第一篇：關(guān)于英文畢業(yè)論文基本格式的建議

關(guān)于英文畢業(yè)論文基本格式的建議（2008年10月6日補充）

本“建議”是葉苗老師在參考某些國際學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范的要求、國內(nèi)一些權(quán)威著作、期刊和重點外國語學(xué)院的相關(guān)要求的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合本院情況總結(jié)出來的指導(dǎo)性意見。這些建議并不全面，還會繼續(xù)補充和完善。希望09屆本科畢業(yè)生撰寫畢業(yè)論文時遵照執(zhí)行。若發(fā)現(xiàn)有誤，請與本人聯(lián)系。

一、論文封面: 學(xué)校統(tǒng)一（全中文）。

論文第一頁格式（全英文，字體上半部分使用Times New Roman 3號字、加黑，下半部分為Times New Roman 4號字）（頁碼標為I，居中）COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES Graduation Thesis for BA Degree in English Language and Literature Title Student:

______________ Class

______________ Supervisor: ____________ Wenzhou University, Zhejiang, China May, 2009

I

論文第二頁格式：Acknowledgements???（單獨占一頁, Times New Roman 4號字。頁碼標為II）

論文第三頁格式：先英文Abstract & Key words（Times New Roman,５號字，加粗,加冒號。后中文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞（中文宋體5號，加粗，加冒號。頁碼標為III）論文第四頁格式：（Times New Roman ４號字, 頁碼標為V）

CONTENTS 1.?????????????????????(page 1開始)2.……………………………………….………………………… 2.1...………………………………………………………….2.2.…………………………………………………………………...2.3.……………………………………………………………… 3.………………………………………………………………..3.1.………………………………………………………………

論文正文開始：(page 1開始)。

(正文開始每頁要有頁眉，寫上論文題目，靠左。正文的大標題：3號字，粗體。小標題：四號字，粗體。內(nèi)容：小四號字。字體：Times New Roman)·正文一律采用文內(nèi)注釋法，即在括號內(nèi)列出作者，出版年代：頁碼.·例句編號用（1）、（1a）、(1b)、和（2）?的形式,全文統(tǒng)一編號。Bibliography(另起一頁，左邊頂格，頁碼為論文正文頁碼的延續(xù)）參考文獻（宋體5號）：引據(jù)或參考文獻按漢語拼音或英文字母姓氏A-Z順序列出，英文文獻在前，中文文獻在后，并依次排上序號[1]、[2]、[3]??，所列文獻必須與文內(nèi)注釋對應(yīng)。

二、引用文獻的格式要求

（一）引用文獻的基本格式

這里我們分兩種情況來介紹引文的基本格式：第一種情況是把文獻作者作為句子的一部分（通常作主語），我們把它叫做“格式1”；第二情況是把作者的姓放在括弧里，我們把它叫做“格式2”。在同一篇論文中，以上兩種格式可以同時使用。格式1 格式1的基本做法是，把作者的姓（Family name）作為句子的一部分（通常作主語），隨后用括弧標出所引用文獻的出版年代。比如：

Long(1991:67)argues that without this, outcomes such as those from immersion education are likely to occur, with a lack of sustained development.如果文獻有兩個作者，則要將兩個作者的姓都寫出來，并用and連接(不能用&符號連接)。比如：

Perkins and Gass(1996:34)argue that, since proficiency is multidimensional, it does not always develop at the same rate in all domains.如果文獻有三個或三個以上（六個以下）的作者，論文中第一次引用時必須把所有作者的姓都寫出來，用逗號隔開，最后一個作者的姓用and連接。

Sanders, Spooren and Noordman(1992:21)presents a useful taxonomy of coherence relations.在第二次及以后再引用該文獻時，只需寫出第一個作者的姓，再加上 et al.，比如： Sanders et al.(1992:65)studied coherence relations based on four criteria.注意，參考書目的條目中不允許使用et al.來代替其他作者。應(yīng)列出文獻的所有作者。如果所引用的內(nèi)容在原文獻中跨頁（直接引用時一般應(yīng)該只跨兩頁），則要標出頁碼范圍，比如：

Hu(胡壯鱗1994:5~6)points out that text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s are more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”.在直接引用文獻時，如所引用的內(nèi)容較長（一般超過50單詞），則應(yīng)該另起一段，左右縮進。比如： ??

Lorenz(1999:76)voiced a very similar view that because in written communication, coherence cannot be explicitly negotiated face-to-face between text producer and text receiver，“writers therefore have every reason for trying to be unequivocal and to make their ideas, intentions and arguments unmistakably clear.One way of doing this is to carefully signal logical relations and thereby ‘signpost’ the path to coherence for the reader.Consequently, when looking at the fabrication of coherence in written discourse, we need to pay special attention to those explicit signposts of coherence, i.e.the text’s cohesive ties”(p.55).格式2 格式2的基本做法是，把作者的姓、出版年代以及頁碼均放在括弧里，出版年代緊隨作者的姓，之后是頁碼。比如：

The first criticism is that the text-based researchers choose to study the text itself for “methodological convenience”(Givón, 1995:59).使用格式2時，如果文獻有兩位作者，則必須把兩位作者的姓都寫出來，用&連接（不能用and），比如：

One validates not a test, but ‘a(chǎn) principle for making inferences’(Cronbach & Meehl, 1955:297).（二）轉(zhuǎn)引的格式 所謂轉(zhuǎn)引，是指論文作者并沒有看到某個文獻的原始出版物，而是在另外一個文獻中看到的。比如Chapelle在其1998年的某個文獻中引用了Shepard在1993年發(fā)表的文章中的內(nèi)容?，F(xiàn)在論文作者看到的是Chapelle的文獻，而不是Shepard的原始文獻。如果論文作者希望引用Shepard的話，則應(yīng)該用下面的格式：

If construct validity is seen as an exhaustive process that can be accomplished over a 50-year period, test developers may be inclined to think that any validity information is good enough in the short run(Shepard 1993: 444, cited in Chapelle 1998:78).上例中的cited in表示“轉(zhuǎn)引自”，也可以用quoted from表示。注意，畢業(yè)論文中不能有過多的轉(zhuǎn)引的內(nèi)容。

（三）如何引用論文集的文獻

論文集是指各章節(jié)由不同作者撰寫并由一位或幾位作者編輯出版的著作。負責編輯出版的作者稱為editor(s)，封面和扉頁一般會注明edited by，或在編輯者后面用括弧注明(Editor(s))。在論文集中，前言（Preface）、導(dǎo)論（Introduction）及每篇文章（或每章）都單獨署名。引用論文集的內(nèi)容時，要根據(jù)文獻作者進行引用，不能用編輯者的姓名進行引用。比如，M.A.Gernsbacher和 T.Givón在1995年編輯出版了一本名為Coherence in Spontaneous Text的論文集。其中有A.Sanford和L.Moxey寫的一篇文章Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective。如果要引用這篇文章的內(nèi)容，則應(yīng)該按以下格式： Obviously Reinhart’s criterion of relevance is in fact obviously psychological, since “relevance can only be defined with respect to background knowledge, and reasoning processes”(Sanford & Moxey 1995:163).在這種情況下，論文后面的參考文獻的寫法是：

Sanford, A.& Moxey, L.Aspects of coherence in written language: a psychological perspective.In Gernsbacher, M.A.& Givon, T.(Eds.), Coherence in Spontaneous Text.Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1995: 161-187.（四）如何引用中文文獻

在用英文撰寫論文的過程中，如果要引用中文文獻，要將引用的中文信息翻譯成英文，作者直接用中文名。比如：

For example, text studies in the 1960s and early 1970s were more or less concerned with “text grammar” and textual “grammaticality”(胡壯鱗, 1994:5~6).（五）關(guān)于引文的其他注意事項

1．關(guān)于重復(fù)引用。在同一段落中，連續(xù)兩次或兩次以上引用同一文獻時（中間沒有引用其他的文獻），從第二次開始，不重復(fù)文獻作者的姓和出版年代，而是用ibid.代替。如所引內(nèi)容在不同頁碼，可以在ibid.之后加上頁碼。凡是另起一段，全部要重寫。比如：

A principle of text sequencing is that “without overt indications to the contrary, the order of mention of certain items may be assumed to reflect the order of these items in reality or in our conceptualization of reality”(Dik, 1997:435).This equals to say that textual description of events or states-of-affairs should follow either the order which actually exists in the worlds described or the order in which we perceive the worlds.As Dik(ibid.:436)further points out, “as long as the ordering within the discourse is in accordance with these natural defaults, this adds to the overall coherence.Where such orders are shifted around, overt markers must warn the interpreter of this marked situation”.2．有時論文中不是直接或間接引用文獻，而只是為了描述或介紹研究現(xiàn)狀而提及某些文獻，往往同時提及多種文獻。在這種情況下可以采用如下格式（注意使用e.g.,）：

The situation with accuracy is not so clear.Some studies(e.g., Foster & Skehan 1996;Skehan & Foster 1997;Mehnert 1998)do suggest that accuracy is raised when there is planning, but other studies(e.g., Crookes 1989;Ortega 1999;Wigglesworth 1997, 2001)do not support this claim.在這種情況下，可以用兩種方法來安排文獻的順序。一是按文獻的年代排列，較早的排在前面（如上例）；二是按作者的姓氏的字母順序排列。

3．在同一處提及一個作者不同年代的文獻時，可在括弧中列出若干個年代，用逗號隔開，按時間順序排列。比如：

According to Halliday(1973, 1978, 1985, 1994), language has three main metafunctions, namely, ideational metafunction, interpersonal metafunction and textual metafunction.4．如果需要同時引用某個作者在其獨立完成的某個著作中的觀點以及這個作者與其他作者合作的著作中的觀點，可以采用下列兩種格式：

However, McNamara(1995;McNamara & Lumley, 1997)has challenged the Bachman model.However, researchers have challenged the Bachman model(McNamara, 1995;McNamara & Lumley, 1997).5．在同一論文中如果需要引用的兩個作者的姓氏相同（即使出版年代不同），則需要加上作者的名字（First name）的首字母加以區(qū)分。比如：

R.Dawkins(1986)and M.S.Dawkins(1980)have contributed to an understanding of consciousness in animals.6．如果所引用的文獻沒有具體的作者，而是某個機構(gòu)出版物，在引用時用機構(gòu)的名稱代替作者的姓，比如：

Retired officers retain access to all of the university’s educational and recreational facilities(Columbia University,1995:54).7．詞典或百科全書一般用出版物的名稱，如果有大家熟悉的縮寫形式，也可以使用縮寫形式。

三、參考書目的基本格式

（一）專著

[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名（外文文獻用斜體）[M].出版地：出版社，出版年，起止頁碼.例：[1] 劉國鈞，陳紹業(yè)，王鳳翥.圖書館目錄[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1957, 15-18.[2] Elliott E.Columbia Literary History of the Unite States[M].New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.（二）論文集、編著中的析出文獻

[序號]析出文獻主要責任者，析出文獻題名[A].原文獻主要責任者。原文獻題名(外文文獻用斜體)[C].出版地：出版年, 起止頁碼.例：[1]方夢之.加強對比語言學(xué)的研究[A].楊自儉，李瑞華.英漢對比研究論文[C].上海：上海外語教育出版社，1990, 79-85.[2]Carter R.Is There A Literary Language?[A].Steel & Threadgold Language Topics Vol.2 [C].Amsterdan/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989.（三）期刊文章

[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名(外文文獻用斜體，書和雜志的名字要斜體，文章名字不要斜體。)[J].刊名.年，卷（期）：起止頁碼.例：[1]王東風.論翻譯過程中的文化介入[J].中國翻譯.1998，(5)：6-9.[2]Vigil, F.& J.Oller.Rules of Fossilization;a tentative model[J].Language Teaching.1976,(26)：281-295.（四）譯著

[序號]原著者姓名.原著名(斜體)[Z].譯者姓名.書名.譯著出版地：出版社，出版年, 起止頁碼 例：Faulkner W.The Sound and the Fury[Z].李文俊.喧嘩與騷動.上海：上海譯文出版社, 1984, 81-82.（五）報紙——[序號]主要責任者.文獻題名[N].報紙名，出版日期（版次）.示例：

[1]謝希德.創(chuàng)造學(xué)習(xí)的新思路[N].人民日報，1998-12-25（10）.（六）國際標準、國家標準——[序號]標準代號標準順序號-發(fā)布年標準名稱[S].示例：

[1]GB/T 16159-1996 漢語拼音正詞法基本規(guī)則[S].（七）電子文獻格式——[序號]主要責任者.電子文獻題名[電子文獻記載類型標識].電子文獻出處或可獲得地址.示例：

[2]王明亮.關(guān)于中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊標準化數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)工程的進展[EB/OL].http:‖>.(注：網(wǎng)上資源慎用)

（十二）參考書目的排列順序

排列參考書目的順序時要遵守以下規(guī)則：

1．所有條目按文獻作者的姓氏的字母順序排列，先英文后中文。2．同一作者在不同年代的文獻按時間先后順序排列。如：

Halliday, M.A.K.Spoken and Written Language.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(Second Edition).London: Edward Arnold, 1994.3．由某個作者獨立撰寫的著作排在該作者與其他作者合作的著作之前，比如：

Halliday, M.A.K.Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning.London: Edward Arnold,1978.Halliday, M.A.K.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(Second Edition).London: Edward Arnold,1994.Halliday, M.A.K.& Hasan, R.Cohesion in English.London: Longman,1976.Halliday, M.A.K.& Hasan, R.Language, context, and text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective.London: Oxford University Press,1989.4．作者的姓名有復(fù)姓時，姓名前有前綴（如van, de），正文中只出現(xiàn)名字，而在參考文獻中則要出現(xiàn)名字的前綴，按照前綴的字母順序排列。如下面的de Beaugrande, R.1980排在Dahlgren, K.1992之后，而不是按照Beaugrande中的首字母B來排順序：

Dahlgren, K.Convergent evidence for a set of coherence relations.In Stein, D.(Ed.), Cooperating with Written Texts: The Pragmatics and Comprehension of Written Texts.pp.631~663.Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.de Beaugrande, R.Text, Discourse, and Process: Towards a multidisciplinary science of texts.Norwood, NJ.: ABLEX Publishing,1980.此時de應(yīng)該大寫還是小寫要查清楚，最好的做法是看看這個作者的文章在其他人的作品中是如何引用的。

論文格式常見問題（補充）一.論文行文結(jié)構(gòu)

1.論文的總體順序是：封面，扉頁，致謝（Acknowledgements），英文摘要(Abstract)，中文摘要，目錄(Contents)，縮寫詞列表(Abbreviations)，正文，參考文獻（Bibliography），附錄（Appendix；附錄要編號）。

2.文章中每段文字不能少于3－4行，太少的文字不能單獨成段。所有段落首行縮進（4個字母的空間）。自動換行后一率頂格。

3．不允許使用Microsoft Word的自動編號功能（錄入時取消自動編號功能），也不能使用bulletin的格式（加黑點羅列）。

4.標題與正文之間要有距離。不同層次的標題字號應(yīng)該有所區(qū)別。最小層次的標題可以與正文字號相同，但是要加粗字體以示區(qū)別。

5.不同的標題之間不能按次堆列在一起，中間應(yīng)該有文字過渡。另外標題下面不能直接出現(xiàn)表格、圖形、例句等，要有文字過渡。

6.每個section 的字數(shù)不能太少，同級的section字數(shù)應(yīng)該大致相等，不能相差過于懸殊。每個section如果中間沒有出現(xiàn)下級標題的話一般不要超過3頁，否則應(yīng)該將本節(jié)內(nèi)容劃分更為細致。最低層次的subsection（如2.2.2.1）的篇幅不能太長（1~2頁為宜）。段落不宜過長。一個段落一般不超過一頁的一半篇幅。但是段落也不能太短（如2~3行），至少5~6行以上為宜。

7.實驗中哪組是實驗組，哪組是控制組要交待清楚。實驗組叫做Experimental Group，習(xí)慣用EG表示，控制組叫做Control Group，縮寫為CG。

8.出現(xiàn)例句時，例句與正文的字體字號應(yīng)該有所不同以示區(qū)別。

9.文章不能無緣無故隨意出現(xiàn)空半頁的情況。表格和圖形如果排版時排不下，可以整體排到下一頁。

10.正文中不要出現(xiàn)縮寫。例如，don’t，can’t。不能使用非正式用語，如quite many, a lot of, a little。不能使用祈使句。11.一些常見術(shù)語，第一次出現(xiàn)時要出現(xiàn)全稱，在括號里寫出縮寫，例如second language acquisition（SLA），再次出現(xiàn)時則直接寫SLA。

12.文章時態(tài)問題：建議大多數(shù)時候用一般現(xiàn)在時；除了例如investigate，study，conduct a study 這種強調(diào)動作的動詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)過去時之外。13.文中大的段落之間應(yīng)空一行，其他按默認處理。二.表格及數(shù)據(jù)

1.表格不能跨頁。為了保證表格在一頁上可以把后面的文字提到前面寫。如果表格過長一頁放不下可以在下頁繼續(xù)，把表頭照抄過去。

2.表格的標號問題：可以從Table 1，Table 2 ?..按數(shù)字順序列下去；也可以根據(jù)表格所在的章節(jié)列出。比如第三章的第一個表格就是 Table 3.1，第二個就是Table 3.2，以次類推；不能出現(xiàn)Table 3.1.1 的情況。

3.表格中的數(shù)字小數(shù)點后保留的位數(shù)應(yīng)該統(tǒng)一：慣例是平均分保留到兩位；P值保留三位；一般不要超過四位。4.在使用Word，Excel，SPSS計算數(shù)據(jù)時數(shù)據(jù)位數(shù)太多，計算機會自動將其變?yōu)榭茖W(xué)計算法，但我們在呈現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)時要將其變成普通數(shù)據(jù)。

5.一般我們在判斷T是否著差時，P值只取到0.05 和0.01；不能理想當然的取其它值。小于0.05是顯著，在表格中要標出*；小于0.01 是非常顯著，在表格中標出**, 并在表格下面說明一個星號，兩個星號分別是p值小于0.05 和0.01 時。

6.表格要劃線清楚，以免讀者出現(xiàn)對錯行的問題。上下和左右線應(yīng)對齊。三.有關(guān)摘要的問題

這篇論文研究的主題/范圍是什么？ 作者提供了哪些背景信息？ 本研究的目的是什么？ 研究是怎樣進行的？ 有哪些主要研究發(fā)現(xiàn)？

研究所帶來的啟示包括哪些？ 四.有關(guān)結(jié)論的問題

第二篇：畢業(yè)論文參考文獻基本格式

附件五：

xxxx大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）

參考文獻規(guī)范格式

一、參考文獻的類型

參考文獻（即引文出處）的類型以單字母方式標識，具體如下：

M——專著

C——論文集

N——報紙文章

J——期刊文章 D——學(xué)位論文

R——報告

S——標準

P——專利 A——文章

對于不屬于上述的文獻類型，采用字母“Z”標識。常用的電子文獻及載體類型標識：

［ＤＢ/OL］——聯(lián)機網(wǎng)上數(shù)據(jù)(database online)［DB/MT］——磁帶數(shù)據(jù)庫(database on magnetic tape)［Ｍ/CD］——光盤圖書(monograph on CDROM)［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盤軟件(computer program on disk)［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——網(wǎng)上期刊(serial online)［ＥＢ/OL］——網(wǎng)上電子公告(electronic bulletin board online)對于英文參考文獻，還應(yīng)注意以下兩點： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原則，具體格式是： 姓，名字的首字母.如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 應(yīng)為：Cowley, M.R.，如果有兩位作者，第一位作者方式不變，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 與Irving Gordon應(yīng)為：Norris, F.& I.Gordon.；

②書名、報刊名使用斜體字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、參考文獻的格式及舉例

1．期刊類

【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷號（期號）：起止頁碼.【舉例】

[1] 周融，任志國，楊尚雷，厲星星.對新形勢下畢業(yè)設(shè)計管理工作的思考與實踐[J].電氣電子教學(xué)學(xué)報，2003(6)：107-109.[2] 夏魯惠.高等學(xué)校畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）教學(xué)情況調(diào)研報告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver.The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999,(3): 62 – 67.2．專著類

【格式】[序號]作者.書名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止頁碼.【舉例】

[4] 劉國鈞，王連成.圖書館史研究[Ｍ].北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18，31.[5] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3．報紙類

【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[N].報紙名，出版日期（版次）.【舉例】

[6] 李大倫.經(jīng)濟全球化的重要性[N].光明日報，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W.Between Silences: A Voice from China[N].Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4．論文集

【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始頁碼.【舉例】

[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文論選[C].上海：上海譯文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G.“Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A].In C.Nelson & L.Grossberg(eds.).Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C].Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G.Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A].In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards(eds.).Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C].New York: Cambridge University Press.1996.pp.50-78.5．學(xué)位論文

【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始頁碼.【舉例】

[11] 張筑生.微分半動力系統(tǒng)的不變集[D].北京：北京大學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)系數(shù)學(xué)研究所, 1983：1-7.6．研究報告

【格式】[序號]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始頁碼.【舉例】

[12] 馮西橋.核反應(yīng)堆壓力管道與壓力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清華大學(xué)核能技術(shù)設(shè)計研究院, 1997：9-10.7．專利

【格式】[序號]專利所有者.題名[P].國別：專利號，發(fā)布日期.【舉例】

[13] 姜錫洲.一種溫熱外敷藥制備方案[P].中國專利：881056073, 1989–07–26.8．標準

【格式】[序號]標準編號，標準名稱[S].【舉例】

[14] GB/T 16159—1996, 漢語拼音正詞法基本規(guī)則 [S].9．條例

【格式】[序號]頒布單位.條例名稱.發(fā)布日期 【舉例】

[15] 中華人民共和國科學(xué)技術(shù)委員會.科學(xué)技術(shù)期刊管理辦法[Z].1991—06—05 10．電子文獻

【格式】[序號]主要責任者.電子文獻題名.電子文獻出處[電子文獻及載體類型標識].或可獲得地址，發(fā)表或更新日期/引用日期.【舉例】

[16] 王明亮.關(guān)于中國學(xué)術(shù)期刊標準化數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)工程的進展[EB/OL].http: //, 1998–08–16/1998–10–04.[17] 萬錦.中國大學(xué)學(xué)報論文文摘（1983–1993）.英文版 [DB/CD].北京: 中國大百科全書出版社, 1996.11．各種未定義類型的文獻

【格式】[序號] 主要責任者.文獻題名[Z].出版地：出版者, 出版年.三、注釋

注釋是對論文正文中某一特定內(nèi)容的進一步解釋或補充說明。注釋應(yīng)置于本頁頁腳，前面用圈碼①、②、③等標識。

附件五：

參考文獻著錄格式舉例

參考文獻：

[1] 左平良.論生存性債權(quán)對擔保物權(quán)的優(yōu)先行使[J].云夢學(xué)刊，2001，(4).（期刊類）[2] 郭明瑞等.優(yōu)先權(quán)制度研究[M].北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，2004，33.（書籍類）

[3] 張亞輝.無父母的世界[EB/OL].http://data/article/2006/05/985.html.2006-5-12.（網(wǎng)絡(luò)類）

[4] 梁慧星.民商法論叢[M].北京：法律出版社，1997，44.[5] 徐學(xué)鹿.破產(chǎn)法[M].北京：人民法院出版社，1999，67-69.[6] 李玉璧.商法原理[M].蘭州：蘭州大學(xué)出版社，2000，23.[7] 王欣新.破產(chǎn)法專題研究[M].北京：法律出版社，2002，70-71.[8] 吳建斌.國際商法新論[M].南京：南京大學(xué)出版社2001，56-58.[9] 張慶安.中美企業(yè)破產(chǎn)制度特點比較[J].經(jīng)濟與法，1995，(1).[10]何勤華、李秀清.外國民商法導(dǎo)論[M].上海：復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社，2000，87-90.[11] 謝希德.創(chuàng)造學(xué)習(xí)的新思路[N].人民日報，1998-12-25(10).(報紙文章)[12]張佐光，張曉宏，仲偉虹，等.多相混雜纖維復(fù)合材料拉伸行為分析[A]．見：張為民編.第九屆全國復(fù)合材料學(xué)術(shù)會議論文集(下冊)[C]．北京：世界圖書出版公司，1996.410～416.（論文集）

[13]金宏.導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)的精度及容錯性能的研究[D].北京：北京航空航天大學(xué)自動控制系，1998.(學(xué)位論文)[14]KyungmoonNho.Automatic landing system design using fuzzy logic [R].AIAA-98-4484,1998.(科技報告)[15]GB/T 16159－1996，漢語拼音正詞法基本規(guī)則[S](國際或國家標準)

[16]姜錫洲.一種溫熱外敷藥制備方案[P].中國專利：881056073，1989-07-26.(專利)

第三篇：畢業(yè)論文英文致謝

畢業(yè)論文致謝1 First of all, I would like to thank my mentor professor Xiang Ji During my pH.d., teacher Ji teach by precept and example，and let me learn a lot such as how to be a good man and learn the truth.In my doctoral thesis research in the face of a huge field, teacher Ji in the topic direction, the paper structure, thesis methods and other aspects are tirelessly inspired and guided by me, step by step in order to guide my progress.The years of my Ph.D.is the most memorable time in my life。Teacher Ji rigorous academic attitude and a strong spirit of innovation always infected me, urging me, encourage me, and it will benefit me all my life, along with me on the academic road of the future.Secondly，thank to Professor Jian Xia，School of architecture and urban planning of Suzhou University of science and technology, Xia teacher from the research materials and research methods, and many other aspects of my paper to provide a great help, So that my paper is possible to complete.I would like to thank Prof.Liu Zuyi of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their excellent guidance and review of my paper.I benefited a lot.I would like to thank Professor Jiang Chang of the School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, for giving me a great idea of my thesis.Their suggestions in the field of underground space are very enlightening for the paper.Their help made the paper go smoothly.Thanks to the Tsinghua University School of architecture professor Weimin Zhuang and Beijing University of Technology School of architecture and urban planning of professor Jian Dai on my thesis detailed review.Thanks to the China University of Mining and Technology School of mechanics and civil engineering professor Junwu Xia on my thesis guidance and comments.I would like to thank the senior engineer of Chen Jun, Jiangsu Provincial Planning and Design Institute, for his important help during my research.I would like to thank Professor Lian Si of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their valuable suggestions.Thanks to Professor Yingxin Zhu of the School of Architecture for my patience.I would like to thank the chief architect of Rongguo Hu of China Academy of Building Research for my important suggestion.Thanks Hui Wang Associate Professor, Jie Hong associate professor, teacher Chao Luo, teacher Chaochao Chu and Rui Ma, Jun Lan, Hao Wang, Jian Tong Zhao, Da Zhang, Dong Wang, Xinbin Liang, Jiaqi Zhu and other teachers, The discussion of the paper and the warm help.Thanks Huiyu Sun for helping me.Thanks Yang Yang for helping me.Thanks Yunmin Jiang for helping me.Finally I would like to thank my parents for many years of my training, and in my study and research with great encouragement and life of my spirit on the full support.致謝2

Thanks to my tutor Professor ChenFei , this paper was completed under the guidance of the tutor.Without the guidance, encouragement and financial support , the paper can not be successfully completed.I have fruitful results and deep feelings in the five years of successive postgraduate and doctoral programs of study.Tutor's excellent quality of behavior, rigorous attitude, the spirit of innovation, ability to grasp the overall situation and sweep down irresistibly from a commanding height, selfless work spirit for students to establish a model of a subtle role, this is also the most valuable wealth that tutors impart to students.In this regard, I would like to pay deep tribute to my tutor.Thanks to Professor Tian Zuzhi, he has been taking the utmost care it from selection of subject to completion of this thesis.Even in his busy schedule, Professor Tian also took time to read the article, and put forward many valuable comments and suggestions, so that the author benefited greatly.I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and respect to Professor Tian Zuzhi.Grateful to professor Li Aimin, associate professor Meng Deyuan, associate professor Liu Shanzeng, postdoctoral Qiu Bingjing for the guidance and help in the theoretical analysis and experimental research of the paper.Express heartfelt gratitude to the leadership and staff of Xuzhou five Ocean Science and Technology Ltd, which received great support in the design, manufacture and assembly process of the experimental platform , especially the Mr Deng Zhipeng, Mr Meng Zhigang , Mr Wu Hongzhi, Engineer Yue Fuliang and other workshop Masters.Thank you for the help and care given by the teachers, brothers and sisters in the laboratory and life.Thank you for the happy time they spent with me for five years.Thanks to my family for their care, understanding and support,their selfless dedication and silent hard work is the driving force and courage for me to move forward.In the coming days, I will repay them with all my heart with gratitude.I would like to offer my highest respect and sincere thanks to my family.Thank you for the relevant expert and scholar to review my thesis in their busy schedule, and put forward valuable guidance and suggestions.In this regard, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all the experts and scholars.致謝3 I would never have been able to successfully finish this Ph.D thesis without the guidance of my supervisor, and help from my friends as well as support from my family.First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof.Cao Yijun for his extensive guidance on my research work: from the topic of the thesis, experiments, to the writing of this thesis.His immense knowledge, rigorous attitude and tireless teaching greatly benefited me.I would like to thank him for the advice he provided on both research as well as life in general.Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank Liu Shaofang, professor of Public Foreign Languages at CMUT, who taught me how to write professional thesis in English and laid a good foundation for my doctoral degree.In addition, I am grateful to all teachers from School of Chemistry and Engineering at CUMT, for their help on scientific research methods.Last but not least, a special thanks to my family for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life.I would not be in the position where I am now without their love, encouragement and understanding.

第四篇：英文畢業(yè)論文陳述句

sci 句型大全作者： 滿大鵬

再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁論文中的英文怎么寫了??！英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型 來源： 辛亮的日志 英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型 Beginning 1.In this paper, we focus on the need for 2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review 1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body 1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract 1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1.Introduction Time 1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive 2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the 4.The development of...is explored 5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose 1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in 5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows: 8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10.The main objective of such a...system is to 11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13.In order to take advantage of their similarity 14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed 15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues 17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods 20.This illustration points out the need to specify 21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review 23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade 25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to 35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to 37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to 39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41.Emphasized the need to 42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46.Point out that the problem of 47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49.The approach taken by [] is 50.The system developed by [] consists 51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to 56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that 58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established 61.The...studies indicated that 62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question 63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question 70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed 73.The three prime issues can be summarized: 74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to 77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第五篇：英文畢業(yè)論文細談

一篇優(yōu)質(zhì)的畢業(yè)論文，它的目錄也一定是很精簡，一目了然的。因為普通的畢業(yè)論文都有一萬字上下，篇幅很長，盡管設(shè)了分標題，但讀起來也還是比較費力的。而在開篇設(shè)一個目錄，便能讓讀者簡潔明了的看懂你的文章框架結(jié)構(gòu)以及大致走向。所以，今天優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)服務(wù)老師就來給大家講解一下目錄的制作。

一、清楚目錄提綱之間的關(guān)聯(lián)。

優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)老師提醒留學(xué)生，在之前已經(jīng)比較了開題報告和提綱的區(qū)別，現(xiàn)在要知道目錄和提綱的關(guān)系。

學(xué)生寫了開題報告，對于文章的選題方向，當前國內(nèi)外研究狀態(tài)，自己要論證的觀點有了介紹；在此基礎(chǔ)上列出outline，文章要分為哪幾大部分論述，每一部分內(nèi)部又要用哪些分標題、內(nèi)容來證明，可以寫得比較簡單、大概、籠統(tǒng)。而目錄又是在提綱的基礎(chǔ)上進一步準確無誤地呈現(xiàn)全部文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。

二、了解目錄的重要性。

1、通過閱讀目錄，讀者能夠在閱讀文章之前對全文的內(nèi)容、結(jié)構(gòu)有一個大致的了解，以此來決定對于此文是讀還是不讀，是要略讀還是精讀。你的文章有沒有參考價值，能不能作為別人研究的二手資料。

2、目錄可以為讀者在選擇論文中的某個分論點是提供極大的方便。比如在Word、PDF或是其他格式下閱讀，讀者認為某一部分可以適當引用的，只需要根據(jù)目錄迅速定位即可。

3、目錄作為論文的導(dǎo)讀圖，必定是準確的，與文章的綱目一致，即目錄中的每一個分標題在文中都有對應(yīng)關(guān)系。必定是清楚無誤的，后面對應(yīng)的頁碼也是正確的。必定是完整的，作者在制作目錄的時候補課不可缺少某一標題，尤其是大的板塊標題。

三:制作目錄方法。

在Word中最簡單也最麻煩的就是在大標題后的一頁手錄進去，然而對于文檔的使用比較熟悉的人會發(fā)現(xiàn)，有著更為便捷準確的方法，英國優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)老師特別為留學(xué)生們總結(jié)如下內(nèi)容。

1、在文檔開頭，選中要設(shè)置一級標題的文字內(nèi)容，設(shè)置好字體、字號等格式，然后選擇菜單中的“格式”-“段落”-“縮進和間距”選項卡-“大綱級別”設(shè)為1級!(關(guān)鍵步驟!)-“確定”。用同樣的辦法可以設(shè)置二級、三級....標題，區(qū)別就是在“大綱級別”里相應(yīng)選擇2級、3級等。

2、用剛設(shè)置好的一級標題去刷其它一級標題，其它級別標題依此類推。

3、光標放到想插入目錄的位置點“插入”-“引用”-“索引和目錄”-“格式”，右邊的“顯示級別”選擇你前面設(shè)置過的最大目錄級別，最后 “確定”。

目錄能夠幫助讀者更方便的閱讀你的論文，同學(xué)們一定要重視起來哦！以上就是優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)服務(wù)老師對論文目錄的簡單介紹了。優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)是一家英國留學(xué)申請與論文作業(yè)輔導(dǎo)的正規(guī)機構(gòu),在過去的10年時間里,幫助了英國高校學(xué)生順利申請了一大批英國名校,以及輔導(dǎo)留學(xué)生們完成了coursework, assignment，essay, assignment, research proposal, presentation等各種文書的輔導(dǎo),得到成千上萬的留學(xué)生的真正認可.到2015為止，優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)實現(xiàn)了客服24小時在線一對一的客戶溝通；我們擁有最專業(yè)的評估團隊, 我們的turn-it-in系統(tǒng)檢測幫助留學(xué)生朋友保證他們的論文原創(chuàng)性； 同時, 我們還有著龐大的英國院校師資力量支持等優(yōu)勢.如果還有什么不懂的歡迎隨時打電話來咨詢優(yōu)越論文網(wǎng)服務(wù)老師哦！