第一篇:中級口譯考試口譯考試歷屆考題總結(jié)(新)
上海市中級口譯考試口譯考試歷屆考題總結(jié)[上] 第一期內(nèi)容,為上海市中級口譯考試口譯歷屆試題的前12套考卷的總結(jié).以下內(nèi)容包括二百六十九個(gè)語言點(diǎn),包括好句子,需要記憶的詞組以及常見句型,關(guān)注于語言表達(dá)的結(jié)構(gòu)功能
1.我非常感謝...Thank you very much for...2.熱情友好的歡迎辭
gracious speech of welcome
4.訪問...是...A visit to...have...5.多年夢寐以求的愿望
has long been my dream
6...給予我一次...的機(jī)會(huì)...(The visit will)give me(an excellent)opportunity to...7.我為...,再次表達(dá)(我的愉快之情和榮幸之感)。
I wish to say again that I am so delighted and privileged to...8.(我對您為我到達(dá)貴國后所做的一切安排)深表感謝。I’m deeply grateful for everything you've done for me since my arrival in China.9.(我很高興)有此機(jī)會(huì)(來貴公司工作),與中國汽車業(yè)的杰出人士合作共事。I’m very glad to have the opportunity to work in your company with a group of brilliant people in China's automobile industries.10....多年來一直盼望...have been looking forward to...for many years
12.你若不在意的話,...If you don't mind,13.去...走走
tour around...14.浦江商務(wù)旅游公司 note:
Pu Jiang Business Travel Company
15.國家旅游局
the Chinese National Tourist Administration
16.經(jīng)...批準(zhǔn)的......approved by...18.以...為主要服務(wù)對象
provide services mainly to...19.公司的宗旨是...We operate under the principle of...21...及其周邊地區(qū)
...and its surrounding areas
22.提供全方位的服務(wù) offer an all-round service to...24.坦誠相待
...in an honest partnership
25.商務(wù) Reference: business activities
26.我們很高興...It gives us great pleasure to...27.再次接待...note: to play host to...once again
29.學(xué)校的全體師生員工
the faculty, students and staff of the university
30.向...表示熱烈歡迎...wish to extend one's warm welcome to...31.格林博士和夫人
Dr.and Mrs.Green
32.我相信...I am convinced that.33.這次對...的訪問
current visit to...34....必將為......will surely...35.作出(重要)貢獻(xiàn)
make an important contribution to...36.祝大家...wish you all...37.友好合作關(guān)系
the friendly relations and cooperations
38.我懷著非常愉快的心情(出席本屆年會(huì)).It is with great pleasure that I am here to attend
this annual meeting.39.值此...之際,...On the occasion of....40.我為能有機(jī)會(huì)...,向....致以深深的謝意.I would like to express my deep appreciation to...for this opportunity to...41.就...問題進(jìn)行發(fā)言 to address the meeting on the topic of...42....為...提供了(理想的)場所...provides us with an ideal arena where we will...43.我愿借此機(jī)會(huì),就全世界范圍內(nèi)的環(huán)境保護(hù)問題,發(fā)表自己的一些看法,與各位一起商討.I wish to take this opportunity to discuss with you my thoughts on the issue of world-wide environmental protection.44.在這舉國同慶的夜晚,...On the occasion of this evening of national celebration,...45.各位來賓
all the guests
46.光臨我們的春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會(huì)
come to this party to celebrate our Spring Festival
47.(在座)各位
all present here
48.輕松,歡快的 most relaxing and delightful
49.春節(jié)是我國一年中的良辰佳時(shí).The Chinese Spring Festival is a very wonderful and joyous occasion in our tradition.51.外國來賓
overseas visitors(guests)
52.盡情品嘗中國的傳統(tǒng)美酒和佳肴
have a good time enjoying to one's hearts' content the finest traditional Chinese cuisine and wine
53.彼此溝通,增進(jìn)友誼
to get to know each other and to increase our friendship
54.最后,我再次感謝各位嘉賓的光臨,并祝各位新年身體健康,事業(yè)有成,吉祥如意.In closing, I'd like to thank you again for your presence and wish everyone good health, a successful career and the very best of luck in the new year.55.熱情的迎接和款待
warm reception and hospitality
56.The past five days in China,...在中國度過的這五天
57.令人愉快,難以忘懷!be truly pleasant and enjoyable and most memorable
58.我特別要稱頌我們的中國合作者,他們的真誠合作與支持使這項(xiàng)協(xié)議得以簽署.I particularly want to pay tribute to our Chinese partners for their sincere cooperation and support in concluding these agreements.59.我敬請各位與我一起舉杯,為我們兩家公司的永久友誼和合作而干杯!
May I ask all of you present here to join me in raising your glasses, to the lasting friendship and cooperation
between our two companies.60.中美合資企業(yè)
a Sino-American joint venture
61.I have to say that...我認(rèn)為...62.business management 經(jīng)營管理
63.由于...,所以......, Due to...64.直率 Reference: direct and straightforward
65.I can't say our way of doing business is absolutely superior.我無法斷言,我們的經(jīng)營方式一定在他們之上.66.優(yōu)點(diǎn)和弊端
strong and weak points in...67.近年來,...In recent years...68.business executives 經(jīng)理人員
70....已認(rèn)識到......have recognized...71.更具人情味的...the more humane way of...72.管理方式
management
73...在...中(上)存在差異 there are differences in...between/among...74.現(xiàn)狀
current situation
75.基于...,...Considering the fact that...,76.轎車目前在中國的占有率為每580人一輛車.There is only one car for every 580 Chinese at present 77.具有極大的誘惑力 be extremely attractive
78.(中國已將關(guān)稅)從(23%)降到了(17%)....cut...from...to...79.創(chuàng)造條件
create conditions
80....and in turn for the inevitable opening of its auto market to the outside world.進(jìn)而敞開其汽車市場大門(創(chuàng)造了條件)
81.(IBM上海公司的)正式開張典禮 official launch of IBM of Shanghai
82.各位如此鐘情IBM的產(chǎn)品,這對我們的業(yè)務(wù)來說是一個(gè)好兆頭.It's a sign of good business that you show so much interest in IBM products.83....,我感到萬分榮幸.I regard it as a great honor that...84....期待者...Reference: be looking forward to...85.在...地位...position in...86.富有(中華民族文化)特色的......that is characteristic of Chinese national culture.87.安排了...的旅游路線
offer you...tour program
88.各位將要...You will...89.景點(diǎn)和名勝 scenic spots and historical sites
90.雄偉的古建筑群
magnificent ancient architectural complexes
92.真正的 authentic
94.中國烹調(diào) Chinese cuisine
96.地方風(fēng)味小吃 local delicacies 97.我國人民傳統(tǒng)的熱情何好客將使得各位這次訪問愉快而難忘.The traditional warmth and hospitality with which the Chinese people entertain our guests will make your visit a pleasant and memorable experience.98....擁有......has...99....,占(人口總數(shù)的六分之一)....,constituting one-sixth of her total population
勞動(dòng)?jì)D女
working women
101.取得(杰出的)成就
make outstanding achievements in the fields of...102.各行各業(yè)的(年輕婦女)young women in all professions
103...迫切希望...be eagerly seeking...104....有權(quán)...have the right to...105.參加
participate in
106....,因此(在社會(huì)和家庭中享有經(jīng)濟(jì)獨(dú)立和平等地位).Thereby gaining economic independence and equal status in the society and at home.107.Right now,...現(xiàn)在,...108.elephant--->sheer size 龐大的體形
109.zoo attractions 動(dòng)物園園景
110....不難區(qū)分...are not difficult to tell apart
111....,whereas...這句型可以用作對比列舉 112.curve down in the middle 中間向下
113.我代表我們代表團(tuán)的全體成員,...On behalf of all the members of my delegation, I...114.During our stay,...在我們逗留期間,...115.impress sb.Deeply 給...留下很深刻的印象
116.歡迎各位參加“對外漢語”學(xué)習(xí)Welcome to the Program of “Chinese as a Foreign language 117.近年來,世界各地學(xué)漢語者與日俱增.a worldwide interest in Chinese is increasing at an accelerating tempo
118.從某種意義上說,漢語是一種很古老的語言,其最早的漢字已有近四千年的歷史了.In a sense,...,with its earliest writings dating back nearly for thousand years.119.隨著...,...With...,...120.我將適時(shí)介紹...I will discuss in due time...121.(漢語)對(中華民族的文化和思維)所產(chǎn)生的影響.the influence of the Chinese language
on the cultural and intellectual development of the Chinese nation
122.對于這門擁有世界上使用人數(shù)最多,文學(xué)歷史最悠久的語言來說,這股學(xué)習(xí)熱潮早該出現(xiàn)了.Considering that Chinese has the largest number of speakers in the world and the greatest depth in its literature, this interest is long overdue.123.受到/接受完整的中等教育
receive a full secondary education
124.顯然這一現(xiàn)象已經(jīng)影響了全民科學(xué)和文化水平的提高,與現(xiàn)代社會(huì)格格不入.This fact has obviously affected the improvement of general scientific and cultural levels
and is fully incompatible with a modernized society.125.因此,中國在努力發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的同時(shí)必須努力控制人口數(shù)量,并且提高人口素質(zhì).Therefore,China's efforts to develop the economy must be accompanied by equally vigorous efforts to control the population and improve its quality.126,人口增長也是中國普及中等教育比較緩慢的一個(gè)重要原因.note:原因不一定就是reason,”重要“也不一定就是important,注意這里的特殊句型.Population increase is also a major factor behind China's relative slowness in establishing universal secondary school education.127.有人認(rèn)為...Some people hold the view that...128.然而,更多人認(rèn)為...However,more people are of the opinion that...129.深圳應(yīng)該當(dāng)好內(nèi)地與香港之間的橋梁.Shenzhen should continue to play its role as a bridge linking Hong Kong and mainland.130.借助...的優(yōu)勢 make use of the advantages of...131....發(fā)展成為...develop into...133.今天,我們聚會(huì)在一起,...Today,we meet here to...134.廣泛領(lǐng)域 a wide range of areas
135....反映了......reflects...136.共同愿望
shared desire
137.對...產(chǎn)生積極影響
have a positive impact on...138.我深信...I am deeply convinced that...139.攜手合作
work together for...140.本著...原則
in the principle of...141.會(huì)議的圓滿結(jié)束
a successful conclusion of this meeting
142.牢記以下幾點(diǎn) keep certain points in mind
143.組建...(企業(yè))set up...144.Now,let me go on to the legal aspect of a joint venture.note:注意”aspect"翻成什么好.下面我接著談?wù)労腺Y企業(yè)的法律問題
145....,...,都要記住這一點(diǎn)....with this in mind.146.You have to understand the extent of your liability for actions of the joint venture.你必須考慮自己對該合資企業(yè)的行為承擔(dān)多少責(zé)任.147.關(guān)注
be concerned about
148.現(xiàn)有市場 existing market
149.sales area 銷售區(qū)域
150.We are not finished with you.我們跟你還沒完呢!
151.pick up the pieces and carry on 收拾殘局,重整旗鼓,再圖進(jìn)取
152.I began my life as the son of immigrants, and with great efforts I worked my way up to the presidency of the Ford Campany.我是作為移民的兒子進(jìn)入人世的,憑自己的努力,一步步地當(dāng)上了福特汽車公司地總裁.153.熱情接待
warm reception
154.衷心的感謝
heartfelt thanks for
155.沒有貴方的努力我們無法成功地達(dá)成合作協(xié)議.Without your effort it would have been
impossible for us to reach the successful conclusion of our cooperative agreements
156.來華投資 come to invest in China
157.幅員遼闊
has vast land
158.勞動(dòng)力資源豐富
abundant human resource
159.興辦(企業(yè))establish
160.market strategy 市場營銷戰(zhàn)略
161.business dealings :商務(wù)運(yùn)作
162.這種投資方法對我們合作雙方來說,都有豐厚地經(jīng)濟(jì)回報(bào).I would say that this type of investment will yield fat economic returns for both parties
in our partnership.
第二篇:中級口譯考試大綱
本部分為客觀試題。閱讀材料均選自英語原版書刊,共6—8篇文章。試題形式為選擇題。要求考生從試卷給出的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語閱讀理解技能,概括中心思想能力,詞匯量,推理與釋義能力以及與英語國家、社會(huì)、文化等相關(guān)的知識。
(4)選材原則
(a)以中等難度閱讀文章或摘錄等材料為主。
(b)內(nèi)容與題材可多種多樣,具有普遍性和社會(huì)性,難度適中。
(c)每篇文章長度在350~500詞,文章總長度為3000詞左右。
3.英譯漢本部分測試時(shí)間為30分鐘
(1)測試要求
要求應(yīng)試者運(yùn)用英譯漢的理論和技巧,翻譯英語書刊上有關(guān)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、歷史、文化等方面的文章。速度為每小時(shí)340詞左右。譯文要求忠于原意,語言流暢。
(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題,長度170詞左右的英譯漢文章或段落一篇。
(3)測試目的
測試考生對英漢翻譯技巧與能力的掌握。
(4)選材原則
(a)英譯漢選材取自英語報(bào)刊或書籍。
(b)文章或段落的內(nèi)容具有普遍性或現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,難度宜適中。
4.漢譯英本部分測試時(shí)間為30分鐘
(1)測試要求
要求應(yīng)試者運(yùn)用漢譯英的理論和技巧,翻譯介紹我國國情、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、文化背景以及風(fēng)土人情等的文章或段落。速度為每小時(shí)340詞左右。譯文應(yīng)忠于原意,語言通順。
(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題,長度為170詞左右的漢譯英文章或段落一篇。
(3)測試目的
測試考生對漢英翻譯技巧與能力的掌握。
(4)選題原則
(a)漢譯英選材取自中文報(bào)刊或書籍。
(b)題材和內(nèi)容具有普遍性、社會(huì)性以及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,難度宜適中。
5.口語
(1)測試要求
要求考生掌握英語口語表達(dá)的基本技能,包括語音語調(diào)、措辭與句法、語句的連貫與說話的流利度。
(2)題型
可采取以下任何一種:
(a)按所給題目的要求作命題發(fā)言。
(b)按所給圖表或圖片及要求作敘述或發(fā)表評論。
(c)按所給書面短文(長度為300詞左右)和要求回答問題或發(fā)表評論。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語口語技能。
(4)選材原則
口語題目應(yīng)帶有普遍性,為考生所熟悉,也可給出帶有爭議性的辯論題目。
6.口譯
(1)測試要求
要求考生掌握英譯漢、漢譯英的口譯基本技巧。口譯應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)原話意思,注意語氣表達(dá),語音語調(diào)正確,用詞與句法基本準(zhǔn)確,保持說話的流利與速度。
(2)題型
口譯采用段落翻譯。翻譯量為四段,每段長度在140詞左右。逐句翻譯,每一句英語或漢語后有15—30秒間隙供口譯。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英譯漢、漢譯英的口譯能力。
(4)選材原則
(a)在致詞、講話、講座等口語體的文字記錄材料中選取口譯材料。
(b)口譯材料的題材應(yīng)帶有普遍性,緊扣社會(huì)、時(shí)代與日常生活內(nèi)容,但深度與難度宜適中。
上海中級口譯考試大綱
上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書考試是經(jīng)上海緊缺人才培訓(xùn)工程聯(lián)席會(huì)議辦公室審核、確認(rèn)的緊缺人才崗位資格培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目之一。
英語口譯崗位資格證書考試是為國家機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)、外資機(jī)構(gòu)、涉外單位等考核與遴選一批能勝任各類涉外項(xiàng)目談判、高層次會(huì)晤、新聞發(fā)布會(huì)、記者招待會(huì)以及國際研討會(huì)的翻譯人才。
凡獲得上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書者均具有良好的口語水平和基本口譯技能,可從事一般話題的口譯工作。
據(jù)此,本大綱規(guī)定了以下考試原則和要求。
一、考試目的
根據(jù)大綱要求,檢查考生是否具備本大綱所規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)語言技能。凡通過上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書考試(含筆試和口試)的考生,可獲得由上海市教育委員會(huì)、上海市成人教育委員會(huì)、上海市委組織部、上海市人事局統(tǒng)一印制的上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書。
二、考試的性質(zhì)和范圍
本考試是一種測試考生單項(xiàng)和綜合語言能力的尺度參照性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試??荚嚪謨蓚€(gè)階段,第一階段為筆試,第二階段為口試。只有通過筆試的考生方有資格參加口試。筆試包括聽力、閱讀、英譯漢和漢譯英;口試包括口語和口譯。
三、考試時(shí)間與命題
上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書考試每年舉行兩次,分別于3月和9月舉行筆試,并擇時(shí)舉行口試。筆試和口試由上海市外語口譯崗位資格證書考試委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)命題與實(shí)施。
四、考試形式
本考試根據(jù)口譯特點(diǎn),以測試口譯水平為主要目標(biāo),從聽、說、讀、譯(筆譯、口譯)等四個(gè)方面對考生語言運(yùn)用能力進(jìn)行全面測試。測試力求科學(xué)、客觀、可行。考試采取客觀試題與主觀試題相結(jié)合,單項(xiàng)技能測試與綜合技能測試相結(jié)合的方式。在第一階段的筆試中,客觀試題約占試卷總分的35%,主觀試題約占試卷總分的65%;第二階段口試全部是主觀試題。
五、考試內(nèi)容
第一階段筆試分四個(gè)部分,依次是:第一部分:聽力;第二部分:閱讀;第三部分:英譯漢;第四部分:漢譯英??偪荚嚂r(shí)間為l50分鐘,其中聽力45分鐘,閱讀45分鐘,英譯漢30分鐘,漢譯英30分鐘。第二階段口試分兩個(gè)部分:口語與口譯,考試時(shí)間為25分鐘左右。
1.聽力
聽力測試分三個(gè)部分:聽寫、聽力理解和聽譯。
1-A.聽寫
(1)測試要求
要求考生在全面理解所聽英語內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,準(zhǔn)確填寫出試題中的空缺部分。
(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題。聽寫文字內(nèi)容長度為300個(gè)詞左右,聽一遍。語速為每分鐘130個(gè)詞左右,試題中有20處標(biāo)號的空缺部分要求考生填寫,填寫部分的詞語、短語長度為l至4個(gè)詞。聽寫內(nèi)容播放后有2~3分鐘的間隙供考生填寫。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語聽力理解、短時(shí)記憶及筆錄能力。
(4)選材原則
(a)在一般話題范圍內(nèi)選材,體裁多樣,體現(xiàn)時(shí)代性和實(shí)用性。
(b)聽寫內(nèi)容的語言難度和詞匯量適中。
1—B.聽力理解
(1)測試要求
要求考生在一般話題范圍內(nèi),能聽懂英語講座、廣播或電視短片以及交際場合中的英語會(huì)話、對話和講話,理解說話者的主要含意。
(2)題型
聽力材料有單句陳述,也有講話、對話(采訪)、廣播、講座等類型。語速為每分鐘l50個(gè)詞左右。試題形式為選擇題,每一節(jié)聽力材料后有一至數(shù)道選擇題,每道選擇題后有l(wèi)5秒左右的間隙,要求考生從試卷給出的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。
(3)測試目的
測試考生通過聽力理解獲取信息的能力。
(4)選材原則
(a)單句長度為25個(gè)詞左右,句子結(jié)構(gòu)一般不超過兩個(gè)分句。
(b)對話、講話、講座內(nèi)容題材與日常生活、工作或?qū)W習(xí)有關(guān),難度適中。
1—C.聽譯(英-漢)
(1)測試要求
要求考生在聽懂和理解原話的基礎(chǔ)上,譯出其主要內(nèi)容。
(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題。聽譯內(nèi)容分為單句和段落兩個(gè)部分。單句長度為25個(gè)詞左右,段落為80個(gè)詞左右,朗讀一遍。單句后有45~60秒、段落后有l(wèi)50~200秒的間隙供考生筆譯。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的聽力理解、短時(shí)記憶、筆錄和翻譯能力。
(4)選材原則
(a)內(nèi)容多種多樣,難度適中。
(b)選自一般話題并以口語體為主的材料。
2.閱讀
(1)測試要求
要求考生具備熟練閱讀英語原文篇章、摘錄、說明、書信、紀(jì)要、廣告等的能力。
(2)題型
本部分為客觀試題。閱讀材料均選自英語原版書刊,共6~8篇文章。試題形式為選擇題,要求考生從試卷給出的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語閱讀理解技能、概括中心思想能力、推理與釋義能力、詞匯量以及與英語國家、社會(huì)、文化等相關(guān)的知識。
(4)選材原則
(a)以中等難度閱讀文章或摘錄等材料為主。
(b)內(nèi)容與題材多種多樣,具有普遍性和社會(huì)性。
(c)每篇文章長度約為500個(gè)詞,全部文章總長度為3000個(gè)詞左右。
3.英譯漢
(1)測試要求
要求考生運(yùn)用英譯漢的理論和技巧,翻譯英語書刊上的文章。速度為每小時(shí)340個(gè)詞左右。譯文要求忠實(shí)于原意,語言流暢。
(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題,長度為170個(gè)詞左右的英文文章或段落一篇。
(3)測試目的
測試考生英譯漢的技巧與能力。
(4)選材原則
(a)材料取自英語國家的報(bào)刊或書籍。
(b)題材和內(nèi)容具有普遍性、社會(huì)性及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,難度適中
4.漢譯英
(1)測試要求
要求考生運(yùn)用漢譯英的理論和技巧,翻譯介紹我國國情、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、文化背景以及風(fēng)土人情等的文章或段落。速度為每小時(shí)340個(gè)詞左右。譯文應(yīng)忠實(shí)于原意,語言通順。
(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題,長度為170個(gè)詞左右的中文文章或段落一篇。
(3)測試目的
測試考生漢譯英的技巧與能力。
(4)選材原則
(a)材料取自中文報(bào)刊或書籍。
(b)題材和內(nèi)容具有普遍性、社會(huì)性以及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,難度適中
5.口語
(1)測試要求
要求考生掌握英語口語表達(dá)和語言組織的基本技能,包括語音語調(diào)、措辭、句法、語句的連貫與說話的流利度。
(2)題型
可采取以下任何一種:
(a)按所給題目的要求作命題發(fā)言。
(b)按所給圖表及要求作敘述或發(fā)表評論。
(c)按所給書面短文(長度為300個(gè)詞左右)和要求
回答問題或發(fā)表評論。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語口語技能。
想不想知道自己的英語詞匯量?
(4)選材原則
供命題發(fā)言的題目帶有普遍性或爭議性,為考生所熟悉。
6.口譯
(1)測試要求
要求考生具備口譯基本技能,掌握英譯漢、漢譯英的口譯基本技巧??谧g應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確、流利地傳達(dá)原話意思,語音語調(diào)正確,用詞與句法基本準(zhǔn)確。
(2)題型
口譯采用段落翻譯或?qū)υ挿g:段落翻譯量為四段,對話翻譯量為一段;英譯漢與漢譯英總量為650個(gè)詞左右,每一句段的英語或漢語后有l(wèi)5~30秒的間隙供考生口譯。
(3)測試目的
測試考生的英譯漢、漢譯英的基本技能和基本技巧。
(4)選材原則
(a)從一般話題范圍內(nèi)的對話、致辭、講話、講座等材料中選取口譯材料。
(b)V1譯材料題材帶有普遍性,圍繞社會(huì)、時(shí)代與日常生活內(nèi)容,難度適中。
7.筆試項(xiàng)目一覽表
8.口試項(xiàng)目一覽表
第三篇:中級口譯考試段落
文化是指一個(gè)民族的整體生活方式。這一簡單定義的含義使文化包括了這樣一些內(nèi)容,即一個(gè)民族的風(fēng)俗、傳統(tǒng)、社會(huì)習(xí)慣、價(jià)值觀、信仰、語言、思維方式以及El?;顒?dòng)。文化還包含了文明史。從廣義上說,有兩種文化,即物質(zhì)文化和精神文化。物質(zhì)文化是具體的、可見的,而精神文化則比較蘊(yùn)蓄、比較抽象。
Culture means the total way of life of a people.This simple definition implies that culture refers to the customs, traditions, social habits, values, beliefs, language, ways of thinking and daily activities of a people.It also includes the history of civilization.In the broad sense, there are two types of culture, that is, material culture and spiritual culture.Material culture is concrete and observable, while spiritual culture implicit and abstract.由于人類語言是文化的直接表現(xiàn),所以第二語言的學(xué)習(xí)涉及了第二文化的學(xué)習(xí)。第二語言教師應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)學(xué)生注意并了解他們所學(xué)語言的文化內(nèi)容。包括理解外族文化的價(jià)值觀,掌握外族文化的禮儀,了解外族文化與本族文化之間的差異。
Because human language is a direct manifestation of culture, learning a second language involves learning a second culture.For the teacher of a second language, he or she should make sure to develop the students' awareness and knowledge of the culture of the target language they are learning.This includes understanding the values of the target culture, acquiring a command of the etiquette of the target culture and understanding the differences between the target culture and the students' own culture.隨著學(xué)生外語學(xué)習(xí)的深化,他們會(huì)增進(jìn)對所學(xué)語言民族的文化特征的認(rèn)識。這種開闊了的文化認(rèn)識可以涉及文化的所有方面:外族人的生活方式,以及外族社會(huì)的地理、歷史、經(jīng)濟(jì)、藝術(shù)和科學(xué)等。我們知道,每個(gè)民族的文化有不同于其他民族文化的禮儀規(guī)范。因此,學(xué)生在上外語課時(shí)應(yīng)該學(xué)習(xí)操目標(biāo)語的民族那些恰當(dāng)?shù)皿w的禮儀規(guī)范,學(xué)習(xí)如何理解陌生的文化習(xí)俗,學(xué)習(xí)在與外族人交際時(shí)應(yīng)有的言談舉止。
As students progress through a foreign language program, it is expected that they will increase their awareness of the cultural characteristics of the speakers of the language under study.This broadened cultural knowledge may touch on all aspects of culture, the people's way of life as well as the geographic, historical, economic artistic and scientific aspects of the target society.We know that each culture has different etiquette patterns.And therefore, in a foreign language course, students should learn the appropriate etiquette patterns expected of the people living in the country where the target language is spoken.Students should also learn how to interpret unfamiliar cultural conventions and how to act appropriately when communicating with the persons of the foreign culture.改革開放30年來,隨著中國逐漸崛起成為政治經(jīng)濟(jì)強(qiáng)國,海外人士學(xué)習(xí)漢語的現(xiàn)象與日俱增,海外孔子學(xué)院也成了人們學(xué)習(xí)中國語言和中國文化的首選之地。//通過學(xué)習(xí)漢語,他們對這個(gè)和自己文化大相徑庭的古老文明產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣,而且有機(jī)會(huì)了解中國的哲學(xué)、藝術(shù)、醫(yī)學(xué)、飲食文化,親身體驗(yàn)這個(gè)文明古國的風(fēng)采。//作為第二文化,中國文化也豐富了他們的生活和世界觀??梢哉f,這個(gè)潮流方興未艾 As china is rising as a political and economic world power, thanks to its three-decade reform and opening up, more and more people in overseas countries start to learn Chinese and turn to a Confucius Institute in their own countries as their first choice for learning Chinese language and Chinese culture.// During the learning process, the learners concurrently develop their interest in this ancient land,whose civilization is so vastly different from theirs.And during the learning progress,the learners have opportunities to learn about Chinese philosophy, art, architecture, medicine and catering culture and experience first-hand the splendors of this venerable civilization.// Meanwhile, Chinese culture has enriched the life and world outlook of the learners.This trend, so to speak, is gathering momentum and is there to stay 越來越多的學(xué)習(xí)漢語的美國人除了對中國菜肴贊不絕口之外,也在嘗試針灸,草藥和武術(shù)。//他們也看功夫電影,學(xué)習(xí)東方時(shí)裝潮流和手工藝,不知不覺的在日常生活中談及中國的點(diǎn)心,人參、銀杏,烏龍茶等。目前在美國最熱門的中國文化是道家學(xué)說和有著神秘色彩的風(fēng)水學(xué)。
It's interesting to note that apart from their love for Chinese cuisine, more and more American learners of Chinese language are turning to Chinese acupuncture,herbal medicines, martial arts.// They are also interested in kongfu films, fashions and crafts.Seemingly outlandish words such as dimsum, ginseng, gingko, oolong cha have crept into their everyday language.The latest Chinese cultural icons to make its impact there are Taoism,and ancient school of thought, and fengshui, an ancient art of placement.//
在這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的時(shí)代背景下,大學(xué)將扮演怎樣的角色呢?大學(xué)將如何通過旨在提高生活質(zhì)量、推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)進(jìn)而推動(dòng)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步呢?在這個(gè)日新月異、充滿變數(shù)的社會(huì),大學(xué)又將如何培養(yǎng)那些善于取精用弘的學(xué)生呢?//今天我演講的重點(diǎn)是大學(xué)創(chuàng)新與研究的作用,因?yàn)閯?chuàng)新是大學(xué)精神之所在,同時(shí)也是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和新技術(shù)產(chǎn)生的主要原因。我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)識到,本科生教育和研究生教育都與研究緊密相連。我們的教育應(yīng)該為學(xué)生創(chuàng)造一種可以探尋新知識、帶來新發(fā)現(xiàn)的氛圍,將教學(xué)與研究融合在一起的教育可以培養(yǎng)一批活躍在探索前沿、聰穎開放的青年才俊。//一屆又一屆的大學(xué)畢業(yè)生可以向社會(huì)傳播發(fā)明創(chuàng)造的知識。
What will the role of universities be in this globalized economy? How will they contribute to improving society through innovation that will improve the quality of life and support economic growth? How will they prepare their graduates who will extract the best and explore the greatest in this increasingly complex society?//Most of my remarks will focus on the roll of innovation and research in the university since that is university spirit ,as well as the primary source of economic growth and new technologies.It is important to remember that undergraduate education and post-graduate education are tightly linked to research.Our education programs should ensure that the students are learning in anatmosphere characterized by the pursuit of new knowledge and process of discovery.An interrelated educational program will create a flow of young, bright and uninhibited minds to work on the frontier of discovery.//The process of graduation will disseminate the knowledge of new discoveries and innovations.大學(xué)最的使根本的使命就是創(chuàng)造新知識,雖然大學(xué)所創(chuàng)造的新只是有時(shí)會(huì)立即產(chǎn)生實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值,但這決不是大學(xué)所追求的唯一目標(biāo)。將獲取實(shí)際應(yīng)用價(jià)值的目標(biāo)定位大學(xué)的主要目標(biāo)是一種短視行為?;A(chǔ)研究也同樣是大學(xué)的使命,而且大學(xué)在推動(dòng)基礎(chǔ)研究方面能發(fā)揮獨(dú)特的作用。//選對人是確保創(chuàng)新型研究環(huán)境的首要因素,也是最為關(guān)鍵的因素。選人要選三種人: 第一種人是浮想聯(lián)翩的思想家,第二種人是富有革命精神的探索家,第三種人是不受常規(guī)約束的實(shí) 干家。// The fundamental mission of a university is the creation of new knowledge which sometimes has immediate practical applications.But that can never be the only goal.And making it a primary goal will frequently be short-sighted.Basic contributions to knowledge should be valued for being exactly that.Our university has an almost unique role in fostering such contribution.//Choosing the right people is the first and perhaps the most crucial step in ensuring an innovative environment.There are three types of people that can be important.The first class of individuals consists of fanciful visionaries.The second class of important people in innovative environment consists of revolutionary explorers.The third class of individuals consists of uninhibited executors.//
第四篇:中級口譯考試大綱
中級口譯考試大綱
上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書考試是經(jīng)上海緊缺人才培訓(xùn)工程聯(lián)席會(huì)議辦公室審核、確認(rèn)的緊缺人才崗位資格培訓(xùn)項(xiàng)目之一。
英語口譯崗位資格證書考試是為國家機(jī)關(guān)、企事業(yè)、外資機(jī)構(gòu)、涉外單位等考核與遴選一批能勝任各類涉外項(xiàng)目談判、高層次會(huì)晤、新聞發(fā)布會(huì)、記者招待會(huì)以及國際研討會(huì)的翻譯人才。
凡獲得上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書者均具有良好的口語水平和基本口譯技能,可從事一般話題的口譯工作。
據(jù)此,本大綱規(guī)定了以下考試原則和要求。
一、考試目的 根據(jù)大綱要求,檢查考生是否具備本大綱所規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)語言技能。凡通過上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書考試(含筆試和口試)的考生,可獲得由上海市教育委員會(huì)、上海市成人教育委員會(huì)、上海市委組織部、上海市人事局統(tǒng)一印制的上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書。
二、考試的性質(zhì)和范圍
本考試是一種測試考生單項(xiàng)和綜合語言能力的尺度參照性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化考試??荚嚪謨蓚€(gè)階段,第一階段為筆試,第二階段為口試。只有通過筆試的考生方有資格參加口試。筆試包括聽力、閱讀、英譯漢和漢譯英;口試包括口語和口譯。
三、考試時(shí)間與命題
上海市英語中級口譯崗位資格證書考試每年舉行兩次,分別于3月和9月舉行筆試,并擇時(shí)舉行口試。筆試和口試由上海市外語口譯崗位資格證書考試委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)命題與實(shí)施。
四、考試形式
本考試根據(jù)口譯特點(diǎn),以測試口譯水平為主要目標(biāo),從聽、說、讀、譯(筆譯、口譯)等四個(gè)方面對考生語言運(yùn)用能力進(jìn)行全面測試。測試力求科學(xué)、客觀、可行??荚嚥扇】陀^試題與主觀試題相結(jié)合,單項(xiàng)技能測試與綜合技能測試相結(jié)合的方式。在第一階段的筆試中,客觀試題約占試卷總分的35%,主觀試題約占試卷總分的65%;第二階段口試全部是主觀試題。
五、考試內(nèi)容
第一階段筆試分四個(gè)部分,依次是:第一部分:聽力;第二部分:閱讀;第三部分:英譯漢;第四部分:漢譯英。總考試時(shí)間為l50分鐘,其中聽力45分鐘,閱讀45分鐘,英譯漢30分鐘,漢譯英30分鐘。第二階段口試分兩個(gè)部分:口語與口譯,考試時(shí)間為25分鐘左右。
英語高級口譯崗位資格證書 實(shí)考試卷匯編及解析套餐 1.聽力
聽力測試分三個(gè)部分:聽寫、聽力理解和聽譯。
1-A.聽寫(1)測試要求
要求考生在全面理解所聽英語內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,準(zhǔn)確填寫出試題中的空缺部分。(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題。聽寫文字內(nèi)容長度為300個(gè)詞左右,聽一遍。語速為每分鐘130個(gè)詞左右,試題中有20處標(biāo)號的空缺部分要求考生填寫,填寫部分的詞語、短語長度為l至4個(gè)詞。聽寫內(nèi)容播放后有2~3分鐘的間隙供考生填寫。(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語聽力理解、短時(shí)記憶及筆錄能力。(4)選材原則
(a)在一般話題范圍內(nèi)選材,體裁多樣,體現(xiàn)時(shí)代性和實(shí)用性。(b)聽寫內(nèi)容的語言難度和詞匯量適中。
1—B.聽力理解(1)測試要求
要求考生在一般話題范圍內(nèi),能聽懂英語講座、廣播或電視短片以及交際場合中的英語會(huì)話、對話和講話,理解說話者的主要含意。(2)題型
聽力材料有單句陳述,也有講話、對話(采訪)、廣播、講座等類型。語速為每分鐘l50個(gè)詞左右。試題形式為選擇題,每一節(jié)聽力材料后有一至數(shù)道選擇題,每道選擇題后有l(wèi)5秒左右的間隙,要求考生從試卷給出的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。(3)測試目的
測試考生通過聽力理解獲取信息的能力。(4)選材原則
(a)單句長度為25個(gè)詞左右,句子結(jié)構(gòu)一般不超過兩個(gè)分句。
(b)對話、講話、講座內(nèi)容題材與日常生活、工作或?qū)W習(xí)有關(guān),難度適中。
1—C.聽譯(英-漢)(1)測試要求
要求考生在聽懂和理解原話的基礎(chǔ)上,譯出其主要內(nèi)容。(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題。聽譯內(nèi)容分為單句和段落兩個(gè)部分。單句長度為25個(gè)詞左右,段落為80個(gè)詞左右,朗讀一遍。單句后有45~60秒、段落后有l(wèi)50~200秒的間隙供考生筆譯。(3)測試目的
測試考生的聽力理解、短時(shí)記憶、筆錄和翻譯能力。(4)選材原則
(a)內(nèi)容多種多樣,難度適中。
(b)選自一般話題并以口語體為主的材料。
2.閱讀(1)測試要求
要求考生具備熟練閱讀英語原文篇章、摘錄、說明、書信、紀(jì)要、廣告等的能力。(2)題型
本部分為客觀試題。閱讀材料均選自英語原版書刊,共6~8篇文章。試題形式為選擇題,要求考生從試卷給出的四個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)中選出一個(gè)最佳答案。(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語閱讀理解技能、概括中心思想能力、推理與釋義能力、詞匯量以及與英語國家、社會(huì)、文化等相關(guān)的知識。(4)選材原則
(a)以中等難度閱讀文章或摘錄等材料為主。
(b)內(nèi)容與題材多種多樣,具有普遍性和社會(huì)性。
(c)每篇文章長度約為500個(gè)詞,全部文章總長度為3000個(gè)詞左右。
3.英譯漢(1)測試要求
要求考生運(yùn)用英譯漢的理論和技巧,翻譯英語書刊上的文章。速度為每小時(shí)340個(gè)詞左右。譯文要求忠實(shí)于原意,語言流暢。(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題,長度為170個(gè)詞左右的英文文章或段落一篇。(3)測試目的
測試考生英譯漢的技巧與能力。(4)選材原則
(a)材料取自英語國家的報(bào)刊或書籍。
(b)題材和內(nèi)容具有普遍性、社會(huì)性及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,難度適中。
4.漢譯英(1)測試要求
要求考生運(yùn)用漢譯英的理論和技巧,翻譯介紹我國國情、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、文化背景以及風(fēng)土人情等的文章或段落。速度為每小時(shí)340個(gè)詞左右。譯文應(yīng)忠實(shí)于原意,語言通順。(2)題型
本部分為主觀試題,長度為170個(gè)詞左右的中文文章或段落一篇。(3)測試目的
測試考生漢譯英的技巧與能力。(4)選材原則(a)材料取自中文報(bào)刊或書籍。
(b)題材和內(nèi)容具有普遍性、社會(huì)性以及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,難度適中
5.口語(1)測試要求
要求考生掌握英語口語表達(dá)和語言組織的基本技能,包括語音語調(diào)、措辭、句法、語句的連貫與說話的流利度。(2)題型
可采取以下任何一種:
(a)按所給題目的要求作命題發(fā)言。
(b)按所給圖表及要求作敘述或發(fā)表評論。
(c)按所給書面短文(長度為300個(gè)詞左右)和要求 回答問題或發(fā)表評論。(3)測試目的
測試考生的英語口語技能。
想不想知道自己的英語詞匯量?(4)選材原則
供命題發(fā)言的題目帶有普遍性或爭議性,為考生所熟悉。
6.口譯(1)測試要求
要求考生具備口譯基本技能,掌握英譯漢、漢譯英的口譯基本技巧??谧g應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確、流利地傳達(dá)原話意思,語音語調(diào)正確,用詞與句法基本準(zhǔn)確。(2)題型
口譯采用段落翻譯或?qū)υ挿g:段落翻譯量為四段,對話翻譯量為一段;英譯漢與漢譯英總量為650個(gè)詞左右,每一句段的英語或漢語后有l(wèi)5~30秒的間隙供考生口譯。(3)測試目的
測試考生的英譯漢、漢譯英的基本技能和基本技巧。(4)選材原則
(a)從一般話題范圍內(nèi)的對話、致辭、講話、講座等材料中選取口譯材料。(b)V1譯材料題材帶有普遍性,圍繞社會(huì)、時(shí)代與日常生活內(nèi)容,難度適中。
第五篇:口譯考試
3.2中國酒店
中國的酒店按照星級標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分為一級、二級和三級酒店。
五星級和大多數(shù)的四星級酒店屬于一級酒店。一級酒店的客房配備了全套浴室,冰箱,電話以及衛(wèi)星電視。這些酒店都擁有可以通過中央空調(diào)設(shè)備調(diào)節(jié)氣溫的遙控。其他由酒店提供的附屬設(shè)施包括如商務(wù)中心、會(huì)議設(shè)施、美容室、桑拿浴室、外匯和保齡球中心、迪斯科舞廳、游泳池、健身館、飯店、咖啡廳、購物中心以及酒吧等,全天24小時(shí)開放。
二級酒店大致包括三星級酒店和一些二星級酒店。其客房設(shè)施和服務(wù)沒有達(dá)到一級酒店的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。不過,旅游團(tuán)通常更樂意選擇住二級酒店。
說到設(shè)施和服務(wù),三級酒店看起來跟西方國家的汽車旅館差不多。這些三級酒店的硬件設(shè)施自然比起那些二級酒店來是要差一些。但是,這些酒店的費(fèi)用只需低于二級酒店價(jià)格的一半的價(jià)格。因此,也廣受游客的喜歡。
3.3 史蒂夫 福布斯談《福布斯》
我祖父20世紀(jì)初來到美國。他離開英格蘭時(shí)身上沒什么錢。連他在內(nèi)兄弟姐妹10人,不過他自小就受到很好的教育。像許多人一樣,他也是滿懷憧憬和理想來到美國的。他創(chuàng)辦了《福布斯》雜志,報(bào)道那些實(shí)干家,那些改變商業(yè)社會(huì)的人。
我祖父常說,做生意不是堆積百萬財(cái)富,而是為帶來幸??鞓贰H缃裎覀冎v到公司、經(jīng)營,文章中會(huì)用到許多數(shù)字,但焦點(diǎn)一直放在人上面。對公司來說,最重要的是人,而不是資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。以前我祖父是這樣看的,我們現(xiàn)在也是這樣看的。
當(dāng)前的世界信息泛濫,足以將人淹沒,人們迫切需要一本刊物來解讀這些信息,告訴讀者哪些重要,哪些不重要。這就是《福布斯》的價(jià)值所在。我們提供額外的視角和判斷。我們從不停留于表面,總想看看公司到底是如何經(jīng)營的,正是當(dāng)今蕪雜繁多的信息使得《福布斯》日益重要。
3.4 Introduction to an arts and crafts company
Distinguished guests, dear friends,I feel honored to have this opportunity to introduce our company to you through the platform provided by this conference.Founded 15 years ago, we are a company specializing in the design, manufacture and sales of handicrafts.Fifteen years ago our staff numbered 50;now the figure is 1,700.Fifteen years ago we rented a facility covering a floor space of 4,500 square meters;now our own facility covers a floor space of 24,000 square meters.These figures speak loudly and clearly of our success.Our leading products are various architectural exotic European cathedrals, the Empire State Building, the White House, and the Pentagon in the U.S., along with cartoon animal toys and Christmas gifts with a variety of designs.Our designs have become trend setters in the industry.Nowadays, our products are sold worldwide in more than twenty countries including Japan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, America, the UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany.They are well received by both local importers and customers.For fifteen years our output value has manifested an annual growth rate of 30%.4.4 Preserve core values of the Lunar New Year
To people of Chinese descent around the world, the Lunar New Year(also called Spring Festival)is undoubtedly the most important festival of the year.Dating back 3,000 years, it celebrates the passing of a peaceful year and welcomes a new year.The reunion dinner, eaten on New Year’s Eve, is the most special, with members of the extended family gathering for the most significant meal of the year.Even the absent members will endeavor to return home in time for it.It underscores the supreme importance of the family in Chinese culture, and aims at strengthening the sense of togetherness and cohesion.The way people celebrate the New Year embodies two important core values.The first value is the sense of family togetherness;members of multi-generation families are all there to have a big reunion dinner.Everyone will follow this custom.The female members are always held responsible for preparing the dinner, and some rich families may take on extra hands.The second value lies in the happy visits mutually made between friends and relatives, a good way to strengthen kinship and friendship.However, economic development has resulted in some changes in lifestyles.After a busy year, people are tired of preparing for the reunion dinner, and would rather hold their reunion dinner in posh restaurants, despite the exorbitant costs.The festival door-to door visits have given way to New Year greetings via telephone or text messages.Some families even go to such extremes as to travel and seek temporary refuge in a hotel so as to avoid being visited.Some tradition-minded people regard the reunion dinner and visits to relatives and close friends during the New Year as core values, without which the holiday would lose much of its significance.Some pessimists contend that, as the popularity of western culture grows, Chinese traditional festivals gradually lose their original meaning and degenerate into commercial festivals like Christmas.The Spring Festival is an important part of the Chinese cultural heritage, and it will continue to be celebrated.The modes of celebration may change, but the core value should be sustained: that of respect for kinship and friendship.5.2 游覽白宮
兩百多年來,白宮作為美國總統(tǒng)、美國政府以及美國人民的標(biāo)志一直屹立在那里。和這個(gè)國家的首都的歷史一樣,白宮的歷史開始于1790年12月。華盛頓總統(tǒng)和城市設(shè)計(jì)師皮埃爾·雷芬一起選擇該址作為新的居住地,即現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大街1600號。
1792年10月,當(dāng)?shù)谝粔K奠基石造好的時(shí)候,白宮的建設(shè)就開始了。盡管華盛頓總統(tǒng)監(jiān)督了白宮的建設(shè),但是他從未入主白宮。直到1800年,也就是白宮臨近竣工的時(shí)候,第一位入主者約翰·亞當(dāng)斯總統(tǒng)和他的妻子阿比蓋爾搬進(jìn)了白宮。從那以后,每位入主白宮的總體都會(huì)改變原有的裝潢或擺設(shè),使得白宮以新面貌出現(xiàn)。
白宮有著極其獨(dú)特和引人注目的歷史。1814年,白宮曾被付之一炬。1929年,白宮的西翼也曾被縱火。白宮的內(nèi)部全部修復(fù)過。盡管如此,其外圍石墻就是兩百多年前白宮建成時(shí)建造的。
在星期二至星期六這段時(shí)間的上午,白宮是全面開放的。而星期天和星期一,則不對外開放。所有在白宮內(nèi)的旅游觀光都是免費(fèi)的。
在游客進(jìn)入白宮時(shí),通過安全檢查后方可攜帶照相機(jī)入內(nèi)。但是,在白宮內(nèi)禁止拍照和錄像。
9.3 Multivariate family planning policy in China
It has been over two decades since China adopted the Family Planning Policy.However, there still exist misunderstandings about this policy.People mistakenly think that China’s Family Planning Policy equals the One Child Policy, which allows
one couple to have only one child.Their impression is that this policy is implemented more strictly in urban areas: in cities where people are better-off, one couple can have only one child, while in the poor rural areas, one couple can have two or three children.Furthermore, they think that the One Child Policy is the cause of gender imbalance.I will now clarify these misunderstandings.As a matter of fact, the policy adopted in the early 1980s is a multivariate policy called the Family Planning Policy, or the fertility policy.Its multivariate nature can be proved by two facts.First, the total fertility rate in China now stands at 1.8, which means there is more than one child per family in most areas.For example, there is generally only one child in a family in urban areas, but two in rural areas, and three in ethnic minority areas.In some areas, like Tibet, there are no restrictions at all on the number of children a family can have.We can tell from this fact that China’s Family Planning Policy varies in accordance with the economic and social development level of different areas.Secondly, China is seeing an unbalanced sex ratio at birth at the moment.The sex ratio at birth refers to the number of boys born per 100 girls born.This is not the same concept as the sex ratio of the total population.The unbalance is not entirely the result of the Family Planning Policy.I would like to cite two interesting examples.My first example is the ROK.In 1988, the sex ratio at birth in the ROK was 114, and the ratio now in China is 117.I believe there is no family planning policy in the ROK.My second example is Singapore, whose sex ratio at birth in1984 was 109.Why is it a common problem in Asia? There are two reasons.The first reason is the influence of traditional culture and ideology, that is, a preference for sons, which poses a great problem for the sex ratio at birth.Second, China’s unbalanced birth ratio is attributable to the poor social security in rural areas.The Chinese government has launched a nationwide Girl Care Project to hamper the rising sex ratio at birth.This project aims to educate the general public to abandon their traditional preference for male children and to advocate female children’s status and rights.Secondly, the Chinese government is also making an effort to establish and improve the social security system, particularly in rural areas.Thirdly, the phenomenon of allowing one child for urban families and two to three children for families in poor areas is called reverse selection of population quality.I have two points to make in the regard.The policy in rural areas is made in accordance with the economic situation there.The social security system is being gradually improved in rural areas.If a stringent One Child policy is to be introduced in this process, the household insurance coverage is likely to be reduced for rural families.Therefore, the number of children allowed in rural families is dependent on the economic situation.10.3 中國與歐盟的關(guān)系
女士們、先生們、朋友們:
今天,我很榮幸給大家介紹歐盟的一些情況以及歐盟與中國的關(guān)系。
歐盟全稱叫歐洲聯(lián)盟,是在歐洲共同體基礎(chǔ)上有25個(gè)獨(dú)立的國家組成的,目的是為了加強(qiáng)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)合作。原來叫“歐共體”或“歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體”。
目前的25個(gè)成員國是:奧地利、比利時(shí)、丹麥、芬蘭、法國、德國、希臘、愛爾蘭、意大利、盧森堡、荷蘭、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英國、塞浦路斯(希臘部分)、捷克共和國、愛沙尼亞、匈牙利、拉脫維亞、立陶宛、馬耳他、波蘭、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亞。歐盟25國總面積400平方公里,差不多半個(gè)中國的面積???cè)丝跀?shù)為4.544億,排行第三,僅次于中國和印度,約占世界總?cè)丝诘?%。
歐盟同一貨幣為歐元,2002年一月正式啟用。到目前為止,已經(jīng)有12個(gè)歐盟國家用歐元取代其本國貨幣。同一貨幣使旅行和價(jià)格比較容易些,它還為歐洲的商業(yè)往來、刺激增長和競爭創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境。
目前為止,歐盟的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值逾10萬億美元。作為一個(gè)整體,這個(gè)規(guī)模與它的主要競爭對手美國差不多。經(jīng)濟(jì)總量和貿(mào)易總額分別占全球25%和35%。
歐盟與中國的關(guān)系十分良好。今年5月歐盟與中國就建交30周年了。去年,歐盟與中國的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易總額達(dá)到2,000億歐元。德國是中國的最大貿(mào)易伙伴,英國、荷蘭名列第二和第三。
歐盟正抓住當(dāng)前這一大好歷史機(jī)遇-團(tuán)結(jié)曾經(jīng)分裂的歐洲大陸,創(chuàng)造一個(gè)和平、穩(wěn)定、民主的歐洲。這次歐盟的擴(kuò)大還將創(chuàng)造一個(gè)幾乎擁有5億消費(fèi)者的大市場,這個(gè)市場飽含經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長和不斷繁榮的極大潛力。
我的話完了,謝謝大家!
11.3傾銷與反傾銷
如果一家公司以比自己國內(nèi)正常市場價(jià)格更低的價(jià)格出口商品,即構(gòu)成“傾銷”。有些人認(rèn)為這是不正當(dāng)競爭但有些則持不同意見。但許多國家的政府采取一些行動(dòng)抵制傾銷行為以保護(hù)本國市場。世貿(mào)組織的協(xié)定并沒有針對反傾銷的制裁措施。它側(cè)重于規(guī)定一些政府是否可以或者不可以對傾銷行為采取行動(dòng)-它通常被稱為“反傾銷協(xié)定”。
典型的反傾銷行動(dòng)的手段是指對特定的出口國的特定產(chǎn)品征收額外進(jìn)口關(guān)稅,以便將其價(jià)格接近“正常價(jià)值”或消除對進(jìn)口國國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)的損害。
一般而言,美國、歐盟、澳大利亞和加拿大一直是反傾銷措施的主要支持者。四個(gè)傳統(tǒng)成員發(fā)起的案件占了世貿(mào)組織反傾銷案件總數(shù)的45%之多的記錄。
為什么發(fā)展中國家容易被鎖定?
首先,外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)容易引起貿(mào)易爭端。由于積極從事出口是促進(jìn)國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的捷徑,許多發(fā)展中國家采取了出口型政策。因此,他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)比發(fā)達(dá)國家更依賴于對外貿(mào)易,發(fā)展中國家和發(fā)達(dá)國家難免會(huì)有許多摩擦沖突。
第二,發(fā)展中國家的出口價(jià)格非常低。由于勞動(dòng)力比發(fā)達(dá)國家更便宜,產(chǎn)品成本低是可以理解的。此外,來自發(fā)展中國家的產(chǎn)品往往不是精心設(shè)計(jì)也不是成品,從而會(huì)影響價(jià)格。相反,發(fā)達(dá)國家的勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)是夕陽產(chǎn)業(yè),它們遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有其他知識型產(chǎn)業(yè)有競爭力。產(chǎn)品價(jià)格在它們的國內(nèi)市場上不合情理的高。這些因素容易引起國內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)和當(dāng)局的注意。
12.4 The Secret of Nano Technology
The term nanotechnology may not sound unfamiliar any more.It has become a buzzword within the hi-tech community, but when asked what’s it about and its impact on our life, I’m afraid many people are not able to answer right away.In fact, it’s already a part of daily life for many.The promise of nanotechnology is almost unlimited.If you think nanotechnology is all in the future, think again.Nano trousers are already on sale in the United States.They feel like ordinary cotton trousers but there’s a thin nano layer, which resists spills and stains.So, if you spill your drink, this is what happens, it just runs off.The trousers aren’t even damp.So nano technology is the science of the very small.But how small is small? Well imagine I was shrunk to a 1,000 times smaller.I’d be about as big as the eye of a fly, but nano is even
smaller than that.In fact, much, much smaller.Imagine I was shrunk again, this time 10,000 times.I’d be about as big as a virus, but nano is even smaller than that.You’d have to shrink4 me another 100 times to get the nano version of me, a billion times smaller than the real me.Industry is already building devices on that scale.Here in Cambridge they’re making very thin nano layers of a plastic that emits light when electrical current runs through it.The technology will soon be on the market, in mobile phones with very bright, energy-saving displays.People will see these initially in fairly simple products like mobile phones but ultimately they will be in TV’s, and when the technology moves on to plastic, you’ll have the roll-down TV that you can put on your wall.Nanotechnology can also be applied to medicine.Ultimately, it will be applied in making a chip that can go into the body, which will release a drug or a whole variety of drugs at an assigned period of time, thus having a healing effect on the body.Nanotechnology can be used in many other fields which are closely related to our daily life as well.The promise of nanotechnology is almost unlimited.That’s why the government is backing itstrongly, yet still many critics fear possible side effects.