第一篇:獨(dú)立宣言中英文版
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE In Congress, July 4, 1776,THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to the m shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Des potism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected;whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States;for that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary powers.He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury.A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States;that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved;and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do.An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.JOHN HANCOCK, President
Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON
Massachusetts-Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY
Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY
Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT
Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO.WALTON
Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR., FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON.New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS
Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS
Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN
North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN
South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR., THOMAS LYNCH, JR., ARTHUR MIDDLETON
New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK
Pennsylvania: Robert Morris,Benjamin Rush,Benjamin Franklin,John Morton,George Clymer,James Smith,George Taylor,James Wilson,George Ross
Delaware: Caesar Rodney,George Read,Thomas McKean
Maryland: Samuel Chase,William Paca,Thomas Stone,Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Virginia: George Wythe,Richard Henry Lee,Thomas Jefferson,Benjamin Harrison,Thomas Nelson,Jr.,F(xiàn)rancis Lightfoot Lee,Carter Braxton
North Carolina: William Hooper,Joseph Hewes,John Penn
South Carolina: Edward Rutledge,Thomas Heyward,Jr.,Thomas Lynch,Jr.,Arthur Middleton
Georgia: Button Gwinnett,Lyman Hall,George Walton.1776年7月4日北美原十三個(gè)英屬殖民地一致通過(guò)的《獨(dú)立宣言》原文:
在有關(guān)人類事務(wù)的發(fā)展過(guò)程中,當(dāng)一個(gè)民族必須解除其和另一個(gè)民族之間的政治聯(lián)系,并在世界各國(guó)之間依照自然法則和上帝的意旨,接受獨(dú)立和平等的地位時(shí),出于人類輿論的尊重,必須把他們不得不獨(dú)立的原因予以宣布。
我們認(rèn)為下面這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利,其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。為了保障這些權(quán)利,人類才在他們之間建立政府,而政府之正當(dāng)權(quán)力,是經(jīng)被治理者的同意而產(chǎn)生的。當(dāng)任何形式的政府對(duì)這些目標(biāo)具破壞作用時(shí),人民便有權(quán)力改變或廢除它,以建立一個(gè)新的政府;其賴以奠基的原則,其組織權(quán)力的方式,務(wù)使人民認(rèn)為唯有這樣才最可能獲得他們的安全和幸福。為了慎重起見(jiàn),成立多年的政府,是不應(yīng)當(dāng)由于輕微和短暫的原因而予以變更的。過(guò)去的一切經(jīng)驗(yàn)也都說(shuō)明,任何苦難,只要是尚能忍受,人類都寧愿容忍,而無(wú)意為了本身的權(quán)益便廢除他們久已習(xí)慣了的政府。但是,當(dāng)追逐同一目標(biāo)的一連串濫用職權(quán)和強(qiáng)取豪奪發(fā)生,證明政府企圖把人民置于專制統(tǒng)治之下時(shí),那么人民就有權(quán)利,也有義務(wù)推翻這個(gè)政府,并為他們未來(lái)的安全建立新的保障--這就是這些殖民地過(guò)去逆來(lái)順受的情況,也是它們現(xiàn)在不得不改變以前政府制度的原因。當(dāng)今大不列顛國(guó)王的歷史,是接連不斷的傷天害理和強(qiáng)取豪奪的歷史,這些暴行的唯一目標(biāo),就是想在這些州建立專制的暴政。為了證明所言屬實(shí),現(xiàn)把下列事實(shí)向公正的世界宣布--
他拒絕批準(zhǔn)對(duì)公眾利益最有益、最必要的法律。
他禁止他的總督們批準(zhǔn)迫切而極為必要的法律,要不就把這些法律擱置起來(lái)暫不生效,等待他的同意;而一旦這些法律被擱置起來(lái),他對(duì)它們就完全置之不理。
他拒絕批準(zhǔn)便利廣大地區(qū)人民的其它法律,除非那些人民情愿放棄自己在立法機(jī)關(guān)中的代表權(quán);但這種權(quán)利對(duì)他們有無(wú)法估量的價(jià)值,而且只有暴君才畏懼這種權(quán)利。
他把各州立法團(tuán)體召集到異乎尋常的、極為不便的、遠(yuǎn)離它們檔案庫(kù)的地方去開會(huì),唯一的目的是使他們疲于奔命,不得不順從他的意旨。
他一再解散各州的議會(huì),因?yàn)樗鼈円詿o(wú)畏的堅(jiān)毅態(tài)度反對(duì)他侵犯人民的權(quán)利。
他在解散各州議會(huì)之后,又長(zhǎng)期拒絕另選新議會(huì);但立法權(quán)是無(wú)法取消的,因此這項(xiàng)權(quán)力仍由一般人民來(lái)行使。其實(shí)各州仍然處于危險(xiǎn)的境地,既有外來(lái)侵略之患,又有發(fā)生內(nèi)亂之憂。
他竭力抑制我們各州增加人口;為此目的,他阻撓外國(guó)人入籍法的通過(guò),拒絕批準(zhǔn)其它鼓勵(lì)外國(guó)人移居各州的法律,并提高分配新土地的條件。
他拒絕批準(zhǔn)建立司法權(quán)力的法律,藉以阻撓司法工作的推行。
他把法官的任期、薪金數(shù)額和支付,完全置于他個(gè)人意志的支配之下。
他建立新官署,派遣大批官員,騷擾我們?nèi)嗣瘢⒑谋M人民必要的生活物質(zhì)。
他在和平時(shí)期,未經(jīng)我們的立法機(jī)關(guān)同意,就在我們中間維持常備軍。
他力圖使軍隊(duì)獨(dú)立于民政之外,并凌駕于民政之上。他同某些人勾結(jié)起來(lái)把我們置于一種不適合我們的體制且不為我們的法律所承認(rèn)的管轄之下;他還批準(zhǔn)那些人炮制的各種偽法案來(lái)達(dá)到以下目的:
在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊(duì);
用假審訊來(lái)包庇他們,使他們殺害我們各州居民而仍然逍遙法外;
切斷我們同世界各地的貿(mào)易;
未經(jīng)我們同意便向我們強(qiáng)行征稅;
在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權(quán)益;
羅織罪名押送我們到海外去受審;
在一個(gè)鄰省廢除英國(guó)的自由法制,在那裹建立專制政府,并擴(kuò)大該省的疆界,企圖把該省變成既是一個(gè)樣板又是一個(gè)得心應(yīng)手的工具,以便進(jìn)而向這里的各殖民地推行同樣的極權(quán)統(tǒng)治;
取消我們的憲章,廢除我們最寶貴的法律,并且根本上改變我們各州政府的形式;
中止我們自己的立法機(jī)關(guān)行使權(quán)力,宣稱他們自己有權(quán)就一切事宜為我們制定法律。
他宣布我們已不屬他保護(hù)之列,并對(duì)我們們作戰(zhàn),從而放棄了在這里的政務(wù)。
他在我們的海域大肆掠奪,蹂躪我們沿海地區(qū),焚燒我們的城鎮(zhèn),殘害我們?nèi)嗣竦纳?/p>
他此時(shí)正在運(yùn)送大批外國(guó)傭兵來(lái)完成屠殺、破壞和肆虐的勾當(dāng),這種勾當(dāng)早就開始,其殘酷卑劣甚至在最野蠻的時(shí)代都難以找到先例。他完全不配作為一個(gè)文明國(guó)家的元首。
他在公海上俘虜我們的同胞,強(qiáng)迫他們拿起武器來(lái)反對(duì)自己的國(guó)家,成為殘殺自己親人和朋友的劊子手,或是死于自己的親人和朋友的手下。
他在我們中間煽動(dòng)內(nèi)亂,并且竭力挑唆那些殘酷無(wú)情、沒(méi)有開化的印第安人來(lái)殺掠我們邊疆的居民;而眾所周知,印第安人的作戰(zhàn)規(guī)律是不分男女老幼,一律格殺勿論的。
在這些壓迫的每一陷階段中,我們都是用最謙卑的言辭請(qǐng)求改善;但屢次請(qǐng)求所得到的答復(fù)是屢次遭受損害。一個(gè)君主,當(dāng)他的品格已打上了暴君行為的烙印時(shí),是不配作自由人民的統(tǒng)治者的。
我們不是沒(méi)有顧念我們英國(guó)的弟兄。我們時(shí)常提醒他們,他們的立法機(jī)關(guān)企圖把無(wú)理的管轄權(quán)橫加到我們的頭上。我們也曾把我們移民來(lái)這里和在這里定居的情形告訴他們。我們?cè)?jīng)向他們天生的正義善感和雅量呼吁,我們懇求他們念在同種同宗的份上,棄絕這些掠奪行為,以免影響彼此的關(guān)系和往來(lái)。但是他們對(duì)于這種正義和血緣的呼聲,也同樣充耳不聞。因此,我們實(shí)在不得不宣布和他們脫離,并且以對(duì)待世界上其它民族一樣的態(tài)度對(duì)待他們:和我們作戰(zhàn),就是敵人;和我們和好,就是朋友。
因此,我們,在大陸會(huì)議下集會(huì)的美利堅(jiān)聯(lián)盟代表,以各殖民地善良人民的名義,非經(jīng)他們授權(quán),向全世界最崇高的正義呼吁,說(shuō)明我們的嚴(yán)正意向,同時(shí)鄭重宣布;這些聯(lián)合一致的殖民地從此是自由和獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,并且按其權(quán)利也必須是自由和獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,它們?nèi)∠磺袑?duì)英國(guó)王室效忠的義務(wù),它們和大不列顛國(guó)家之間的一切政治關(guān)系從此全部斷絕,而且必須斷絕;作為自由獨(dú)立的國(guó)家,它們完全有權(quán)宣戰(zhàn)、締和、結(jié)盟、通商和采取獨(dú)立國(guó)家有權(quán)采取的一切行動(dòng)。
為了支持這篇宣言,我們堅(jiān)決信賴上帝的庇佑,以我們的生命、我們的財(cái)產(chǎn)和我們神圣的名譽(yù),彼此宣誓。
第二篇:《獨(dú)立宣言》 中英文對(duì)照
美國(guó)《獨(dú)立宣言》中英文對(duì)照
The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.] He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected;whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states;for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;For imposing taxes on us without our consent;For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury.A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States;that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do.And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.在人類事務(wù)發(fā)展的過(guò)程中,當(dāng)一個(gè)民族必須解除同另一個(gè)民族的聯(lián)系,并按照自然法則和上帝的旨意,以獨(dú)立平等的身份立于世界列國(guó)之林時(shí),出于對(duì)人類輿論的尊重,必須把驅(qū)使他們獨(dú)立的原因予以宣布。
我們認(rèn)為下述真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物主賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢勺屌c的權(quán)利,其中包括生存權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。為了保障這些權(quán)利,人們才在他們中間建立政府,而政府的正當(dāng)權(quán)利,則是經(jīng)被統(tǒng)治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦對(duì)這些目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)起破壞作用時(shí),人民便有權(quán)予以更換或廢除,以建立一個(gè)新的政府。新政府所依據(jù)的原則和組織其權(quán)利的方式,務(wù)使人民認(rèn)為唯有這樣才最有可能使他們獲得安全和幸福。若真要審慎的來(lái)說(shuō),成立多年的政府是不應(yīng)當(dāng)由于無(wú)關(guān)緊要的和一時(shí)的原因而予以更換的。過(guò)去的一切經(jīng)驗(yàn)都說(shuō)明,任何苦難,只要尚能忍受,人類還是情愿忍受,也不想為申冤而廢除他們久已習(xí)慣了的政府形式。然而,當(dāng)始終追求同一目標(biāo)的一系列濫用職權(quán)和強(qiáng)取豪奪的行為表明政府企圖把人民至于專制暴政之下時(shí),人民就有權(quán)也有義務(wù)去推翻這樣的政府,并為其未來(lái)的安全提供新的保障。這就是這些殖民地過(guò)去忍受苦難的經(jīng)過(guò),也是他們現(xiàn)在不得不改變政府制度的原因。當(dāng)今大不列顛王國(guó)的歷史,就是屢屢傷害和掠奪這些殖民地的歷史,其直接目標(biāo)就是要在各州之上建立一個(gè)獨(dú)裁暴政。為了證明上述句句屬實(shí),現(xiàn)將事實(shí)公諸于世,讓公正的世人作出評(píng)判。
他拒絕批準(zhǔn)對(duì)公眾利益最有益、最必需的法律。
他禁止他的殖民總督批準(zhǔn)刻不容緩、極端重要的法律,要不就先行擱置這些法律直至征得他的同意,而這些法律被擱置以后,他又完全置之不理。
他拒絕批準(zhǔn)便利大地區(qū)人民的其他的法律,除非這些地區(qū)的人民情愿放棄自己在自己在立法機(jī)構(gòu)中的代表權(quán);而代表權(quán)對(duì)人民是無(wú)比珍貴的,只有暴君才畏懼它。
他把各州的立法委員召集到一個(gè)異乎尋常、極不舒適而有遠(yuǎn)離他們的檔案庫(kù)的地方去開會(huì),其目的無(wú)非是使他們疲憊不堪,被迫就范。
他一再解散各州的眾議院,因?yàn)楹笳邎?jiān)決反對(duì)他侵犯人民的權(quán)利。
他在解散眾議院之后,又長(zhǎng)期拒絕另選他人,于是這項(xiàng)不可剝奪的立法權(quán)便歸由普通人民來(lái)行使,致使在這其間各州仍處于外敵入侵和內(nèi)部騷亂的種種危險(xiǎn)之中。
他力圖阻止各州增加人口,為此目的,他阻撓外國(guó)人入籍法的通過(guò),拒絕批準(zhǔn)其他鼓勵(lì)移民的法律,并提高分配新土地的條件。
他拒絕批準(zhǔn)建立司法權(quán)利的法律,以阻撓司法的執(zhí)行。
他迫使法官為了保住任期、薪金的數(shù)額和支付而置于他個(gè)人意志的支配之下。
他濫設(shè)新官署,委派大批官員到這里騷擾我們的人民,吞噬他們的財(cái)物。
他在和平時(shí)期,未經(jīng)我們立法機(jī)構(gòu)同意,就在我們中間維持其常備軍。
他施加影響,使軍隊(duì)獨(dú)立于文官政權(quán)之外,并凌駕于文官政權(quán)之上。
他同他人勾結(jié),把我們置于一種既不符合我們的法規(guī)也未經(jīng)我們法律承認(rèn)的管轄之下,而且還批準(zhǔn)他們炮制的各種偽法案,以便任其在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊(duì);不論這些人對(duì)我們各州居民犯下何等嚴(yán)重的謀殺罪,他可用加審判來(lái)庇護(hù)他們,讓他們逍遙法外;他可以切斷我們同世界各地的貿(mào)易;未經(jīng)我們同意便向我們強(qiáng)行征稅;在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權(quán)益;以莫須有的罪名把我們押送海外受審;他在一個(gè)鄰省廢除了英國(guó)法律的自由制度,在那里建立專制政府,擴(kuò)大其疆域,使其立即成為一個(gè)樣板和合適的工具,以便向這里各殖民地推行同樣的專制統(tǒng)治;他取消我們的許多特許狀,廢除我們最珍貴的法律并從根本上改變我們各州政府的形式;他終止我們立法機(jī)構(gòu)行使權(quán)力,宣稱他們自己擁有在任何情況下為我們制定法律的權(quán)力。
他們放棄設(shè)在這里的政府,宣稱我們已不屬他們保護(hù)之列,并向我們發(fā)動(dòng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
他在我們的海域里大肆掠奪,蹂躪我們的沿海地區(qū),燒毀我們的城鎮(zhèn),殘害我們?nèi)嗣竦纳?/p>
他此時(shí)正在運(yùn)送大批外國(guó)雇傭兵,來(lái)從事其制造死亡、荒涼和暴政的勾當(dāng),其殘忍與卑劣從一開始就連最野蠻的時(shí)代也難以相比,他已完全不配當(dāng)一個(gè)文明國(guó)家的元首。
他強(qiáng)迫我們?cè)诠1凰麄兎數(shù)耐闷鹞淦鞣磳?duì)自己的國(guó)家,使他們成為殘殺自己親友的劊子手,或使他們死于自己親友的手下。
他在我們中間煽動(dòng)內(nèi)亂,并竭力挑唆殘酷無(wú)情的印地安蠻子來(lái)對(duì)付我們邊疆的居民,而眾所周知,印地安人作戰(zhàn)的準(zhǔn)則是不分男女老幼、是非曲直,格殺勿論。
在遭受這些壓迫的每一階段,我們都曾以最謙卑的言辭吁請(qǐng)予以糾正。而我們一次又一次的情愿,卻只是被報(bào)以一次又一次的傷害。
一個(gè)君主,其品格被他的每一個(gè)只有暴君才干的出的行為所暴露時(shí),就不配君臨自由的人民。
我們并不是沒(méi)有想到我們英國(guó)的弟兄。他們的立法機(jī)關(guān)想把無(wú)理的管轄權(quán)擴(kuò)展到我們這里來(lái),我們時(shí)常把這個(gè)企圖通知他們。我們也曾把我們移民來(lái)這里和在這里定居的情況告訴他們。我們?cè)鴳┣笏麄兲焐恼x感和雅量,念在同種同宗的分上,棄絕這些掠奪行為,因?yàn)檫@些掠奪行為難免會(huì)使我們之間的關(guān)系和來(lái)往中斷??伤麄儗?duì)這種正義和同宗的呼聲也同樣充耳不聞。因此,我們不得不宣布脫離他們,以對(duì)待世界上其他民族的態(tài)度對(duì)待他們:同我交戰(zhàn)者,就是敵人;同我和好者,即為朋友。
因此我們這些在大陸會(huì)議上集會(huì)的美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的代表們,以各殖民地善良人民的名義,并經(jīng)他們授權(quán),向世界最高裁判者申訴,說(shuō)明我們的嚴(yán)重意向,同時(shí)鄭重宣布:
我們這些聯(lián)合起來(lái)的殖民地現(xiàn)在是,而且按公理也應(yīng)該是,獨(dú)立自由的國(guó)家;我們對(duì)英國(guó)王室效忠的全部義務(wù),我們與大不列顛王國(guó)之間大不列顛一切政治聯(lián)系全部斷絕,而且必須斷絕。
作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立自由的國(guó)家,我們完全有權(quán)宣戰(zhàn)、締和、結(jié)盟、通商和采取獨(dú)立國(guó)家有權(quán)采取的一切行動(dòng)。
我們堅(jiān)定地信賴神明上帝的保佑,同時(shí)以我們的生命、財(cái)產(chǎn)和神圣的名譽(yù)彼此宣誓來(lái)支持這一宣言。
〔說(shuō)明〕
杰斐遜起草了《獨(dú)立宣言》的第一稿,富蘭克林等人又進(jìn)行了潤(rùn)色。大陸會(huì)議對(duì)此稿又進(jìn)行了長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的、激烈的辯論,最終作出了重大的修改。特別是在佐治亞和卡羅來(lái)納代表們的堅(jiān)持下,刪去了杰斐遜對(duì)英王喬治三世允許在殖民地保持奴隸制和奴隸買賣的有力譴責(zé)。這一部分的原文是這樣的:
他的人性本身發(fā)動(dòng)了殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),侵犯了一個(gè)從未冒犯過(guò)他的遠(yuǎn)方民族的最神圣的生存權(quán)和自由權(quán);他誘騙他們,并把他們運(yùn)往另一半球充當(dāng)奴隸,或使他們慘死在運(yùn)送途中。
托馬斯.杰斐遜(1743-1826),生于弗吉尼亞的一個(gè)富裕家庭。曾就讀于威廉-瑪麗學(xué)院。1767年成為律師,1769年當(dāng)選為弗吉尼亞下院議院。他積極投身于獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)之中,并代表弗吉尼亞出席大陸會(huì)議。他曾兩次當(dāng)選弗吉尼亞州長(zhǎng)。1800年當(dāng)選美國(guó)總統(tǒng)。
杰斐遜在為自己的墓碑而作的墓志銘中這樣寫到:
這里埋葬著托馬斯.杰斐遜,美國(guó)《獨(dú)立宣言》的作者,弗吉尼亞宗教自由法規(guī)的制定者和弗吉尼亞大學(xué)之父。
第三篇:獨(dú)立宣言
“我們認(rèn)為以下真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利,其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。為了保障這些權(quán)利,人們才在他們之間建立政府,而政府之正當(dāng)權(quán)力,是經(jīng)被統(tǒng)治者的同意而產(chǎn)生的。當(dāng)任何形式的政府對(duì)這些目標(biāo)具破壞作用時(shí),人民便有權(quán)力改變或廢除它,以建立一個(gè)新的政府;其賴以奠基的原則,其組織權(quán)力的方式,務(wù)使人民認(rèn)為唯有這樣才最可能獲得他們的安全和幸福。為了慎重起見(jiàn),成立多年的政府,是不應(yīng)當(dāng)由于輕微和短暫的原因而予以變更的。過(guò)去的一切經(jīng)驗(yàn)也都說(shuō)明,任何苦難,只要是尚能忍受,人類都寧愿容忍,而無(wú)意為了本身的權(quán)益便廢除他們久已習(xí)慣了的政府。但是,當(dāng)追逐同一目標(biāo)的一連串濫用職權(quán)和強(qiáng)取豪奪發(fā)生,證明政府企圖把人民置于專制統(tǒng)治之下時(shí),那么人民就有權(quán)利,也有義務(wù)推翻這個(gè)政府,并為他們未來(lái)的安全建立新的保障。”
第四篇:獨(dú)立宣言
柳林中學(xué)高二歷史公開課教案
授課人:張志達(dá)
授課時(shí)間:2014年5月16日
授課班級(jí):高二8班
第1課
美國(guó)《獨(dú)立宣言》
【課標(biāo)要求】掌握《獨(dú)立宣言》產(chǎn)生的歷史背景,分析《獨(dú)立宣言》體現(xiàn)民主思想的主要內(nèi)容
及對(duì)其的客觀評(píng)價(jià),認(rèn)識(shí)民主化進(jìn)程要有一個(gè)從思想理論到制訂法律的準(zhǔn)備階段。
【教學(xué)目標(biāo)】
知識(shí)與能力:
識(shí)記:歐洲啟蒙思想的影響;潘恩發(fā)表《常識(shí)》;獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā);杰斐遜等五人委
員會(huì)草擬《獨(dú)立宣言》;《獨(dú)立宣言》的主要內(nèi)容;《獨(dú)立宣言》的民主思想;《獨(dú)立宣言》
的意義、作用和局限性。
理解:《獨(dú)立宣言》是啟蒙思想與北美獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物?!丢?dú)立宣言》繼承并
發(fā)展了啟蒙思想,體現(xiàn)出鮮明的民主思想。
運(yùn)用:比較分析《獨(dú)立宣言》的思想淵源以及所體現(xiàn)的民主思想和獨(dú)具的歷史價(jià)值。
過(guò)程與方法:材料分析、歷史比較、問(wèn)題探究。
情感態(tài)度價(jià)值觀:《獨(dú)立宣言》在人類歷史上第一次以政治綱領(lǐng)的形式宣布了民主共和
國(guó)的原則,是“第一個(gè)人權(quán)宣言”。它體現(xiàn)的民主思想成為一代又一代美國(guó)人不斷追求的 理想。
【重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)】
重點(diǎn):《獨(dú)立宣言》體現(xiàn)的民主思想。
難點(diǎn):《獨(dú)立宣言》產(chǎn)生的歷史背景
【教學(xué)用具】多媒體課件 【課時(shí)安排】1課時(shí) 【教學(xué)過(guò)程】
導(dǎo)入新課在美國(guó)哈得遜河口一個(gè)百米見(jiàn)方的自由島上有座自由女神像,舉世聞名。她右手高擎火炬,猜一猜,她的左手拿著什么? 學(xué)生回答《獨(dú)立宣言》,就此導(dǎo)入新課。
一、《獨(dú)立宣言》的發(fā)表
1.探究:閱讀教材24-25頁(yè)內(nèi)容,結(jié)合以下情景材料,概括《獨(dú)立宣言》在怎樣的歷史背景發(fā)表的?
(1)理論基礎(chǔ):歐洲啟蒙思想的深刻影響
早在獨(dú)立前的一百多年間,歐洲啟蒙思想就開始在北美傳播,為《獨(dú)立宣言》的發(fā)表奠定了理論基礎(chǔ)。
(2)思想動(dòng)員:北美產(chǎn)生了自己的啟蒙思想家,民族民主意識(shí)覺(jué)醒,激勵(lì)更多的人為獨(dú)立而勇敢地走向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
在歐洲啟蒙思想的熏陶下,北美殖民地也產(chǎn)生了自己的啟蒙思想家,代表人物是本杰明·富蘭克林(1706-1790)和托馬斯·杰斐遜(1743-1826),他們反對(duì)奴隸制,主張人民享有自由、平等的權(quán)利。潘恩的《常識(shí)》消除了人民對(duì)英國(guó)國(guó)王的幻想,激勵(lì)更多的人為獨(dú)立而勇敢地走向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。
(3)和解破滅:英國(guó)的殖民壓迫政策和暴虐統(tǒng)治,使北美人民的和解幻想徹底破滅,爭(zhēng)取獨(dú)立成為整個(gè)殖民地人民的共同目標(biāo)。
“沒(méi)有代表權(quán),就不得征稅”,英國(guó)議會(huì)對(duì)殖民地不斷征稅,但在議會(huì)中卻沒(méi)有殖民地的代表。英國(guó)議會(huì)新征收的印花稅、茶稅、糖稅等,遭到北美殖民地人民的強(qiáng)烈抵制,并最終引發(fā)了北美
獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1773年,英國(guó)議會(huì)頒布《茶稅法》,波士頓市民一怒之下,把價(jià)值近10萬(wàn)英鎊的英國(guó)茶葉倒入查爾斯河。(波士頓傾茶事件)英國(guó)議會(huì)大怒,通過(guò)一系列被殖民地視為不可容忍的法令。英王對(duì)北美人民反抗的血腥鎮(zhèn)壓,使殖民地人民與英國(guó)王室和解的幻想徹底破滅,“要求獨(dú)立”成為北美殖民地人民的普遍呼聲。最終促成北美13個(gè)殖民地代表組成大陸會(huì)議決定宣布獨(dú)立。2.過(guò)程:
(1)提出:1776年6月初,費(fèi)吉尼亞的代表提出決議案,大陸會(huì)議指派杰斐遜為首的五人委員會(huì)草擬獨(dú)立宣言。
(2)通過(guò):1776年7月4日,《獨(dú)立宣言》經(jīng)修改后獲得一致通過(guò),這一天也因此成為美國(guó)的獨(dú)立紀(jì)念日.二、《獨(dú)立宣言》體現(xiàn)的民主思想
1.探究:閱讀教材26頁(yè),概括《獨(dú)立宣言》由幾部分組成?有哪些基本內(nèi)容?
主要內(nèi)容
第一部分為前言,闡述了宣言的目的。
第二部分高度概括了當(dāng)時(shí)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)最激進(jìn)的政治思想——自然權(quán)利學(xué)說(shuō)和主權(quán)在民思想。
第三部分歷數(shù)英國(guó)壓迫北美殖民地人民的條條罪狀,說(shuō)明殖民地人民是在忍無(wú)可忍的情況下被迫拿起武器的。
第四部分莊嚴(yán)宣告獨(dú)立。
2.探究:閱讀材料結(jié)合教材內(nèi)容歸納:《獨(dú)立宣言》體現(xiàn)了哪些民主思想?
“我們認(rèn)為這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,他們都從他們的造物主那邊被賦予了某些不可轉(zhuǎn)讓的權(quán)利,其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。為了保障這些權(quán)利,所以才在人們中間成立政府。而政府的正當(dāng)權(quán)力,系得自被統(tǒng)治者的同意。如果遇有任何一種形式的政府變成損害這些目的的,那么,人民就有權(quán)利來(lái)改變它或廢除它,已建立新的政府?!?/p>
——節(jié)選自《獨(dú)立宣言》 民主思想:
第一、平等與天賦人權(quán)思想?!丢?dú)立宣言》繼承并發(fā)展了洛克的天賦人權(quán)學(xué)說(shuō),認(rèn)為人人生而平等,這些權(quán)利是大自然所賦予的,不可剝奪,這些權(quán)利包括“生命、自由和追求幸福的權(quán)利?!?/p>
第二、主權(quán)在民學(xué)說(shuō)?!丢?dú)立宣言》提出,人民是主權(quán)者,政府的一切權(quán)力來(lái)自人民,政府應(yīng)服從人民意志,為人民幸福和保障人民權(quán)利而存在。
第三、人民革命權(quán)利的理論?!丢?dú)立宣言》以天賦人權(quán)和主權(quán)在民理論為基礎(chǔ),進(jìn)一步提出人民革命權(quán)利理論。指出,既然政府的權(quán)力來(lái)自人民,目的是保障人民的自然權(quán)利,如果一旦政府不履行職責(zé),侵犯人民的權(quán)利,人民就有權(quán)起來(lái)革命來(lái)改變或推翻它。
3.探究:結(jié)合材料和所學(xué)內(nèi)容:歸納:《獨(dú)立宣言》有何進(jìn)步性?
材料1:馬克思說(shuō):美國(guó)是“宣布了第一個(gè)人權(quán)宣言和最先推動(dòng)了18世紀(jì)的歐洲革命的地方”;是“最先產(chǎn)生了偉大的民主共和國(guó)思想的地方”。
材料2:美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和《獨(dú)立宣言》在大洋彼岸的中國(guó)引起了很大的反響。自那時(shí)起,華盛頓及其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的美國(guó)革命一直是近代中國(guó)進(jìn)步人士心目中的理想和榜樣。1897年章太炎在《變法箴言》中稱華盛頓“功若女媧、燧人”?!丢?dú)立宣言》在中國(guó)被首次翻譯并發(fā)表在1901年出版的《國(guó)民報(bào)》第一期上。1903年陳天華在《猛回頭》中疾呼:“要學(xué)那,美利堅(jiān),離英自立”。
評(píng)價(jià):
《獨(dú)立宣言》的積極意義:
(1)宣告了美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó)的誕生
(2)在人類歷史上第一次以政治綱領(lǐng)的形式宣布了民主共和國(guó)的原則,被稱為世界上“第一個(gè)人權(quán)宣言”。
(3)推動(dòng)了歐洲反封建的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命,直接影響了法國(guó)大革命。
(4)它體現(xiàn)的民主思想成為歷代美國(guó)人不斷追求的理想,推動(dòng)了資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命運(yùn)動(dòng)。
《獨(dú)立宣言》的歷史局限性:
(1)沒(méi)有廢除奴隸制。
(2)存在著財(cái)產(chǎn)、性別、種族的各種限制。
【學(xué)思之窗】請(qǐng)同學(xué)們聯(lián)系近代中國(guó)的社會(huì)狀況,思考為什么美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和《獨(dú)立宣言》會(huì)在中國(guó)引起如此強(qiáng)烈的反響?
答:(1)1901年《辛丑條約》簽訂,中國(guó)完全淪為半殖民地半封建社會(huì),要求推翻清王朝的專制統(tǒng)治,獲得民族獨(dú)立,爭(zhēng)取民主權(quán)利成為全國(guó)人民的共同呼聲。(2)北美獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的勝利,《獨(dú)立宣言》體現(xiàn)出的民主思想給中國(guó)人民極大鼓舞。
【板書設(shè)計(jì)】
美國(guó)《獨(dú)立宣言》
背
景:理論基礎(chǔ)、思想動(dòng)員、和解破滅
主要內(nèi)容:四個(gè)部分
民主思想:平等與天賦人權(quán),主權(quán)在民,人民革命的權(quán)利等
評(píng)
價(jià):積極意義 歷史局限性
【作業(yè)布置】《導(dǎo)與練·演練廣場(chǎng)》1-7題 【教學(xué)反思】
第五篇:獨(dú)立宣言讀后感
讀《獨(dú)立宣言》
——資產(chǎn)階級(jí)民主政治思想
法學(xué)1301 馮歆然在美國(guó)華盛頓特區(qū)美國(guó)國(guó)家檔案館 永久展示著一份讓美國(guó)人民永遠(yuǎn)自豪對(duì)后世產(chǎn)生身深遠(yuǎn)影響的文件——《獨(dú)立宣言》。1776年,托馬斯·杰弗遜主持起草的《獨(dú)立宣言》在戰(zhàn)火中誕生,北美洲十三個(gè)英屬殖民地驕傲又莊嚴(yán)的宣告脫離大不列顛王國(guó),自此,美國(guó)的歷史開啟了新的篇章。
自由女神像作為美國(guó)的地標(biāo)性建筑自有她最獨(dú)特的含義和紀(jì)念價(jià)值,美國(guó)是個(gè)追求自由民主的國(guó)家,這或許是一種根生地固的思想,追溯百年前他的建國(guó)和立憲,《獨(dú)立宣言》無(wú)疑最光燦奪目,略讀發(fā)現(xiàn)其民主思想突出且有先進(jìn)意義。
平等與天賦人權(quán)思想
獨(dú)立宣言中說(shuō)到:“我們認(rèn)為下面這些真理是不言而喻的:人人生而平等,造物者賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利,其中包括生命權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。”
“天賦人權(quán)”即“自然權(quán)利”,其基本精神是強(qiáng)調(diào)人具有與生俱來(lái)的權(quán)利,指自然界生物普遍固有的權(quán)利,并不限由法律或信仰來(lái)賦予。這些權(quán)利絕不應(yīng)該被剝奪。
洛克,英國(guó)哲學(xué)家、經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的開創(chuàng)人,同時(shí)也是第一個(gè)全面闡述憲政民主思想的人將天賦人權(quán)概括成自由權(quán)、生命權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán),適應(yīng)了英國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)和新貴族,反對(duì)專制統(tǒng)治,實(shí)行法治的民主要求;《獨(dú)立宣言》繼承并發(fā)展了洛克的天賦人權(quán)學(xué)說(shuō),認(rèn)為人人生而平等,這些權(quán)利是大自然所賦予的,不可剝奪,但將其概括成自由權(quán)、生存權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利以適應(yīng)北美人民擺脫殖民統(tǒng)治、爭(zhēng)取民族獨(dú)立的要求。
主權(quán)在民學(xué)說(shuō)
盧梭在《社會(huì)契約論》中貫穿了一個(gè)中心思想——主權(quán)在民他認(rèn)為一個(gè)民主的政府必須把權(quán)力完全交給這個(gè)國(guó)家的全體公民,然后再由全體公民把權(quán)力賦予給一個(gè)組織,即民選的政府。
《獨(dú)立宣言》提出,人民是主權(quán)者,政府的一切權(quán)力來(lái)自人民,政府應(yīng)服從人民意志,為人民幸福和保障人民權(quán)利而存在?!丢?dú)立宣言》中提到“如有任何政府損害這些目的(保障生命,獲得自由及追求幸福),人民就有權(quán)利改變或廢除
它……”,這是人民主權(quán)說(shuō)在資產(chǎn)階級(jí)具有法律效力的文件中的第一次體現(xiàn)。
人民革命權(quán)利的理論
人民革命權(quán)最早由洛克在《政府論》中提出:“由于政府建立在“人民同意”的基礎(chǔ)上;如果君主篡奪立法機(jī)關(guān)的權(quán)力和未經(jīng)人民同意而制定選舉制度,或政府濫用職權(quán)而侵犯了人們的自然權(quán)利時(shí),人們就有用武力推翻他們的權(quán)利。他認(rèn)為,任何政府都可能腐化而退化為暴政。暴政就是非法地獲取他私人的或小集團(tuán)的利益,必然侵犯人民的利益。必須把實(shí)行暴政的人當(dāng)作侵略者來(lái)對(duì)待。專制國(guó)家不是國(guó)家,專制政體不是國(guó)家的合法形式,人民沒(méi)有義務(wù)服從。暴政是對(duì)神創(chuàng)秩序的侵犯,是以暴力迫使人民崇拜偶像。所以,反抗暴政不僅是人民的權(quán)利,更是神圣的宗教義務(wù)?!?/p>
而《獨(dú)立宣言》以天賦人權(quán)和主權(quán)在民理論為基礎(chǔ),指出:既然政府的權(quán)力來(lái)自人民,目的是保障人民的自然權(quán)利,如果一旦政府不履行職責(zé),侵犯人民的權(quán)利,人民就有權(quán)起來(lái)革命來(lái)改變或推翻它。
憲法的精髓就在于反對(duì)專制、不自由、不平等,爭(zhēng)取自由、民主、主權(quán)在民、平等,無(wú)疑,《獨(dú)立宣言》具有憲法精神和歷史上不可替代的地位。
但是他也有其局限性,由于屈從于種植園奴隸主的壓力,宣言沒(méi)有宣布廢除奴隸制,天賦人權(quán)也不包括黑人和印第安人,暴露了美國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命的不徹底性和人權(quán)的局限性。
之后,《獨(dú)立宣言》對(duì)推動(dòng)后來(lái)的歐洲各國(guó)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命,特別對(duì)法國(guó)大革命及其《人權(quán)宣言》產(chǎn)生和亞非拉革命都產(chǎn)生了深淵積極的影響。