第一篇：初中仁愛版教材各年級知識(shí)點(diǎn)簡單總結(jié)范文

初中英語仁愛版教材各年級內(nèi)容簡單總結(jié)

七年級上

詞類講解（名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞，冠詞），句子種類（陳述、疑問、祈使、感嘆）簡單講解

七年級下

介詞，序數(shù)詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，冠詞，there be句型，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，祈使句，疑問句

八年級上

反身代詞，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，形容詞的比較級，一般將來時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，感嘆句，賓語補(bǔ)足語

八年級下

句子的成分，簡單句的基本句型，動(dòng)詞不定式，狀語從句，賓語從句，原級，比較級和最高級

九年級上

不定代詞，構(gòu)詞法，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，被動(dòng)語態(tài)，并列句，定語從句

九年級下

定語從句，并列連詞，主謂一致

第二篇：初中英語各年級知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

初一英語語法雖然是從簡單的一些日常用語出發(fā)的，但語法中常會(huì)有一些知識(shí)點(diǎn)看起來很細(xì)小，容易被忽視，但這些知識(shí)點(diǎn)掌握不熟練，往往會(huì)造成一些語法應(yīng)用上的錯(cuò)誤。因此在學(xué)習(xí)初一英語語法時(shí)，要認(rèn)真、細(xì)心，不要覺得一些地方不重要而得過且過。

一、初一英語語法——詞法

1、名詞

2、代詞

3、動(dòng)詞A）第三人稱單數(shù)

4、形容詞的級

5、數(shù)詞

二、初一英語語法——句式 1.陳述句 2.祈使句 3.疑問句

三、初一英語語法——時(shí)態(tài)

1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 表示普遍、經(jīng)常性的或長期性的動(dòng)作時(shí)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，它有：

2、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 表示動(dòng)詞在此時(shí)正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行就使用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，結(jié)構(gòu)為sb be v-ing sth + 其它.初二英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)：

（一）一般將來時(shí)

一般將來時(shí)表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者存在的狀態(tài)。

（二）should的用法：

should用來提出建議和忠告，后邊加動(dòng)詞原形，否定句直接在should后邊加not.（三）

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或者過去某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

（四）間接引語

（五）if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句

結(jié)構(gòu)：if＋一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語＋將來時(shí) 含義：如果??，將要??

例如：If you ask him, he will help you.如果你請求他，他會(huì)幫助你。

If need be, we’ll work all night.如果需要，我們就干個(gè)通宵。

二.完形填空特點(diǎn)及解題思路

（一）題型分類與特點(diǎn)

完形填空試題是在給出的一篇短文中有目的地拿掉若干個(gè)詞，留下一些空格，要求考生借助短文保留的部分，從所給的短文整體出發(fā)，在正確理解短文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，根據(jù)句子和句子間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系、詞的用法和習(xí)慣搭配等，用適當(dāng)?shù)脑~或詞語填空，使補(bǔ)全后的短文意思通順、前后連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)完整。這種題型測試的內(nèi)容從形式上看是單詞或短語的填空，但它必須注意到短文中上、下文意思連貫、詞語搭配和語法結(jié)構(gòu)正確，所以在空格上所填的詞必須符合語義適用和語法正確兩條原則，只考慮某一側(cè)面都可能導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤。中考中完形填空試題的基本題型分兩類：完形填空選擇題和完形填空題。

1.完形填空選擇題：該題型的特點(diǎn)是將一篇短文中若干詞語抽掉留下空格，對每一空格提供若干個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)，要求考生通讀短文后，在理解短文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，運(yùn)用所學(xué)的詞匯、句型、語法等語言知識(shí)，從所提供的備選項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案，使短文內(nèi)容完整正確。中考完形填空主要以這種題型為主。它所給的短文一般與初中英語教材難易程度相當(dāng)，字?jǐn)?shù)在150－200個(gè)單詞之內(nèi)，多數(shù)設(shè)置10個(gè)左右空格，所設(shè)考點(diǎn)涉及詞匯、語法及對短文內(nèi)容的理解。短文的第一句一般不設(shè)空，以期提供一個(gè)語境，對每一空格設(shè)置的選項(xiàng)基本都屬于相同或?qū)Φ鹊脑~類，給判定選擇帶來一定的干擾，側(cè)重考查了考生準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用詞匯的能力及對短文的整體理解和邏輯推理能力。

2.選詞填空題：該題型的特點(diǎn)是把抽出的詞打亂順序，不按原文順序排列，放在短文前面或后面的方框內(nèi)，有時(shí)還增加幾個(gè)文外的詞，要求考生從中選出適當(dāng)?shù)脑~以正確的形式填入短文空格內(nèi)。

完形填空選擇題的一般解題思路是：

1.跳過空格、通讀全文、把握大意。先跳過空格，通讀試題所給的要完形填空的短文，獲得整體印象，做到弄清文脈、抓住主旨，較好地把握短文大意。要在閱讀理解短文意思的基礎(chǔ)上才開始判定選擇，切忌倉促下筆。

2.結(jié)合選項(xiàng)、綜合考慮、初定答案。在理解全文意思的基礎(chǔ)上，再結(jié)合所給備選項(xiàng)細(xì)讀全文，聯(lián)系上、下文內(nèi)容，注意從上、下文的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語搭配及從選擇項(xiàng)中尋找解題的提示，以詞、句的意義為先，再從分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)入手，根據(jù)短文意思、語法規(guī)則、詞語固定搭配等進(jìn)行綜合考慮，對備選項(xiàng)逐一進(jìn)行分析、比較和篩選，排除干擾項(xiàng)、初步選定答案。

3.瞻前顧后、先易后難、各個(gè)擊破。動(dòng)筆時(shí)要瞻前顧后、通篇考慮、先易后難。對比較明顯直接的、自己最有把握的答案先做，一下子不能確定答案的，先跳過這一空格，繼續(xù)往下做，最后回過頭來再集中精力解決難點(diǎn)。這時(shí)可結(jié)合已確定答案的選項(xiàng)再讀一遍短文，隨著對短文理解的深入，可以降低試題的難度，提高選擇的正確率。

4.復(fù)讀全文、逐空驗(yàn)證、彌補(bǔ)疏漏。完成各道題選擇后，把所選的答案代入原文，再把全文通讀一篇，逐空認(rèn)真復(fù)查?？此x定的答案是否使短文意思前后連貫、順理成章，語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確，是否符合習(xí)慣表達(dá)法。如發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤答案或有疑問的，應(yīng)再次推敲、反復(fù)斟酌、做出修正。完形填空試題的一般解題思路是：

1.跳過空格、通讀短文、了解大意。解題時(shí)先跳過空格，通讀完形填空的短文，了解全篇的內(nèi)容和要旨。要重視首句，善于以首句的時(shí)態(tài)、語氣為立足點(diǎn)，理清文脈，推測全文主題及大意。

2.復(fù)讀短文、確定語義、判斷詞形。把握短文大意后再認(rèn)真復(fù)讀短文，利用上下文的語境，結(jié)合所學(xué)過的知識(shí)，先確定空格處所需詞語的意義，再根據(jù)空格在句子中的位置，判斷其在句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，從而確定所填詞的詞性，再依據(jù)詞語搭配和語法規(guī)則，判斷所填的詞的正確形式。

3.三讀短文、上下參照、驗(yàn)證答案。在短文的每一空白處填上一個(gè)詞后，將完成的短文再細(xì)讀一遍，上下參照，連貫思考。把所填的答案放入短文中進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，可從上、下文內(nèi)容是否協(xié)調(diào)一致、順理成章，語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確無誤等進(jìn)行綜合驗(yàn)證，凡有疑問必須重新推敲考慮。

（三）課文閱讀指導(dǎo)

1.初中閱讀 閱讀理解能力

（1）理解主旨要義（2）理解文中具體信息

（3）根據(jù)上下文猜測生詞的意義（4）做出簡單判斷的推理（5）理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)（6）理解作者的意圖和態(tài)度

2.培養(yǎng)良好閱讀習(xí)慣（1）擴(kuò)大視距（2）克服聲讀（3）克服逐字讀

3.猜測詞文

（1）通過標(biāo)題或主題句進(jìn)行預(yù)測

（2）文章的標(biāo)題或主題句可包括作者的意圖和傾向、篇章的總體意義和深層意義，因此通過文章標(biāo)題或主題句進(jìn)行預(yù)測，以便正確理解。（3）通過語篇標(biāo)記進(jìn)行預(yù)測

（4）語篇標(biāo)記包括關(guān)聯(lián)詞、轉(zhuǎn)換詞也包括其他關(guān)鍵詞。（5）利用背景知識(shí)預(yù)測（6）利用圖片進(jìn)行預(yù)測

初三英語語法復(fù)習(xí)名

詞

一、名詞的分類：根據(jù)用法，名詞可以分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞兩類。1．可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)形式的區(qū)別。需要掌握規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成。

*以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)：

如： two Marys

the Henrys

monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays

比較： 層樓：storey---storeys

story---stories * 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：

a.加s，如： photo---photos

piano---pianos

radio---radios

zoo---zoos；

b.加es，如：potato--potatoes

tomato--tomatoes *以f或 fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)常去 f , fe 加 ves，如：half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wife---wives life---lives

thief---thieves

2.名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化

1）child---children

foot---feet

tooth---teeth

mouse---mice

man---men

woman---women

注意：與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是-men 和-women。

如： an Englishman，two Englishmen.但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。

2）單復(fù)數(shù)同形 如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin 但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars;

a meter, two meters 3）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如：

a.maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。

b.news 是不可數(shù)名詞。

c.the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。

The United Nations was organized in 1945.聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。

d.以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名，也可視為單數(shù)。

“The Arabian Nights” is a very interesting story-book.<<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。

4)表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses(眼鏡)trousers, clothes若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers 5）另外還有一些名詞，即可做不可數(shù)名詞也可做可數(shù)名詞，但意思不相同。

單詞 可數(shù)名詞意思 不可數(shù)名詞意思 單詞 可數(shù)名詞意思 不可數(shù)名詞意思

work 作品，著作 工作 German 德國人 德語 wood 森林 木頭 life 生命 生活，人生

Chicken 小雞 雞肉 Exercise 練習(xí)，體操 運(yùn)動(dòng)，鍛煉 Paper 報(bào)紙，試卷 紙 Orange 橘子 橙汁

Room 房間 空間 Glass 玻璃杯 玻璃

Time 次數(shù)，倍數(shù) 時(shí)間 Japanese 日本人 日語

Light 燈 光線 fish 魚（種類）魚肉

6．）常以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)并使用的名詞：clothes, people, trousers, glasses, scissors, thanks, congratulations, wishes, police, stairs(樓梯), works(著作), woods(森林), times(時(shí)代)3．不可數(shù)名詞量的表示

可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如：

a glass of water 一杯水

a piece of cake

4．修飾可數(shù)名詞的詞有：many, few, a few, a number of, 數(shù)詞

修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有：much, little, a little, a great deal of

即可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的詞有：some(any), no, a lot of

二、定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)（即名詞修飾名詞）名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。

1)用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室

2)man, woman, 等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。

如：men workers

women teachers

3)數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。

如：two-dozen eggs 兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋）

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹

a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃

some banana trees

two book stores

三、名詞的格

1.有生命的人、物及其他名詞的所有格在詞尾加“’s”，如the boy’s bag 男孩的書包

2.若名詞詞尾已有-s，只加’，如：Teachers’ Day

the twins’ parents, the students’ books 3.時(shí)間、距離、地域等名詞的所有格形式為-’s

today’s newspaper, ten minutes’ walk the city’s problem 4.在表示店鋪或教堂的名字或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店

at my aunt’s(house)

go to the doctor’s.5.凡不能加“'s”的名詞，都可以用“名詞+of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字

the window of the house。

6.如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示“分別有”；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's rooms（兩間）

John and Mary's room（一間）

7.雙重所有格形式：a novel of Mark Twin’s

a friend of my father’s / mine

代

詞

1．人稱代詞

1．）人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語，例如：

John waited a while but eventually he went home.約翰等了一會(huì)兒，最后他回家了。

說明：在復(fù)合句中，如果主句和從句主語相同，代詞主語要用在從句中，名詞主語用在主句中，例如：When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.2．）人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作動(dòng)詞的賓語或介詞賓語，第一人稱在省略句中，還可以作主語。例如：I saw her with them。

her做賓語，them做介詞賓語，a.--Who broke the vase?--誰打碎了花瓶？

b.--Me.--我。（me = It's me.）在正式文體中這里應(yīng)為I。賓格代替主格：

a.在簡短對話中，當(dāng)人稱代詞單獨(dú)使用或在not 后，多用賓語。

----I like English.--我喜歡英語。

----Me too.--我也喜歡。

----Have more wine?--再來點(diǎn)酒喝嗎?

---Not me.--我可不要了。

b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中，常用賓格代替主格。但如果比較狀語的謂語保留，則主語只能用主格。He is taller than I/me.He is taller than I am.3）動(dòng)物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替，有時(shí)也用he, she，帶有親切的感情色彩。

Give the cat some food.She is hungry.給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。

4）指代車或國家，船舶的名詞，含感情色彩時(shí)常用she。1)單數(shù)人稱代詞并列作主語時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?you, he / she and I

You, he and I should return on time.2)復(fù)數(shù)人稱代詞作主語時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?we, you and they *注意：在承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤，承擔(dān)責(zé)任時(shí)，第一人稱放在前面

It was I and John that made her angry.是我和約翰惹她生氣了。

*it的主要用法:可以表示天氣, 時(shí)間, 距離, 形式主語, 形式賓語, 身份等.2.物主代詞(?人的): 包括形容詞性的物主代詞和名詞性的物主代詞

形容詞性的物主代詞 + 名詞;

名詞性的物主代詞= 形容詞性的物主代詞+ 名詞 3．反身代詞：（1）加強(qiáng)語氣，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，“?自己”, “親自”, “本人”

(2)用在一些動(dòng)詞后,表示主語既是動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,也是動(dòng)作的承受者.常見的這類動(dòng)詞有:teach, dress, help, look after, enjoy, hurt, wash 4.不定代詞

(1)none(of)指人或物 回答how many / much的問題

nobody, no one 指人

nothing指物

(2)one指人或物, 復(fù)數(shù)為ones, that指物(不可數(shù)名詞),it指代前面提到的物體

I have got a nice watch.Would you like to buy one?(a watch)

I have got a nice watch.Do you like it?(the watch)

The weather here is better than that in Beijing.(the weather)(3)三者或三者以上： all(全部，都)

any(任何一個(gè))

none(一個(gè)也沒有)

兩者：

both(全部，都)

either(任意一個(gè))

neither（一個(gè)也沒有）*Neither of us is from the USA.None of us have / has ever been there before.*not與both, all 連用表示部分否定.(4)some用于肯定句中,也可用于表示請求、建議或希望得到肯定答復(fù)的疑問句中

any用于疑問句、否定句中；還有“任何的”意思(5)another泛指

另一個(gè)

the other常與 one 連用，表示兩者中的另一個(gè)

one?the other?

others 泛指別的，其他的 the others特指別的，其他的（有范圍限制）

(the)others =(the)other + 名詞

else放在合成不定代詞或疑問詞之后

(6)every + 名詞，只能做定語，（三者或三者以上）

each兩者或兩者以上的“每一”，可以單獨(dú)使用

常見的短語：each of

each other（7）合成不定代詞的用法（略）*形容詞后置（8）many, few, a few + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) much, little, a little+不可數(shù)名詞 *little 作形容詞，小的

a little 還可以修飾形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級

數(shù)

詞

表示數(shù)目多少或順序多少的詞叫數(shù)詞，數(shù)詞分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。表示數(shù)目多少的數(shù)詞叫基數(shù)詞；表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。

一、基數(shù)詞

1.基數(shù)詞寫法和讀法： 345 three hundred and forty-five； 2.基數(shù)詞一般是單數(shù)形式，但下列情況，常用復(fù)數(shù)：

1.)與of 短語連用，表示概數(shù)，不能與具體數(shù)目連用，如hundreds of；

2.)表示“幾十歲”；in his forties

3.)表示“年代”，用 in +the +數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)；in the 1980s / 1980’s

二、序數(shù)詞

1.)序數(shù)詞的不規(guī)則變化及縮寫形式： first---1st second---2nd third—3rd

fifth—5th

ninth

twelfth

twentieth

twenty-first----21st 2.)序數(shù)詞前通常使用定冠詞the，但有時(shí)使用不定冠詞a, an,表示“又一，再一”Try it again, please.請?jiān)僭囈淮巍?/p>

When I sat down a third man came in.三、數(shù)詞的用法 1.倍數(shù)表示法

1.)主語+謂語+倍數(shù)（或分?jǐn)?shù)）+ as + adj.+ as

I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。

2.)主語+謂語+倍數(shù)（分?jǐn)?shù)）+ the size(amount，length?)of?

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。

3.)主語+謂語+倍數(shù)（分?jǐn)?shù)）+ 形容詞（副詞）比較級+ than?

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.今年比去年糧食產(chǎn)量增加8%。

4.)還可以用by+倍數(shù)，表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.今年糧食產(chǎn)量增加了4倍。

2.分?jǐn)?shù)表示法：基數(shù)詞代表分子，序數(shù)詞代表分母。分子大于1時(shí)，分子的序數(shù)詞用單數(shù)，分 母序數(shù)詞用復(fù)數(shù)：1/3---one-third ； 2/3---two thirds.冠

詞

冠詞包括定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a, an)兩類。冠詞不能單獨(dú)使用，通常用在名詞前面，幫助說明名詞的含義。

一、不定冠詞a, an的用法：

1.常放在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前面，表示“一”的概念，但數(shù)的概念沒有one強(qiáng)烈。An interesting story book;

a small boy;

There’s a kite in the tree.2.放在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前，表示一類人或物。3．用在固定短語中。

二、定冠詞the與指示代詞this，that同源，有“那（這）個(gè)” “這些，那些”的意思，但較弱，放在名詞前，表示某個(gè)或某些特定的人或東西。

1.特指雙方都明白的人或物：

Take the medicine.把藥吃了。

2.上文提到過的人或事：

He bought a house.I've been to the house.3.指世上獨(dú)一無二的事物： the sun，the sky，the moon，the earth

4.與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人：the rich 富人;the living 生者

5.用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級，及形容詞，only，very，same等前面：

.Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二層。

That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的東西。

He is the only person who knows the secret.他是唯一知道秘密的人。

6．用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體、階級、等專有名詞前：

the People‘s Republic of China

中華人民共和國

the United States

美國 7.用在表示樂器的名詞之前 She plays the piano.她會(huì)彈鋼琴。

8.用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人： the Greens

格林一家人(或格林夫婦)9.用在慣用語中：in the day, in the morning(afternoon，evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky(water，field，country), in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle(of), in the end, on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre *在sun , moon, breakfast等之前有形容詞時(shí),可用a, an

a full moon

三、不用冠詞的情況: 1． 國名，人名前通常不用冠詞：England，Mary；

2.泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示一類人或事物時(shí)，可不用定冠詞；

They are teachers.他們是教師。

3.抽象名詞表示一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞；

Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。

4.物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞，當(dāng)表示特定的意思時(shí)，需要加定冠詞；

Man cannot live without water.人離開水就無法生存。

5.在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、假日、日期、星期等表示時(shí)間的名詞之前，不加冠詞；

We go to school from Monday to Friday.我們從星期一到星期五都上課。

6.在稱呼或表示官銜，職位的名詞前不加冠詞；

The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵們把這個(gè)美國人送到李將軍那里。

7.在三餐、球類運(yùn)動(dòng)和娛樂運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱前，不加冠詞 如：have breakfast，play chess

8.重疊運(yùn)用的名詞短語前常省去冠詞；

from house to house，neck and neck，hour after hour，one by one 9.在一些習(xí)慣用語中

*注意以下一些短語的區(qū)別(有定冠詞時(shí),表示相關(guān)處所或地點(diǎn)，沒有定冠詞時(shí),表示與相關(guān)處所有關(guān)的活動(dòng)或功能.)

go to hospital 去醫(yī)院看病-----go to the hospital

去醫(yī)院(并不是去看病，而是有其他目的)in front of-----in / at the front of

in hospital-----in the hospital at table-----at the table

in class------in the class by sea-------by the sea

go to school--------go to the school a number of----------the number of *兩個(gè)形容詞都有冠詞，表示兩個(gè)不同東西。

He raises a black and a white cat.他養(yǎng)了一只黑貓和一只白貓。

The black and the white cats are hers.這只黑貓和白貓都是他的。*如后一個(gè)形容詞無冠詞，則指一物。

He raises a black and white cat.他養(yǎng)了一只花貓。

四、冠詞的位置

1、不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意：

1.）位于下列形容詞之后： such，what，many，half，I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.2.).當(dāng)名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時(shí)，不定冠詞應(yīng)放在形容詞之后：It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a way.3.)quite，rather與單數(shù)名詞連用，冠詞放在其后。quite a nice picture

2、定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前，但放在all，both，double，half，twice，three times等詞之后，名詞之前。

All the students in the class went out.班里的所有學(xué)生都出去了。

形容詞和副詞

一、形容詞的用法：形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。也可以放在聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞后面作表語。1．直接說明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞，它有級的變化，可以用程度副詞修飾，在句中可作定語、表語和補(bǔ)語。

That’s a heavy box.(定語)

He’s very happy to come here.(表語)The good news made me very happy.(賓語補(bǔ)足語)2.有些形容詞是表語形容詞。這類形容詞沒有級的變化，也不可用程度副詞修飾。例如：afraid 害怕的 alone單獨(dú)，獨(dú)自

asleep睡著的 ill生病的。

He is an ill man.（錯(cuò)）

The man is ill.（對）

She is an afraid girl.（錯(cuò)）

The girl is afraid.（對）

這類形容詞還有： well，（身體）好的unwell（身體）不舒適的，alike相象的，alive活著的, awake醒著的等。

3.形容詞作定語修飾名詞時(shí)，要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾something, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody 等不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞之后，例如：something nice 1.)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly友好的，lovely可愛的，lonely孤單的，lively熱鬧的,有生氣的，活潑的,等仍為形容詞。

She sang lovely.(錯(cuò))------Her singing was lovely.（對）

He spoke to me very friendly.（錯(cuò)）------He spoke to me in a very friendly way.-(對)* politely, truly, terribly 2）某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類人，與謂語動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry

如:The poor are losing hope.3）有關(guān)國家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體，與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。

the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.)多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí)，其順序?yàn)椋?/p>

限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì)，類別--名詞 a small round table

a dirty old brown shirt a tall gray building

a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例題: 1）Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two other B.two little other

C.two other little

D.little other two

答案：C。由“限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小，長短，形狀，新舊，顏色)--性質(zhì)--名詞”的公式可知數(shù)詞，描繪詞，性質(zhì)依次順序，只有C符合答案。

2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone

B.Chinese old stone

C.old stone Chinese

D.Chinese stone old 答案A.幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞，他們的排列順序是：年齡，形狀，大小+顏色+來源+質(zhì)地+用途+國家+名詞。3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends，and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunny

B.last few sunny

C.last sunny few

D.few sunny last 答案：B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞；如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多，音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，音節(jié)多的放在后，在不能確定時(shí)，可參照下表： 限定詞+數(shù)量詞（序數(shù)詞在前，基數(shù)詞在后）+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square

新舊+顏色+國籍+材料+名詞old + brown + wood + table副詞主要用來修飾動(dòng)詞，形容詞，副詞或其他結(jié)構(gòu)。

二、副詞的用法：用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其它副詞，在句中做狀語。

三、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級大多數(shù)形容詞（性質(zhì)形容詞）和副詞有比較級和最高級的變化，即原級、比較級和最高級，用來表示事物的等級差別。原級即形容詞和副詞的原形，比較級和最高級有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種。

1、掌握比較級和最高級的變化形式：

１．）單音節(jié)形容詞及部分雙音節(jié)次加－er, est ２．）部分雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞前面加more, most或less, least構(gòu)成．

3.)不規(guī)則變化形式：

原

級 比 較 級 最 高 級 good / well better best bad / badly / ill worse worst many / much more most little less least far farther / further farthest / furthest old older / elder oldest / eldest 2.使用比較級時(shí)要注意的問題: 1)在比較級前可以使用下列一些單詞或短語加以修飾: much, a little, even, far, a bit, still, a lot, 等

數(shù)詞 + 量詞也可以修飾比較級

如:He is two years younger than I.還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語。This room is twice as big as that one.2）要避免重復(fù)使用比較級

(錯(cuò))He is more cleverer than his brother.(對)He is more clever than his brother.或He is clever than his brother.3）要避免將主語含在比較對象中。(錯(cuò))China is larger that any country in Asia.(對)China is larger than any other countries in Asia.5.)不含than的形容詞和副詞比較級前可以加不定冠詞a, an

a / an + 比較級 + 名詞

How fast he runs.I’ve never seen a better runner.比較級前加定冠詞the表示特指。Tom is the taller of the two brothers.6)than 后面可以用主格，也可以用賓格。但有時(shí)也有區(qū)別。

I’m taller than he / him.I like the boy than her.--------I like the boy than she.3．比較級的常見句型：

1．）比較級 + and + 比較級

越來越?? 2.)the + 比較級?, the + 比較級?.越?,就越? 3.)as?as

和??一樣;

not as / so ?as和??不一樣;不如??中間用形容詞或副詞的原級 4.)like ?.better than ?

和??相比更喜歡?? 5.)寧可??也不?.Prefer to do sth rather than do sth.Prefer to do sth.Prefer doing sth to doing sth.6.)more B than A

與其說A,不如說B

less A than B

He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.7.)no more? than? 與??一樣??，不比??多

The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less? than? 與??一樣??

He is no less diligent than you.8.)more than 不只是，非常

She is more than kind to us all.4.使用最高級時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題: 1.)形容詞最高級前通常必須用定冠詞 the，副詞最高級前可不用。

形容詞most前面沒有the，不表示最高級的含義，只表示“非?！?。

It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.使用最高級要注意將主語包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。

2.)最高級后面的介詞in 與 of的區(qū)別 4)倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞 + as + 比較對象

This bridge is three times as long as that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.=Your room is twice the size of mine.介

詞

介詞不能單獨(dú)使用,必須和名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中做表語，定語、狀語、補(bǔ)語等成分。根據(jù)介詞的用法，通常可以分為：時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、趨向和其他四類介詞。

一、表示時(shí)間的介詞：

(1)at 示時(shí)刻、時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)

at six, at noon, at half past one, at that time / moment on 體的某一天

on Sunday，on Friday afternoon，on a cold morning, on the morning of …

on March 12th, 2005

in 示周、月、季節(jié)、年以及泛指的上、下午，晚上

in spring，in 2004，in the morning，*在his, last，that, next, every 等詞前面不用介詞this afternoon, last Sunday, every morning

區(qū)別：next week--------the next week(2)by “在??前” 多和完成時(shí)態(tài)連用

till “直到??才”

I’ll wait here till you come back.until “不到??就不” 常和until連用

I’ll not leave until you come back.(3)in 過??以后, 大多用于將來時(shí)

after 多用于過去時(shí)

(4)since + 過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(表示時(shí)間段, 從??開始到現(xiàn)在)for + 一段時(shí)間

二、表示場所、方向的介詞：

（1）at 表示比較具體的地點(diǎn)

at 37 Renming Road in 表示比較寬敞的地點(diǎn)

in Renming Street（2）above斜上方-------below斜下方

over正上方-------under正下方 on 兩物體有接觸

(3)between?and..在??和??之間

among在??中間(三者以上)

(4)across(從物體表面)跨越, 越過

through(從物體中間)穿透, 穿越

(5)in 在??里面(表示靜止的位置)

into 進(jìn)入,表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向,常用在表示動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞之后, 如 go, come, walk, jump, run 等

into的反義詞是out of

(6)to 到(目底地)或方向

towards 指朝著某方向,而不是目的地.He walked towards the beach.三、其它介詞

1．with（１）在一起;（２）有;（３）用某種工具 in 用什么材料或語言，或表示衣著，聲調(diào)特點(diǎn)等 by 用．．．．．．手段

２．Like 象．．．．．．一樣

as 作為；按照，象．．．．．．一樣（連詞）＋ 句子 ３．for（１）為了（表示目的或原因）（２）（后面加一段時(shí)間）表示時(shí)間段

動(dòng)

詞

一、動(dòng)詞的分類： 根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為四類，分別是：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（行為動(dòng)詞）、連系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。

１．實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有完整的詞義，能單獨(dú)做謂語．根據(jù)用法，可分為及物動(dòng)詞（vt.后面直接跟名詞或代詞作賓語）和不及物動(dòng)詞（vi不能直接跟名詞或代詞，加賓語時(shí)必須加介詞）。同一動(dòng)詞有時(shí)可用作及物動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)可用作不及物動(dòng)詞。例如：

She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。（sing在此用作不及物動(dòng)詞。）

She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。（sing用作及物動(dòng)詞。）

但也有一些動(dòng)詞只能用做及物動(dòng)詞，如：visit, ask, win, tell, answer, feel, serve, marry, discuss, beat, reach, kill, drop 等．

而下列一些動(dòng)詞通常情況下只能用做不及物動(dòng)詞：reply(to), return(to), point(to, at)，knock(at, on, into), wait(for), listen(to), arrive(at, to), fall(down, off), look(at, after…)

2．連系動(dòng)詞（Link Verb）它本身有詞義，但不能單獨(dú)用作謂語，后邊必須跟表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)說明主語的狀況、性質(zhì)、特征等情況。常見的連系動(dòng)詞有：be, feel，become，look, smell，seem，taste，sound，keep，其它一些可以和形容詞連用的動(dòng)詞也屬于連系動(dòng)詞：fall ill / asleep, grow worse, turn red, get lost，keep healthy等

３．助動(dòng)詞：本身沒有詞義，不能單獨(dú)作句子的謂語，只能與主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語．主要幫助句子構(gòu)成否定、疑問以及動(dòng)詞的不同時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等語法特征。常見的助動(dòng)詞有：be, do(does, did), have / has, had, will, would 等。

４．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：本身有一定的詞義，單不能單獨(dú)做謂語，后面必須跟其它動(dòng)詞的原形，表示說話人的語氣和態(tài)度；常見的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can(could), may(might), must, need 等。(1)can *能，會(huì)（表示能力）； *請求許可

can’t be 不可能 could:

can的過去式，但有時(shí)表示委婉的語氣。

(2)may ＊可能（可能性）； *可以（請求許可，相當(dāng)于can）；

＊表示祝愿

May you be happy!

May you succeed!might * may的過去式；

＊表示可能性（但可能性比may小）(3)must 必須，應(yīng)該

mustn’t 禁止

must be 肯定, 一定

(4)need 需要（一般用于否定句或疑問句，肯定句中一般用做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）

needn’t(= don’t have to)沒必要

二、動(dòng)詞有五種形態(tài)，分別是：原形（Original Form）、第三人稱單數(shù)形式（Singular From in Third Personal）、過去式（Past Form）、過去分詞（Past Participle）、現(xiàn)在分詞（Present Participle）。

三、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：

時(shí)

態(tài) 結(jié)

構(gòu) 時(shí)

態(tài) 結(jié)

構(gòu)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 動(dòng)詞原形（第三人稱單數(shù)）一般過去時(shí) 動(dòng)詞的過去式 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am / is / are＋動(dòng)詞的 過去進(jìn)行時(shí) was / were＋動(dòng)詞的 一般將來時(shí) will ＋動(dòng)詞原形

am/ is / are going to＋動(dòng)詞原形 過去將來時(shí) would＋動(dòng)詞原形 was / were going to＋動(dòng)詞原形

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have / has ＋過去分詞 過去完成時(shí) had＋過去分詞 ＊ 各種時(shí)態(tài)的用法省略

＊ go, come, arrive, leave, move, die等動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可以表示對應(yīng)的將來時(shí)態(tài)。＊ 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再做的事情用used to do

四、動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)

１． 用法：動(dòng)作的承受者作句子的主語。

２． 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be + 過去分詞

掌握下列一些常見結(jié)構(gòu)：

１．）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)：am / is / are ＋ 過去分詞

２．）一般過去時(shí)：was / were ＋ 過去分詞

３．）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have / has been ＋ 過去分詞

４．）一般將來時(shí)：will be ＋過去分詞或者be going to be ＋過去分詞

3.含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be + 過去分詞

4．動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)：to + be + 過去分詞

There are twenty more trees to be planted.5.下列動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語態(tài)。miss(丟失), sell well(銷路好), need / want doing My bike is missing.This kind of food sells well.Your coat needs watering.6.happen, take place發(fā)生, last(持續(xù)), cost, hold(容納), have, like, feel, sound(聽起來)等動(dòng)詞

沒有被動(dòng)形式。

Great changes have taken place in our school.The water can last three days.Silk feels soft and smooth.The cake looks nice.An accident happened to him.五、動(dòng)詞不定式：由to + 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，有時(shí)to可以省略。在句中 除了不能做謂語外，能夠作其他一切成分。還能擁有自己的賓語和狀語，構(gòu)成不定式短語。

1、動(dòng)詞不定式的句法功能：

*做主語。常用It + be + 形容詞+(of / for sb.)+ to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)。

of: good, bad, polite, kind, nice, clever, right, careful等

for: important, necessary, difficult, possible, dangerous等

*做表語。常用在等連系動(dòng)詞后面，若主語很長而表語很短，可以將兩者顛倒過來。

His job is to sell the computers.He seems to be interested in the detective stories.*做狀語。表目的：She was here to visit her daughter.表原因：I’m sorry to trouble you.表結(jié)果：The box is too heavy to carry.表示程度：This room is big enough to hold 200 people.*做定語。放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后，若它與所修飾的名詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，這個(gè)不定式應(yīng) 為及物的。如：I was the first to come.I have no pens to write with.(動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)*做賓語。常見的動(dòng)詞有：want, agree, choose, try, decide，hope, wish, learn，fail, would like

to do sth.*做賓語補(bǔ)足語。

1．）必須使用 to的動(dòng)詞有：ask, tell, order, take, invite, want, wish, follow，wait for, teach, would like, allow

sb.to do sth.2．）不能使用to的動(dòng)詞有：have, make, let;see, watch, hear, notice sb.do sth 注意：在主動(dòng)語態(tài)中，to 要省略；而在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中，to 必須加上

3．）可以使用to，也可以不用的動(dòng)詞：help *疑問詞（除why外）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式(what, when, how, where, which + to do sth.)2.下列一些動(dòng)詞后面只能跟動(dòng)名詞（動(dòng)詞的 –ing 形式）作賓語:

enjoy，finish, mind, excuse, practice, keep, miss, spend, can’t help

be busy, be worth, keep on, carry on 3.下列一些動(dòng)詞后面可以跟動(dòng)詞不定式也可以跟動(dòng)名詞。

1．）意義相同或相近的有：begin, start，like, love, hate, prefer, plan

2．）意思不同的有：forget，remember，stop，see, hear, go on 4.注意： had better(not)do sth，would rather(not)do sth 5.動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式直接在不定式前面加to 主 謂 一 致

一、就近原則：either??or??

neither??nor??

not only??.but also?? There / Here be +并列主語.二、意義一致原則：

1.集體名詞（class, family等）做主語時(shí)，可根據(jù)意義判斷。

His family has moved into a new house.His family were having supper then.主語是數(shù)目、時(shí)間、金錢、距離時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

2.主語+ as well as / with / together with / like / but / except + 動(dòng)詞單數(shù)。Everyone except the twins has been to the Great Wall.Lily with her friends is going to the zoo tomorrow.3.下列一些不定代詞做主語，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。each, either, neither, something, anything，somebody，anybody等。

4.The + 形容詞 / 過去分詞 + 動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù) The wounded were looked after well in the hospital.The weak, like the strong, have many friends in the world.5.glasses, trousers, shoes, scissors等單獨(dú)做主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)，但當(dāng)它們與a pair of 連用時(shí)，動(dòng)詞與pair的數(shù)保持一致。

The pair of glasses fits you well.句

子

（一）根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為簡單句、并列句和復(fù)合句

一、簡單句：只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語（或并列謂語）。根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，又可分為五種：

1、S + V.主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞。

2、S + V + O.主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語。

3、S + V + P.主語 + 連系動(dòng)詞 + 表語。

4、S + V + IO + DO.主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語?？梢赞D(zhuǎn)換成：

主語 + 直接賓語 + for 或 to ＋ 間接賓語。

常見的這類動(dòng)詞有： buy, bring，make ，choose，get

sth.for sb.teach, give, pass, hand(傳遞), show, offer, sell, lend, take, send sth to sb.5、S + V + O + C.主語 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語。

二、并列句：常由or, but, and, so for等詞將兩個(gè)簡單句連接，表示轉(zhuǎn)折，遞進(jìn)等關(guān)系。

三、復(fù)合句：包括賓語從句、狀語從句、定語從句等。

1、賓語從句

掌握以下內(nèi)容：* 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞； * 掌握賓語從句的語序；

*掌握賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)一致

2、狀語從句

（1）時(shí)間狀語從句的連詞有：when, while, before, after, until(till), since, as soon as等。時(shí)間狀語從句中通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。注意下列幾個(gè)詞的區(qū)別：

when: *當(dāng)??的時(shí)候

指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間,表示短暫性動(dòng)作

*指一段時(shí)間,表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作

*什么時(shí)候

引導(dǎo)賓語從句

while:*表示持續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

*具有對比的含義, 意為 “然而”

as: 表示從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,一般與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用.“一邊?一邊?” 隨著..As we walked, we talked.As time went by, we knew each other better and better.（2）原因狀語從句 because(因?yàn)?, since(既然), as(由于)，for(因?yàn)?（3）條件狀語從句if(如果)

unless(除非)

在條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí).（4）結(jié)果狀語從句so + 形容詞 / 副詞 + that + 句子

such + 名詞 + that?

＊such + a(an)+ 形容詞+ 名詞= so + 形容詞+ a(an)+ 名詞

（5）目的狀語從句so that, in order that，(in order to do sth.so as to do sth)（6）比較狀語從句as?as?

than，not as / so ? as?

（7）讓步狀語從句though，although，even though?

3、定語從句: 修飾名詞或代詞的從句, 放在名詞或代詞的后面.通常: 名詞(人)+ who / whom / that + 句子

名詞(物)+ which / that + 句子

（1）引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí),必須用 which 指物, 不用 that.I have lost my bag, which I like very much.（2）關(guān)系代詞在從句中做主語時(shí),從句動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式和先行詞保持一致.Do you know the man who is standing against the door?

（3）下列幾種情況只能用 that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句:

*先行詞是不定代詞 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等, 如:

All that we have to do is to practise more.There is nothing that I can do for you.*先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾時(shí),如: The first letter that I got from him is kept well.*先行詞被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修飾時(shí),如:

I have eaten up all the food that you gave me.（4）由when, where, why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句

I don’t know the reason why he was late.This is the place where I have lived for five years.I’ll never forget the day when I met Mr.Li for the first time.先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),如果從句的動(dòng)詞是及物的,就用that(which), 如果動(dòng)詞不及物,就用where引導(dǎo).This is the house that he has lived in for five years.This is the house where he has lived for five years.句

子(二)根據(jù)句子的功能，可以把句子分為四類：陳述句（肯定句和否定句）；疑問句（一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句，反意疑問句）；祈使句和感嘆句。

一、陳述句：

1、肯定句

2、否定句：（1）加 not 構(gòu)成的否定句（2）由no, hardly, never, nobody, nothing, little, few等構(gòu)成的否定句 兩者的全部否定用neither或nor，部分否定用both + not;三者或三者以上的全部否定用none, nothing, nobody, no one等，部分否定用all, many, every加not構(gòu)成。

（3）否定前置，常見的動(dòng)詞有：think, believe, suppose

二、疑問句

1．一般疑問句：用 yes 或 no 回答

2．特殊疑問句：用疑問詞（what, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, how, why 以及 它們構(gòu)成的一些短語）提問的句子。

3.選擇疑問句：一般疑問句 + or + 選擇對象

不能用 yes 或 no 回答

4.反意疑問句： 陳述句 + 簡略的一般疑問句。

陳述句部分和疑問句部分的肯定、否定形式相反。注意以下一些內(nèi)容：

（1）簡略問句的主語和陳述部分保持一致，只能用人稱代詞（there除外），簡略問句的動(dòng)詞也 和陳述部分保持一致，如果是否定，要用縮寫形式。如：

Jin isn’t a student, is he?

There are some books in it, aren’t there?

(2)陳述部分是I’m?結(jié)構(gòu)，疑問部分一般用aren’t you，如：

I’m late, aren’t I?

（3）陳述部分有l(wèi)ittle, few, no, never, nothing, hardly, nobody等詞表示否定時(shí)，疑問部分用肯定。

（4）祈使句的反意疑問句：

祈使句，will you？

Let’s?, shall we?

（5）賓語從句的反意疑問句常和主句保持一致，但如果主句是I think / believe / suppose時(shí)，疑問部分的主語應(yīng)和從句保持一致。I don’t think he knows it, does he?

三、祈使句：表示命令、請求或建議。肯定形式用動(dòng)詞原形.否定形式用 “Don’t / Never + 動(dòng)詞原形.”

四、感嘆句：常由what 或 how開頭

What + 形容詞 +名詞 + 主語+ 動(dòng)詞.What a nice house it is!

What fine weather!How + 形容詞 + 主語 + 連系動(dòng)詞。

How happy they look!

How interesting the story is!How + 副詞 + 主語 + 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞。

How happy they are laughing!

How + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞

How I wish I could hear Beethoven himself play it!

第三篇：小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)各年級知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

如何學(xué)好小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)？上海小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)各年級知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

一、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)各年級知識(shí)點(diǎn)

一年級 認(rèn)識(shí)數(shù)學(xué) 認(rèn)識(shí)數(shù)字 大小比較 加減學(xué)習(xí)與認(rèn)識(shí) 物體的認(rèn)識(shí)

二年級 簡單的加減乘法四則混合運(yùn)算 認(rèn)識(shí)大數(shù) 基本的生活應(yīng)用(輕重，東南西北)認(rèn)識(shí)簡單的幾何圖形(角、長方形、正方形、軸對稱)

三年級 進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)多位數(shù)乘除法 認(rèn)識(shí)分?jǐn)?shù) 圖形周長面積的求法及應(yīng)用 圓角分、重量長度用小數(shù)表示

四年級 應(yīng)用題的一些分類學(xué)習(xí)四則運(yùn)算定律 線、角的初步知識(shí) 小數(shù)的認(rèn)識(shí)及性質(zhì)小數(shù)的應(yīng)用 方程的初步認(rèn)識(shí)(用字母表示數(shù)等式方程 應(yīng)用題)正數(shù)負(fù)數(shù)的初步認(rèn)識(shí)及應(yīng)用

五年級 小數(shù)乘除法 列方程解應(yīng)用題平面圖形 立體圖形 體積及表面積 約數(shù)和倍數(shù) 分?jǐn)?shù)的加法和減法 簡單的統(tǒng)計(jì)

二、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)各年級學(xué)科問題及失分點(diǎn)

一年級 位置分不清 運(yùn)算進(jìn)位退位易錯(cuò) 生活常識(shí)應(yīng)用易錯(cuò)(路、人民幣、重昊)單位的轉(zhuǎn)化

二年級 乘法表的認(rèn)識(shí)與記憶易錯(cuò) 簡單圖形認(rèn)識(shí)混淆 三位數(shù)的加減法及其應(yīng)用題易錯(cuò)。

三年級 多位數(shù)乘除法進(jìn)退位失分 圖形周長面積的變式題失分

四年級 應(yīng)用題理解分析失分 運(yùn)算定律運(yùn)用失分 簡便計(jì)算 小數(shù)點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)及小數(shù)的加減法失分

五年級 計(jì)算問題(小數(shù)及簡易方程)分析應(yīng)用題 立體圖形(長方體正方體)體積和表面積的綜合運(yùn)用

三、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)各年級學(xué)科難點(diǎn)和重點(diǎn)

一年級 比較數(shù)的大小 加減法 長度人民幣的認(rèn)識(shí)

二年級 乘法表的學(xué)習(xí)與認(rèn)識(shí) 加減法 角的認(rèn)識(shí) 方向的區(qū)分

三年級 乘法除法 圖形的周長及面積的計(jì)算

四年級 小數(shù)、分?jǐn)?shù)的初步認(rèn)識(shí) 小數(shù)點(diǎn)的移動(dòng)及小數(shù)的加減 簡便計(jì)算

五年級 小數(shù)的乘除法 簡易方程 幾何圖形面積的計(jì)算 正負(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)識(shí) 應(yīng)用題

四、如何學(xué)好小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)

一、課內(nèi)重視聽講，課后及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)。

新知識(shí)的接受，數(shù)學(xué)能力的培養(yǎng)主要在課堂上進(jìn)行，所以要特點(diǎn)重視課內(nèi)的學(xué)習(xí)效率，尋求正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法。上課時(shí)要緊跟老師的思路，積極展開思維預(yù)測下面的步驟，比較自己的解題思路與教師所講有哪些不同。特別要抓住基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本技能的學(xué)習(xí)，課后要及時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)不留疑點(diǎn)。首先要在做各種習(xí)題之前將老師所講的知識(shí)點(diǎn)回憶一遍，正確掌握各類公式的推理過程，慶盡量回憶而不采用不清楚立即翻書之舉。認(rèn)真獨(dú)立完成作業(yè)，勤于思考，從某種意義上講，應(yīng)不造成不懂即問的學(xué)習(xí)作風(fēng)，對于有些題目由于自己的思路不清，一時(shí)難以解出，應(yīng)讓自己冷靜下來認(rèn)真分析題目，盡量自己解決。在每個(gè)階段的學(xué)習(xí)中要進(jìn)行整理和歸納總結(jié)，把知識(shí)的點(diǎn)、線、面結(jié)合起來交織成知識(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，納入自己的知識(shí)體系。

二、適當(dāng)多做題，養(yǎng)成良好的解題習(xí)慣。

要想學(xué)好數(shù)學(xué)，多做題目是難免的，熟悉掌握各種題型的解題思路。剛開始要從基礎(chǔ)題入手，以課本上的習(xí)題為準(zhǔn)，反復(fù)練習(xí)打好基礎(chǔ)，再找一些課外的習(xí)題，以幫助開拓思路，提高自己的分析、解決能力，掌握一般的解題規(guī)律。對于一些易錯(cuò)題，可備有錯(cuò)題集，寫出自己的解題思路和正確的解題過程兩者一起比較找出自己的錯(cuò)誤所在，以便及時(shí)更正。在平時(shí)要養(yǎng)成良好的解題習(xí)慣。讓自己的精力高度集中，使大腦興奮，思維敏捷，能夠進(jìn)入最佳狀態(tài)，在考試中能運(yùn)用自如。實(shí)踐證明：越到關(guān)鍵時(shí)候，你所表現(xiàn)的解題習(xí)慣與平時(shí)練習(xí)無異。如果平時(shí)解題時(shí)隨便、粗心、大意等，往往在大考中充分暴露，故在平時(shí)養(yǎng)成良好的解題習(xí)慣是非常重要的。

三、調(diào)整心態(tài)，正確對待考試。

首先，應(yīng)把主要精力放在基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)、基本技能、基本方法這三個(gè)方面上，因?yàn)槊看慰荚囌冀^大部分的也是基礎(chǔ)性的題目，而對于那些難題及綜合性較強(qiáng)的題目作為調(diào)劑，認(rèn)真思考，盡量讓自己理出頭緒，做完題后要總結(jié)歸納。調(diào)整好自己的心態(tài)，使自己在任何時(shí)候鎮(zhèn)靜，思路有條不紊，克服浮躁的情緒。特別是對自己要有信心，永遠(yuǎn)鼓勵(lì)自己，除了自己，誰也不能把我打倒，要有自己不垮，誰也不能打垮我的自豪感。

天材教育1對1小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)輔導(dǎo)計(jì)劃，倡導(dǎo)從一年級起就培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維能力。天材教育小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課題組的專家們認(rèn)為，不論是開始的復(fù)習(xí)，教學(xué)新知識(shí)，組織學(xué)生練習(xí)，都要注意結(jié)合具體的內(nèi)容有意識(shí)地進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。

例如復(fù)習(xí)20以內(nèi)的進(jìn)位加法時(shí)，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的天材教師給出式題以后，不僅讓學(xué)生說出得數(shù)，還要說一說是怎樣想的，特別是當(dāng)學(xué)生出現(xiàn)計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤時(shí)，說一說計(jì)算過程有助于加深理解“湊十”的計(jì)算方法，學(xué)會(huì)類推，而且有效地消滅錯(cuò)誤。經(jīng)過一段訓(xùn)練后，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生簡縮思維過程，想一想怎樣能很快地算出得數(shù)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生思維的敏捷性和靈活性。再如，教學(xué)兩位數(shù)乘法，關(guān)鍵是通過直觀引導(dǎo)學(xué)生把它分解為用一位數(shù)乘和用整十?dāng)?shù)乘，重點(diǎn)要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生弄清整十?dāng)?shù)乘所得的部分積寫在什么位置，最后概括出用兩位數(shù)乘的步驟。

第四篇：仁愛版英語八-九年級教材知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)1（范文模版）

仁愛版八年級英語語言點(diǎn)歸納

Unit 1 Sports and Games Topic 1 Are you going to play basketball? 1.see sb.do sth “看見某人做了某事” 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的全過程,常與every day;often等連用.see sb.doing sth.“看見某人正在做某事” 強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行.Eg : I saw you play basketball almost every day during the summer holidays.I often see him draw pictures near the river.我常看見她在河邊畫畫.I saw her go across the street.我看見她過了馬路

I saw her going across the street.我看見她正在過馬路.[類似的有watch,hear,feel 等這類感觀動(dòng)詞.] 2.join sb.表示 “加入某人的行列” “和某人在一起”

join + 組織

表示 “加入某個(gè)組織”

take part in

表示 “參加/出席某個(gè)活動(dòng)”

如: Will you join us?

I will join the skiing club.She is planning to take part in the high jump.3.prefer to 更喜歡

（to是介詞，后接名詞、V-ing形式）

Eg：She prefers fish to meat.She prefers playing the piano to playing the guitar.4.arrive in + 大地點(diǎn)arrive at + 小地點(diǎn)

get to + 地點(diǎn) = reach + 地點(diǎn) 如: My uncle arrived in Beijing yesterday.I arrived at the Great Wall.= I got to the Great Wall.= I reached the Great Wall.注意: reach here/there/home = get here/there/home = arrive here/there/home 5.leave? 離開??

leave for? 動(dòng)身去?/離開到?

如: They are leaving Beijing tomorrow.明天他們要離開北京.They are leaving for Japan the day after tomorrow.后天他們要前往日本.6.a few “幾個(gè);一些” 修飾可數(shù)名詞

a little “一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)” 修飾不數(shù)名詞 如: There are a few eggs in the basket.There is a little water in the bottle.7.how long 表示“多久(時(shí)間)”;提問時(shí)間段.how often 表示 “多常;多久一次”;提問時(shí)間的頻率.如: They will stay in Beijing for a week.→ How long will they stay in Beijing?

He plays basketball twice a week.→

How often does he play basketball? 8..be good at(doing)sth.= do well in(doing)sth.擅長于(做)某事

如: She is good at(playing)baseball.= She does well in(playing)baseball.9..make sth/sb + adj.使某物(某人)在某種狀態(tài)

keep ?sth/sb + adj.保持某物(某人)在某種狀態(tài)

如: Playing soccer can make your body strong.Swimming can help to keep your heart and lungs healthy.重點(diǎn)語法

一般將來時(shí)：

（一）be going to 結(jié)構(gòu): ①表示主語進(jìn)行某一將來行動(dòng)的打算、意圖。這種打算常經(jīng)過預(yù)先考慮并含有自己做好某些準(zhǔn)備的意思，因此通常認(rèn)為用be going to表達(dá)的行動(dòng)很可能會(huì)見諸實(shí)踐。

如：I’m going to play basketball with my classmates this Sunday.我打算本周日和同學(xué)們一起打籃球。

She is going to buy a sweater for her mother.她打算為她媽媽買一件毛衣。

②表預(yù)測。指根據(jù)跡象推測，而且馬上或很快就要發(fā)生。

如：Look at those clouds.It’s going to rain.瞧那些烏云！快要下雨了！

（二）will + 動(dòng)詞原形：表示單純的將來事實(shí)，常與表將來的時(shí)間狀語如:tomorrow, soon, later, next time(week/month/year?)等連用。will not = won’t;縮略形式為’ll.表示作出立即的決定。這種意圖并未經(jīng)過事先的考慮或計(jì)劃，是臨時(shí)的一種決定。如：a.----Please put your things away, Tom.湯姆，把你的東西收拾好。----I’m sorry.I’ll do it right away.對不起。我馬上就去做。b.----Would you like coffee or tea? 您要咖啡還是茶？

----I will have a cup of tea,please.我要一杯茶。

c.Don’t worry.I’ll help you.別擔(dān)心。我會(huì)幫你的。表示預(yù)測。指說話人對于將來的看法、假設(shè)和推測。

如： I’m sure our team will win next time.我確信下次我們隊(duì)會(huì)贏。Maybe she will go to the gym.也許她會(huì)去體育館。

表示許諾。如： I’ll do better next time.下次我會(huì)做得更好的。

I’ll visit you tomorrow.明天我會(huì)去看你的。句式：肯定句：I/She/He/They will go to play baseball soon.否定句：I/She/He/They won’t go to play baseball soon.一般疑問句：Will you/she/he/they go to play baseball soon? 回答：Yes, I/she/he/they will.No, I/she /he/they won’t.（三）動(dòng)詞plan, come, go, leave, fly等用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將要發(fā)生的事.如： I’m coming.我就來。

He is leaving for Shanghai.他將到上海去。

We are going to Beijing.我們將去北京。

Topic 2

Would you mind teaching me ? 1.ill 與 sick 都表示 “生病的”, 只能作表語而既可作表語也可作定語.如: The man is ill/sick.那個(gè)男人病了.(作表語)

He is a sick man.他是個(gè)病人.(作定語)2.Would you mind(not)doing sth? 表示 “(不)做某事介意/好嗎?” 如: Would you mind coming and checking it? 來修理它好嗎?

Would you mind not smoking here? 不要在這兒吸煙好/介意嗎? 3.one of + 名詞復(fù)數(shù)

表示 “其中之一??”, 主語是one,表單數(shù).謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

如: One of my teammates is strong and tall.其中我的一個(gè)隊(duì)友又高又壯。4.miss “錯(cuò)過,思念,遺失”

如: I missed the last bus yesterday.昨天我錯(cuò)過最后一班車.He missed his mother.他想念他的母親.My God!I missed(=lost)my key.天啊!我把鑰匙弄丟了.5.do one’s best 盡某人的最大努力

= try one’s best We do our best to finish the task.6.be sure to do sth.= be sure that + 句子

“確定做某事”

如: We are sure to win next time.= We are sure that we will win next time.我們確信下次一定會(huì)贏。

7.be sorry for? “為某事抱歉”

be sorry to do sth.= be sorry(that)+ 句子 “很抱歉做了某事” 如: I am very sorry for what I said.我為我所說的話感到抱歉.I’m sorry I lost your book.= I’m sorry to lose your book.很抱歉弄丟你的書。8.tired adj.“（感到）疲憊的” , 主語是人

如: I feel tired today.今天我感到累了.tiring adj.“令人疲勞的”, 主語是事物

如:This job is tiring.這份工作令人疲憊.類似的有: excited 感到興奮的 exciting 令人興奮的 interested 感到有趣的interesting 有趣的 9.15-year-old “15歲的” years old “15歲”

如: He is a 15-year-old boy.= The boy is 15 years old.類似用法: 2.5-mile / 2.5 miles 10.instead “替代;相反”, 一般單獨(dú)使用,放在句末,前面用逗號隔開.instead of?“替代??;而不??,相反”

如: I won’t go to Shanghai.I’ll go to Beijing, instead.我不會(huì)去上海而會(huì)去北京.= I’ll go to Beijing instead of Shanghai.I drank a lot of milk instead of water.我喝了許多牛奶而不是水.have fun doing sth.= enjoy doing sth.表示 “從做??.中獲得樂趣”

如: I have great fun running.= I enjoy running.我總能在跑步中得到很大樂趣。

Topic 3 Which sport will you take part in? 1.be ready for 為?準(zhǔn)備

= prepare for

Eg：We are ready for the final exam

= We are preparing for the final exam 2.encourage 鼓勵(lì)

(to + V)Eg：We should encourage children to look after themselves.3.take / do exercise 做鍛煉

Eg：They often takes / does exercise in the morning.4.group up 長大

Eg：What are you going to be when you grow up.bring up : 撫養(yǎng)

5.a symbol of代表

= stand for Eg：?The?Tang?costume?stands?for?Chinese?fashion?culture?and?the?long?history?of?China.The?Tang?costume is a symbol of Chinese?fashion?culture?and?the?long?history?of?China.6.at least 至少

at most 至多

Eg：We need at least another two days to finish the task.There are 1000 students in this school at most.7.fill out + 名詞

“填好??” fill + 名詞/代詞+out

如: Please fill out this form.= Please fill this form out.請?zhí)詈眠@張表格.Please fill it/them out.(當(dāng)賓語是代詞時(shí), 只能放中間)請把它(們)填好.8.be afraid?

“恐怕” 指有禮貌地、委婉地拒絕別人.be afraid of?

“害怕(做)??”

如: I’m afraid I won’t be free.我恐怕沒有空.He is afraid of dogs.他害怕狗.They are afraid of losing the game.他們害怕輸了比賽.9.may be “可能是??”

may是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be maybe “或許;可能”

maybe是副詞

如: He may be a teacher.= Maybe he is a teacher.他可能是一名老師.He may know her name.= Maybe he knows her name.他可能知道她的名字.10.between 在兩者之間

among

在三者或三者當(dāng)中 如: The answer is between A and B.答案在A和B 之間.The winner is among of us.獲勝者在我們當(dāng)中.Unit 2

Keeping Healthy Topic 1 How are you feeling today? 1.身體某個(gè)部位 + ache，表身體某處疼痛。

如: headache 頭痛

backache 背痛

stomachache 胃痛

toothache 牙痛2.medicine

“藥”（為不可數(shù)名詞）

pill

“藥片”（為可數(shù)名詞）如: take some medicine

吃些藥

take some cold pills

吃些感冒藥 3.with

“含有?”

without “沒有”

Eg：hot tea with honey 加蜜的茶

coffee with sugar and milk

加糖和牛奶

mooncake with eggs 含雞蛋的月餅

Chinese tea with nothing = Chinese tea without anything 中國清茶

Go to school without(eating)breakfast.沒吃早飯去上學(xué)。4.well 康復(fù)

well 是副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞。作為形容詞來用時(shí)，是“身體健康”的意思。Eg：She dances well.(well是副詞)

Take care of you，you’ll be well soon.(well是形容詞)good是形容詞，“好的”

eg：He is a good boy.5.You’d better go to see a doctor.你最好去看醫(yī)生

see a doctor 看醫(yī)生

had better(not)do sth 最好（不）做某事 Eg：You’d better ask your teacher for help

You have a fever，Let’s see a doctor.Your leg is hurt，you’d better not move.6.have a rest 休息一下

Eg:You look tired ,why not have a rest? 7.until

“直到?為止”;句中動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞

not ?until?

“直到?才?”;句中動(dòng)詞一般為短暫性動(dòng)詞

如: He will wait for his father until ten o’clock.他將等他父親一直到10點(diǎn)為止.He won’t leave until his father comes.直到他父親來他才離開.8.plenty of? “充足;大量”

既可修飾可數(shù)名詞也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞, 只用于肯定句, 相當(dāng)于a lot of?/ lots of?

many

“許多”, 修飾可數(shù)名詞

much

“許多”, 修飾不可數(shù)名詞 如: You should drink plenty of /a lot of boiled water.你應(yīng)該喝大量的開水.You shouldn’t drink so much water.你不應(yīng)該喝這么多水.I have many/lots of/a lot of/plenty of books.我有許多水.Topic 2 I must ask him to give up smoking.1.be good for?

對??有益

be bad for?

對?有害 如: Swimming is good for health.游泳對健康有益.Reading in strong sunlight is bad for the eyes.在強(qiáng)烈的陽光下看書對眼睛有害.2.enough adj.“足夠的”

修飾名詞時(shí), 既可放在名詞之前, 也可放在名詞之后.(但通常放在名詞之前)如: I have enough time/ time enough to finish this work.我有足夠的時(shí)間完成這項(xiàng)工作.There is enough food in the fridge.冰箱里有足夠的食物.adv.“足夠地”

修飾形容詞或副詞時(shí), 均放在所修飾詞的后面.如: He is tall enough to reach the apple.他足夠高,能夠得著蘋果.He speaks clearly enough.他講得足夠清楚.3.need “需要, 必需”

作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞: need sth.需要某物

need to do sth.需要做某事 如: I need some help.我需要一些幫助.You need to see a doctor.你需要去看醫(yī)生.He needs to take a bus.他需要去搭車.作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞: need + 動(dòng)詞原形

如: If she wants anything, she only need ask.她想要什么東西, 只要開口就行了.You needn’t finish this work today.你不必今天完成這項(xiàng)工作.4.too much + 不可數(shù)名詞

表“太多的?”

much too + 形容詞

表“太?”，much 起加強(qiáng)語氣作用

如：Don’t eat too much meat.不要吃太多的肉。

He is much too fat.他實(shí)在太胖了。5.give up 放棄

Eg|：In order to keep healthy，you must give up smoking and drinking.6.Staying up late is bad for your health.熬夜有害你的健康.(V-ing短語做主語)

staying up（late）熬夜（到很晚）6.throw about 亂扔

Eg：We shouldn’t throw litter about.7.in public 公共的

Eg：We shouldn’t smoke in public.8.more than 超過

less than 少于

Eg：There are more than 1000 students in that school.I do morning exercise less than three times a week.9.must “必須, 一定”

如: We must study hard.我們必須努力學(xué)習(xí).must表示推測時(shí)一般用于肯定句；在疑問句和否定句中一般應(yīng)用can,否定句中也可用功ay,但may not表示“可能不”，而can't表示“不可能”；

(4）否定句中，mustn't表示禁止，意為“不允許”。以must開頭的疑問句，肯定回答應(yīng)用must，而否定回答則常用needn't,needn't表示“不需要、不必”，相當(dāng)于don't have to。如：

There's someone knocking on the door.It must he Jim.有人敲門?？隙ㄊ羌贰?/p>

Eg-Must we keep the windows open all the time?

-No, we don’t have to./ No, we needn’t.(注意回答時(shí)不能用No, we mustn’t.)* have to “不得不,必須”, 側(cè)重表示因客觀條件或客觀環(huán)境的迫使而＂不得不做某事＂．（可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)）

如：It’s too late.I have to go now.太遲了.現(xiàn)在我得走了.I had to borrow some money at that time.那時(shí)我不得不借了一些錢.Topic 3 We should do to fight SARS? 1.hurry up 趕快 2.be on TV 上電視 Eg：He is on TV 3.go ahead 向前走 ； 著手干

Eg：Go ahead and you will find a bank.-Mr.Wang ,I want to ask you a question.-Go ahead.4.build up 使強(qiáng)健

Eg:We must do as much exercise as we can to build up our bodies.5.take care of 照顧

= look after Eg: The boy is too young to take care of himself.= The boy is too young to look after himself.6.It’s my duty to save the patients.挽救病人是我的職責(zé)。

It’s my duty to do sth 做?是我的責(zé)任 Eg：It’s our duty to keep the classroom clean.7.on 通過，使用

Eg：Now，more and more students learn English on Internet.8.Long time no see.好久不見。

9.talk with sb.表 “與??交流” , 指 “與人平等地交流、討論”

talk to sb.表示 “找某人談話” , 在口語中常 “責(zé)備某人” 如: Jim’s father is talking with the teacher.吉姆的父親正在和老師交談.I will talk to him about his careless.我要找他談話,批評他的粗心大意.10.teach oneself 自學(xué)

= learn by oneself

Eg：His family is too poor to afford his education ,so he teach himself after school.11.enjoy oneself = have a good time 玩得高興

12.help sb(to)do sth = help sb.with sth.幫助某人做某事 如: I helped my mother cook at home.= I helped my mother with the cook at home.我在家?guī)臀夷赣H做飯.Unit3 Our Hobbies Topic 1 What hobbies did you use to have ?

1.What beautiful stamps!(Page 53)哇，那么漂亮的郵票！what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句

（1）.What +a(an)＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式＋主語十 謂語！

What a beautiful girl she is！

她是一個(gè)多么漂亮的女孩呀！

（2）.What＋形容詞＋可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式＋主語＋謂語！女日：

What important jobs they have done！

他們做了多么重要的工作呀！

（3）.What＋形容詞＋不可數(shù)名詞＋主語＋謂語！如：

How sweet water it is！多甜的水呀！

how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句

（1）.How十形容詞或副詞＋主語＋謂語！如：

How interesting the dog is！多么有趣的狗呀！

（2）.How＋形容詞＋a/an＋可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式＋主語＋謂語！如：

How useful a subject they are learning！

他們正在學(xué)的科目多么有用呀！

（3）.How＋主語＋謂語！如：

How time flies！時(shí)間過得真快呀！

技巧總結(jié)：從后往前劃出主語、謂語，然后看前部的中心詞，名詞用what，形容詞、副詞用how。

2.We can learn a lot about people, places, history, and special times from stamps.(Page 53)通過這些郵票我們可以學(xué)到許多關(guān)于人文、地理、歷史和特殊時(shí)代的知識(shí)。

a lot “許多、大量”，用在動(dòng)詞后，同very much。如: eg： She had told me a lot about how to learn English well.另外，a lot of 和lots of 的意思也是“許多、大量”，要用在名詞前，在肯定句中常代替much，many。Eg：There are a lot of / lots of history books in the room.屋里有許多歷史書。

There is still a lot of / lots of snow on top of the house.房上仍有許多雪。

a lot of和lots of之間沒有多大區(qū)別，都可以與可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞連用。與不可數(shù)名詞連用時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，與可數(shù)名詞連用時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。見上述例句。3.What things do you love collecting?(Page 53)你喜歡集什么東西？ love + doing表示“喜歡、愛好”，也可以用like+ doing表示。如： 1）I love listening to the music.我愛好聽音樂。

5.I am interested in playing sports.(Page 54)我對運(yùn)動(dòng)感興趣。

be interested in(doing)sth.“對?感興趣”如:

I?am interested in reading books.我對讀書特別感興趣。

Jack is interested in football.杰克對足球很感興趣。

6.What do you often do in your spare time?

在你的業(yè)余時(shí)間里面你都做些什么??？ in one’s spare time “在業(yè)余時(shí)間”“在閑暇之際”，也可用in one’s free time替換。如: eg：I shall do it in my spare time.我會(huì)在我的業(yè)余時(shí)間做這件事。

In my free time I often go to the movies.在閑暇之際，我常去看電影。

?7.I often go fishing.(Page 55)我經(jīng)常去釣魚。go + doing表示“去做某事”

go +v-ing結(jié)構(gòu)很常用，多用于體育活動(dòng)和業(yè)余娛樂活動(dòng)。如: 1)Let’s go fishing next Sunday.下星期天我們?nèi)メ烎~吧。

2)Are you going hiking this weekend?這個(gè)周末你打算去遠(yuǎn)足嗎？

另外還有：go hunting 去打獵??go shooting 去射擊??go swimming 去游泳 go bathing 去沐浴??go shopping 去購物??go climbing 去爬山 8.And I do a lot of reading.我通常都是閱讀一些書籍。在英語中有不少由“do + doing”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“干某事”。如： 散步?do some walking ?? ?do a lot of walking 讀書?do some?reading

do a lot of reading 洗衣服?do some?washing

do a lot of washing 買東西?do some shopping

do a lot of shopping 清掃?do some cleaning

do a lot of cleaning 9.Why not go out and do some outdoor activities?

為什么不走出去做一些戶外運(yùn)動(dòng)呢？用why not do sth

用來征求對方的意見或表達(dá)建議。使用這種句子必須要有上下文，如：

Why not run a little faster?為什么不跑快一點(diǎn)呢？

11.And I wasn’t interested in sports at all.我對運(yùn)動(dòng)一點(diǎn)興趣都沒有。not...at all “一點(diǎn)也不??”；“全然不”。如： 1）I didn’t mind it at all.我一點(diǎn)也不在意。

2）—Thank you for helping me.謝謝你幫助我。—Not at all.沒關(guān)系。12.I used to know little about paintings.我過去不太懂繪畫。

little和few都含有否定的意思。表示“不多”；“很少”。little相當(dāng)于not much, few相當(dāng)于not many。little與不可數(shù)名詞連用, few與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用。如：

I have little time.我的時(shí)間很少。

Few people would agree with him.沒有多少人同意他。而a little和a few含有肯定的意思，表示“一些”；“幾個(gè)”（雖然少，但有一些）。如：

There’s a little water in the glass.杯子里還有點(diǎn)兒水。

I still have a few friends in Beijing.我在北京還有幾個(gè)朋友。13.I enjoy listening to rock music.(Page 56)我喜歡聽搖滾音樂。

enjoy意為“喜歡，欣賞”，含有“樂于、享受??之樂趣”之意，其后可以跟名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞作賓語。enjoy oneself表示“玩得愉快”之意。

The Greens enjoy living in China.格林一家喜歡在中國居住。

Did you enjoy yourself in the zoo?你在動(dòng)物園玩得愉快嗎？

Many foreigners enjoy Chinese food.很多外國人喜歡中國菜。

prefer意為“寧愿、更喜歡”，用于兩者之間的選擇，其后可跟名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或不定式。prefer...to...表示“寧愿?，不愿?”，“喜歡?而不喜歡?”，其中to為介詞，后可跟名詞或動(dòng)名詞。如：

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?

你比較喜歡喝茶，還是喝咖啡？

I prefer walking to cycling.我喜歡步行勝過騎單車。

My brother likes maths, but I prefer English.我哥哥喜歡數(shù)學(xué)，而我更喜歡英語。

14.Did you use to go swimming during?summer vacations? 在暑假里，你過去經(jīng)常去游泳么？

during “在?的期間、在?的時(shí)候”。如：

eg

The sun gives us light during the daytime.太陽在白天給我們陽光。

He called to see me during my absence.當(dāng)我不在的時(shí)候他來訪過我。

15．I used to do that in the pond in front of my house.(Page 57)我過去常在我家門前的池塘里游泳。

in front of “在??的前面”；指在物體外部的前面。而in the front of “??的前部”；指在物體內(nèi)部的前面，即前部。注意它們的區(qū)別。試比較：

eg:

There is a tall tree in front of my house.我家房前有一棵大樹。

The driver is sitting in the front of the car.司機(jī)坐在汽車的前面。

16.When they are free, people usually do what they like.當(dāng)人們空閑的時(shí)候，他們總是做一些自己喜歡的事情。

free “有空、空閑”，be free可以替換為have time。如：

eg:

Are you free this evening? = Do you have time this evening? 你今天晚上有空嗎？

If I am free, I am going to visit the museum.= If I have time, I am going to visit the museum.如果有時(shí)間，我打算去參觀博物館。17.such as

比如?

Eg|：They also paint pictures or collect things such as coins, dolls or stamps.他們也繪畫或者收集一些東西，例如：硬幣、娃娃或郵票。

eg: We study several subjects, such as Chinese, maths, English and physics.我們學(xué)習(xí)很多的科目，比如語文、數(shù)學(xué)、英語和物理。

18.When people become old, hobbies can keep them healthy.When people are sick, hobbies can help them get well sooner.當(dāng)人們變老的時(shí)候，愛好可以幫助他們保持健康。當(dāng)人們身體虛弱的時(shí)候，愛好還可以幫助他們很快地康復(fù)。

本句中become, keep, be, 與get都是系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞的基本用法是其后加形容詞做表語。三.語法學(xué)習(xí)

used to do sth.這一結(jié)構(gòu)表示過去的習(xí)慣（過去經(jīng)常反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作）或狀態(tài)（暗含的意思是現(xiàn)在已不復(fù)存在），只有一種形式，即過去式，用于所有人稱。used to的否定形式為：used not to do或didn’t use to do。疑問句為Used you to...? 或 Did you use to...?如：

eg: He used not to like Peking opera, but now he’s very fond of it.他過去不喜歡京劇，但現(xiàn)在非常喜歡。

現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人在口語中或不太正式的書面語中對否定句和疑問句常使用與do 連用的形式。例如：

1)I didn’t use to like skating, but now I like it very much.我過去不喜歡滑冰，但現(xiàn)在很喜歡。

2)Did you use to go there?你以往常去哪兒？

3)There used to be a theatre here, didn’t there?以前這里有一座劇院，是不是？

另外，注意be used to doing sth.與used to do sth.的區(qū)別：

be used to doing sth “習(xí)慣于??，適應(yīng)于??”如:

eg: He is used to working hard.他習(xí)慣于努力地工作。

eg: He used to bring me roses when he came to see me.過去他來看我時(shí),常帶玫瑰花。

be used to do sth.“某物被用來做某事”。如：

eg: Computers can be used to do a lot of work now.如今電腦可用來做許多事.3.He doesn’t mind whether they’re good or not.他并不介意它們是否是好的。

此句為以whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。whether...or not“不論是否?”。如：

eg: You have to get up early everyday whether it rains or not.你必須天天早點(diǎn)起床，不論是否下雨。

if與whether的區(qū)別。

whether 后可緊接or not，而if一般不能。

eg: Let me know whether or not you can come.你能來還是不能來，請告訴我一聲。whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可移到主句前，if則不能。如：

eg: Whether this is true or not, I can not say.這件事是否真實(shí)，我說不上。

不定式前用whether，不用if。如：

I haven’t decided whether to go to the cinema or to stay at home.介詞后可用whether，不用if。如：

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home.我是否回家還沒有定。

Topic2 What sweet music!1.What kind of musical instrument can you play?(Page 62)你會(huì)彈什么種類的樂器？ kind 是“種類，類型”的意思。如：

a kind of 一種，all kinds of各種各樣，what kind of 什么類型的。如: eg: Dumpling is a kind of Chinese food.餃子是一種中國食品。

eg: There are all kinds of books in Beijing Library.北京圖書館有各種各樣的圖書。eg: What kind of room would you like, a double room or a single room? 2.They are very popular among young people.(Page 64)它們在年輕人當(dāng)中很流行。among 介詞“在??當(dāng)中”,“在??中間”，用于三者或三者以上；而between也是介詞“在??當(dāng)中”,“在??中間”之意，則只能用于兩者之間。如：

eg: Tom runs fastest among the boys in his class.eg: Mary is sitting between the twins.瑪麗坐在雙胞胎的中間。? 8.Guo Lanying, Song Zuying and Tenger are famous for their folk songs.(Page 64)be famous for“以??而著名”, “因?而出名”。如：

eg: Gui Lin is famous for the stone forests.桂林以石林而著名。be famous as ?

作為?出名

Eg: YaoMing is famous as a basketball player.9.In the fall of 1976, aEg：He’ll try his best to work hard in order to/so as to catch up with his classmates.=

He’ll try his best to work hard so that he can catch up with his classmates.他將盡全力努力學(xué)習(xí)為了能趕上他的同學(xué)。5.raise money集資，籌款

6.復(fù)習(xí)定語從句

Topic2 Cooking is fun Section A

1、teach sb.to do sth.教某人（如何）做某事

Eg：You often teach me to be kind to the poor and the old.你經(jīng)常教我要善待窮人和老人。

2、It’s very kind of you.你真是太好了。

It is different for us to finish the task in a short time.兩句中用of 還是for，取決于形容詞是修飾人還是不定式。

4、After that, fill bowels 70%—80% full with bone soup slowly.之后，慢慢地在碗里加7—8分的骨頭湯。

fill ?with“用??裝滿”,fill用作動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成be filled with等同于be full of譯為“充滿，裝滿” 如：

Fill the glass with water.往杯子里注滿水（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作）

The glass is filled of water.= The glass is full of water.杯子里裝滿了水（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)）?

5、It’s not impolite to smoke during a meal in France.在法國，吃飯時(shí)吸煙不是不禮貌的。During是介詞，后常跟名詞或短語，而while是連詞，后常跟從句。如：

? What did you do during the summer holiday? 在暑假期間你做了什么？這里不能用while代替。

6、what does the dinner start with ? 晚餐先吃什么？

begin/start with 以??開始，如：Let’s start our class with Unit 1.讓我們從第一單元開始上課。

7、Never drink too much during a dinner.就餐時(shí)千萬別喝太多。

too much 是用來修飾不可數(shù)名詞，too many是修飾可數(shù)名詞，而much too是修飾形容詞和副詞。如：too much water太多的水，too many trees太多的樹木，much too tired太累了

7.pick up 抓起，拾起

eg：In parts of India, they use their fingers and bread to pick up the food.在印度地區(qū)，他們用手指和面包來抓食物。

另外還有“（用車）接（人或物）之意。如： I’ll come to pick you up.我會(huì)開車去接你。

Topic3.Welcome to our food festival!1.enjoy yourselves!祝你們玩得開心！

enjoy oneself 相當(dāng)于have a good /nice/great/wonderful time

2.Anything else ? 還要?jiǎng)e的嗎？

else譯為“別的”“其他的”常修飾疑問詞，不定代詞并放在所修飾詞的后面。如：what else, who else, nobody else, something else等。other也表示“別的”“其他的”，但它修飾名詞。如：some other people其他的一些人，other修飾名詞people,不能用else代替。

3.The Beijing roast duck smells nice and tastes nice, too.北京烤鴨聞起來很香嘗起來也香。

① 這里smell和taste都是系動(dòng)詞，后面加上形容詞nice表語，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，“系動(dòng)詞+adj.”構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，這類動(dòng)詞還有l(wèi)ook, feel, sound, seem, get, turn, become, grow, make, keep等。

? ②too, also, as well和either 都可以表示“也”，但用法不同：

also較正式，位置通常接近動(dòng)詞，不用于句末：too多用于口語，位置通常在句末，前面 常有逗號隔開，as well也多用于口語，只用于句末，以上3個(gè)詞都不用于否定句，而either 卻用于否定句。如

He also plays the piano.他也彈鋼琴。

He is a worker, too.他也是個(gè)工人。

He plays the guitars as well.他也彈吉他。

He was not there ,either.他也不在那里。

4.We must remember that we should eat not only our favorite food but also other healthy food.我們必須記住我們不僅要吃我們喜歡吃的食物，而且還要吃其他有益健康的食物

not only?but also?不但??而且，這種結(jié)構(gòu)屬于“對稱”的句型，要求only和also 盡量用同樣的詞語，如：

She not only reads English ,but also speaks French.她不僅能看懂英語，而且還能說法語。5.The more regularly we eat, the healthier we are.我們的飲食越有規(guī)律，我們身體就越健康。The+比較級??，the+比較級??表越??就越。如：

The more trees we plant, the more beautiful our city is.我們種越多的樹，我們的城市就越漂亮。

6.Not all students have a regular breakfast.并非所有的學(xué)生早餐飲食有規(guī)律。

Not all譯成“并非所有的”，是部分否定。如：

Not all students like swimming.并不是所有的學(xué)生喜歡游泳。

Unit 8 Beautiful Clothes Topic 1 What a nice coat!1.what’s it made of?它是由什么做成的？

be made of意為“由??制成”（看出原料），類似結(jié)構(gòu)的短語還有

be made from“由??制成”（看不出原料）

be made in “某物生產(chǎn)于某地”

be made up of“由??組成”

???be made into“把??作成某產(chǎn)品”如：

eg：The table is made of wood.這張桌子是木頭制成的。

Paper is made from wood.紙是木材做成的。

The TV set is made in Japan.這臺(tái)電視機(jī)是日本產(chǎn)的。

The medical team is made up of ten doctors.這支醫(yī)療隊(duì)由十位大夫組成。

Bamboo can be made into walking sticks and fishing rods.用竹子可以制成很好的拐杖和釣魚竿。

2.The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天氣變得越來越暖和了。

“比較級+and+比較級”表示“越來越??”如：

The little tree is getting taller and taller.那棵小樹越來越高了。

對于多音節(jié)的形容詞或副詞則這樣表達(dá)more and more+adj/adv.如：

The girl becomes more and more beautiful.那個(gè)女孩變得越來越漂亮了 3.We can get cotton from plants and get wool,silk and leather from animals.我們可以從植物中獲得棉花，從動(dòng)物中獲得羊毛、絲綢和皮革。get sth.from/sth./sb.從某事或某人處獲得某物。4.catch one’s eye 意為“吸引某人的注意”如：

Can you catch the teacher’s eye? 你能引起老師的注意嗎？

5.What the people there wear depends on their likes and? dislikes.人們的衣著取決于他們的喜好。

depend on 意為“依靠、依賴”如：

We depend on our hard work.我們依靠我們的努力工作。

6.Some people prefer to dress formally?一些人寧可打扮得正式些 prefer 寧肯，更喜歡??，prefer A to B = like A better than B eg：I like prefer singing =I like singing better.我更喜歡唱歌。

I prefer swimming to skating.比起滑冰我更喜歡游泳。

7.While many South American people have the same way of dressing as Australia?然而許多南美的人們和澳大利亞有相同的衣著方式。

While用于對比兩件事物，意為“而??，然而??”

Michael is interested in music, while his brother prefers P.E.邁克對音樂感興趣，而他的兄弟卻喜歡體育。

the same? as 和??一樣/相同，反義詞：be different from?與??不一樣，如：

My idea is the same as yours, but it’s different from his我的主意和你的一樣，但和他的不一樣。

8.People first started wearing clothes to protect themselves from the sun ,wind, rain and cold.人們最早穿衣服是為了保護(hù)他們不受日曬、風(fēng)吹、雨打以及寒冷。

protect ?from sth/doing sth? 阻止??做??

eg：The trees can protect the sand from moving.樹可以防止沙子向前移。?

Try to protect your skin from the sun.盡量保護(hù)你的皮膚不受太陽暴曬。

Topic2 Different jobs require different uniforms 1.I don’t like uniform because they will so ugly on us.我不喜歡校服，因?yàn)槲覀兇┝怂雌饋砗艹蟆?/p>

look so ugly on us意為“穿在我們身上看起來很丑”

2.I think our school should allow us to design our own uniform.我認(rèn)為我們的學(xué)校應(yīng)該允許我們設(shè)計(jì)自己的校服。

allow“允許、許可”，allow sb.to do sth.“允許某人做某事”如：

Mr.Wang allows us to play football.王老師允許我們踢足球。3.They are good for patients.他們對病人有好處。

be good for 對??有益，be bad for 對??有壞處，be good at 擅長于

4.Second,patients can find easily when they are in need.第二，當(dāng)病人需要我們時(shí)，會(huì)很容易地找到我們。

be in need “需要”，與 need同義。如：

When you are in need, you can call me.當(dāng)你在需要的時(shí)候，你可以打電話給我。

5.You should take off your shoes when you enter someone’s home in Japan.當(dāng)你進(jìn)入日本人家的時(shí)候，必須先脫掉鞋子。take off意為“脫下，脫掉”，反義詞組是put on.? take off還可表示“起飛” The plane will take off in an hour.飛機(jī)將在一小時(shí)內(nèi)起飛。

6.But now ,most of us can dress for ourselves.但是現(xiàn)在我們大多數(shù)人都可以自己打扮。dress for“為??穿衣服”

put on“穿（戴）上”的動(dòng)作，反義詞take off eg：He put on his coat and went out.wear, have ?on, be on?“穿（戴）著”的狀態(tài)。

Eg: Today he is wearing a pink dress.dress sb./oneself“給別人/自己穿衣服，dress up “喬裝打扮”dress后不能接“衣服”類的詞作賓語。

Eg: The boy is too young to dress himself.7.It’s well-known that uniforms are not popular but useful.眾所周知，制服不流行但有用。①It’s well-known?意為“眾所周知”如：

It’s well-known that this song is very popular.眾所周知，這首歌很流行。②not?but? 不是??而是??

He isn’t a teacher but a doctor.他不是一個(gè)老師而是一個(gè)醫(yī)生。Topic3? Let’s go and watch the fashion show

? 1.There is going to be a fashion show in fashion show in Xidan Shopping center.在西單購物中心將會(huì)有一場時(shí)裝秀。

? There is going to be?是There be結(jié)構(gòu)的將來時(shí),表示某地將舉行某項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)，或?qū)⒂心澄?。如：There is going to be a football match in our school next week.=There will be a football match in our school next week.我們學(xué)校下周將有一場足球比賽。there is/are going to be=there will be 2.??? Here come the models.模特走過來了。

（1）英語中以here或there開頭的句子要倒裝，除主語是代詞外，動(dòng)詞要放在主語之前。如：Here come Mary!瑪麗來了！??? Here come the bus!車來了！

(2)主語若是人稱代詞時(shí)，主語和謂語的語序不變。

如：Here she comes.她來了。

Here it is.它在這兒。

3.?The Tang costume stands for Chinese history and fashion culture.唐裝代表著中國的歷史和服裝文化。

stand for意為“代表”，如：It stands for Olympics.它代表著奧林匹克。

4.?? The so-called Tang costume got its name because China became known to other countries during the Han and Tang Dynasties.所謂的唐裝是因?yàn)橹袊跐h、唐時(shí)期開始文明于世而得名。（1）so-called所謂的

（2）get one’s name得名??? 如：The village got its name from the lake in it.這個(gè)村莊因村內(nèi)的湖泊得名。

5.Today the Tang costume can be designed as formal or casual clothes.現(xiàn)在唐裝被設(shè)計(jì)成有正式款的，也有休閑款的。

be designed as被設(shè)計(jì)成?? 如：

They decided that the theater will be designed as a palace.他們決定把那個(gè)劇院設(shè)計(jì)成宮殿模樣。

7.Today,few people wear kimonos except for special occasions like weddings and national celebrations.except for除??之外?? 如：The roads were clear except for a few cars.除了幾輛小汽車外，馬路上空蕩蕩的。三．語法學(xué)習(xí)：跟doing的動(dòng)詞口訣

怎樣善于做貢獻(xiàn)（What/how about doing ,be good at/do well in doing, make a contribution to doing）

阻止他人放棄練。(stop/prevent/keep sb.from doing, give up doing, practice doing)有難寧可不介意,（have problems doing, prefer doing sth./to doing sth, mind doing）建議花時(shí)忙完成。(suggest doing, spend doing, be busy doing, finish doing)使人不禁有信心，(keep sb.doing sth., can’t help doing ,have confidence in doing)繼續(xù)展望想未來。（keep/keep on doing, look forward to doing, feel like doing）驚喜滿意又興奮，（be amazed/surprised at doing, be pleased/satisfied with doing, be excited about doing）

牢記doing值得喜洋洋。(be worth doing, enjoy doing, have fun doing)九年級英語（仁愛版）語言點(diǎn)歸納 Unit 1 The Changing World Topic 1 China has developed rapidly in recent years.1.take place 發(fā)生

eg: Great changes have tanken place in my hometown.2.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy this holiday!盡管我沒時(shí)間去旅游，但這個(gè)假期我仍然感到很愉快。

though 從屬連詞，用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表“雖然；盡管”，不能與but連用。如：

Though he is poor, he is happy.= He is poor, but he is happy.盡管他很貧窮，但是他很快樂。

3.Could you please tell me something about Chinese teenagers? 請告訴我一些有關(guān)中國青少年的一些事情好嗎？

Could /Would you please(not)do sth？請（不）做某事好嗎？

eg: Could you please turn down your radio? 請把收音機(jī)聲音調(diào)低好嗎？

Would you please not play football here? 請不要在這兒踢球好嗎？

4.Parents couldn’t afford education for their children.父母供不起孩子上學(xué)。

afford 常與can, could 或 be able to 連用，尤其用于否定句或疑問句，表“負(fù)擔(dān)得起（做）某事；抽得出（時(shí)間）” “(can’t/ couldn’t)afford(to do)sth.”

eg: We can’t afford(to buy)this house because we don’t have enough money.我們買不這房了，因?yàn)槲覀儧]有足夠的錢。

eg: He felt he couldn’t afford any time to play football.他覺得自己沒有時(shí)間踢球了。

5.Our government gives support to poor families.我們的政府能為貧困家庭提供幫助。

give support to sb.= give sb.support 為某人提供幫助/ 支持

support作動(dòng)詞時(shí)表“供養(yǎng)；支持；支撐”，eg: She had to support her family at the age of ten.她十歲時(shí)就得養(yǎng)家。

His parents supported him in his decision.他的父母支持他的決定。

The two sticks support the tree.兩根木棍支撐著這棵樹。

6.Why not go and search the Internet for some information? 為什么不上網(wǎng)查找相關(guān)信息呢？

search sp.for sth.搜查某地尋找某物

search sb.for sth.搜身查找某物

search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb.搜尋某物/ 某人；

eg: The villagers searched the woods for the lost children.村民們在樹林里尋找失蹤的孩子們。

The police searched the man for the stolen money.警察搜那個(gè)男人的身，查找被偷的錢。

He is searching/ looking for his missing keys.他在尋找他丟的鑰匙。

7.We often went hungry because the boss didn’t give us enough food to eat.我們經(jīng)常挨餓，因?yàn)槔习宀唤o我們足夠的食物。

在這里是系動(dòng)詞，表“變得?”,后跟形容詞,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu).eg: The food on the table went bad.桌面上的食物變壞了.8.One part was used to help support my family, to help send my elder brother to school.a)one part?the other(part)?一部分??另一部分??

b)elder brother 哥哥

elder 作形容詞時(shí), 是old的比較級, 一般表示家庭成員出生的順序,在句中只能作定語,可與than連用;而older表年齡的比較,可與 than連用.如:

His elder sister is two older than he.他的姐姐比他大兩歲.作名詞時(shí), 表 “ 長者;前輩;祖先”, 如:

Their customs were handed down by the elders.他們的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是由他們的祖先傳下來的.9.But China has developed rapidly in recent years.但是近年來,中國發(fā)展迅速.in recent years 表 “近年來”,常與完成時(shí)連用.如:

She has learnt a lot of knowledge in recent years.近年來,她學(xué)到了許多知識(shí).10.China has made such rapid progress.中國已經(jīng)取得如此迅速的進(jìn)步。

progress 為不可數(shù)名詞make progress 取得進(jìn)步

make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 許多/ 巨大的進(jìn)步

11.What has happened to Beijing’s roads now? 現(xiàn)在北京的公路發(fā)生了什么變化？

sth.happen to sb.某人發(fā)生了某事，如：

eg: If anything happens to him, let me know.萬一他有什么不測，就請通知我。

A little accident happened to her yesterday.昨天她發(fā)生了點(diǎn)小意外。

12.They express the rich culture of China as well.他們也表達(dá)了豐富的中國文化。

as well, too, also均表“也；又”； as well 多用于口語，只用于句末，不用逗號隔開；

too 多用于口語，用于句末，要用逗號隔開；

also 較正式，不用于句末；

either 用于否定句，表“也不”，與too 對應(yīng)。

eg: He likes sports as well.= He likes sports, too.= He also likes sports.他也喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。

He didn’t come, either.他也沒來。

13.keep in touch with 和?保持聯(lián)系

eg: Nowadays，we keep in touch with each other by sending e-mails.14.復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

Topic 2 What has happened to the population?

1.I really hate to go such a place.我真討厭去購物。--So do I.我也是。

So do I.為倒裝句，表示前面提到的肯定情況也同樣適合另外一個(gè)主體，表“某某也一樣”，結(jié)構(gòu)為“so + be /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語”。

eg: Jim is a student, so is Tom.吉姆是一名學(xué)生，湯姆也是。

Jim can swim, so can Tom.吉姆會(huì)游泳，湯姆也會(huì)。

Jim likes sports, so does Tom.吉姆喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)，湯姆也喜歡。

如表前面不怎樣，后面“也不”怎樣時(shí)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“ neither/ nor + be /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語”。

eg: Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they.吉姆不中國人，他們也不是。

Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I.吉姆不會(huì)說日語，我也不會(huì)。

Jim didn’t go there, neither did I.吉姆沒去那兒，我也沒去。

如前后兩句表達(dá)的是同一個(gè)主體，則不能倒裝，表“的確如此”。如：

eg: Jim is a good student.So he is.吉姆是一名好學(xué)生，的確如此。

Jim swims well.So he does.吉姆游泳很好，的確如此。

2．At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world.那時(shí)，中國是世界上人口最多的國家。

population為不可數(shù)名詞，表示人口的多少只能用 “l(fā)arge”或 “small”修飾，提問人口用“what”, 如：

eg: The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.上海的人口比北京多。

What’s the population of China?= How many people are there in China? 中國的人口有多少？

3.Great changes have taken place in China.中國發(fā)生了巨大變化。

take place 指必然性的“發(fā)生”或有計(jì)劃、安排之內(nèi)的“舉行”。如：

eg: The meeting will take place next Friday.會(huì)議將在下周五舉行。

happen 指偶然的、沒有預(yù)料的“發(fā)生“，其結(jié)果往往給人帶來不幸或麻煩。如：

eg: The accident happened yesterday.事故發(fā)生在昨天。

※兩者都不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4.The population has increased a lot.人口增長發(fā)很多。

increase 可作及物動(dòng)詞也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。其含義是“增長，增加，加強(qiáng)”等。

increase by? 指“增加了??”;increase to?指 “增加到??”

5.?and about one fifth of the people in the world live in China.而且世界上大約五分之一的人口生活在中國。

one fifth 是分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法。英文分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法：分子為基數(shù)詞，分母為序數(shù)詞，先讀分子后讀分母。當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí)，分母的序數(shù)詞則變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，直接在詞尾加“s”。eg: one fourth 四分之一； three fourths 四分之三；

one second 二分之一； two thirds 三分之二

注：分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要和所修飾的名詞保持一致。6．It has worked well in controlling China’s population.它在控制人口數(shù)量方面取得了顯著的功效。

work well in doing sth.表“在??方面很有功效”，eg: Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight.做眼保健操在保護(hù)視力方面很有功效。

7.Because of our large population, we are short of energy and water.be short of? 表 “缺乏??”

eg: She is always short of money at the end of every month.每個(gè)月底她總是缺錢。

be short for? 表“是??的縮寫”，eg: TV is short for television.TV是television的縮寫形式.8.Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education? 所有的中國家庭都能給他們的的孩子提供良好的教育嗎？

offer 表“（主動(dòng)）給予，提供”

offer sb.sth.“提供某人某物”如：

I offered him a glass of wine.我敬了他一杯酒。

offer to do sth.“（主動(dòng)）提出做某事”如：

She offered to cook for her mother.她提出幫她媽媽煮飯。8.be strict with 對?要求嚴(yán)格 eg：Our teachers are strict with us.9.I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.我得花幾個(gè)小時(shí)，才能到大的商場購物。

a)unless = if not 表“除非?;如果不”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。

eg: I won’t go unless I hear from you.= I won’t go if I don’t hear from you.如果你不通知我，我就不去。

Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam.如果比爾不努力, 他不會(huì)通過考試的.b)a couple of? 表 “幾個(gè)人或幾件事”，eg: a couple of years ago 幾年前;a couple of students 幾個(gè)學(xué)生

couple 指任何兩件同類的東西;如:

a couple of watches 兩只手表； five couples of cats 五對貓

pair 指兩件不可分開使用的東西,它們可指兩件互不相連的東西(鞋子、襪子等)，也可指兩部分構(gòu)成的一件東西（褲子、剪刀等）。如：

a pair of shoes 一雙鞋子 a pair of pants 一條褲子 10.on / about 關(guān)于

on：關(guān)于（學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)）eg：He is writing a book on medicine.about：He is telling us a story about heroes.11.take measures 采取措施

Eg: China has take measures to reduce the pollution.四、重點(diǎn)語法

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與下列表不明確的狀語連用： 1．a(chǎn)lready 和 yet already “已經(jīng)”（多用于肯定陳述句），如： He has already gone home.他已經(jīng)回家了。yet “已經(jīng);還”（用于否定句或疑問句），如：Have you found him yet? 你已經(jīng)找到他了嗎？ I haven’t finished my homework yet.我還沒完成作業(yè)。

※ already 也可用于疑問句，表“出乎意料或驚奇”

Have you finished your homework already? 難道你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾經(jīng)”（多用于疑問句，問初次經(jīng)歷），如：I have ever been abroad.我曾出過國。never“從未；從來不”（多用于否定陳述句），?；卮餰ver的句型。如： I have never seen him before.--Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出過國嗎？--No, never.不，從來不。3．just

just “剛剛”（多用于肯定句，位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前），如：I have just tried to call you.我剛剛打電話給你。4．before before “之前”（一般位于句末；常與never呼應(yīng)），如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before.他說他以前從來沒看過這么美的風(fēng)景。

Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.1.Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them.他們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有人需要幫助，就選定適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹韼椭麄儭?/p>

a)once 是從屬連詞，表“一旦??就??”,它的從句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))，主句則為一般將來時(shí)。或者主從句均為過去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。

eg: Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up.一旦你迷上了電腦游戲，你就很難放棄它。

b)decide on(doing)sth.決定（做）某事，相當(dāng)于 decide to do sth.eg: They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan.他們決定在海南度假。

= They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.2.The government provides homeless people with nice homes.政府向無家可歸的人們提供舒適的住處。

provide sb.with sth.= provide sth.for sb.提供給某人某物

eg: The school provided the students with food.這所學(xué)校為學(xué)生們提供食物。

= The school provided food for the students.3.I think it’s a wonderful place to live in.我認(rèn)為那是一個(gè)居住的好地方。

to live in 是動(dòng)詞不定式，用來修飾前面的名詞place.在不定式中，如動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后必須跟上相應(yīng)的介詞。

eg: There is nothing to worry about.沒有什么可擔(dān)心的事。

I need a pen to write with.我需要一只筆寫字。

4.It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives.它很出名是因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)成功地幫助無家可歸的人重新過上正常的生活。

be successful in doing sth.成功地做成某事，相當(dāng)于 succeed in doing sth.如： eg: He was successful in passing the exam.他成功地通過了考試。

They were successful in climbing Mount Huang.他們成功地登上了黃山。

5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan.在近十六年來，希望工程已籌集了大約30億元。

in the past + 若干時(shí)間，表“近若干時(shí)間來”，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

eg: They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.近兩個(gè)月來，他們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了大約500個(gè)英語單詞。6.復(fù)習(xí)直接引語和間接引語和構(gòu)詞法

Unit 2 Saving the earth Topic 1 I can’t stand the environment here.1.I can’t stand the environment here.我無法容忍這兒的環(huán)境。

stand 表“容忍；忍受”，后接名詞、代詞及動(dòng)名詞做賓語。

eg: I can’t stand that man, he talks too much.我忍受不了那個(gè)人了，他話太多了。

I can’t stand waiting any longer.我再也等不了了。2.What do you mean by sth.?

某物是什么意思呢? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth.mean?

3.I hope I can move from here soon.我希望我能早點(diǎn)從這兒搬走。當(dāng)主從句主語一致時(shí)，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成不定式短語

= I hope to move from here soon.我希望早點(diǎn)從這兒搬走。

4．There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river.有幾座工廠正往河里排放污水。

There be + sb./ sth.+ doing sth.表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。eg: There are some birds singing in the tree.樹上有些鳥兒在歌唱。

There is a little girl crying in the street.街上有個(gè)小女孩在哭。5．stop doing sth.停止做（正在進(jìn)行的）事

stop to do sth.停下來去做（另一件）事

eg: It’s late.They will stop working and(stop)to have supper.很遲了。他們將停下來吃晚飯。

The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.學(xué)生們停止說話去聽課。6．I’m sorry for making so much noise.很抱歉我弄出這么大的噪音。

be sorry for doing sth.表對做過的事感到抱歉

be sorry to do sth.表對當(dāng)前的事感到抱歉

eg: I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday.很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。

I’m sorry to trouble you.很抱歉打擾你了。

I’m sorry to hear that.聽到那個(gè)（消息）感到很遺憾。

7． Recently it was reported that many teenagers in America can hear no better than 65-year-old people do,?近來據(jù)報(bào)道，美國許多青少年的聽力和65歲的老人一樣差。

no better than? 表“同??(幾乎)一樣差;不比??做得好”

eg: Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考得幾乎一樣糟.= Lucy almost did as badly as Lily in the exam.8.復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和由for / since 引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語搭配使用。a)“for + 時(shí)間段”

與 “since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)”

都表“一段時(shí)間”，常用How long 提問。b)如句中含有非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，則改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)。

Topic 2 How does pollution hurt the earth? 1.It says that China has become the world’s largest producer and user of coal.它（文章）寫到中國已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的煤炭生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國。

sth.+ says that? 此句型中主語是事或物，say表用“文字、數(shù)字”說明信息。

eg: It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card.卡片上寫著“新年快樂！”。

The clock says that it is 20:00 now.這面鐘顯示現(xiàn)在是20：00。2.As we know, none of us likes pollution.眾所周知，沒有人喜歡污染。

none與no one 的區(qū)別： none “全無”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短語;作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短語;作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞只用作單數(shù)。

eg: He has read none of these books.（指物）這些書他一本都沒看過。

None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友們沒有一個(gè)喜歡畫畫。

No one is here.沒有一個(gè)在這兒。

none回答how many/ much的問題；no one回答who的問題。如：

A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.有多少的學(xué)生搭出租車來上學(xué)？ 沒有人。

A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.瓶子里有多少水？ 一點(diǎn)兒也沒有。

A: Who is in the room? B: No one.誰在房中？沒有人。

3.When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨時(shí)，土壤就會(huì)被沖走。

will be +過去分詞為一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語形式。

eg: The earth will be blown away by the wind.泥土將會(huì)被風(fēng)刮走。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

= The wind will blow away the earth.風(fēng)將會(huì)把泥土刮走。（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.許多肥沃的土地已經(jīng)變成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黃沙。

a)change? into? = turn? into?

把?..(轉(zhuǎn))變成?

eg: Please change/ turn English into Chinese.請把英語變成漢語。

When the traffic lights change/ turn into green, we can go.當(dāng)交通燈變成綠色時(shí),我們就可以通行。

b)leaving only stand現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語, 表伴隨主動(dòng)。

eg: The children went away, talking and laughing.孩子們說著、笑著離開了。

The girl is looking for her mother, crying loudly.這個(gè)女孩大聲地哭著在尋找她的母親。6．Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away.They can also prevent the sand from moving toward the rich land.樹可以防風(fēng)固土，也可阻止風(fēng)沙吹進(jìn)良田。stop / prevent sb./sth.(from)doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事 keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事

eg: Trees can keep water from running away.樹可以防止水土流失。7.in danger of(doing)sth.處于做某事的危險(xiǎn)中

eg: They are in danger of losing their lives.他們正處于失去生命的危險(xiǎn)中。8.cut down 砍到

Eg：Many trees are cut down every years 9.You may either take a bus or a taxi.你們可能搭公車去或者是搭出租車去。

a)either?or? “要么?要么?并列連詞,連接主語時(shí),根據(jù)就近原則選取謂語動(dòng)詞。

eg: You may come either today or tomorrow.你要么今天來，要么明天來。

Either you or he is right.要么你對，要么他對。

b)either 單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，是代詞，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用作單數(shù)。如：

A：Ｗo(hù)uld you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK

你想要咖啡還是茶？隨便都可以。

Either of us is right.我們倆中有一人是對的。

Topic 3 Let’s be greener people.1.We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away.我們應(yīng)該把紙的兩面都使用，將塑料袋再次使用而不是輕易扔掉。

both 修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞；而 either 修飾單數(shù)名詞；

eg: There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road.在路的兩邊有許多樹。2.Everyone is supposed to do it.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該那樣做。

be supposed to do sth.指（按規(guī)定、習(xí)慣、安排等）應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事；相當(dāng)于should;用于否定句時(shí)，表“允許”；

eg: Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot.老師應(yīng)該知道很多。

You are not supposed to smoke here.這里不允許抽煙。

4.First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room.首先，當(dāng)你離開房間的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該關(guān)燈。

ought to 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 表 “應(yīng)該;應(yīng)當(dāng)”;語氣比 should 強(qiáng);指道義上應(yīng)該做的事,有時(shí)含有責(zé)備或督促的語氣。should 指主觀上感到有責(zé)任或義務(wù)去做。如：

You ought to help your mother do some housework.你應(yīng)該幫你媽媽做些家務(wù)。We should study hard.我們應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。其否定式和疑問式：

You oughtn’t to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不應(yīng)該起這么晚。Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我該告訴她壞消息嗎？ Yes, you ought.No, you oughtn’t.Unit 3 English around the world Topic1 English is widely spoken around the world.1.stick v.粘貼，=put up eg: You can stick it on the wall in your room.你可以把它貼在你房間的墻上。2.can't wait to do sth.迫不急待地想要做某事

eg:

I can't wait to fly there!我迫不急待地想要飛往哪里。

又：can't help doing sth.忍不住要做某事，如：I can't help laughing.我忍不住笑了。3.have a good chance to do sth.有個(gè)做某事的好機(jī)會(huì)

eg: You'll have a good chance to practicing speaking English.你將有一個(gè)練習(xí)說英語的好機(jī)會(huì)。

4.practice speaking English 練習(xí)說英語。有的動(dòng)詞后再跟動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞要用--ing形式，如：practice, finish, enjoy, meind等等。

5.from now on 從現(xiàn)在起，意思相當(dāng)于later on 后來，過后，將來。

eg: Try your best and work much harder(at English)from now on.從現(xiàn)在起，盡你最大的努力更努力(得多)地學(xué)習(xí)(英語)。6.on business 出差

?eg：Mr.Lee is on business in the U.S.A..7.be similar to...與...相似

eg: Is Spanish similar to English? 西班牙語和英語會(huì)相似嗎？ 8.It's possible that...有可能...eg: It's possible that you will have some trouble.你有可能會(huì)遇到一些困難。9.ask sb.for help 向某人求助，求助于某人。eg: I'll ask an interpreter for help.我將向翻譯求助。10.translate A into B 把A翻譯成B，eg: The interpreter translates English into Chinese.這位翻譯把英語翻譯成中國語。11.in general 一般來說

12.have trouble(in)doing sth.在做某事方面有困難。

eg: In general, he has no trouble understanding people.一般說來，他聽懂別人的說話是沒有困難

的。

13.What's more 還有

once in a while 有時(shí)，偶爾，相當(dāng)于at times或sometimes 14.whenever = no matter when

topic 2 English is spoken differently indifferent countries。

1.follow = understand 聽懂,理解, 明白, eg: I can't follow you.? Can you speak more slowly, please? 2.be the same as?? 與...相同，eg: Is Australian English the same sa British English? 澳大利亞英語和英國英語是相同的嗎? 3.I'm flying to Disneyland tomorrow.? 明天我要飛往迪斯尼樂園.注: 此句中 am flying是表示一般將來時(shí).???英語中,??“位移動(dòng)詞”或稱“趨向動(dòng)詞”?可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 這類動(dòng)詞有“l(fā)eave”, “l(fā)eave for”, “l(fā)eave ? for?”, “come,” “fly?”, “return”, “arrive”, “go”,? “start”(出發(fā)), 等等, 如:? I'm going.我要走了.?? I'm coming!我就來!? My uncle is meeting us tomorrow.4.depend on? 依靠；取決于；依?而定, 如: Sometimes the meaning can change, depending on the country where it is spoken.5.succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事，eg: f you want to succeed in making yourself understood, you need to know some of these differences.如果你想成功地表達(dá)自己的意思, 你就需要了解一些這種不同點(diǎn).6.on one's way to +地名, 在去某地的路上(后接副詞時(shí)不用to)?.? eg: Lucy is on her way to school.露西在回家的路上.??

Tom is on his way home.湯姆在回家路上.[要區(qū)別于By the way順便問/說一下;? in this way用這種方法] 7.see sb.off 為某人送行，eg: Kangkang and Michael?going to the airport to?see them off.康康和邁克爾要去機(jī)場為他們送行.put out 伸出

eg: Michael sees a foreigner putting out his hand with his thumb raised.邁克爾看見一個(gè)外國人伸出他的手, 拇指朝上.[本名還要掌握see sb.doing sth.看見某人正在做某事? see sb.do sth.看見某人做某事, 以及with his thumb raised作伴隨狀語.] 8.ask for a ride 請求搭車, The foreigner is asking for a ride.這個(gè)外國人在請求搭車.9.be worried about...為...擔(dān)心

eg: I'm still worried about my English.我還在為我的英語擔(dān)心.10 as for...? 至于?, 關(guān)于某人/某事

eg: As for the spelling differences, you can easily find them when you use a computer.?? 11.have difficulty doing sth.做某事有困難 注：difficulty作“困難,艱難,費(fèi)勁,辛苦,難度”解時(shí)為un 作“難題,難事,難處,困境,危難”時(shí),為cn eg: We have difficulties understanding foreigners

12.be closed to...靠近..., The Disneyland is close to Los Angeles.? 迪斯尼樂園離洛杉磯很近。13.in person 親自

eg:He helped her with her English in person.14.be fond of...? 喜愛...eg: Children are fond of exciting rides like Pirates of the Caribbean.32

15.come about 發(fā)生

eg: How did these differences come about? 這些差別是如何發(fā)生的?

Can you tell me how the accident came about? 16.be forced to do sth.被迫做某事

eg: I was forced to take a taxi because I couldn't catch the last bus.?因?yàn)闆]有趕上末班車, 只好坐出租車.17.take in 吸收，如：The English language has taken in many new words from other languages.Topic 3 Could you give us some advice on how to learn English well? 1.make sb understood 使某人被理解

Eg：He say it slowly to make him understood 2.work hard at 努力?

eg:He worked hard at English and at last he passed the final exam.3.advise 建議（后接to do 或V-ing）eg：I advises waiting till the proper time.I advise you to leave now.4.stick to 堅(jiān)持

(to 是介詞，后接名詞或V-ing)Eg：If you stick to the truth ,you have nothing to fear.He sticks to having a talk with his teacher.4.Laugh at 嘲笑

Eg：Don’t laugh at others.5.come to realize 明白

eg：After talking to his teacher,he have come to realize his teacher is always caring for him。5.in order to 為了

(后接動(dòng)詞原形)eg：He gets up early in order to catch the fisrt bus.6.give up 放棄

eg：I always advise my father to give up smoking.7.復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式的用法。

Unit 4 Amazing Science Topic 1 Spaceship are mainly controlled by computers.1.dream of 夢想

Eg：I dream of studying in a university.2.send 寄，送

Eg：I will send a gift to my mother on her birthday.=I will send my mother a gift on her birthday.相關(guān)的短語：～ for 派人去請

～off 送行

～ out發(fā)出（光、熱）；長（葉子）

～ up 發(fā)射

3.no doubt 毫無疑問

Eg : There is no doubt he is a kind man.4.thanks to 多虧

eg : Thanks to the bad weather we don’t have to do morning exercise.5.turn on 打開

turn off 關(guān)掉

turn up 調(diào)高

turn down 調(diào)低

Topic 2 When was it invented? 1.Because I’m not allowed to play computer games.因?yàn)槲也豢梢酝骐娔X游戲。allow “允許、準(zhǔn)許”的意思。常用于以下幾種形式：

(1)allow +n./prep 如：

We can’t allow such a thing.我們不容許這種事情發(fā)生。

(2)allow sb.to do sth 允許某人做某事 如：

She allowed me to go fishing.她允許我去釣魚。

(3)allow +doing sth 允許做某事 如：

We don’t allow smoking in the reading-room.我們不允許在閱覽室吸煙。

(4)be allowed to do sth 如：被允許做某事

The students are allowed to play games on the play ground after school.放學(xué)后學(xué)生們被準(zhǔn)許在操場上做游戲。

2.It’s made from wood.它用木材做的。

(1)be made in 在??地方制造，后接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。

(2)be made of 用??制造的，表示原材料未經(jīng)化學(xué)變化，仍可看得出原材料。

(3)be made from 用??制造的，表示原材料經(jīng)過化學(xué)變化，已看不出其原樣。

(4)be made by 由（被）??（人）制作，后接表示人的名詞或代詞。

(5)be made into（某物）被制成??

(6)be made up of 由??組成 如：

The TV set is made in Japan.這臺(tái)電視機(jī)是日本生產(chǎn)的。

These houses are made of stones.這些房子是由石頭建造的。

Paper is made from wood.紙是木頭造的。

Was this cake made by your mother?這蛋糕是你媽媽做的嗎？

Metal can be made into all kinds of things.金屬可以制成各種各樣的物品。

The medical team is made up of ten doctors.這支醫(yī)療隊(duì)由10位大夫組成。

4.It’s used for helping us to improve our English.它用來幫助我們提高英語水平。

(1)be used for+ving

be used to do（被）用來做?

強(qiáng)調(diào)用途或作用

(2)be used as（被）作為??而用，強(qiáng)調(diào)被當(dāng)作工具或手段來用。

(3)be used by 被??使用，by后跟人/物，強(qiáng)調(diào)使用者。Eg：Pens are used for writing.鋼筆被用來寫字。

Wood is used to make paper.木材被用來造紙。

English is used as a foreign language in China.英語在中國被當(dāng)作外語使用。

Recorders are often used by English teachers.英語老師經(jīng)常使用錄音機(jī)。5.They will no longer want to be our servants, but our masters.它們將不再愿意做我們的人，而要做我們的主人。

no longer（通常在動(dòng)詞前），not?any longer;not?any more（用于非正式文體中）都可表示“（過去曾?）現(xiàn)在不再?”

eg: She no longer lives here.=She doesn’t live here any longer(或 any more).她不在這兒住了。（過去她曾住這兒）7.This method worked well at night as long as the weather was good and the stars could be seen.在夜間只要天氣晴朗，能看見星星，這種方法就能很好地發(fā)揮作用。

work well 有效 eg：China’s one-child police works well in controlling China’s population.as long as 只要 eg :As long as you work hard ,you must succeed one day.34

Topic 3 I don’t think aliens can be found in space.1.in the future 將來

Eg：I think people will live on Mars in the future.2.What are you going to be when you grow up?你長大后干什么？ 3.at a distance of 以?距離

Eg：The moon goes around the earth at a distance of 38.0000 kilometers.4.land on 著陸

Eg: People took some measures to make the plane land on safely.5.be worth doing 值得?

Eg：The book is worth reading 6.I don’t think aliens can be found in space.我認(rèn)為外星人不可能出現(xiàn)在太空里。

(1)當(dāng)think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句含有not的否定詞時(shí)，該否定應(yīng)移至主句，即否定主句的謂語動(dòng)詞。如：

I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.我認(rèn)為明天不會(huì)下雨。

(2)can +be +過去分詞，是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如： This can’t be done in a short time.這不是短期內(nèi)能完成的。

7.It has been two days since we landed on Mars.自從我們登上火星以來已經(jīng)兩天了。

it用作主語談?wù)摃r(shí)間，常與since連用。

eg：It is(或has been)three years since we left school.自從我們離開學(xué)校以來已經(jīng)三年了。8.What’s worse, our water supplies were very low.更糟糕的是，我們的水供給是非常有限的。What’s worse 更糟糕的是。類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：What’s more 更有甚者；更為重要的是。9.It’s a quarter as big as the earth.它是地球的四分之一大。倍數(shù)表示法：倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as 如：This box is three times as heavy as that one.這只箱子是那只箱子的三倍重。

Unit5 Knowing about China Topic 1 How much do you know about China？

1.China is a great country that has about 5000 years of history.中國是一個(gè)擁有五千多年歷史的大國。

句中that has about 5000 years of history是定語從句，修飾名詞country。country 是先行詞，that 是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語，也可以用which.。

There are many places of interest which attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year.There are a great number of rivers in China.中國有許多大河。

2.a(great)number of ? 許多/大量，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；

the number of ?。。的數(shù)量，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

e.g.A number of books are lent out from the library every day.每天有許多書從圖書館被借走。

The number of the students present is not known yet.還不知道出席學(xué)生的數(shù)目。

3.Among them, the Yangtze River is the longest one and the second longest is the Yellow River.其中長江是中國最長的河流，黃河位居第二。

句中the longest one，the second longest，“最長”用最高級，“第二長”在最高級前加上 35

序數(shù)詞second。

e.g.Shanghai is the biggest city in China and Beijing is the second biggest one.上海是中國最大的城市，北京位居第二。4.hear of 聽說

Eg：Have you heard of the romantic story

That’s the most fantastic place that I have ever heard of.那是我聽說過的最奇妙的地方。

Hear from 收到?的來信

（已經(jīng)含有收信的意思，無需用letter）= receive a letter from 5.lose oneself in ? 意為“沉浸于?”

Eg：The scenery is so attractive that visitors often lose themselves in it.如此迷人的景色常常使得游客流連忘返。

6.It severs as a bridge which connects the mainland with the rest of the world.它（香港）是連接祖國大陸與世界其他地方的橋梁。

7.be considered as = be regarded as

“被看作?，被認(rèn)為?”，而regard ?as 意為“把?看作，把?認(rèn)為，as 是介詞，后接名詞。

Eg：As we know, Taiwan is considered as the Treasure Island of China.臺(tái)灣被認(rèn)為是“中國寶島”。

8.fetch 去取回來

eg：If you are thirsty ,I can fetch you a bottle of water.9.introduce 介紹

(～sb to sb)eg：Boys and girls ,let me introduceTom, your new classmate, to you.復(fù)習(xí)定語從句（I）

Topic 2 Confucius, a pioneer in the field of education.1.He was also a famous philosopher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.他也是一位著名的哲學(xué)家，他的至理名言影響了不同國家的許多人。

2.When I walk along with two others, I may be able to learn from them.三人行，必有我?guī)煛?.are proud of 人引以為豪的(take pride in)Eg：Chinese people are proud of China’s long history.= China takes pride in her long history.4.Unfortunately, he died of illness on his way home from Africa in 1433.不幸的是，他于1433年在從非洲返回的路途中病故。

die of 多指因內(nèi)因而引起，die from 多指因外因而引起。

Eg:The old man died of heart disease.He died from a serious traffic accident.5.bring down 推翻

Eg： After a revolutionary，the emperor was brought down.break down 摧毀，垮下

Topic 3 The dragon has become a symbol of the Chinese nation.1.play a part in 在?方面起作用

Eg：Robots plays an important part in morden industry 2.promise sb.sth.許諾某人某事

promise to do sth.答應(yīng)做某事 promise sb.to do sth.答應(yīng)某人做某事

eg:

I promised him a present for his birthday.我答應(yīng)送他一件生日禮物。

She promised to write to him.她答應(yīng)給他寫信。

Father promised me to buy a new pair of shoes for me.爸爸許諾給我買一雙新鞋。2.We can go to either Beihai Park or Shichahai Park.either ?or 或?或? ,連接并列主語時(shí)，謂語和最近的主語一致，即遵從就近原則。

e.g.Either you or he has to go there.或者是你或者是他得去那兒。3．Both my father and I like it a lot.我和我父親都非常喜歡。

both ?and? 意為“既?又?，兩者都?”。連接并列主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

e.g.Both Tom and I have been to the Great Wall.湯姆和我曾經(jīng)去過長城。4．Neither my mother nor my father likes it.我的父母都不喜歡。

neither ?nor ? 既不?也不?，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語一致，即遵從就近原則。

Eg:Neither she nor I am right.她和我都不對。

He is neither a doctor nor a teacher.他既不是醫(yī)生也不是老師。5．found v.成立，建立；創(chuàng)建，創(chuàng)辦

Eg:A new country was founded on October 1st ,1949.found的過去式與過去分詞都是founded

e.g.His elder brother founded a company in 2001.他的哥哥2001年創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)公司。注意區(qū)分：find v.“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，它的過去式與過去分詞是found

e.g.He found a purse lying on the ground.他發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有一個(gè)錢包。6.At the end of 在?末端

Eg：At the end of the year，he passed away.7.復(fù)習(xí)并列連詞both ?and ?, either?or ?, neither?nor?.和not only?but also?的用法：

Unit 6 Entertainment and Friendship Topic 1 I would rather watch sports shows than those ones.1.In my spare time , I enjoy watching TV, especially quiz shows from which I can learn a lot.在空閑時(shí)間，我喜歡看電視，特別是能從中學(xué)到許多東西的智力節(jié)目。

在定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞which作介詞的賓語時(shí)，即“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞可放在which之前，也可放在定語從句中的動(dòng)詞之后。

Eg: This is the house in which Bing Xin was born.冰心是在這所房子里出生的。

= This is the house which Bing Xin was born in.2.would rather do sth.than do sth.比起做?更愿意做?

Eg:I would rather stay at home than go out in such bad weather.這么糟糕的天氣，我寧愿待在家中，也不愿出去。

3.hit sb on the nose 打某人的鼻子

（用the 而不用his 或her）

Eg：He hit the woman in the face / on the nose.4.be ready to do sth.內(nèi)心愿意/樂意做某事

Eg: He was ready to believe her.他愿意相信她。

5.From then on.從那時(shí)起

From now on

從現(xiàn)在起 6.a symbol of ?

?的象征

= stand for Eg：The rose is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some western countries.People think the rose stands for love, peace, courage and friendship.8.order sb.to do sth.命令/要求某人去做某事

order sth for sb./ sth.為某人/ 某物訂購某物

eg: The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.醫(yī)生命令我好好呆在床上休息.9.forgive sb.sth.原諒某人某事

forgive sb.for doing sth.請求別人原諒所做的事

eg: She could forgive him anything.她會(huì)原諒他的任何事.Please forgive me for disturbing you.請?jiān)徫掖驍_你了.Topic 2 Who is your favorite character in literature? 1.according to 根據(jù)

Eg：According to the given words，fill in the blanks。2.make up one’s mind 意為“下定決心”，后跟動(dòng)詞不定式。

Eg：He has made up his mind to work hard and catch up with others.他已下定決心努力學(xué)習(xí)趕上別人。

3.can’t help 禁不住

+ v-ing eg：Sometimes we can’t help laughing because of his funny behavior.有時(shí)我們因他的有趣行為而禁不住大笑。

Topic 3 I will remember our friendship forever.1.This weekend we’ll graduate from Ren’ai International School!本周末我們將從仁愛國際學(xué)校畢業(yè)。1）graduate 作動(dòng)詞是，表 “畢業(yè)”，相當(dāng)于leave school，其名詞形式為graduation eg: He graduated in 1999.= He left school in 1999.2）graduate from + 學(xué)校 表 “從某個(gè)學(xué)校畢業(yè)” graduate in + 專業(yè) 表 “畢業(yè)于某專業(yè)”

eg: He graduated from Peking University last year.去年他從北京大學(xué)畢業(yè)。

He graduated in English at a famous University.他畢業(yè)于一所名牌大學(xué)的外語專業(yè)。2.think back on/ to “回想起，追憶” 如：

eg：When I think back on/to those things, I miss my friends a lot.當(dāng)我回想起那些事情時(shí)，我就非常想念我的朋友。3.…and write some words on the blackboard with color chalks.用彩色粉筆在黑板上寫幾句話。1）chalk “粉筆”，不可數(shù)名詞，若表示“一支粉筆”時(shí)，則用a piece of chalk;2）當(dāng)表示各種顏色的粉筆時(shí)，則可數(shù)。

4.I’ve got dozens of cards.我準(zhǔn)備了許多賀卡。1）dozen作可數(shù)名詞，意為“

（一）打；十二；幾十；許多”

Give me a dozen, please.請給我一打。

2）當(dāng)和數(shù)詞連用后面跟名詞時(shí)，dozen不加s，其后也不跟of。

eg: two dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋

3）dozen后加s時(shí)，常與of連用，意為“幾十；許多”，表不明確的數(shù)目。dozens of? 幾十hundreds of?幾百；成百上千thousands of?幾千；成千上萬 5.to one’s joy 使某人高興的是

to one’s surprised 使某人驚訝的是

eg: To my joy, I became the owner of an MP3 last week.使我高興的是，上周我擁有了自己的MP3。

To our surprised, Jim didn’t pass the exam.令我們驚訝的是，吉姆沒通過考試。6.take photos of sb.為某人拍照

take photos with sb.與某人合影

7.leave?behind “忘了帶；遺忘；把??拋在后面”

eg：It means change, and leaving behind unforgettable faces and places.它意味著變化，意味著把那些不能忘卻的面容和地方留在記憶深處。

She knew that she had left childhood behind.她知道童年已一去不復(fù)返了。8.see sb off 為某人送行

Eg：Today，we got up early to see him off.39

第五篇：仁愛英語九年級知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

九年級英語（仁愛版）語言點(diǎn)歸納 Unit 1 The Changing World Topic 1 China has developed rapidly in recent years.1.take place 發(fā)生

eg: Great changes have tanken place in my hometown.2.Though I had no time to travel, I still felt very happy this holiday!盡管我沒時(shí)間去旅游，但這個(gè)假期我仍然感到很愉快。

though 從屬連詞，用來引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，表“雖然；盡管”，不能與but連用。如：

Though he is poor, he is happy.= He is poor, but he is happy.盡管他很貧窮，但是他很快樂。

3.Could you please tell me something about Chinese teenagers? 請告訴我一些有關(guān)中國青少年的一些事情好嗎？

Could /Would you please(not)do sth？請（不）做某事好嗎？

eg: Could you please turn down your radio? 請把收音機(jī)聲音調(diào)低好嗎？

Would you please not play football here? 請不要在這兒踢球好嗎？

4.Parents couldn’t afford education for their children.父母供不起孩子上學(xué)。

afford 常與can, could 或 be able to 連用，尤其用于否定句或疑問句，表“負(fù)擔(dān)得起（做）某事；抽得出（時(shí)間）” “(can’t/ couldn’t)afford(to do)sth.”

eg: We can’t afford(to buy)this house because we don’t have enough money.我們買不這房了，因?yàn)槲覀儧]有足夠的錢。

eg: He felt he couldn’t afford any time to play football.他覺得自己沒有時(shí)間踢球了。

5.Our government gives support to poor families.我們的政府能為貧困家庭提供幫助。

give support to sb.= give sb.support 為某人提供幫助/ 支持

support作動(dòng)詞時(shí)表“供養(yǎng)；支持；支撐”，eg: She had to support her family at the age of ten.她十歲時(shí)就得養(yǎng)家。

His parents supported him in his decision.他的父母支持他的決定。

The two sticks support the tree.兩根木棍支撐著這棵樹。

6.Why not go and search the Internet for some information? 為什么不上網(wǎng)查找相關(guān)信息呢？

search sp.for sth.搜查某地尋找某物

search sb.for sth.搜身查找某物

search for sth./ sb.= look for sth./ sb.搜尋某物/ 某人；

eg: The villagers searched the woods for the lost children.村民們在樹林里尋找失蹤的孩子們。

The police searched the man for the stolen money.警察搜那個(gè)男人的身，查找被偷的錢。

He is searching/ looking for his missing keys.他在尋找他丟的鑰匙。

7.We often went hungry because the boss didn’t give us enough food to eat.我們經(jīng)常挨餓，因?yàn)槔习宀唤o我們足夠的食物。

在這里是系動(dòng)詞，表“變得?”,后跟形容詞,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu).eg: The food on the table went bad.桌面上的食物變壞了.8.One part was used to help support my family, to help send my elder brother to school.a)one part?the other(part)?一部分??另一部分??

b)elder brother 哥哥

elder 作形容詞時(shí), 是old的比較級, 一般表示家庭成員出生的順序,在句中只能作定語,可與than連用;而older表年齡的比較,可與 than連用.如:

His elder sister is two older than he.他的姐姐比他大兩歲.作名詞時(shí), 表 “ 長者;前輩;祖先”, 如:

Their customs were handed down by the elders.他們的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣是由他們的祖先傳下來的.9.But China has developed rapidly in recent years.但是近年來,中國發(fā)展迅速.in recent years 表 “近年來”,常與完成時(shí)連用.如:

She has learnt a lot of knowledge in recent years.近年來,她學(xué)到了許多知識(shí).10.China has made such rapid progress.中國已經(jīng)取得如此迅速的進(jìn)步。

progress 為不可數(shù)名詞make progress 取得進(jìn)步

make some/ much/ great progress 取得一些/ 許多/ 巨大的進(jìn)步

11.What has happened to Beijing’s roads now? 現(xiàn)在北京的公路發(fā)生了什么變化？

sth.happen to sb.某人發(fā)生了某事，如：

eg: If anything happens to him, let me know.萬一他有什么不測，就請通知我。

A little accident happened to her yesterday.昨天她發(fā)生了點(diǎn)小意外。

12.They express the rich culture of China as well.他們也表達(dá)了豐富的中國文化。

as well, too, also均表“也；又”； as well 多用于口語，只用于句末，不用逗號隔開；

too 多用于口語，用于句末，要用逗號隔開；

also 較正式，不用于句末；

either 用于否定句，表“也不”，與too 對應(yīng)。

eg: He likes sports as well.= He likes sports, too.= He also likes sports.他也喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)。

He didn’t come, either.他也沒來。

13.keep in touch with 和?保持聯(lián)系

eg: Nowadays，we keep in touch with each other by sending e-mails.14.復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

Topic 2 What has happened to the population? 1.I really hate to go such a place.我真討厭去購物。--So do I.我也是。

So do I.為倒裝句，表示前面提到的肯定情況也同樣適合另外一個(gè)主體，表“某某也一樣”，結(jié)構(gòu)為“so + be /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語”。

eg: Jim is a student, so is Tom.吉姆是一名學(xué)生，湯姆也是。

Jim can swim, so can Tom.吉姆會(huì)游泳，湯姆也會(huì)。

Jim likes sports, so does Tom.吉姆喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)，湯姆也喜歡。

如表前面不怎樣，后面“也不”怎樣時(shí)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“ neither/ nor + be /情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/ 助動(dòng)詞 + 主語”。

eg: Jim wasn’t Chinese, neither/ nor were they.吉姆不中國人，他們也不是。

Jim can’t speak Japanese, neither can I.吉姆不會(huì)說日語，我也不會(huì)。

Jim didn’t go there, neither did I.吉姆沒去那兒，我也沒去。

如前后兩句表達(dá)的是同一個(gè)主體，則不能倒裝，表“的確如此”。如：

eg: Jim is a good student.So he is.吉姆是一名好學(xué)生，的確如此。

Jim swims well.So he does.吉姆游泳很好，的確如此。

2．At that time, China was the country with the largest population in the world.那時(shí)，中國是世界上人口最多的國家。

population為不可數(shù)名詞，表示人口的多少只能用 “l(fā)arge”或 “small”修飾，提問人口用“what”, 如：

eg: The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.上海的人口比北京多。

What’s the population of China?= How many people are there in China? 中國的人口有多少？

3.Great changes have taken place in China.中國發(fā)生了巨大變化。

take place 指必然性的“發(fā)生”或有計(jì)劃、安排之內(nèi)的“舉行”。如：

eg: The meeting will take place next Friday.會(huì)議將在下周五舉行。

happen 指偶然的、沒有預(yù)料的“發(fā)生“，其結(jié)果往往給人帶來不幸或麻煩。如：

eg: The accident happened yesterday.事故發(fā)生在昨天。

※兩者都不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

4.The population has increased a lot.人口增長發(fā)很多。

increase 可作及物動(dòng)詞也可作不及物動(dòng)詞。其含義是“增長，增加，加強(qiáng)”等。

increase by? 指“增加了??”;increase to?指 “增加到??”

5.?and about one fifth of the people in the world live in China.而且世界上大約五分之一的人口生活在中國。

one fifth 是分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法。英文分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)法：分子為基數(shù)詞，分母為序數(shù)詞，先讀分子后讀分母。當(dāng)分子大于1時(shí)，分母的序數(shù)詞則變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)，直接在詞尾加“s”。eg: one fourth 四分之一； three fourths 四分之三；

one second 二分之一； two thirds 三分之二

注：分?jǐn)?shù)修飾名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞要和所修飾的名詞保持一致。6．It has worked well in controlling China’s population.它在控制人口數(shù)量方面取得了顯著的功效。

work well in doing sth.表“在??方面很有功效”，eg: Doing eye exercises works well in protecting our eyesight.（視力）做眼保健操在保護(hù)視力方面很有功效。

7.Because of our large population, we are short of energy and water.be short of? 表 “缺乏??”

eg: She is always short of money at the end of every month.每個(gè)月底她總是缺錢。

be short for? 表“是??的縮寫”，eg: TV is short for television.TV是television的縮寫形式.8.Can all Chinese families offer their children a good education? 所有的中國家庭都能給他們的的孩子提供良好的教育嗎？

offer 表“（主動(dòng)）給予，提供”

offer sb.sth.“提供某人某物”如：

I offered him a glass of wine.我敬了他一杯酒。

offer to do sth.“（主動(dòng)）提出做某事”如：

She offered to cook for her mother.她提出幫她媽媽煮飯。8.be strict with 對?要求嚴(yán)格 eg：Our teachers are strict with us.9.I can’t go shopping in big stores unless I travel for a couple of hours.我得花幾個(gè)小時(shí)，才能到大的商場購物。

a)unless = if not 表“除非?;如果不”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。

eg: I won’t go unless I hear from you.= I won’t go if I don’t hear from you.如果你不通知我，我就不去。

Unless Bill studies hard, he’ll fail in the exam.如果比爾不努力, 他不會(huì)通過考試的.b)a couple of? 表 “幾個(gè)人或幾件事”，eg: a couple of years ago 幾年前;a couple of students 幾個(gè)學(xué)生

couple 指任何兩件同類的東西;如:

a couple of watches 兩只手表； five couples of cats 五對貓 pair 指兩件不可分開使用的東西,它們可指兩件互不相連的東西(鞋子、襪子等)，也可指兩部分構(gòu)成的一件東西（褲子、剪刀等）。如：

a pair of shoes 一雙鞋子 a pair of pants 一條褲子 10.on / about 關(guān)于

on：關(guān)于（學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)）eg：He is writing a book on medicine.about：He is telling us a story about heroes.11.take measures 采取措施

Eg: China has take measures to reduce the pollution.四、重點(diǎn)語法

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常與下列表不明確的狀語連用： 1．a(chǎn)lready 和 yet already “已經(jīng)”（多用于肯定陳述句），如： He has already gone home.他已經(jīng)回家了。yet “已經(jīng);還”（用于否定句或疑問句），如：Have you found him yet? 你已經(jīng)找到他了嗎？ I haven’t finished my homework yet.我還沒完成作業(yè)。

※ already 也可用于疑問句，表“出乎意料或驚奇”

Have you finished your homework already? 難道你已經(jīng)完成作業(yè)了？ 2．ever 和 never ever “曾經(jīng)”（多用于疑問句，問初次經(jīng)歷），如：I have ever been abroad.我曾出過國。never“從未；從來不”（多用于否定陳述句），?；卮餰ver的句型。如： I have never seen him before.--Has he ever been abroad? 他曾出過國嗎？--No, never.不，從來不。3．just

just “剛剛”（多用于肯定句，位于謂語動(dòng)詞之前），如：I have just tried to call you.我剛剛打電話給你。4．before before “之前”（一般位于句末；常與never呼應(yīng)），如：He says he has never seen such beautiful scenery before.他說他以前從來沒看過這么美的風(fēng)景。Topic 3 The world has changed for the better.1.Well, once they find people in need, they decide on suitable ways to help them.他們一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)有人需要幫助，就選定適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞絹韼椭麄儭?/p>

a)once 是從屬連詞，表“一旦??就??”,它的從句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)(包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))，主句則為一般將來時(shí)?；蛘咧鲝木渚鶠檫^去的某種時(shí)態(tài)。

eg: Once you become interested in playing computer games, you’ll have trouble giving them up.一旦你迷上了電腦游戲，你就很難放棄它。

b)decide on(doing)sth.決定（做）某事，相當(dāng)于 decide to do sth.eg: They decided on spending the holiday in Hainan.他們決定在海南度假。

= They decided to spend the holiday in Hainan.2.The government provides homeless people with nice homes.政府向無家可歸的人們提供舒適的住處。

provide sb.with sth.= provide sth.for sb.提供給某人某物

eg: The school provided the students with food.這所學(xué)校為學(xué)生們提供食物。

= The school provided food for the students.3.I think it’s a wonderful place to live in.我認(rèn)為那是一個(gè)居住的好地方。

to live in 是動(dòng)詞不定式，用來修飾前面的名詞place.在不定式中，如動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等，不定式后必須跟上相應(yīng)的介詞。

eg: There is nothing to worry about.沒有什么可擔(dān)心的事。

I need a pen to write with.我需要一只筆寫字。

4.It is famous because it has been so successful in helping homeless people return to normal lives.它很出名是因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)成功地幫助無家可歸的人重新過上正常的生活。

be successful in doing sth.成功地做成某事，相當(dāng)于 succeed in doing sth.如： eg: He was successful in passing the exam.他成功地通過了考試。

They were successful in climbing Mount Huang.他們成功地登上了黃山。

5．In the past sixteen years, Project Hope has raised about 3 billion yuan.在近十六年來，希望工程已籌集了大約30億元。

in the past + 若干時(shí)間，表“近若干時(shí)間來”，用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

eg: They have learnt about 500 English words in the past two months.近兩個(gè)月來，他們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了大約500個(gè)英語單詞。6.復(fù)習(xí)直接引語和間接引語和構(gòu)詞法 Unit 2 Saving the earth Topic 1 I can’t stand the environment here.1.I can’t stand the environment here.我無法容忍這兒的環(huán)境。

stand 表“容忍；忍受”，后接名詞、代詞及動(dòng)名詞做賓語。

eg: I can’t stand that man, he talks too much.我忍受不了那個(gè)人了，他話太多了。

I can’t stand waiting any longer.我再也等不了了。2.What do you mean by sth.?

某物是什么意思呢? = What’s the meaning of sth ? = What does sth.mean?

3.I hope I can move from here soon.我希望我能早點(diǎn)從這兒搬走。當(dāng)主從句主語一致時(shí)，?？赊D(zhuǎn)換成不定式短語

= I hope to move from here soon.我希望早點(diǎn)從這兒搬走。

4．There are several chemical factories pouring waste water into the river.有幾座工廠正往河里排放污水。

There be + sb./ sth.+ doing sth.表有某人/ 某物正在做某事。eg: There are some birds singing in the tree.樹上有些鳥兒在歌唱。

There is a little girl crying in the street.街上有個(gè)小女孩在哭。5．stop doing sth.停止做（正在進(jìn)行的）事

stop to do sth.停下來去做（另一件）事

eg: It’s late.They will stop working and(stop)to have supper.很遲了。他們將停下來吃晚飯。

The students stopped talking and to listen to the teacher.學(xué)生們停止說話去聽課。6．I’m sorry for making so much noise.很抱歉我弄出這么大的噪音。

be sorry for doing sth.表對做過的事感到抱歉

be sorry to do sth.表對當(dāng)前的事感到抱歉

eg: I’m sorry for waking you up yesterday.很抱歉昨天把你弄醒了。

I’m sorry to trouble you.很抱歉打擾你了。

I’m sorry to hear that.聽到那個(gè)（消息）感到很遺憾。

7． Recently it was reported that many teenagers in America can hear no better than 65-year-old people do,?近來據(jù)報(bào)道，美國許多青少年的聽力和65歲的老人一樣差。

no better than? 表“同??(幾乎)一樣差;不比??做得好” eg: Lucy did no better than Lily in the exam.露西和莉莉考得幾乎一樣糟.= Lucy almost did as badly as Lily in the exam.8.復(fù)習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中延續(xù)性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)和由for / since 引導(dǎo)的一段時(shí)間狀語搭配使用。a)“for + 時(shí)間段”

與 “since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)”

都表“一段時(shí)間”，常用How long 提問。b)如句中含有非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，則改為相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或狀態(tài)。Topic 2 How does pollution hurt the earth? 1.It says that China has become the world’s largest producer and user of coal.它（文章）寫到中國已經(jīng)成為世界上最大的煤炭生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)國。

sth.+ says that? 此句型中主語是事或物，say表用“文字、數(shù)字”說明信息。

eg: It says “ Happy New Year!” on the card.卡片上寫著“新年快樂！”。

The clock says that it is 20:00 now.這面鐘顯示現(xiàn)在是20：00。2.As we know, none of us likes pollution.眾所周知，沒有人喜歡污染。

none與no one 的區(qū)別： none “全無”，既可指人也可指物，后常跟of 的短語;作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞既可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)；no one只指人，后不能跟of 的短語;作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞只用作單數(shù)。

eg: He has read none of these books.（指物）這些書他一本都沒看過。

None of my friends like/ likes drawing.（指人）我的朋友們沒有一個(gè)喜歡畫畫。

No one is here.沒有一個(gè)在這兒。

none回答how many/ much的問題；no one回答who的問題。如：

A: How many students come to school by taxi? B: None.有多少的學(xué)生搭出租車來上學(xué)？ 沒有人。

A: How much water is there in the bottle? B: None.瓶子里有多少水？ 一點(diǎn)兒也沒有。

A: Who is in the room? B: No one.誰在房中？沒有人。

3.When it rains, the soil will be washed away.下雨時(shí)，土壤就會(huì)被沖走。

will be +過去分詞為一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語形式。

eg: The earth will be blown away by the wind.泥土將會(huì)被風(fēng)刮走。（被動(dòng)語態(tài)）

= The wind will blow away the earth.風(fēng)將會(huì)把泥土刮走。（主動(dòng)語態(tài)）

5．A lot of rich land has changed into desert, leaving only sand.許多肥沃的土地已經(jīng)變成了沙漠，留下的是遍地黃沙。

a)change? into? = turn? into?

把?..(轉(zhuǎn))變成?

eg: Please change/ turn English into Chinese.請把英語變成漢語。

When the traffic lights change/ turn into green, we can go.當(dāng)交通燈變成綠色時(shí),我們就可以通行。

b)leaving only stand現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語, 表伴隨主動(dòng)。

eg: The children went away, talking and laughing.孩子們說著、笑著離開了。

The girl is looking for her mother, crying loudly.這個(gè)女孩大聲地哭著在尋找她的母親。6．Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away.They can also prevent the sand from moving toward the rich land.樹可以防風(fēng)固土，也可阻止風(fēng)沙吹進(jìn)良田。stop / prevent sb./sth.(from)doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事 keep sb./sth.from doing sth.阻止/ 防止 某人或某物做某事

eg: Trees can keep water from running away.樹可以防止水土流失。7.in danger of(doing)sth.處于做某事的危險(xiǎn)中

eg: They are in danger of losing their lives.他們正處于失去生命的危險(xiǎn)中。8.cut down 砍到 Eg：Many trees are cut down every years 9.You may either take a bus or a taxi.你們可能搭公車去或者是搭出租車去。

a)either?or? “要么?要么?并列連詞,連接主語時(shí),根據(jù)就近原則選取謂語動(dòng)詞。

eg: You may come either today or tomorrow.你要么今天來，要么明天來。

Either you or he is right.要么你對，要么他對。

b)either 單獨(dú)使用時(shí)，是代詞，表“二者之一”既可指人也可指物；用作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用作單數(shù)。如：

A：Ｗo(hù)uld you like coffee or tea? B: Either is OK

你想要咖啡還是茶？隨便都可以。

Either of us is right.我們倆中有一人是對的。Topic 3 Let’s be greener people.1.We should use both sides of paper, and reuse plastic bags rather than throw them away.我們應(yīng)該把紙的兩面都使用，將塑料袋再次使用而不是輕易扔掉。

both 修飾復(fù)數(shù)名詞；而 either 修飾單數(shù)名詞；

eg: There are a lot of trees on both sides of the road.= There are a lot of trees on either side of the road.在路的兩邊有許多樹。2.Everyone is supposed to do it.每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該那樣做。

be supposed to do sth.指（按規(guī)定、習(xí)慣、安排等）應(yīng)當(dāng)做某事；相當(dāng)于should;用于否定句時(shí)，表“允許”；

eg: Teachers are supposed to/ should know a lot.老師應(yīng)該知道很多。

You are not supposed to smoke here.這里不允許抽煙。

4.First, you ought to turn off the lights when you leave a room.首先，當(dāng)你離開房間的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該關(guān)燈。

ought to 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 表 “應(yīng)該;應(yīng)當(dāng)”;語氣比 should 強(qiáng);指道義上應(yīng)該做的事,有時(shí)含有責(zé)備或督促的語氣。should 指主觀上感到有責(zé)任或義務(wù)去做。如：

You ought to help your mother do some housework.你應(yīng)該幫你媽媽做些家務(wù)。We should study hard.我們應(yīng)該努力學(xué)習(xí)。其否定式和疑問式：

You oughtn’t to get up so late in the morning.你早晨不應(yīng)該起這么晚。Ought I to tell her the bad news? 我該告訴她壞消息嗎？ Yes, you ought.No, you oughtn’t.Unit 3 English around the world Topic1 English is widely spoken around the world.1.stick v.粘貼，=put up eg: You can stick it on the wall in your room.你可以把它貼在你房間的墻上。2.can't wait to do sth.迫不急待地想要做某事

eg:

I can't wait to fly there!我迫不急待地想要飛往哪里。

又：can't help doing sth.忍不住要做某事，如：I can't help laughing.我忍不住笑了。3.have a good chance to do sth.有個(gè)做某事的好機(jī)會(huì)

eg: You'll have a good chance to practicing speaking English.你將有一個(gè)練習(xí)說英語的好機(jī)會(huì)。

4.practice speaking English 練習(xí)說英語。有的動(dòng)詞后再跟動(dòng)詞時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞要用--ing形式，如：practice, finish, enjoy, meind等等。

5.from now on 從現(xiàn)在起，意思相當(dāng)于later on 后來，過后，將來。eg: Try your best and work much harder(at English)from now on.從現(xiàn)在起，盡你最大的努力更努力(得多)地學(xué)習(xí)(英語)。6.on business 出差

?eg：Mr.Lee is on business in the U.S.A..7.be similar to...與...相似

eg: Is Spanish similar to English? 西班牙語和英語會(huì)相似嗎？ 8.It's possible that...有可能...eg: It's possible that you will have some trouble.你有可能會(huì)遇到一些困難。9.ask sb.for help 向某人求助，求助于某人。eg: I'll ask an interpreter for help.我將向翻譯求助。10.translate A into B 把A翻譯成B，eg: The interpreter translates English into Chinese.這位翻譯把英語翻譯成中國語。11.in general 一般來說

12.have trouble(in)doing sth.在做某事方面有困難。

eg: In general, he has no trouble understanding people.一般說來，他聽懂別人的說話是沒有困難的。

13.What's more 還有

once in a while 有時(shí)，偶爾，相當(dāng)于at times或sometimes 14.whenever = no matter when

topic 2 English is spoken differently indifferent countries。1.follow = understand 聽懂,理解, 明白, eg: I can't follow you.? Can you speak more slowly, please? 2.be the same as?? 與...相同，eg: Is Australian English the same sa British English? 澳大利亞英語和英國英語是相同的嗎? 3.I'm flying to Disneyland tomorrow.? 明天我要飛往迪斯尼樂園.?注: 此句中 am flying是表示一般將來時(shí).???英語中,??“位移動(dòng)詞”或稱“趨向動(dòng)詞”?可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作, 這類動(dòng)詞有“l(fā)eave”, “l(fā)eave for”, “l(fā)eave ? for?”, “come,” “fly?”, “return”, “arrive”, “go”,? “start”(出發(fā)), 等等, 如:? I'm going.我要走了.?? I'm coming!我就來!? My uncle is meeting us tomorrow.4.depend on? 依靠；取決于；依?而定, 如: Sometimes the meaning can change, depending on the country where it is spoken.5.succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事，eg: f you want to succeed in making yourself understood, you need to know some of these differences.如果你想成功地表達(dá)自己的意思, 你就需要了解一些這種不同點(diǎn).6.on one's way to +地名, 在去某地的路上(后接副詞時(shí)不用to)?.? eg: Lucy is on her way to school.露西在回家的路上.??

Tom is on his way home.湯姆在回家路上.[要區(qū)別于By the way順便問/說一下;? in this way用這種方法] 7.see sb.off 為某人送行，eg: Kangkang and Michael?going to the airport to?see them off.康康和邁克爾要去機(jī)場為他們送行.put out 伸出

eg: Michael sees a foreigner putting out his hand with his thumb raised.邁克爾看見一個(gè)外國人伸出他的手, 拇指朝上.??? [本名還要掌握see sb.doing sth.看見某人正在做某事? see sb.do sth.看見某人做某事, 以及with his thumb raised作伴隨狀語.] 8.ask for a ride 請求搭車, The foreigner is asking for a ride.這個(gè)外國人在請求搭車.9.be worried about...為...擔(dān)心

eg: I'm still worried about my English.我還在為我的英語擔(dān)心.10 as for...? 至于?, 關(guān)于某人/某事

eg: As for the spelling differences, you can easily find them when you use a computer.?? 11.have difficulty doing sth.做某事有困難 注：difficulty作“困難,艱難,費(fèi)勁,辛苦,難度”解時(shí)為un 作“難題,難事,難處,困境,危難”時(shí),為cn eg: We have difficulties understanding foreigners

12.be closed to...? 靠近..., The Disneyland is close to Los Angeles.? 迪斯尼樂園離洛杉磯很近。

13.in person 親自

eg:He helped her with her English in person.14.be fond of...? 喜愛...eg: Children are fond of exciting rides like Pirates of the Caribbean.15.come about 發(fā)生

eg: How did these differences come about? 這些差別是如何發(fā)生的?

Can you tell me how the accident came about? 16.be forced to do sth.被迫做某事

eg: I was forced to take a taxi because I couldn't catch the last bus.?因?yàn)闆]有趕上末班車, 只好坐出租車.17.take in 吸收，如：The English language has taken in many new words from other languages.Topic 3 Could you give us some advice on how to learn English well? 1.make sb understood 使某人被理解

Eg：He say it slowly to make him understood 2.work hard at 努力?

eg:He worked hard at English and at last he passed the final exam.3.advise 建議（后接to do 或V-ing）eg：I advises waiting till the proper time.I advise you to leave now.4.stick to 堅(jiān)持

(to 是介詞，后接名詞或V-ing)Eg：If you stick to the truth ,you have nothing to fear.He sticks to having a talk with his teacher.4.Laugh at 嘲笑

Eg：Don’t laugh at others.5.come to realize 明白

eg：After talking to his teacher,he have come to realize his teacher is always caring for him。5.in order to 為了

(后接動(dòng)詞原形)eg：He gets up early in order to catch the fisrt bus.6.give up 放棄

eg：I always advise my father to give up smoking.7.復(fù)習(xí)動(dòng)詞不定式的用法。Unit 4 Amazing Science Topic 1 Spaceship are mainly controlled by computers.1.dream of 夢想

Eg：I dream of studying in a university.2.send 寄，送

Eg：I will send a gift to my mother on her birthday.=I will send my mother a gift on her birthday.相關(guān)的短語：～ for 派人去請

～off 送行

～ out發(fā)出（光、熱）；長（葉子）

～ up 發(fā)射

3.no doubt 毫無疑問

Eg : There is no doubt he is a kind man.4.thanks to 多虧

eg : Thanks to the bad weather we don’t have to do morning exercise.5.turn on 打開

turn off 關(guān)掉

turn up 調(diào)高

turn down 調(diào)低 Topic 2 When was it invented? 1.Because I’m not allowed to play computer games.因?yàn)槲也豢梢酝骐娔X游戲。allow “允許、準(zhǔn)許”的意思。常用于以下幾種形式：

(1)allow +n./prep 如：

We can’t allow such a thing.我們不容許這種事情發(fā)生。

(2)allow sb.to do sth 允許某人做某事 如：

She allowed me to go fishing.她允許我去釣魚。

(3)allow +doing sth 允許做某事 如：

We don’t allow smoking in the reading-room.我們不允許在閱覽室吸煙。

(4)be allowed to do sth 如：被允許做某事

The students are allowed to play games on the play ground after school.放學(xué)后學(xué)生們被準(zhǔn)許在操場上做游戲。

2.It’s made from wood.它用木材做的。

(1)be made in 在??地方制造，后接表示地點(diǎn)的名詞。

(2)be made of 用??制造的，表示原材料未經(jīng)化學(xué)變化，仍可看得出原材料。

(3)be made from 用??制造的，表示原材料經(jīng)過化學(xué)變化，已看不出其原樣。

(4)be made by 由（被）??（人）制作，后接表示人的名詞或代詞。

(5)be made into（某物）被制成??

(6)be made up of 由??組成 如：

The TV set is made in Japan.這臺(tái)電視機(jī)是日本生產(chǎn)的。

These houses are made of stones.這些房子是由石頭建造的。

Paper is made from wood.紙是木頭造的。

Was this cake made by your mother?這蛋糕是你媽媽做的嗎？

Metal can be made into all kinds of things.金屬可以制成各種各樣的物品。

The medical team is made up of ten doctors.這支醫(yī)療隊(duì)由10位大夫組成。

4.It’s used for helping us to improve our English.它用來幫助我們提高英語水平。

(1)be used for+ving

be used to do（被）用來做?

強(qiáng)調(diào)用途或作用

(2)be used as（被）作為??而用，強(qiáng)調(diào)被當(dāng)作工具或手段來用。

(3)be used by 被??使用，by后跟人/物，強(qiáng)調(diào)使用者。Eg：Pens are used for writing.鋼筆被用來寫字。

Wood is used to make paper.木材被用來造紙。

English is used as a foreign language in China.英語在中國被當(dāng)作外語使用。

Recorders are often used by English teachers.英語老師經(jīng)常使用錄音機(jī)。5.They will no longer want to be our servants, but our masters.它們將不再愿意做我們的人，而要做我們的主人。

no longer（通常在動(dòng)詞前），not?any longer;not?any more（用于非正式文體中）都可表示“（過去曾?）現(xiàn)在不再?”

eg: She no longer lives here.=She doesn’t live here any longer(或 any more).她不在這兒住了。（過去她曾住這兒）7.This method worked well at night as long as the weather was good and the stars could be seen.在夜間只要天氣晴朗，能看見星星，這種方法就能很好地發(fā)揮作用。

work well 有效 eg：China’s one-child police works well in controlling China’s population.as long as 只要 eg :As long as you work hard ,you must succeed one day.Topic 3 I don’t think aliens can be found in space.1.in the future 將來

Eg：I think people will live on Mars in the future.2.What are you going to be when you grow up?你長大后干什么？ 3.at a distance of 以?距離

Eg：The moon goes around the earth at a distance of 38.0000 kilometers.4.land on 著陸

Eg: People took some measures to make the plane land on safely.5.be worth doing 值得?

Eg：The book is worth reading 6.I don’t think aliens can be found in space.我認(rèn)為外星人不可能出現(xiàn)在太空里。

(1)當(dāng)think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句含有not的否定詞時(shí)，該否定應(yīng)移至主句，即否定主句的謂語動(dòng)詞。如：

I don’t think it will rain tomorrow.我認(rèn)為明天不會(huì)下雨。

(2)can +be +過去分詞，是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。如： This can’t be done in a short time.這不是短期內(nèi)能完成的。

7.It has been two days since we landed on Mars.自從我們登上火星以來已經(jīng)兩天了。

it用作主語談?wù)摃r(shí)間，常與since連用。

eg：It is(或has been)three years since we left school.自從我們離開學(xué)校以來已經(jīng)三年了。8.What’s worse, our water supplies were very low.更糟糕的是，我們的水供給是非常有限的。What’s worse 更糟糕的是。類似結(jié)構(gòu)還有：What’s more 更有甚者；更為重要的是。9.It’s a quarter as big as the earth.它是地球的四分之一大。倍數(shù)表示法：倍數(shù)+as+形容詞/副詞+as 如：This box is three times as heavy as that one.這只箱子是那只箱子的三倍重。Unit5 Knowing about China Topic 1 How much do you know about China？

1.China is a great country that has about 5000 years of history.中國是一個(gè)擁有五千多年歷史的大國。

句中that has about 5000 years of history是定語從句，修飾名詞country。country 是先行詞，that 是關(guān)系代詞，在定語從句中作主語，也可以用which.。

There are many places of interest which attract millions of tourists from all over the world every year.There are a great number of rivers in China.中國有許多大河。

2.a(great)number of ? 許多/大量，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；

the number of ?。。的數(shù)量，后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，作主語時(shí)，謂語用單數(shù)。

e.g.A number of books are lent out from the library every day.每天有許多書從圖書館被借走。

The number of the students present is not known yet.還不知道出席學(xué)生的數(shù)目。

3.Among them, the Yangtze River is the longest one and the second longest is the Yellow River.其中長江是中國最長的河流，黃河位居第二。

句中the longest one，the second longest，“最長”用最高級，“第二長”在最高級前加上序數(shù)詞second。

e.g.Shanghai is the biggest city in China and Beijing is the second biggest one.上海是中國最大的城市，北京位居第二。4.hear of 聽說

Eg：Have you heard of the romantic story

That’s the most fantastic place that I have ever heard of.那是我聽說過的最奇妙的地方。

Hear from 收到?的來信

（已經(jīng)含有收信的意思，無需用letter）= receive a letter from 5.lose oneself in ? 意為“沉浸于?”

Eg：The scenery is so attractive that visitors often lose themselves in it.如此迷人的景色常常使得游客流連忘返。

6.It severs as a bridge which connects the mainland with the rest of the world.它（香港）是連接祖國大陸與世界其他地方的橋梁。

7.be considered as = be regarded as

“被看作?，被認(rèn)為?”，而regard ?as 意為“把?看作，把?認(rèn)為，as 是介詞，后接名詞。

Eg：As we know, Taiwan is considered as the Treasure Island of China.臺(tái)灣被認(rèn)為是“中國寶島”。

8.fetch 去取回來

eg：If you are thirsty ,I can fetch you a bottle of water.9.introduce 介紹

(～sb to sb)eg：Boys and girls ,let me introduceTom, your new classmate, to you.復(fù)習(xí)定語從句（I）Topic 2 Confucius, a pioneer in the field of education.1.He was also a famous philosopher whose wise sayings have influenced many people in different countries.他也是一位著名的哲學(xué)家，他的至理名言影響了不同國家的許多人。

2.When I walk along with two others, I may be able to learn from them.三人行，必有我?guī)煛?.are proud of 人引以為豪的(take pride in)Eg：Chinese people are proud of China’s long history.= China takes pride in her long history.4.Unfortunately, he died of illness on his way home from Africa in 1433.不幸的是，他于1433年在從非洲返回的路途中病故。

die of 多指因內(nèi)因而引起，die from 多指因外因而引起。

Eg:The old man died of heart disease.He died from a serious traffic accident.5.bring down 推翻

Eg： After a revolutionary，the emperor was brought down.break down 摧毀，垮下

Topic 3 The dragon has become a symbol of the Chinese nation.1.play a part in 在?方面起作用

Eg：Robots plays an important part in morden industry 2.promise sb.sth.許諾某人某事

promise to do sth.答應(yīng)做某事 promise sb.to do sth.答應(yīng)某人做某事

eg:

I promised him a present for his birthday.我答應(yīng)送他一件生日禮物。

She promised to write to him.她答應(yīng)給他寫信。

Father promised me to buy a new pair of shoes for me.爸爸許諾給我買一雙新鞋。2.We can go to either Beihai Park or Shichahai Park.either ?or 或?或? ,連接并列主語時(shí)，謂語和最近的主語一致，即遵從就近原則。

e.g.Either you or he has to go there.或者是你或者是他得去那兒。3．Both my father and I like it a lot.我和我父親都非常喜歡。

both ?and? 意為“既?又?，兩者都?”。連接并列主語時(shí)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

e.g.Both Tom and I have been to the Great Wall.湯姆和我曾經(jīng)去過長城。4．Neither my mother nor my father likes it.我的父母都不喜歡。

neither ?nor ? 既不?也不?，連接兩個(gè)并列成分，謂語動(dòng)詞和鄰近的主語一致，即遵從就近原則。

Eg:Neither she nor I am right.她和我都不對。

He is neither a doctor nor a teacher.他既不是醫(yī)生也不是老師。5．found v.成立，建立；創(chuàng)建，創(chuàng)辦

Eg:A new country was founded on October 1st ,1949.found的過去式與過去分詞都是founded

e.g.His elder brother founded a company in 2001.他的哥哥2001年創(chuàng)辦了一個(gè)公司。注意區(qū)分：find v.“找到，發(fā)現(xiàn)”，它的過去式與過去分詞是found

e.g.He found a purse lying on the ground.他發(fā)現(xiàn)地上有一個(gè)錢包。6.At the end of 在?末端

Eg：At the end of the year，he passed away.7.復(fù)習(xí)并列連詞both ?and ?, either?or ?, neither?nor?.和not only?but also?的用法： Unit 6 Entertainment and Friendship Topic 1 I would rather watch sports shows than those ones.1.In my spare time , I enjoy watching TV, especially quiz shows from which I can learn a lot.在空閑時(shí)間，我喜歡看電視，特別是能從中學(xué)到許多東西的智力節(jié)目。

在定語從句中，當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞which作介詞的賓語時(shí)，即“介詞+which”結(jié)構(gòu)，介詞可放在which之前，也可放在定語從句中的動(dòng)詞之后。

Eg: This is the house in which Bing Xin was born.冰心是在這所房子里出生的。

= This is the house which Bing Xin was born in.2.would rather do sth.than do sth.比起做?更愿意做?

Eg:I would rather stay at home than go out in such bad weather.這么糟糕的天氣，我寧愿待在家中，也不愿出去。

3.hit sb on the nose 打某人的鼻子

（用the 而不用his 或her）

Eg：He hit the woman in the face / on the nose.4.be ready to do sth.內(nèi)心愿意/樂意做某事

Eg: He was ready to believe her.他愿意相信她。

5.From then on.從那時(shí)起

From now on

從現(xiàn)在起 6.a symbol of ?

?的象征

= stand for Eg：The rose is regarded as a symbol of love in both China and some western countries.People think the rose stands for love, peace, courage and friendship.8.order sb.to do sth.命令/要求某人去做某事

order sth for sb./ sth.為某人/ 某物訂購某物

eg: The doctor ordered me to stay in bed.醫(yī)生命令我好好呆在床上休息.9.forgive sb.sth.原諒某人某事

forgive sb.for doing sth.請求別人原諒所做的事

eg: She could forgive him anything.她會(huì)原諒他的任何事.Please forgive me for disturbing you.請?jiān)徫掖驍_你了.Topic 2 Who is your favorite character in literature? 1.according to 根據(jù)

Eg：According to the given words，fill in the blanks。2.make up one’s mind 意為“下定決心”，后跟動(dòng)詞不定式。

Eg：He has made up his mind to work hard and catch up with others.他已下定決心努力學(xué)習(xí)趕上別人。

3.can’t help 禁不住

+ v-ing eg：Sometimes we can’t help laughing because of his funny behavior.有時(shí)我們因他的有趣行為而禁不住大笑。Topic 3 I will remember our friendship forever.1.This weekend we’ll graduate from Ren’ai International School!本周末我們將從仁愛國際學(xué)校畢業(yè)。1）graduate 作動(dòng)詞是，表 “畢業(yè)”，相當(dāng)于leave school，其名詞形式為graduation eg: He graduated in 1999.= He left school in 1999.2）graduate from + 學(xué)校 表 “從某個(gè)學(xué)校畢業(yè)” graduate in + 專業(yè) 表 “畢業(yè)于某專業(yè)”

eg: He graduated from Peking University last year.去年他從北京大學(xué)畢業(yè)。

He graduated in English at a famous University.他畢業(yè)于一所名牌大學(xué)的外語專業(yè)。2.think back on/ to “回想起，追憶” 如：

eg：When I think back on/to those things, I miss my friends a lot.當(dāng)我回想起那些事情時(shí)，我就非常想念我的朋友。3.…and write some words on the blackboard with color chalks.用彩色粉筆在黑板上寫幾句話。1）chalk “粉筆”，不可數(shù)名詞，若表示“一支粉筆”時(shí)，則用a piece of chalk;2）當(dāng)表示各種顏色的粉筆時(shí)，則可數(shù)。

4.I’ve got dozens of cards.我準(zhǔn)備了許多賀卡。1）dozen作可數(shù)名詞，意為“

（一）打；十二；幾十；許多”

Give me a dozen, please.請給我一打。

2）當(dāng)和數(shù)詞連用后面跟名詞時(shí)，dozen不加s，其后也不跟of。

eg: two dozen eggs 兩打雞蛋

3）dozen后加s時(shí)，常與of連用，意為“幾十；許多”，表不明確的數(shù)目。dozens of? 幾十hundreds of?幾百；成百上千thousands of?幾千；成千上萬 5.to one’s joy 使某人高興的是

to one’s surprised 使某人驚訝的是

eg: To my joy, I became the owner of an MP3 last week.使我高興的是，上周我擁有了自己的MP3。

To our surprised, Jim didn’t pass the exam.令我們驚訝的是，吉姆沒通過考試。6.take photos of sb.為某人拍照

take photos with sb.與某人合影 7.leave?behind “忘了帶；遺忘；把??拋在后面”

eg：It means change, and leaving behind unforgettable faces and places.它意味著變化，意味著把那些不能忘卻的面容和地方留在記憶深處。

She knew that she had left childhood behind.她知道童年已一去不復(fù)返了。8.see sb off 為某人送行

Eg：Today，we got up early to see him off.