with
有形貿(mào)易 visible trade
無(wú)形貿(mào)易 invisible trade
貿(mào)易差額 trade gap
失血 loss of blood
高度機(jī)械化的工廠 highly mechanized factory
產(chǎn)品統(tǒng)一條形碼 universal product code
黑白相間的條紋 zebra stripes(or black and white stripes)
斑馬線 zebra crossing
油炸土豆片 potato chips
炸薯?xiàng)l French fries
黑白電視機(jī) black and white televisions
墨畫 black and white
身上青一塊紫一塊 be black and blue
光學(xué)掃描器 an optical scanner
激光束 laser beam
目的是 be designed to
消滅，消除 do away with
付賬后離開 check out
到達(dá)登記 check in
現(xiàn)金出納機(jī) cash register
在左邊 on the left side
收款臺(tái) check out counter
原材料 raw materials
制成品 manufactured goods
近在手邊 at hand
衣夾 clothes-peg
曬衣繩 clothes-line
桌布 a tablecloth
洗碗布 a dishcloth
洗碗機(jī) a dishwasher
原始人 primitive people
現(xiàn)代人 modern people
穿著 be dressed in
從?上刮去 scrape?from
把?紡成? spin?into?
把?制成make?into
4000萬(wàn)年前 over four thousand years ago
在遠(yuǎn)古時(shí) in the time immemorial
富人和窮人一樣 the rich and the poor alike
想到 think of
剪去 cut off
講故事 spin a yarn
保守秘密 keep a secret 直接稅 direct taxes
間接稅 indirect taxes
收入所得稅 income taxes
納稅人 taxpayer
稅務(wù)員 tax-collector
免稅的 tax-free
國(guó)稅 state taxes
地方稅 local taxes
窮人 the poor
富人 the rich
年輕人 the young
老年人the old
高達(dá) as high as
以?形勢(shì) in the form of
政府機(jī)關(guān) government offices
憑借 by means of
在某個(gè)星期一的早晨 on a Monday morning
在星期一的早晨 on Monday morning
乘火車 take train
乘公共汽車 take bus
布萊克一家 the Blacks
向某人道別 say goodbye to sb.向某人道歉 say sorry to sb.每隔幾分鐘 every few minutes
每隔一天 every other day
每隔一行 every other line
不久以后 shortly afterwards
通向 lead to
抓牢 hold on to
一打雞蛋 a dozen eggs
在陽(yáng)光下 in the sun
注意 pay attention to
繼續(xù)作某事 keep(on)doting
好像 as if
自信 self-confidence
自信的 self-confident
自大的 self-important
自助的 self-service
自給自足的 self-sufficient
自學(xué)的 self-taught
一般的 in general
確信 be sure of
習(xí)慣于 become accustomed to
抱怨 complain about
說(shuō)實(shí)話 tell the truth
說(shuō)謊 tell a lie
適用于 apply to
處理 deal with
依賴于 depend on
必修課 a required course
同?相處 get along with
考慮 think about
日復(fù)一日 from day to day
從始自終 from beginning to end
每況愈下 from bad to worse
減速 slow down
在使用中 in use
不再使用 out of use
免費(fèi)入場(chǎng) admission free
免所得稅 free of income tax
免費(fèi)獲得某物get sth.free
再步行一段路即可到達(dá)的距離之內(nèi) within walking distance
探知，查明 find out
得到以下結(jié)論 come to the conclusion that
得出結(jié)論 draw a conclusion
交通高峰時(shí)間 rush hours
交通擁擠 traffic jams
援助計(jì)劃 aid program
視覺教具 visual aids
助聽器 hearing-aid
捏粘土 work clay
揉面團(tuán) work dough
一定數(shù)量的 a certain amount of
大量地 in large amounts
小額地 in small amounts
優(yōu)于 be superior to
劣于 be inferior to
把?與?相混合 mix?with?
把?與?分開 separate?from
把?分成 separate?into
用盡 use up
表現(xiàn)了?的特點(diǎn) be characteristic of
究竟，到底 on earth
五大湖區(qū) the Grate Lakes region
通知某人某事 inform sb of sth.利用 take advantage of
準(zhǔn)備某事 be ready to do sth.很容易拿到 within easy reach
夠不到 out of reach
想出，熟思 think out
在人力方面 in terms of manpower
在理論上 in terms of theory
投資于 invest in
以?代替? replace?with?
創(chuàng)新進(jìn)步innovational advances
大波動(dòng) major fluctuations
領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，帶頭 take the lead
成群，大批 in a swarm
一大群螞蟻 a swarm of ants
生產(chǎn)資料 means of production
大量購(gòu)買 buy in bulk
參考書 reference book
面對(duì)?困難 come up against
利息率，利率 the interest rate
貨幣市場(chǎng) money market
企業(yè)投資支出 business investment expenditure
不愿做某事 be reluctant to do
和?聯(lián)系在一起 be associated with
與?有關(guān)系 be related to
歸因于 ascribe to
規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì) economies of scale
以空前的速度 at an unprecedented rate
換句話說(shuō) to put it in somewhat different words
成功地做成某事 succeed in doing sth
壓出，榨取 squeeze?out of
每一單位投入 every unit of input
多于，超過(guò) in excess of
過(guò)渡 to excess
在非常有利的條件下 under extremely favorable conditions
優(yōu)于，勝過(guò) be superior to
劣于，次于 be inferior to
在春末 in late spring
企圖做某事，嘗試做某事 attempt at doing sth
攻擊，襲擊attempt on
拆開，拆散 take sth apart
國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值 Gross National Product(GNP)
生產(chǎn)性投資 productive investment
與?并駕齊驅(qū) keep pace with
由于?的原因owing to
因?值得受到稱贊 deserve credit for
與?對(duì)照，與?對(duì)比 as opposed to
外匯分配 foreign exchange allocations
停止 leave off
可自由支配的收入 disposable income
對(duì)?負(fù)責(zé) be responsible for
準(zhǔn)備，籌備 provide for
到現(xiàn)在為止 as yet
彌補(bǔ) make up for
政府支出 government expenditures
消費(fèi)支出consumption expenditures
時(shí)間滯差 a time lag
總計(jì)，合計(jì) in the aggregate
集中精力于 concentrate on
與?有很大關(guān)系 have a lot to do with
與?無(wú)關(guān)系 have nothing to do with
逐漸獲得，逐漸建立 built up
免稅 tax exemptions
技術(shù)，技能 know-how
擦去 wipe away
辨別，區(qū)別 distinguish one thing from another
建于?之上 be based on/upon
獨(dú)有的特權(quán)exclusive privileges
獨(dú)家代理權(quán) exclusive agency
商標(biāo) trademark
商品名稱 trade name
同類賣價(jià)，批發(fā)價(jià)格 trade price
關(guān)于 with respect to
不管，不顧慮 without respect to
公平交易 fair dealing
使?與?相關(guān)聯(lián) attach?to?
就?之限度，在?范圍內(nèi) so far as
無(wú)形因素 intangible factors
無(wú)形資產(chǎn) intangible assets
對(duì)某事加以考慮 take sth into account
大約，多少有一點(diǎn) more or less
廣泛的興趣 a wide range of interest
相當(dāng)獨(dú)特 fairly individual
顯著，杰出 stand out
反之亦然 vice versa
壟斷性競(jìng)爭(zhēng) monopolistic competition
常常 more often than not
純粹的壟斷 pure monopoly
純粹的競(jìng)爭(zhēng) pure competition
純粹浪費(fèi)時(shí)間 a pure waste of time
至于 as for
需求曲線 demand curve
概言之，一般說(shuō)來(lái) in general
阻止某人做某事 preclude sb from doing sth
排除所有誤解 preclude all misunderstanding
需求計(jì)劃 demand schedule
與?競(jìng)爭(zhēng) in competition with
不完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng) imperfectly competitive market
與?配對(duì) be paired with
以任意的形勢(shì) in random fashion
與?合并 be merged with
有幾分，稍稍 in some measure
把?至于顯著地位 bring into the foreground
產(chǎn)生 arise from
部分獨(dú)立 partial independence
經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)文獻(xiàn) economic literature
給?以其應(yīng)有分量 give due weight to
集中精力于 focus attention on
觀點(diǎn) point of view
與?不協(xié)調(diào) out of harmony with
與?協(xié)調(diào) in harmony with
經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的代價(jià)the cost of economic growth
不惜任何代價(jià)，無(wú)論如何 at all costs
喪失，犧牲 at the cost of
勢(shì)如破竹的勝利 an overwhelming victory
極度的悲哀 overwhelming sorrow
絕大部分公民 the overwhelming number of its citizens
渴望，向往 yearn for
繼續(xù)，連續(xù) a continuation of
為?奮斗 struggle for
心醉于，被迷倒 be charmed with
踩，踐踏 tread on sth
踩在某人的腳趾上 tread on sb's toes
相互追逐 tread on each other's heels
得意洋洋 tread on air
與某人禍福與共 cast in one's lot with sb
決不是，絕對(duì)不 anything but
盼望，期待 look forward to
結(jié)果，因此 in consequence
富裕繁榮的社會(huì) the affluent society
在富裕的環(huán)境中 in affluent circumstances
對(duì)?滿意 be content with
豐富的飲食 food and drink in abundance
過(guò)著豐衣足食的生活 live in abundance
依次，輪流 in turn
趕上瓊斯家 keep up with the Joneses
趕上，不落后 Keep up with sb/sth
繼續(xù)作某事 deep on doing sth
更富有，跟舒服 be better off
生產(chǎn)商誘導(dǎo)而產(chǎn)生的需要 producer-induced demand 成為?之一部分 enter into sth
自然增長(zhǎng)或產(chǎn)生 accrue from sth
英國(guó)的工業(yè)革命 the English Industrial Revolution
傳統(tǒng)的生活方式 traditional pattern of life
僅僅，只不過(guò) nothing but
等于 amount to
不是，而是 not?but?
吸引?的注意 get the attention of
食品雜貨店 grocery store
為?競(jìng)爭(zhēng) compete for
干得好 do a good job
記在心里 remain in one's mind
收款臺(tái) checkout counter
國(guó)營(yíng)公司 state-owned company
合資公司 joint ventures
白雪覆蓋的山頂 snow-covered peak
糖衣藥丸 sugar-coated pills
營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間 business hors
因公 on business
開始談?wù)?get down to business
激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng) strong competition
通貨膨脹 inflation
順差 surplus
城市商業(yè)區(qū) downtown business district
保險(xiǎn)業(yè) insurance
不斷的 never-ending
受限于 be limited by
被認(rèn)為是 be perceived as
把?局限于 confine?to
為了一切有實(shí)用價(jià)值的目的 for all practical purposes
能夠做 in the position to do
使?變成 turn?to
對(duì)?有影響 have an effect on
總綱 general principles
以?為目的 be aimed at
與?相關(guān)的 relate to
與?聯(lián)系在一起 associate with
太陽(yáng)能 solar power
受?的控制 be subjected to
引入 lead up
通訊系統(tǒng) communication system
能源危機(jī) an energy crisis
財(cái)政危機(jī) a financial crisis
業(yè)余畫家 an amateur painter
業(yè)余攝影家 an amateur photographer
道德的基礎(chǔ) the basis of morality
柱基 the base of a pillar
自然現(xiàn)象 the phenomena of nature
故意的 on purpose
商業(yè)銀行 a commercial bank
金融機(jī)構(gòu) a financial institution
金融中心 a financial centre
財(cái)政困難 in financial difficulties
與生俱來(lái)的特權(quán) the privileges of birth
活期存款賬戶 checking accounts
定期存款賬戶 savings accounts
州政府 the state government
聯(lián)邦政府 the federal government
答應(yīng)一項(xiàng)幫助 grant a favor
答應(yīng)一項(xiàng)請(qǐng)求 grant a request
發(fā)給銀行執(zhí)照 grant a charter to the bank
一定量的資產(chǎn) a specified volume of assets
遵循一定的常規(guī) follow certain practices
隸屬于州的銀行 state banks
國(guó)家銀行 national banks
活期存款 demand deposits
與?相結(jié)合 couple with
部分準(zhǔn)備制的原理 the fractional reserve principle
在任何一次 at any one time
可用，握有 on hand
公債 government loans
內(nèi)債 domestic loans
外債 foreign loans
可能的買主 a prospective buyer
增加了 increase by
增加到 increase to
被看作 be counted as
防備取款 a precaution against withdrawals
追溯到 trace to
法定最低儲(chǔ)備金 the required reserve
額外儲(chǔ)備金 excess reserves
就?意義而言 in the sense
在某種意義上 in a sense
自由港 free port
外貿(mào)保稅區(qū) foreign-trade zones
經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū) special economic zones
從事于政治 engage in politics
忙著工作 be engage in business
與某人訂婚 be engage to sb.普通港口 a regular port
中東 the Middle East
遠(yuǎn)東 the Far East
近東 the Near East
關(guān)稅壁壘 tariff barriers
起作用，生效 in operation
為?付關(guān)稅 pay a tariff on?
索價(jià)，要價(jià) charge?for
原材料 raw material
制成品 manufactured products
碼頭工人 dock workers
造船廠，修船所 dockyard
內(nèi)河航行 inland navigation
廣告媒介 advertising media
天天，逐日 from day to day
并肩地，相互支持地 side by side
說(shuō)出，(尤指無(wú)意間)吐露 throw out
吐露秘密 throw out a secret
有吸引力，引起興趣 appeal to
目標(biāo)觀眾 target audiences
有線電視 cable television
有線電視廣告收入 cable ad revenues
使遭受，面對(duì) be exposed to
拋卻，扔掉 throw away
舊貨商 a junk dealer
預(yù)付費(fèi)用 the advance cost
成本效益 cost effectiveness
被分為 be segmented into
(廣播中的)答問(wèn)節(jié)目 talk shows
解釋，說(shuō)明 account for
使(某人)信服 convince?of?
相當(dāng)提前 well in advance
有?傾向的 be subject to
有很高的重復(fù)接觸率 high repeat exposure
保險(xiǎn) insurance
保險(xiǎn)額 insurance value
保險(xiǎn)公司 insurance company
保險(xiǎn)范圍 insurance coverage
保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) insurance premium
作為對(duì)?的報(bào)答 in return for
防御 protect against
不愿意做某事 be unwilling to do
經(jīng)商，經(jīng)營(yíng) in business
因公有事 on business
賺錢 make a profit
收入，接受，吸收 take in
付錢(如福清費(fèi)用)pay out
投保人 policyholder
保險(xiǎn)單 policy
建于?之上 be based on
索價(jià)，要價(jià) charge for
毛利 gross profit
凈利 net profit
國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值 gross national product
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)原理 a statistical principle
大數(shù)定律 law of larger numbers
隨?變動(dòng) vary with
在相反的情形下 in the opposite situation
使恢復(fù) bring sb back to
在?之前 prior to
為此目的 toward this end
由于?而發(fā)生 result from
導(dǎo)致 result in
故意行為 an intentional act
放火縱火 set fire to sth
在欺詐的情況下 in cases of fraud
有助于，促成 contribute to
重置費(fèi)用 replacement cost
資本支出 capital expenditure
資本貨物 capital goods
固定資本 fixed capital
流動(dòng)資本 floating capital
資本積累 accumulation of capital
原始資本積累 primitive accumulation of capital
把?用于 employ?in?
以同樣的方式 in the same manner
有幾分，有點(diǎn)兒 in a manner
補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易 compensation trade
在和平時(shí)期 in time of peace
在戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期 in time of war
足夠的 a sufficiency of sth
迫使某人做某事 oblige sb to do sth
侵占，侵害 encroach upon/on
預(yù)定，命中注定 be destined for
由?所造成的 be occasioned by
在大多數(shù)情況下 upon most occasions
在那個(gè)時(shí)機(jī) on that occasion
曾經(jīng)，有一次 on one occasion
很少，不常 on rare occasions
足以 be sufficient to
從?而產(chǎn)生出來(lái)的 be derived from
使恢復(fù) restore to
投資需求 investment demand
投資規(guī)模 investment scale
消費(fèi)者需求 consumer demand
國(guó)民收入 national income
指出 point out
在?方面起著關(guān)鍵作用 be pivotal in
設(shè)身處地 put oneself in the place of
可能作某事 be likely to do 許多 a host of
對(duì)某事加以考慮 take sth into account
對(duì)某事不予考慮 leave sth out of account
在開始時(shí) at the outset
從開始時(shí) from the outset
政府的年限 the life of a government
企業(yè)預(yù)測(cè) business expectations
決定性的因素 a crucial factor
在重要的關(guān)頭 at the crucial moment
在?方面 in terms of
國(guó)內(nèi)工業(yè) home industries
國(guó)內(nèi)產(chǎn)品 home products
國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易 the home trade
國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng) the home market
美國(guó)國(guó)會(huì) the United States Congress
外貿(mào)保稅區(qū)法 the Foreign Trade Zones Act
(英國(guó))議院的法案 An Act of Parliament
(美國(guó))國(guó)會(huì)的法案 The Acts of congress
外貿(mào)保稅區(qū)管理委員會(huì) the Foreign Trade Zone Board
董事會(huì) the Board of Directors
國(guó)際商務(wù)局 the Bureau of International Commerce
天津商檢局 Tianjin Commodity Inspection Bureau
美國(guó)商業(yè)部United States Department of Commerce
市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì) market economy
計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì) planned economy
決定性的測(cè)驗(yàn) the crucial test
決定性的問(wèn)題 the crucial question
在重要的關(guān)頭 at the crucial moment
以分散的方式 in a decentralized fashion
市場(chǎng)價(jià)格機(jī)制 a price-and-market mechanism
技術(shù)工 skilled labor
勞工與雇主之間的關(guān)系 labor relations
工黨 the Labor Party
純粹的形式 a pure form
英國(guó)工業(yè)革命 the English Industrial Revolution
法國(guó)大革命 The French Revolution
普遍地 at large
傾向于做某事 be inclined to do sth.全社會(huì) society at large
有?傾向的 be subject to
由?產(chǎn)生的 stem from
實(shí)質(zhì)上，根本上 in effect
供求機(jī)制 the supply and demand mechanism
完全承襲?傳統(tǒng) in the full tradition of
對(duì)于?感到悲觀 be pessimistic about
對(duì)于?感到樂觀 be optimistic about
指出 point out
個(gè)人利益private interest
社會(huì)利益 society interest
支持某人on sb's side
獲勝，擊敗 triumph over
高度計(jì)劃的社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì) highly planned socialist economies
用這樣或那樣的方式 in one way or another
介入 step in
決不 by no means
當(dāng)然，必定 by all means
就?而言 as far as?is concerned
比較利益 comparative advantage
把?從?解放出來(lái) free?from
使?束縛于 bind?to?
生產(chǎn)過(guò)程 production processes
比較利益原則 the law of comparative advantage
指?而言 refer to
把?比作為 compare to
適用于 be applicable to
使適應(yīng)，使適合 be geared to/toward
為某事給某人報(bào)酬或獎(jiǎng)賞 reward sb for sth
把?應(yīng)用于，使用于 apply?to?
歸類程序 sorting process
彼此 one another
相比之下 by contrast
卷入 involve in
完完全全的自由貿(mào)易 perfectly free commerce
致力于 devote?to
對(duì)?有益處的 be beneficial to
整個(gè)社會(huì)的普遍利益 the universal good of the whole
獨(dú)特的力量 the peculiar powers
大批量生產(chǎn) mass production
總的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模 the general mass of productions
總收益 general benefit
商業(yè)往來(lái) commercial intercourse
文明世界 the civilized world
把?用于? employ?in
不得不做某事 be obliged to do sth.在?方面低劣 inferior in
在?方面優(yōu)越 superior in
交換 in exchange for
對(duì)?有利 be advantageous for
使?從?轉(zhuǎn)移到 divert?from?to
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化集裝箱 standardized containers
集裝箱運(yùn)輸container transport
陸運(yùn) overland transportation
海運(yùn) sea transportation
空運(yùn) air transportation
水運(yùn) water transportation
管道運(yùn)輸 pipeline transportation
聯(lián)運(yùn) combined transport
承運(yùn)人 carrier
托運(yùn)人 consignor
收貨人 consignee
鐵路運(yùn)單 consignment note
空運(yùn)單 air waybill
租船合同 charter party
提單 bill of lading
訂艙單 booking note
重新占領(lǐng)市場(chǎng) regain market share
背負(fù)式運(yùn)輸服務(wù) piggy-back service
從?方面來(lái)講 in terms of
專門從事 specialize in
與?結(jié)合 merge with
失效，崩潰 break down
存貨占用成本 inventory carrying costs
短途送貨short-distance distribution
長(zhǎng)途送貨long distance distribution
汽車裝運(yùn)的貨物 trucked goods
空運(yùn)貨物 air freight
基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 infrastructure 1.Food,for example,is a kind of goods.everyone eats food,but the ayerage person does not think much about all the things that must happen before food appears on his plate.例如，食品就是一種商品，人人都要吃東西，但是一般人對(duì)食品出現(xiàn)在他們盤子里之前勢(shì)必發(fā)生的一切并不多去想。
2.Men andmachines made the wood into paper,which had to be packaged and carried by trucks and put into stores.at every step in process peopre had to paid for their work,money had to be usedfor buying and so on.人使用機(jī)器把木材制造成紙，然后紙被包裝好并用卡車送到各個(gè)商店在這過(guò)程中的每個(gè)階段，人們的工作都必須得到報(bào)酬，買機(jī)器，修機(jī)器等等都得花錢。
3.When there are no resources left,we will start tolook after what we have.but why can’t we act before this happens?why can’t we goback to a society in which prevention of waste is a virtue?當(dāng)?shù)厍蛏系馁Y源耗盡時(shí)，我們就會(huì)珍惜所擁有的東西。但是為什么在一切發(fā)生之前，我們就不能有所作為呢？為什么我們不能回到制止浪費(fèi)就是美德的社會(huì)去呢？
4.This has led directly to the ‘throw-away society’and to the waste of the earth’s resources.這直接導(dǎo)致“浪費(fèi)社會(huì)”的產(chǎn)生和對(duì)地球資源的浪費(fèi)。
5.Just think of the expensive packaging material that is thrown away each time a new object is bought.想想吧，每購(gòu)買一件新商品，昂貴的包裝材料就被扔掉了。
6.Beause there was such a demand for the product,manufacturers began making tissues in larger and larger wusntities.因?yàn)閷?duì)產(chǎn)品需求量很大，廠家生產(chǎn)的數(shù)量也越來(lái)越大。
7.Modern mass-production methods lower the cost making goods,and thus give us better values.現(xiàn)代成批生產(chǎn)方法降低了商品的生產(chǎn)成本，使我們花的錢花得更值。8.In this way.better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups.這樣，物美價(jià)廉的產(chǎn)品正不斷地被奉獻(xiàn)給各種不同收入的人們。
9.Every word on a label describing a food,a durg,a cosmetic or a medical device is important in protecting you and your family from buying an inferior product,four misusing a good one,from being tricked by dangerous,or from unknowingly possessing an item harmful to health.標(biāo)簽上描述一種食品，一種藥品，一種化妝品或一種醫(yī)療器械的每個(gè)字都很重要因?yàn)樗Ｗo(hù)你和你的家庭使你們避免購(gòu)買劣質(zhì)商品。避免不正確地使用好的產(chǎn)品，避免受危險(xiǎn)的庸醫(yī)之騙，避免不知不覺的擁有對(duì)健康有害的東西。
10.Foods composed of two or more ingredients must bear labels listing all ingredients in the order of predominance.對(duì)于由兩種或兩種以上配料構(gòu)成的食品，其標(biāo)簽必須以各配料的多少為序一一列舉。
11.Unfortunately these chemicals produce the energy needed to run away from an object of fear,and in modern life that’s often impossible.這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)所產(chǎn)生的能量使我們能夠從令人恐懼的物體迅速跑開但不幸的是在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)里，這常常是不可能的。
12.The country is the fifth most densely populated in the world with 56 million people on 0.18% of the world’s land.英國(guó)的人口密度在世界上排為第五位，5600萬(wàn)人居住在只占世界陸地面積0.18%的土地上。
13.Generally,money from “invisible”trade exceeds the loss on “invisible”trade.britain can withstand a faintly large “trade gap”on visible trade before she is really “in the red”.總的來(lái)說(shuō)，“無(wú)形”貿(mào)易的收入超過(guò)有形貿(mào)易的差額。只有當(dāng)英國(guó)經(jīng)受不住共有有形貿(mào)易相當(dāng)大的“貿(mào)易差額”時(shí)，他才會(huì)真正出現(xiàn)“赤字”。
14.These black and white strips can be read by an optical scanner,or computer.光學(xué)掃描器，也就是一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)可以閱讀這些黑的條紋。
15.Errors in prices are eliminated,or done away with.價(jià)格上的差錯(cuò)就可以消除。
Also,the time spent checking out is reduced.其次，花在結(jié)賬上的時(shí)間也減少了。16.When primitive people began to wear clothing regularly,they had to make it from the materials at hand.當(dāng)原始人開始經(jīng)常穿衣服時(shí)，他們只能用于手頭的材料做衣服。
17.However,we do know that,very early in history rich and poor people alike were wearing wool clothes.然而，只有我們知道，很早就在歷史上窮人和富人都穿羊毛衣。
18.The national economy is better because of this specialization,but these workers over 10percent of the entire labor fore depend entirely on the buying habits of the remainder of the population.國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)更好，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)專業(yè)化，但這些工人超過(guò)10 %的整個(gè)勞動(dòng)力完全取決于購(gòu)買習(xí)慣的剩余人口。
19.In automobiles are not sold ,these specialists lose their jobs.The price of specialization is interdependence.在汽車沒有出售，這些專家失去工作的專業(yè)化是相互依存的價(jià)格。20.By stimulating industry,by rewarding ingenuity,and by using most efficaciously the peculiar powers bestows by nature,it distributes labor most effectively and most economically通過(guò)刺激，獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)創(chuàng)新，并利用最有效的獨(dú)特的力量賦予的性質(zhì)，它的最有效和最經(jīng)濟(jì)地分配勞動(dòng)力
21.if portugal hadon commercial connection with other countries,instead of employing a great part of her capital and industy in the production of wines,with which she purchases for her own use the cloth and hardware of other countries ,she would be obliged to devote a part of that capital to the manufacture of those commodities,which she would thus obtain probably inferior in quality as well as quantity如果葡萄牙景點(diǎn)商業(yè)與其他國(guó)家，而不是用大量的資本和產(chǎn)業(yè)生產(chǎn)葡萄酒，與她購(gòu)買自己的布和硬件的其他國(guó)家，她將不得不把一部分資金用于制造這些商品的，她會(huì)這樣可能獲得質(zhì)量低劣以及數(shù)量
22.other advantages include greatly costs in packing,handing,unpacking,and final preparations necessary for sale to the consumer其他優(yōu)勢(shì)包括成本大包裝，裝卸，拆包，和最后的必要準(zhǔn)備出售給消費(fèi)者
23.with the recent deregulation of transportation,this pattern has changed.隨著近年來(lái)運(yùn)輸管制的解除，這種模式已經(jīng)改變。
24.unless changes are made nationally to restore this “infrastucture”,the future cost and effectiveness of the various transportations services can be expected to change dramatically除非改變了全國(guó)恢復(fù)這個(gè)“基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施”，未來(lái)的成本和效益的各種交通服務(wù)可以預(yù)期的戲劇性的變化
25.without it,it would be impossible to pay the solidiers and policemen who protect us.沒有它，就不可能支付的士兵們和警察保護(hù)我們的人。
26.It is arranged in such a way that poor people pay nothing,and the percentage of tax grows greater as the tax payer’s income grows.它是安排在這樣一種方式，窮人不納稅，百分比和稅收增長(zhǎng)更為納稅人收入的增加。
27.Of course,it is the people who buy these imported things who really have to pay the duties,in the from of higher prices.當(dāng)然，這是誰(shuí)的人買這些進(jìn)口的東西真的有繳納稅款，在從更高的價(jià)格。
28.In developing advertising strategies,marketers must also consider the best advertising medium for their message.IBM,for example,uses television ads to keep its name fresh in consumers 'minds.But it uses newspaper and magazine ads to educate consumers on the produce's abilities and trade publications to introduce new software.Each advertising medium has its own advantages and disadvantages在制定廣告策略，營(yíng)銷人員還必須考慮最佳廣告媒體的信息。公司，例如，利用電視廣告保持其新鮮消費(fèi)者想法.但是利用報(bào)紙和雜志廣告對(duì)消費(fèi)者進(jìn)行教育的生產(chǎn)能力和貿(mào)易出版物介紹新軟件。每一個(gè)廣告中都有自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)
29.one disadvantage of television is that there are too many commercials causing viewers to confuse products電視的一個(gè)缺陷是有太多的廣告，使觀眾混淆產(chǎn)品 brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products簡(jiǎn)潔也使得電視一個(gè)貧窮的介質(zhì)中，教育觀眾的復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品
30.brevity also makes television a poor medium in which to educate viewers' about complex products簡(jiǎn)潔也使得電視一個(gè)貧窮的介質(zhì)中，教育觀眾的復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品
there are a host of obvious facors that you would have to take into account at the outset有許多明顯的因素，你必須考慮到當(dāng)初
31.like the unknown principle of animal life,it frequently restores health and vigor to the constitution ,in spite,not only raw disease,but of the absurd prescriptions of the doctor喜歡未知的動(dòng)物生活的原則，它經(jīng)?；謴?fù)健康和活力的憲法，盡管，不僅疾病，但醫(yī)生荒謬的處方
32.probably this kind of indirect tax,together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich,is the best arrangement.或許這種間接稅，連同直接稅收收入較低，為窮人和富人，都是最好的安排。
33.it his book,contact:thee first four minutes,he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships:every time you meet someone in a social situation,give him your undivided attention for four minutes.他的書，聯(lián)系人：你的第一個(gè)四分鐘，他提供了這樣的建議有興趣的人，開始新的友誼：每當(dāng)你在社交場(chǎng)合遇到人時(shí)，集中精力于他四分鐘。
34.such people,as they themselves produce nothing ,are all maintained by the produce of other men's labor when multiplied,therefore,to an unnecessary number,they may in a particular year consume so great a share of this produce,as not to leave a sufficiency for maintaining the productive laborers,who should reproduce it next year這樣的人，因?yàn)樗麄冏约荷a(chǎn)的，都是由其他人的產(chǎn)品勞動(dòng)時(shí)成倍增加，因此，對(duì)一些不必要的，他們可能在一個(gè)特定的年消費(fèi)如此之大，這個(gè)比例產(chǎn)生，不會(huì)留下足夠維持生產(chǎn)性勞動(dòng)者，誰(shuí)應(yīng)該復(fù)制它明年
35.whatever a person saves from his revenue he adds to his capital,and either employs it himself in maintaining an additional number of productive hands,or enables some other person of the profits無(wú)論一個(gè)人從他的收入，他還節(jié)省資金，并采用它自己保持一個(gè)額外的一些生產(chǎn)的手，或使其他人的利益.36.hearing such advice,one might say ,”but I’m not a friendliy,self-confident person..聽到這樣的建議，有人可能會(huì)說(shuō)，“但我不是一個(gè)friendliy，自信的人。37.while some policies provide certain exemptions,in general to qualify as an insurable risk,the risk should be predictable,outside the control of the insured loss must be predictable雖然一些政策提供一定的豁免，一般資格作為可保風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)應(yīng)該是可預(yù)測(cè)的，控制范圍以外的保險(xiǎn)損失必須是可預(yù)見的
38.also,special buses can be chartered for trips to the mountains,to lakes,and to nearby places if historical interest.同時(shí)，特殊的巴士?？砂嚽巴絽^(qū)，湖泊，和附近的地方，如果歷史的興趣。39.therefore,individuals wite lower probability of accidents as determined by these classification characteristics should pay a relatively lower premium因此，個(gè)人與低概率事件所確定的這些分類的特點(diǎn)，應(yīng)該是一個(gè)相對(duì)較低的溢價(jià) 40.the more they know ,the better their prediction and the fairer the rates they set will be.insurance companies also benefit from a statistical principle called the law of large numbers他們知道的越多，更好地預(yù)測(cè)和更公平的他們的價(jià)格也就。保險(xiǎn)公司也得益于一個(gè)統(tǒng)計(jì)原理稱為大數(shù)法則
41.for example,an iron cooking pot,if it is not carefully dried,will rust in a few hours beause the oxygen in the water will combine with the iron.例如，一個(gè)鑄鐵鍋?zhàn)鲲?，如果不認(rèn)真干，會(huì)生銹的幾個(gè)小時(shí)，因?yàn)樗械难鯇⑴c鐵。
42.the reason why companies often find insurance appealing is clear in return for a sum of money;they are protected against certifs.potentially devastating losses公司的原因經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)保險(xiǎn)吸引力是明確的回報(bào)一大筆錢；他們免受證明.潛在的毀滅性的損失
43.for example,the person who reads popular photography is more likely to be interested in the lastest specialized lenses from canon than is a gourmet magazine subscriber例如，人誰(shuí)讀大眾攝影是更可能感興趣的最新專業(yè)鏡頭佳能比是一個(gè)美食雜志訂閱
44.while direct mail is often thrown away as ‘'junk mail",advertisers can predict in advance how many recipients will take mailing seriously而直接郵件經(jīng)常被丟棄的'垃圾郵件”，廣告主可以預(yù)測(cè)提前多少者將采取郵寄嚴(yán)重
45.the most obvious purpose of advertising is to inform the consumer of available products or services.最明顯的目的是告知消費(fèi)者提供的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。
46.science is the never-ending struggle to find truth.科學(xué)是永無(wú)止境的斗爭(zhēng)中找到真理。
47.this flatness was acceptable as “truth”because travel and human knowledge of celestial phenomena were so limited that no other concept was needed.這平坦被接受“真理”因?yàn)槁眯泻吞煳默F(xiàn)象的知識(shí)是有限的，不需要其他的概念。
48.the demand deposits placed in banks,coupled with the fractional reserve principle,give bankers the power to anther the supply or money in the economy.存放在銀行里的活期存款，加上部分儲(chǔ)備金，使銀行家有權(quán)花藥或經(jīng)濟(jì)中的貨幣。
49.but it is not just the state of the marker that one has to estimate,as a businessman,you would also have to investigate whether there are new productive methods and processes available to you that will make the investment profitable in terms of reducing costs production an improved product但它不僅僅是國(guó)家的標(biāo)志，人們估計(jì)的，作為一個(gè)商人，你也將調(diào)查是否有新的生產(chǎn)方法和過(guò)程提供給你，會(huì)使投資獲利方面降低成本，改進(jìn)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)。
50.the trader expects to pay a tariff on the goods he is going to sell in the United States.交易員預(yù)計(jì)將支付關(guān)稅的貨物是在美國(guó)銷售。
51.in some free prots the foreign merchants may display their products for customers.在一些免費(fèi)的港口外商可以顯示他們的產(chǎn)品為客戶。
52.because if improvements in ships and navigation,European nations began trading a great deal with each other and the rest of the world.因?yàn)槿绻昂秃竭\(yùn)的發(fā)展，歐洲國(guó)家開始大量貿(mào)易與彼此和其他世界。
52.those unproductive hands ,who should be maintained by a part only of the spare revenue of the peole,may consume so great a share of their whole revenue,and therefore oblige so great a number to encroach upon their capitals,upon the funds destined for the maintenance of productive labor m that all the frugality and good conduct of individuals may not be able to compensate the waste and degradation of produce occasioned by this violent and forced encroachment這些非生產(chǎn)性的手，誰(shuí)應(yīng)保持只有一部分的收入的人，會(huì)消耗大量的稅收，因此要求這樣大的一批侵犯他們的首都，在資金的維持生產(chǎn)勞動(dòng)，所有的節(jié)儉和個(gè)人行為可能無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的浪費(fèi)和降解產(chǎn)生的這種暴力和強(qiáng)制侵占.53.historically,the self regulating market economy is a modern rather than an ancient invention,involving rather special assumptions such as the treatment of land and labor as commodities從歷史上看，自我調(diào)節(jié)的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)是現(xiàn)代而不是一個(gè)古老的發(fā)明，涉及相當(dāng)獨(dú)特的假設(shè)，作為治療的土地和勞動(dòng)力作為商品
54.the answer as one might expect,is very complicated and is subject to much disagreement among the experts答案是可以預(yù)期的，是非常復(fù)雜的，受到許多分歧專家 55.in a preliminary way ,however,we can indicate at least two lines of argument that must affect all serious thinking about this theory 在初步的方式，但是，我們可以表明至少2行論點(diǎn)必須影響所有認(rèn)真思考這一理論
56.the first line of argument really stems from the analysis that emphasizes the essential viability of the market system第一行的爭(zhēng)論真正源于分析，強(qiáng)調(diào)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制本質(zhì)上的可行性
57.this argument is in the full tradition of classical economic thought這個(gè)論點(diǎn)是在充分的傳統(tǒng)的古典經(jīng)濟(jì)思想
58.they would point out that adam smith gravely underestimated the divergence betweemn private and social interest他們指出，亞當(dāng)嚴(yán)重低估的分歧個(gè)人利益與社會(huì)利益之間的配合
59.in one way or another,citizens of every country in the world have asked that governments step in to change this or that aspect of the functioning of a price and market mechanism一種或另一種方式，公民在世界各國(guó)已要求政府在改變這個(gè)或那個(gè)方面的運(yùn)作的價(jià)格與市場(chǎng)機(jī)制
60.thus,the crucial question,as far as the public interest is concerned,is not whether there should be any intervention that question has really been settled by history.but what degree of invention should be permitted.因此，關(guān)鍵的問(wèn)題，只要公共利益有關(guān)，不應(yīng)該有任何干預(yù)，這種問(wèn)題已經(jīng)在歷史上解決了，但是干預(yù)的程度應(yīng)該被公眾允許。
61.this system makers it possible to produce large quantities of goods ang services,as well as provide some leisure for workers.該系統(tǒng)制造商可以生產(chǎn)大批量的貨物和服務(wù)，以及提供一些休閑的工人。
62.in this way,the output of the office is higher.這樣，輸出的是高。
63.this stroting process puts dentists in their office,carpenters besides their tools,and drivers in the cabs of trucks,and nurses in the wards of hospitals.這資料排架進(jìn)程中提出的牙醫(yī)的辦公室，除了他們的木匠工具，和司機(jī)在駕駛卡車，和護(hù)士在病房的醫(yī)院
64.but as the resources required by each mode break down in the decade ahead, changes seem likely.但由于資源需要由每個(gè)模式打破在未來(lái)十年變化，似乎有可能。
65.it also offers believable coverage,since ads are present side-by-side with news.它也提供了可信的報(bào)道，因?yàn)閺V告是目前并排與新聞。
66.it allows advertisers to combine sight, sound and motion,thus appealing to almost all the viewer’s senses.它允許廣告商聯(lián)合視線，聲音和動(dòng)作，從而吸引觀眾的幾乎所有感覺。
第五篇：名人名言中英翻譯.
名人名言選錄中英文翻譯
對(duì)于ISSUE來(lái)說(shuō)，中國(guó)考生總覺得我們的文章，論證不充分。
我們?cè)趯懼形淖h論文的時(shí)候，喜歡用名人名言。名人說(shuō)的，往往鏗鏘有力，而且言簡(jiǎn)意賅，也更有說(shuō)服力。
英文議論文也是這樣。
本章收集了能夠用到名人名言的中英文對(duì)照版。
每次打開本書時(shí)，看2句。結(jié)束本書的學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候，進(jìn)行回憶。在寫作過(guò)程中，能用的，盡量練習(xí)使用。STRUGGLE 奮斗篇
Where there is a will , there is a way.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有志者，事竟成。(美國(guó)發(fā)明家 愛迪生.T.)Genius only means hard-working all one's life.(Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)天才只意味著終身不懈的努力。(俄國(guó)化學(xué)家 門捷列耶夫)Man errs so long as he strives.(Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)人只要奮斗就會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。(德國(guó)詩(shī)人、劇作家 歌德.J.W.)Our destiny offers not the cup of despair , but the chalice of opportunity.(Richard Nixon, American President)命運(yùn)給予我們的不是失望之酒，而是機(jī)會(huì)之杯。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 尼克松.R.)Patience is bitter, but its fruit is sweet.(Jean Jacques Rousseau , French thinker)忍耐是痛苦的，但它的果實(shí)是甜蜜的。(法國(guó)思想家 盧梭.J.J.)SUCCESS 成功篇
Achievement provides the only real pleasure in life.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)有所成就是人生唯一的真正樂趣。(美國(guó)發(fā)明家 愛迪生.T.)I succeeded because I willed it;I never hesitated.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)我成功是因?yàn)槲矣袥Q心，從不躊躇。(法國(guó)皇帝 拿破侖.B.)Success covers a multitude of blunders.(George Bernard Shaw , British Dramatist)成功由大量的失望鑄就。(英國(guó)劇作家 肖伯納.G.)You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.(Charles Chaplin , American actor)人必須相信自己，這是成功的秘訣。(美國(guó)演員 卓別林.C.)WEALTH 財(cái)富篇 All the splendor 1 in the world is not worth a good friend.(Voltaire , French thinker)人世間所有的榮華富貴不如一個(gè)好朋友。(法國(guó)思想家 伏爾泰)Money is a good servant and a bad master.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)金錢是善仆，也是惡主。(英國(guó)哲學(xué)家 培根.F.)Sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)有時(shí)候一個(gè)人為不花錢得到的東西付出的代價(jià)最高。(美國(guó)科學(xué)家 愛因斯坦.A.)HAPPINESS 幸福篇
Happiness is form courage.(H.Jackson , British writer)幸福是勇氣的一種形式。(英國(guó)作家 杰克遜.H.)Happy is the man who is living by his hobby.(G.Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)醉心于某種癖好的人是幸福的。(英國(guó)劇作家 肖伯納.G.)Happiness lies not in the mere possession of money;it lies in the joy of achievement , in the thrill of creative effort.(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)幸福不在于擁有金錢，而在于獲得成就時(shí)的喜悅以及產(chǎn)生創(chuàng)造力的激情。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 羅斯福.F.)The supreme happiness of life is the conviction that we are loved.(Victor Hugo , French novelist)生活中最大的幸福是堅(jiān)信有人愛我們。(法國(guó)小說(shuō)家 雨果.V.)To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.(Bonaparte Napoleon , French emperor)要真正了解一個(gè)人，需在不幸中考察他。(法國(guó)皇帝 拿破侖.B.)TIME 時(shí)間篇
Do you love life ? Then do not squander time;for that's the stuff5 life is made of.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)你熱愛生命嗎？那么，別浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，因?yàn)樯怯蓵r(shí)間組成的。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 富蘭克林.B.)Each moment in history is a fleeting time , precious and unique.(Richard Nixon , American president)歷史巨輪飛轉(zhuǎn)，分分秒秒的時(shí)間都十分寶貴，也獨(dú)具意義。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 尼克松.R.)Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)今天的事不要拖到明天。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 富蘭克林.B.)The golden age is before us , not behind us.(Mark Twain , American writer)黃金時(shí)代在我們面前而不在我們背后。(美國(guó)作家 馬克?吐溫)The time of life is short;to spend that shortness basely, it would be too long.(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)人生苦短，若虛度年華，則短暫的人生就太長(zhǎng)了。(英國(guó)劇作家 莎士比亞.W.)Time is money.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)時(shí)間就是金錢。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 富蘭克林.B.)To choose time is to save time.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)合理安排時(shí)間就是節(jié)約時(shí)間。(英國(guó)哲學(xué)家 培根.F.)We always have time enough , if we will but use it aright.(Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German poet)只要我們能善用時(shí)間,就永遠(yuǎn)不愁時(shí)間不夠用。(德國(guó)詩(shī)人歌德.J.W.)STUDY 學(xué)習(xí)篇 Histories make men wise;poems witty;the mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)歷史使人明智；詩(shī)詞使人靈秀；數(shù)學(xué)使人周密；自然哲學(xué)使人深刻；倫理使人莊重；邏輯修辭學(xué)使人善辨。(英國(guó)哲學(xué)家 培根.F.)If you don't learn to think when you are young , you may never learn.(Thomas Edison , American inventor)如果你年輕時(shí)就沒有學(xué)會(huì)思考，那么就永遠(yuǎn)學(xué)不會(huì)思考。(美國(guó)發(fā)明家 愛迪生.T.)Natural abilities are like natural plants that need pruning by study.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)天生的才干如同天生的植物一樣，需要靠學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)修剪。(英國(guó)哲學(xué)家 培根.F.)WORK 工作篇
Don't gild the lily.不要給百合花鍍金/畫蛇添足。(英國(guó)劇作家 莎士比亞.W.)It is no use doing what you like;you have got to like what you do.(Winston Churchill , British prime minister)不能愛哪行才干哪行，要干哪行愛哪行。(美國(guó)首相 丘吉爾.W.)My philosophy of life is work.(Thomas Alva Edison , American inventor)我的人生哲學(xué)就是工作。(美國(guó)發(fā)明家 愛迪生.T.A.)When work is a pleasure , life is joy!When work is duty , life is slavery.(Maxim Gorky , Russian writer)工作是一種樂趣時(shí)，生活是一種享受！工作是一種義務(wù)時(shí)，生活則是一種苦役。(俄國(guó)作家 高爾基.M.)
EDUCATION 教育篇
And gladly would learn , and gladly teach.(Chaucer , British poet)勤于學(xué)習(xí)的人才能樂意施教。(英國(guó)詩(shī)人, 喬叟)Better be unborn than untaught , for ignorance is the root of misfortune.(Plato , Ancient Greek philosopher)與其不受教育,不如不生,因?yàn)闊o(wú)知是不幸的根源.(古希臘哲學(xué)家 柏拉圖)Genius17 without education is like silver in the mine.(Benjamin Franklin , American president)未受教育的天才，猶如礦中之銀。(美國(guó)總統(tǒng) 富蘭克.B.)The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweet.(Aristotle , Ancient Greek philosopher)教育的根是苦的，但其果實(shí)是甜的。(古希臘哲學(xué)家 亞里士多德)
人物 ======
You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必須相信自己，此乃成功之秘訣。--C.Chaplin 卓別林 Self-trust is the first secret of success.自信乃成功之第一秘訣。--R.Emerson 愛默生 Virtue is bold, and goodness never fearful.美德是勇敢的，為善永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)所畏懼。--W.Shakespeare 莎士比亞 It is better to be faithful than famous.守信用勝過(guò)有名氣。--T.Roosevelt 羅斯福 Diligence is the mother of good luck.勤奮是幸運(yùn)之母。--B.Franklin 富蘭克林 Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。--G.Crabbe 克雷布
Pride costs us more than hunger, thirst, and cold.驕傲給我們帶來(lái)的損失超過(guò)饑渴和寒冷。--T.Jefferson 杰弗遜 A great man is always willing to be little.偉人總愿當(dāng)個(gè)平常人。--R.Emerson 愛默生 Freedom lies in the being bold.自由在于勇敢。--R.Frost 弗羅斯特 All men cannot be first.不能人人都第一。--T.Fuller 富勒 A small leak will sink a great ship.小漏沉大船。--T.Fuller 富勒
Well done is better than well said.干得好勝于說(shuō)得好。--B.Franklin 富蘭克林 Speak not when others speak;sit not when others stand, and walk not when others stop.他人講話時(shí)不要講話；他人站立時(shí)不要坐著；他人駐足時(shí)不要行走。--G.Washington 華盛頓
Politeness costs nothing and gains everything.禮貌無(wú)須花錢，卻能贏得一切。--M.W.Montagu 蒙塔古 生命 ====== Other men live to eat, while I eat to live.別人為食而生存，我為生存而食。--Socrates 蘇格拉底 Easy come, easy go.易得者亦易失。--Hazlitt赫斯特
The darkest hour is that before the dawn.黎明前的時(shí)分是最黑暗的。--Fuller 富勒
Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.生活而無(wú)目標(biāo)，猶如航海之無(wú)指南針。--J.Ruskin 魯斯金 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.手中的一只鳥勝于林中的兩只鳥。--Heywood 希伍德 One swallow does not make a summer.一燕不成夏。--Taverner 泰維納
A man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make it drink.一個(gè)人可以把馬帶到河邊，但他不能令它飲水。--Heywood 希伍德 One cannot eat one's cake and have it.一個(gè)人不能把他的糕餅吃掉之后還留在手上。--Davies 戴維斯 There is no rose without a thorn.沒有玫瑰花是不長(zhǎng)刺的。--Ray 雷 Lookers-on see most of the game.旁觀者清。--Smedley 斯密萊
Victory won't come to me unless I go to it.勝利是不會(huì)向我走來(lái)的，我必須自己走向勝利。--M.Moore 穆爾 Life is just a series of trying to make up your mind.生活只是由一系列下決心的努力所構(gòu)成。--T.Fuller 富勒
All human wisdom is summed up in two words等待和希望。--Alexandre Dumas Pére大仲馬（法國(guó)作家）
It is not enough to be industrious, so are the ants.What are you industrious for? 光勤勞是不夠的，螞蟻也是勤勞的。要看你為什么而勤勞。--H.D.Thoreau梭羅 You have to believe in yourself.That's the secret of success.人必須相信自己，這是成功的秘訣。--Charles Chaplin卓別林
Life itself, without the assistance of colleges and universities, is becoming an advanced institution of learning.沒有學(xué)院和大學(xué)的幫助，人生本身也正在變成一所高等學(xué)府。--Thomas Alva Edison 愛迪生
知識(shí) ====== A little learning is a dangerous thing.淺薄的學(xué)識(shí)是一件危險(xiǎn)的事情。--Alexander Pope 蒲柏
Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.知識(shí)是一座寶庫(kù)，而實(shí)踐就是開啟寶庫(kù)的鑰匙。--Fuller 富勒 Sure bind, sure find.確實(shí)放置好的東西，找起來(lái)也便當(dāng)。--Heywood希伍德
Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration.天才是一分靈感加九十九分血汗。--Edison愛迪生 Nothing venture, nothing have.不進(jìn)取者無(wú)所獲。--Heywood希伍德 Never too old to learn.求學(xué)不嫌年紀(jì)老。--Thomas Middleton 密都爾頓 There is no royal road to learning.學(xué)問(wèn)之路無(wú)捷徑。--Trollope 特勒普
The brighter you are, the more you have to learn.越聰明的人，越需要學(xué)習(xí)。--D.Herold 赫羅爾德
A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.外語(yǔ)是人生斗爭(zhēng)的一種武器。--K.Marx 馬克思 To think is to see.思考就是明白。--Balzac 巴爾扎克 The reading of all good books is like a conversation with the finest men of past centuries.讀好書-如同與世上的先杰交談。--Descartes 笛卡兒 Choose an author as you choose a friend.要像選擇朋友那樣來(lái)選擇作者。--Wentworth Dillon Roscommon 羅斯康芒 To win you have to risk loss.要想勝利就得冒失敗的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。--Jean-ClaudeKilly基里 Boys, be ambitious.年輕人應(yīng)胸懷大志。--William Smith Clark克拉克
Knowledge is power, that knowledge is safety, that knowledge is happiness.知識(shí)就是力量，知識(shí)就是安全，知識(shí)就是幸福。--Thomas Jefferson 杰弗遜
It is easy to learn something about everything, but difficult to learn everything about anything.對(duì)每件事知道一些是容易的，對(duì)任何一件事詳細(xì)知道是困難的。--Emmons 艾蒙斯 The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.獲得知識(shí)的第一步是要知道自己無(wú)知。--Cecil 塞西爾 Zeal without knowledge is fire without light.有熱情而無(wú)知識(shí)，猶如有火焰而無(wú)光芒。--Thomas Fuller 富勒
If we would have new knowledge, we must get a whole world of new questions.要想獲得新知識(shí)，就必須提出大量的新問(wèn)題。--Susannek K.Langer 蘭格 Activity is the only road to knowledge.(George Bernard Shaw , British dramatist)行動(dòng)是通往知識(shí)的唯一道路。(英國(guó)劇作家 肖伯納.G.)Imagination is more important than knowledge.(Albert Einstein , American scientist)想象力比知識(shí)更為重要。(美國(guó)科學(xué)家 愛因斯坦.A.)Knowledge is power.(Francis Bacon , British philosopher)知識(shí)就是力量。(英國(guó)哲學(xué)家 培根.F.)友誼
A true friend is one soul in two bodies.摯友如異體同心。--Aristotle 亞里士多德 Love your neighbor as yourself.愛鄰如己。--Jesus Christ 耶穌 One good turn deserves another.} 好心得好報(bào)。--Heywood 希伍德
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難朋友才是真朋友。--Ray 雷
Good words cost nothing, but are worth much.良言不費(fèi)分文，但價(jià)值甚大。--T.Fuller 富勒 When you are at Rome do as the Romans do.入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。--Penn 班
Hearts may agree, though heads differ.意見總有分歧，但其心則仍可能一致。--T.Fuller 富勒 Birds of a feather flock together.同聲相應(yīng)，同氣相求。--Cicero 西塞羅 Like to like.物以類聚。--Cicero 西塞羅 Slow help is no help.遲助等于無(wú)助。--Trench 特蘭芝 It takes two to make a quarrel.必須有兩個(gè)人，才有爭(zhēng)吵。--Henry Kingsley金斯萊 Be slow in choosing a friend;slower in changing.擇友宜慎，棄之更宜慎。--Benjamin Franklin富蘭克林 Never judge from appearance.不要以貌取人。--Tindale 巔岱
A man should keep his friendship in constant repair.一個(gè)人應(yīng)當(dāng)讓他的友誼常新。--Samuel Johnson 瓊生
Sometimes the best helping hand you can get is a good, firm push.有時(shí)侯，及時(shí)有力的鼓勵(lì)是對(duì)你最好的幫助。--John Thomas 托馬斯 A friend is a present which you give yourself.朋友是你送給自己的一份禮物。--Robert Louis Stevenson 史蒂文森 Fate chooses your relatives, you choose your friends.親戚乃命定，朋友靠選擇。--Abbe Jacques Delille 德力爾 A faithful friend is the medicine of life.忠實(shí)的朋友是人生的良藥。--William Shakespeare 莎士比亞 The bird a nest, the spider a web, man friendship.鳥兒有巢，蜘蛛有網(wǎng)，人類有友誼。--William Blake布萊克 He makes no friends who never made a foe.從來(lái)沒有敵人的人也不會(huì)有朋友。--Alfred Tennyson丁尼生
We choose our friends by instinct, but we keep them by judgment.我們選擇朋友靠的是本能，但保持友誼靠的是判斷。--Alfred Capus 卡皮 Friendship is love without his wings.友誼是沒有羽翼的愛。--George Gordon Byron 拜倫 Suspicion is the poison of true friendship.猜疑是真誠(chéng)友誼的一副毒劑。--St.Augustine奧古斯丁 True friendship is a plant of slow growth.真正的友誼像生長(zhǎng)緩慢的植物。--George Washington 華盛頓 A hedge between keeps friendship green.朋友間適當(dāng)保持距離，可使友誼常青。--J.A.Charles 查爾斯
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