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      五年級上冊英語語法小結(jié)1

      時間:2019-05-13 19:42:21下載本文作者:會員上傳
      簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《五年級上冊英語語法小結(jié)1》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《五年級上冊英語語法小結(jié)1》。

      第一篇:五年級上冊英語語法小結(jié)1

      1、be動詞:am、is、are。am用于I,are用于you,we,they和名詞復(fù)數(shù);is用于he,she,it和名詞單數(shù)(統(tǒng)稱為'三單',即第三人稱單數(shù))。

      2、助動詞,主要分為do和does。do用于主語為'非三單'(I,you,復(fù)數(shù));does用于主語為'三單'(he,she,it,名詞單數(shù))助動詞用于“否定句和疑問句”,后面一律加“動詞原形”。例:(1)I like apples.否定句: I don't like apples.一般疑問句:Do you like apples?肯定回答: Yes,I do.否定回答: No, I don`t.(2)He reads books on Sundays.否定句:He doesn't read books on Sundays.一般疑問句:Does he read books on Sundays?

      肯定回答:Yes,he does.否定回答:No,he doesn't.3、主語為'非三單'時,動詞用原形;主語為'三單'時,動詞后面加-s或-es。

      4、名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則變化的規(guī)律

      (1)以s,x,sh,ch結(jié)尾的單詞,加-es。如bus-buses,box-boxes,dish-dishes,watch-watches(2)以o結(jié)尾,有的單詞加-es,如tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes 有的單詞加-s,如piano-pianos,photo-photos(3)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞,把y改成i,再加es,如story-stories,baby-babies(4)單詞以f或fe結(jié)尾的,把f或fe改成ves。如,knife-knives,leaf-leaves(5)一般情況直接加-s,如 boy-boys,girl-girls,apple-apples 不規(guī)則變化

      (1)字母a或o變成e,如man-men,woman-women,tooth-teeth,goose-geese(2)單復(fù)數(shù)同形:sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,people(3)其他:child-children,mouse-mice

      5、many+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),much+不可數(shù)名詞

      some、any后面既可以加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),也可以加不可數(shù)名詞

      some用于肯定句和表示請求及建議的一般疑問句(Would you like/ Can(May/Could)I...?)例如:(1)I'd like some apples.(2)There is some water in the glass.(3)Would you like some tea? May I have some noodles? any用于否定句和疑問句

      例如:(1)I don’t have any notebooks.(2)I don’t have any soup for lunch.(3)Do you have any sisters? Is there any Coke?

      6、形容詞前面必須用be動詞。例:He is my music teacher.Lucy is polite.7、情態(tài)動詞:can,could,may,would,should,have to,has to,后面必須加動詞原形。例如: I can swim.I have to eat vegetables.祈使句用動詞原形。表示請求、命令等句子叫祈使句。它的主語是聽話人(you),一般不需要說出來。通常以動詞原形開頭。

      如:Let's go to school.Open the door,please.8、冠詞 a、an、the 不定冠詞(a、an),表示泛指,a+輔音,如 a young man,a university student an+元音,如 an e-mail,an active girl,an interesting book 定冠詞(the),表示特指、世界上獨一無二的東西,如the sun,the Great Wall(注:there be不與the連接)

      9、時間介詞 in,on,at in+一段時間:年份;季節(jié);月份;上午、下午、晚上 on+具體時間:X月X日;星期幾;節(jié)假日

      at+時間點:at noon,at night,幾點鐘(at 7 o’clock;at 7:30)

      10、play+體育項目,如play football,play chess,play sports,play basketball play + the + 樂器,如play the piano,play the pipa,play the violin

      11、問人的外貌、個性特征以及物體的外觀句式:

      What + be動詞+主語+like?

      12、問星期幾

      What day is it today/tomorrow?

      13、問你午餐吃了什么?(已吃)What do you have for lunch?

      問你午餐想吃什么?(未吃)What would you like for lunch?

      問午餐有什么吃?(未吃)What’s for lunch?

      14、It’s time for + 名詞,如 It’s time for music class.It’s time to + 動詞,如 It’s time to go to school.15、16、The first day of a week is Sunday.like + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)/不可數(shù)名詞,如 I like Mondays./ I like beef.like + 動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞(動詞的ing形式),如 I like reading.like + to + 動詞原形,如 I like to read a book.

      第二篇:初一上冊英語語法知識小結(jié)

      初一上冊英語語法小結(jié)

      1.there be 句型 “有”指 “某地有某物”形式 :there is, there are 例:There is some food in the fridge。冰箱里有一些食物。

      There are many books on the desk.桌上有許多書。

      區(qū)分:there is 用于修飾單數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞,例如:a book , an egg, milk,ice-cream.......there are 用來修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)

      如果要表達某處沒有某物 則要用there be 句型的否定形式,即在there be 后加not ,即 there be not 形式:there is not(there isn't)there are not(there aren't)例: There isn't any milk in a glass。

      There aren't any vegetables in the fridge.若表示是否有,則要用 there be 句型的疑問句 即把be 提前 Be there 形式 Is there , Are there 例:Is there any milk in the glass?

      Are there any vegetables in the fridge? 注意:這里涉及some

      any 的用法 some 用于肯定句中,any 用于否定句和疑問句中。但是在表示請求的

      疑問句中,是想要得到肯定答復(fù)的,要用some。例:Would you

      like

      some milk? 對于there be 疑問句的回答:肯定:Yes,there isare.No,there isn'taren't.2.havehas got 有 指某人有某物 例:I have a dog.我有一只狗。

      He has a sister and a brother.他有一個姐姐和一個弟弟。區(qū)分 :have has: have用來修飾第一人稱和第二人稱和第三人稱復(fù)數(shù)(I,we,they)has用來修飾第三人稱單數(shù)(she, he , it)

      若表示某人沒有某物,則要用否定形式,即在havehas got 后加not 即have not(haven't)got ,has not(hasn't)got.例:I

      haven't

      got a sister but i have a brother.She hasn't got

      bright

      eyes and long hairs.某人是否有某物則要用havehas got的疑問形式,HaveHas +sb.sth.+ got Have they

      got

      a picnic at

      weekends? Has the dog got a host family?(寄宿家庭)

      寄宿制家庭,就是留學(xué)生住在當?shù)厝思伊耍刑峁┗锸郴虿惶峁﹥煞N,房租較高,適合高中生去寄宿!

      回答:肯定:Yes, i we they

      have.Yes , she he it

      has.否定:No , i we they haven't.No, she he it hasn't.注意:there be 和 have got 的區(qū)別 兩者雖都指“有”,但側(cè)重點不同。例:《1》There are some food in the fridge.<2>The fridge has got some food.雖然都是“冰箱里有食物”但(1)句側(cè)重于食物,(2)句側(cè)重于冰箱。3.be(am is are)用法:我用am 你用are,is連著她他它,單數(shù)用is,復(fù)數(shù)用are 例:I am a student.She is a beautiful girl.He is a child.It is a dog.You are my teacher.They are my friends,The boys all are England.be 的否定形式 直接加not 即 am not,are not , is not.例:I am not an English.I am Chinese.She isn't kind.They aren't my friends.疑問形式把be提前 即 be+ 主語......? 例:Is he your father?

      Are they going to have a party? 回答:肯定:Yes, I am.Yes,she he it is.Yes , you we they

      are.否定: No, I am not.No, she he it isn't.No , you we they aren't.be的句式,所用情況:

      1》be + 形容詞(adj.).例:I am very happy.2> be+ 名詞(n.)

      例:He is a boy.3> be + 介詞短語

      例:She is in the school.4> be+形容詞短語 例: He is only 11 years old.5> be+ 副詞

      例:Class is over.4.情態(tài)動詞 can

      can 可以 能夠,表示某人能做某事 用法:can+v.原 不能做某事,則用can 的否定形式:

      cannot(can't)+v.原

      can沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,因此誰能(不能)做某事都能用can 若表示某人是否能做某事 則要用can 的疑問形式,即can+sb.???

      例:I can speak Chinese.I can't speak English.Can you speak English? He can swim but he can't play football.Can she play the piano? 疑問句回答 :肯定:Yes, I she you he it they we can.否定:No, I she he it you we they

      can't.注意:can 表示“能力”時,指現(xiàn)在的能力,并不指過去或?qū)淼哪芰Α?.情態(tài)動詞would

      想 主要用于 would you like to...句型中,表示邀請。例:Would you like to go to school with me ? 回答一般有兩種形式:1 表示愿意:I'd like love to.2 拒絕:Sorry, 原因。注意:would like to 本身并不表示邀請,而是想要。例:I would like to some books.另外,表示邀請還能說:Let's......Shall we......What How about.......還要注意邀請時詢問信息的表達方式:1)詢問時間:When is...2)詢問地點: Where is....6 行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時(根據(jù)其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類:實義動詞、系動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞。行為動詞也叫實義動詞,比如eat,sleep,行為動詞后面只能副詞修飾

      系動詞比如seem,be動詞,可以用形容詞,用法:

      1.如果表示某人經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性做某事,則要用行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時 He goes to school every day.They eat dinner in the evening.2.若表示某人現(xiàn)在的動態(tài),也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。I know him very well.我和他很熟。

      He likes English very much.他非常喜歡英語。

      若表示否定意義,若主語是第一人稱或第二人稱或第三人稱復(fù)數(shù),只要在謂語動詞后加not,即do not(don't),若主語是第三人稱單數(shù),則要在謂語動詞后加does not(doesn't)例:I don't go to school every day.She doesn't goes to the shop every day.You don' t sing vell well.若表示是否經(jīng)常做某事 則要用疑問意義,將do does 提前即可 例:Do you

      write a composition every day? 你每天寫一篇作文嗎?

      Does it smell

      good? 它聞起來很香嗎?

      注意:行為動詞的一般現(xiàn)在時中涉及了頻度副詞,用法:用于行為動詞之前,be動詞之后

      常見的頻度副詞有:often,always,usually,never, seldom,sometimes等 7.變法總結(jié)

      名詞變復(fù)數(shù)(1)一般在詞尾加-s

      例詞:bags, vegetables,books(2)以s , x , ch , sh 結(jié)尾的加-es 例詞: watches , boxes , buses,brushes(3)以o 結(jié)尾的加-es 例詞:heroes 英雄 negroes 黑人 tomatoes 西紅柿 potatoes 土豆

      (4)以o 結(jié)尾的加-s 例詞:zoos , zeros(5)以 輔音字母+y 結(jié)把y 變 i 加-es 例詞:baby——babies,city——cities(6)以 f 或 fe 結(jié)尾,把f 或 fe變成-ves 例詞: life——lives 第三人稱單數(shù)變化形式和名詞變復(fù)數(shù)變化形式相同。

      第三篇:學(xué)位英語語法高頻考點小結(jié) 1

      學(xué)位英語語法高頻考點小結(jié)(1)

      1.點動詞與延續(xù)性動詞的區(qū)別.所謂點動詞是指含有終止或短暫意義的動詞。如:begin, end, die, buy, borrow, come, arrive,join, marry等動詞。它們通常不與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:

      I have bought a book.我買了一本書。.I’ve had this book for three weeks.這本書我已經(jīng)買了三星期了。

      2.have got的含義.have got形式上是現(xiàn)在完成時,卻和have是同一個意思

      She has got a slight temperature.She has a slight

      temperature.她有點發(fā)燒。

      3、用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句型

      It is the first / second time....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時。例如:

      It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。

      This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

      八、過去完成時

      (1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作,即“過去的過去”??梢杂胋y,before等介詞短語或一個時間狀語從句來表示,也可以用一個表示過去的動作來表示,還可能通過上下文來表示。如:

      By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200張飛船發(fā)來的圖片。

      (2)表示由過去的某一時刻開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時間狀語連用。例如:

      I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.當車來的時候,我在車站已等了20分鐘。

      He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說自從1949年以來他就在那家工廠工作。

      (3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來追述或補述以前發(fā)生的動作時,常使用過去完成時。例如:

      Mr.Smith died yesterday.He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先生昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。

      I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我對動詞一無所知,因為我沒有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

      (4)在含有定語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過去的事,先發(fā)生的動作常用過去完成時。例如:

      I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。

      She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。

      (5)過去完成時常常用在賓語從句(或間接引語)中,這時從句中的動作發(fā)生在主句表示的過去的動作之前。例如:.He said that he had known her well.他說他很熟悉她。

      I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我認為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。

      (6)在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中,例如:

      When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒來時雨已停了。

      She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺。

      (7)動詞think, want, hope, mean, plan,intend等用過去完成時來表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。例如:

      They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他們本來打算去幫忙,但沒有及時趕到那里。

      We had hoped to be able to come and see you.我們本來希望能來看看你。

      (8)過去完成時還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first(second, etc)time(that)…等固定句型中。例如:.Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講,聽眾就打斷了他。

      No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。

      九、將來完成時

      a.狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如:

      They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那時他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。

      b.動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動作或獲得的經(jīng)驗。例如:You will have reached

      Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此時,你已經(jīng)到達上海了一語法重點串講 語法是三級英語統(tǒng)考的一個重點,它將體現(xiàn)在所有五個題型中,但重點將集中在以下幾個方面。

      1、時態(tài):常用的10—11種

      2、語態(tài):被動語態(tài)

      3、情態(tài)動詞

      4、虛擬語氣

      5、動詞的非謂語形式三種

      6、各種從句(主、賓、表、定、狀、同位語從句)

      7、主謂一致

      8、倒裝句

      9、強調(diào)句

      10、附加疑問句 第一章 語法重點串講 第一節(jié) 動詞的時態(tài)

      考試重點:一般現(xiàn)在時(if 從句和as soon as 從句);進行時表將來;現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別;完成時瞬間動詞以及have(has)been, have(has)gone的區(qū)別;過去完成時的時間狀語;將來完成時。

      一、一般現(xiàn)在式:

      1、表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài):常和always, usually, often ,sometimes, every day, every week的等時間狀語連用。

      例:He goes to work every day.他每天去上班。

      2、表示普遍的真理。由于是眾所周知的客觀事實,所以一般不用時間狀語。

      例:The earth is round.地球是圓的。

      3、有些表示心理狀態(tài)或感情的動詞往往用一般現(xiàn)在時。

      例:I don’t think you are right.我以為你錯了。

      4、在時間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作:常用的連詞有as soon as,when,till,if。

      (1)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they ________their exams.A.have finished

      B.finish

      C.finished

      D.was finishing

      (答案:B)(1996年22題)

      (2)When the mixture ______, it will give off a powerful force.A.will heat

      B.will be heated

      C.is heated

      D.has heated

      (答案:C)(1992年59題)

      二、一般過去時:

      1、表示過去的動作或狀態(tài):常和過去時間狀語連用。just now, last year, when I was 8years old等。

      例:You've already missed too many classes this term.You _____ two classes just last week.A.missed

      B.would miss

      C.had missed

      D.have missed

      (答案:A。有具體的時間狀語要用過去時。)(1995年59題)

      2、used to do sth:過去常常做…

      例:I used to take a walk in the morning.我過去是在早晨散步。(意味著現(xiàn)在不在早晨散步了。)

      3、it is high time(that)…句型中,謂語動詞用過去時。

      例:Don’t you think it is time you _____ smoking?

      A.give up

      B.gave up

      C.would give up

      D.should give up

      (答案:B)(1999年31題)三、一般將來時

      1、will(shall)+原形動詞:表示將來的動作或狀態(tài)。

      例:He will come and help you.他會來幫助你的。

      2、be going to +動詞原形:表示馬上就要發(fā)生的事情或打算好要做的事。

      例:Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去聽這個演講嗎?

      3、be to +動詞原形: 表示安排或計劃好了的動作。

      例:The Third-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day.三環(huán)路將在國慶節(jié)前通車。

      4、be about to +動詞原形:表示即將發(fā)生的動作。

      5、例:The lecture is about to begin.講座即將開始。

      6、某些表示開始、終結(jié)、往來行動的動詞如:go ,come, start, arrive,leave 等的現(xiàn)在進行時可表示將來。

      (1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow.我們明天動身去北京。

      (2)The foreign guests are arriving in Jinan tonight.外賓今晚到達濟南。

      四、過去將來時

      表示在過去預(yù)計將要發(fā)生的動作,常用于賓語從句。

      例:He wanted to know when the conference would start.他想知道會議何時開始。

      五、現(xiàn)在進行時

      1、表示此時此刻(說話時)正在進行的動作。

      例:The teacher is talking with his students.這位老師正在同他的學(xué)生交談。

      2、表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作,但此刻并不一定在進行。

      例:I am attending a conference in Beijing.我正在北京參加一個會議。

      六、過去進行時

      1、表示在過去某一段時間正在進行的動作。常需用表示過去的時間狀語或通過上下文來判斷時間。

      例:He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七點到九點他正在做作業(yè)。

      2、when 和while 的用法

      (1)I fell and hurt myself while I _____tennis.A.was playing B.am playing C.play D.played

      (答案:A。連接詞when 表示時間上的點,其所引導(dǎo)的句子用過去時,while 表示持續(xù)的一段時間,其所引導(dǎo)的句子用過去進行時。)(1998年43題)

      (2)When you _____ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A.talk B.talked C.will talk D.talking

      (答案為B)(1999年35題)

      (3)One of the guards _____ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A.has slept B.were sleeping C, slept D.was sleeping

      (答案為D)(1996年23題)

      3、過去進行時表示過去將來的動作?,F(xiàn)在進行時可以表示將來的動作,同樣,過去進行時也可以表示從過去某時間看將來要發(fā)生的動作。

      例:He went to see Xiao Li.He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要離開此地了。

      七、現(xiàn)在完成時

      1、表示動作剛剛結(jié)束(常和just, now, already, yet等詞連用);或表示動作的結(jié)果(一般不用時間狀語)。

      (1)Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明剛剛把燈關(guān)上。(說明現(xiàn)在燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了)

      (2)I have lost my pen.我把筆丟了。(說明過去某時丟的,現(xiàn)在我還沒有找到這支筆。)

      2、表示過去某時開始的動作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且可能會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去(常用since引導(dǎo)的短語或從句,或由for 引導(dǎo)的短語連用)。

      (1)He has lived here for 30 years.他住在這兒已經(jīng)三十年了。(現(xiàn)在還住在這兒)

      (2)They’ve known each other since childhood.他們從小彼此相識。(現(xiàn)在還繼續(xù)來往)

      3、非延續(xù)性動詞的完成時和it is +時間+since…..(過去時)

      英語中有些動詞不能延續(xù),因此不能和表示延續(xù)的時間狀語連用。

      (1)He has _____ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A.gone into

      B.joined in

      C.been in

      D.come into(答案:C。用現(xiàn)在完成時表示“繼續(xù)”的概念時,只能用含有持續(xù)意義的動詞,不可用瞬間性動詞。)(1995年49題)

      (2)It is 3 years since I left Shanghai.我離開上海已經(jīng)三年了。

      (如果是非延續(xù)動詞,這時常用 it is +時間+since 的句型代替,從句用過去時態(tài)。)

      4、have(has)been to 和have(has)gone to 的區(qū)別

      have(has)been to:去過某地(表示某人的一種經(jīng)歷),可以和once,twice,often,never,ever 連用。

      have(has)gone to:去某地了(表示某人已經(jīng)離開此地,在去某地的路途上或已在某地,所以一般來說此句型只用于第三人稱),此句型不能與上述時間狀語連用。

      (1)He has gone to America.(意思為他已經(jīng)去了美國,現(xiàn)在不在此地)

      (2)He has been to America twice.他去過美國兩次。

      八、過去完成時

      1、表示在過去的某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成了的動作(即過去的過去)。這個過去的某一時間可用by, before等介詞或連詞引導(dǎo)的短語或一個從句來表示。

      例:About the sixth century A.D.when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _____ paper.A.invented

      B.had invented

      C.have invented

      D.had been invented

      (答案:B)(1997年35題)

      2、表示從過去某一時間開始,一直持續(xù)到另一個過去的時間的動作。

      例:The chemistry class _____ for five minutes when we hurried there.A.had been on

      B.was on

      C.has been on

      D.would be on

      (答案:A)(1995年24題)

      3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等連詞引導(dǎo)的狀語從句的復(fù)合句中,由于連詞本身可以明確表示動作發(fā)生的先后順序,因此,主句和從句都可以用一般過去時表示,而不用過去完成時。

      例:I called him as soon as I arrived.我剛一到就給他打電話。

      4、過去完成時常用在no sooner …than…, hardly/scarcely/barely…when…,一…就…。句型之中,句子到裝。

      (1)No sooner had we sat down _____ we found it was time to go.A.than

      B.when

      C.as

      D.while

      (答案為A)(1997年50題)

      (2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他剛打開門,蠟燭就被一陣風(fēng)吹滅了。

      九、將來完成時:表示在將來某一時間以前完成的動作。

      1、By the time John gets home, his aunt _____.A.will have

      B.leaves

      C.will have left

      D.is leaving

      (答案:C)(1995年25題)

      2、I _____ writing the article by the time you get back.A.shall finish

      B.must have finished

      C.have finished

      D.shall have finished(答案:D)(2000年24題)

      十、現(xiàn)在完成進行時:表示從過去某時一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的一個動作,這個動作一般會繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去,或是到說話時結(jié)束,但是強調(diào)到說話時為止一直在做的動作。

      例:I _____ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A.was knocking

      B.am knocking

      C.knocking

      D.have been knocking(答案:D)(1998年49題)第二節(jié) 被動語態(tài)

      考試重點:感官動詞和使役動詞的被動語態(tài);動詞短語的被動語態(tài);情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài);用主動表示被動的含義。

      一、感官動詞及使役動詞(如:see,feel,hear,watch,make,bid)在主動語態(tài)中用無to不定式做賓補,改為被動語態(tài)時要加to。

      1、The middle-aged man was seen _____ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A.came

      B.come

      C.to come

      D.have come

      (答案為C)(2000年58題)

      2、We were made to study harder.我們被要求努力學(xué)習(xí)。

      二、有些動詞后面接一個介詞或副詞,構(gòu)成短語。變被動語態(tài)時,短語動詞做及物動詞用。

      1、The children are well looked after.這些孩子得到了很好的照顧。

      2、The doctor has been sent for.已經(jīng)派人去請大夫了。

      三、情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)

      構(gòu)成:情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。

      1、The work must be finished before lunch.這項工作必須在午飯前干完。

      2、Nothing can be seen from here.從這兒什么也看不見。

      四、用主動表示被動的含義

      常用:need/require +doing sth(=to be done)(此句型主語大多為物)

      例:My room is a mess.It needs _____.A to be tidying up

      B.tidying up

      C.to tidy up

      D.tidied up

      (答案為B)(2000年47題)

      第三節(jié) 情態(tài)動詞 考試重點:情態(tài)動詞+完成時

      情態(tài)動詞用來表示能力、允許、許諾、可能、勸告、意愿等概念或態(tài)度。情態(tài)動詞無人稱變化,在句子中和動詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。根據(jù)這幾年的考試看,著重測驗情態(tài)動詞接完成時的用法。

      一、must +現(xiàn)在完成時

      表示對已發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定的猜測。

      1、Mr.Green _____ my letter, otherwise he would have replied before now.A.must have received

      B.must have failed to receive

      C.must receive

      D.must fail to receive

      (答案:B)(1998年44題)

      2、I believe he _____ an accident, otherwise he would have arrived on time.A.would have had

      B.could have had

      C.should have had

      D.must have had

      (答案為D)(2001年58題)

      二、should(ought to)+完成時

      表示應(yīng)該做的事情而沒有做,否定式表示不該做的事情做了。含有對過去的動作的責(zé)備、批評。

      1、They have done things they ought _____.A.not to do

      B.not to be done

      C.not to have done

      D.not having done

      (答案為C)(1999年59題)

      2、I’m sorry I couldn’t get in touch with him before he left, I _____ him earlier.A.had a telephone

      B.have phoned

      C.should have phoned

      D.should be phoned

      (答案為C)(2000年26題)

      三、could +完成時

      表示能做的事情而沒有做。表示對過去能做而未做的事情感到惋惜,遺憾。

      1、He could have joined us, but he didn’t get our invitation in time.他本來能夠參加我們的,但是他沒有收到我們的請貼。

      2、I could have passed, but I did not study hard enough.我本來能及格的,但是沒有努力學(xué)習(xí)。

      第四篇:英語語法小結(jié)

      順口溜教你如何學(xué)好英語

      英語語法知識點及單詞眾多,枯燥繁雜,對于大部分同學(xué)來講記憶起來往往比較困難,人們的記憶似乎又是有限的,學(xué)的東西多了,難免會忘記,會記錯。那不如來看看下面為大家搜集的這些順口溜,讓他們來教你如何能更好的學(xué)好英語,而且不容易去忘記。

      時間名詞前所用介詞的速記歌

      年月周前要用in,日子前面卻不行。

      遇到幾號要用on,上午下午又是in。

      要說某日上下午,用on換in才能行。

      午夜黃昏須用at,黎明用它也不錯。

      at也用在時分前,說“差”可要用上to,說“過”只可使用past,多說多練牢牢記,莫讓歲月空蹉跎。

      be made of 和be made from 巧記

      物質(zhì)不變用of, 物質(zhì)變化from, 如果物質(zhì)不明白,可問君自何處來?

      out of question和out of the question

      無the“無問題”,(毫無疑問)

      有the“有問題”,(不可能)

      巧記不規(guī)則名詞單變復(fù)

      男女腳步牙鵝,老鼠加虱婆。

      man-men;woman-women;foot-feet;tooth-teeth;goose-geese;mouse-mice;louse-lice.區(qū)分long before 和before long

      long 在前(long before),“很久前”,long在后(before long),“不久后”。

      巧記lie和lay

      躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;

      撒謊 lie,lied,lied,don't be a liar;

      產(chǎn)蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;

      或者記住以下口訣也不錯:

      規(guī)則的“撒謊”,不規(guī)則的“躺”,“躺”過就“下蛋”?!跋碌啊辈灰?guī)則。

      “規(guī)則”指規(guī)則變化,“不規(guī)則”即不規(guī)則變化,如lie作“撒謊”解時,是規(guī)則變化,即其過去式和過去分詞直接加-d:“躺過”的“過”指的是過去式,即lie的過去式lay是“下蛋”的原形:“下蛋”是不規(guī)則變化。

      基數(shù)詞變序數(shù)詞歌

      基變序,有規(guī)律, 詞尾加上-th(fourth,sixth)一、二、三,特殊例,結(jié)尾字母t,d,d(first,second,third)

      八去t,九去e,(eighth,ninth), ve要用 f替;(fifth,twelfth)

      ty將y改成i, th前面有個e。

      加-ing要雙寫的常見動詞

      一個m,兩個d和g

      (swim)(nod, rid)(dig, beg)

      三n,四p,十個t

      (run, win, begin)

      (dip, drop, mop, stop)

      (sit, hit, fit, set, get, let, put, regret, forget, pat)

      before和ago巧記

      before帶在點之前,ago總在段之后。

      before時態(tài)不確定,過去時中用ago。

      A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)

      常見的要求跟動名詞作賓語,跟不定式作賓語的動詞有:

      advise, forbid, understand, suppose, consider, allow, permit.接首字母即為A Fu's Cap(阿福的帽子)

      冠詞基本用法口訣

      名詞是禿子,常要戴帽子,可數(shù)名詞單,須用a或an,輔音前用a,an在元音前,若為特指時,則須用定冠the,復(fù)數(shù)不可數(shù),泛指the不見,碰到代詞時,冠詞均不現(xiàn)。

      與sometime易混淆詞匯區(qū)分:

      分開“一段時間”, some time表示“一段時間”;

      相聚“在某一時”, sometime表示“在某一時”;

      “有時”相聚加s,sometimes表示“有時,不時”;

      “幾次”分開帶s,some times表示“幾次,次數(shù)”。

      以o結(jié)尾名詞變復(fù)數(shù)

      一個有信仰的海灣首領(lǐng)叫農(nóng)奴到屋頂拿手帕。(belief,gulf,chief,serf,roof,handkerchief后接s)

      工作間里有架鋼琴,鋼琴上有臺收音機,收音機旁有幅照片,照片里有動物園,動物園里有竹子。(studio,piano,radio,photo,zoo,bamboo后接s)

      其實,以o結(jié)尾的名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則至為簡單,用不到什么口訣,只需記住一句話:

      有生命的加-es,無生命的加-s.(火山有死活之分,故volcano的復(fù)數(shù)形式為 volcanoes.)

      或者熟記下列口訣:

      A.“兩人兩菜”(hero,negro,potato,tomato)

      B.一句話 Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes

      C。有生命的加Es,無生命的加-s.倒裝口訣

      副詞開頭要例裝,人稱代詞則如常。

      only修飾副介狀,位于句首半倒裝。

      否定意義副連詞,“既不…也不”須倒裝。

      表語前置主語長,銜接自然常倒裝。

      such代詞做表語,引起主謂要倒裝。

      Not only開頭句,前一分句須倒裝。

      had,were,should虛擬句,省略if半倒裝。

      動詞不定式做賓語補足語省略不定式符號“to”的特殊動詞

      一些動詞要掌握,have,let和make,此三動詞是使役,“注意”“觀察”“聽到”see,還有feel和watch,使用它們要仔細,后接“賓補”略去“to”,此點千萬要牢記

      除此之外,還可以掌握“八字言”,一感feel,二聽hear,listen to,三讓have,let,make,四看see,look at,observe,watch

      使用口訣:

      感使動詞真奇怪,to在句中象妖怪。主動句里它走開,被動句里它回來。動詞let要除外,to詞可來可不來。

      后只接動名詞做賓語的一些常用特殊動詞

      特殊動詞接“動名”,使用它們要記清,“放棄”“享受”可“后悔”,“堅持”“練習(xí)”必“完成”,“延期”“避免”非“介意”

      掌握它們今必行。

      記住f(e)結(jié)尾的名詞復(fù)數(shù)

      妻子持刀去宰狼,小偷嚇得發(fā)了慌;(wife, knife, thief)

      躲在架后保己命,半片樹葉遮目光。(shelf, leaf)

      I Drop Caps

      在某些表示請求、命令、建議等動詞后面的賓語從句中,謂語動詞要用動詞原形或should+動詞原形。

      I—insist, d—denand, r—request/require/recommend, o—order, p—propose, c—command, a—advise, p—preqersic, s—suggest.WITHSPEM

      有些動詞用過去完成時,常表示“想做而未做”的意思??汕捎浧涫鬃譃榻M成的“withspem”,代表:wish, intend, think, hope, suppose, plan, expect, mean

      另附巧口訣讓你輕松背英文單詞

      1.馬戲團的鸚鵡

      它一歲的age(年紀)

      會說人的language(語言)

      頭腦很懂manage(經(jīng)營)

      要求增加wage(薪水)

      惹得老板rage(發(fā)怒)

      把它關(guān)進cage(籠子)

      2.敗家女的生活

      天生就很lazy(懶惰的)

      生活就愛cozy(舒適的)

      上街血拼crazy(瘋狂的)

      體胖心感uneasy(不安的)

      減肥虛脫dizzy(頭暈眼花的)

      成天沉溺fantasy(幻想)

      3.貧農(nóng)發(fā)家史

      下播下seed(種子)

      種出卻是weed(雜草)

      只能當作feed(飼料)

      生存無法proceed(繼續(xù))

      冒險去采seaweed(海帶)腳被刺傷bleed(流血)

      拼命加快speed(速度)

      回來銷售succeed(成功)

      見財心生greed(貪婪)

      4.武術(shù)冠軍擒賊

      那天我騎著cycle(自行車)見有人偷舊bicycle(自行車)還美其名曰recycle(回收利用)

      我便鼓起了muscle(肌肉)八卦掌劃出semicircle(半圓)

      擒賊被寫進了article(文章)

      5.英國的過去

      大英帝國無bound(邊界)

      英聯(lián)邦國家abound(大量存在)流通貨幣是pound(英鎊)

      隨處英語的sound(聲音)

      滿城紳士牽hound(獵狗)

      6.超級逃兵

      行軍方向forward(向前的)

      他的方向backward(向后的)

      逃跑方式awkward(笨拙的)

      其實是個coward(懦夫)

      7.掌舵手

      有一個volunteer(志愿者)把船來steer(駕駛)

      快樂是sheer(純粹的)神情卻queer(古怪的)

      高傲像deer(鹿)

      8.碼頭黑老大

      野心相當large(大的)

      想把地盤enlarge(擴大)

      要想在這discharge(卸貨)

      保護費要overcharge(多收)

      誰敢把我charge(控告)

      9.便宜無好貨

      話說有個student(學(xué)生)

      旅行需要tent(帳篷)

      去到商店rent(租借)

      只要幾百cent(分)

      野營發(fā)生accident(事故)

      原來沒有vent(通風(fēng)孔)

      骨架還全bent(彎曲)

      奸商讓人resent(憤恨)

      10.排骨搶劫案

      教堂旁邊的shop(商店)

      正大聲播放pop(流行音樂)

      賣美味紅燒chop(排骨)

      口水好像要drop(滴下)

      無奈沒有錢shop(買東西)搶一盤朝外hop(跳躍)

      越過絆腳的mop(拖把)

      猛地撞上了bishop(主教)

      被抓住交給cop(警察)

      實踐證明,在掌握英語語法的學(xué)習(xí)過程中,如果輔之以適當?shù)挠洃浖记桑瑫_到事半功倍的作用。上條英語口訣僅是很少的一部分,希望對同學(xué)們有所啟發(fā),也可以在在平時的英語學(xué)習(xí)中注意知識的積累,培養(yǎng)自己的歸納總結(jié)能力,編出適合自己記憶的英語口訣。

      第五篇:英語語法小結(jié)

      英語語法小結(jié)

      根據(jù)以往英語取得高分同學(xué)的經(jīng)驗和海文英語輔導(dǎo)名師的建議,他們都一致認為英語語法和詞匯是學(xué)好、考好英語的重要基礎(chǔ),其實完形填空是對語法、詞匯的綜合考查,但更關(guān)鍵的是學(xué)好此部分有助于對英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的分析和理解,有助于學(xué)生掌握靈活多變的句式,這樣不僅有助于學(xué)生做好閱讀理解,而且有助于學(xué)生做好英譯漢,寫好作文。

      (一)情態(tài)動詞

      一.情態(tài)動詞的現(xiàn)在完成式的用法

      情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成式主要有兩個功能:表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況和表示虛擬語氣。在這兩個方面must/mustn’t,;can/cann’t;need/needn’t;may/mayn’t;might/mightn’t;should/shouldn’t;ougtht等情態(tài)動詞+完成式表示的意思是有一定區(qū)別的 1.表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生的情況。1)must have+過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測,譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如:

      My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically:” Are you feeling all right?”

      [A] must be had been [C] must have been [D] had to be(答案為C)

      2)can’t / couldn’t have+過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測,譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。如:

      Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] couldn’t have received ought to have received [C] has received [D] shouldn’t have received(答案為A)

      3)may / might have +過去分詞,表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測,或事實上根本沒發(fā)生,譯為“也許……”。如:

      At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.2.表示虛擬語氣。

      1)needn’t have + 過去分詞,表示做了不必做的事,相當于”didn’t need to do”,譯為“其實沒必要……”。如:

      You needn’t have come over yourself.As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn’t dress up did not need have dressed up [C] did not need dress up [D] needn’t have dressed up

      (沒有必要穿的那么正式,體現(xiàn)是說話者的建議,實際結(jié)果是否真的穿的很正式?jīng)]有確定,答案為D)

      2)should have +過去分詞,表示應(yīng)該做某事但實際上未做,譯為“本應(yīng)該……”should not + have過去分詞表示本不應(yīng)該做某事但實際上做了,譯為“本不應(yīng)該……”。如:

      I regret having left the work unfinished;I should have planned everything ahead carefully.我本來應(yīng)該事先認真地把每件事情規(guī)劃的很好,但實際上作者還是沒有規(guī)劃好,以至工作沒有完成。

      3)ought to have +過去分詞,表示動作按理該發(fā)生了,但實際上未發(fā)生,譯為“該……”,與should 的完成式含義類似。如:

      The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.4)could have +過去分詞,表示過去本來可以做但卻未做,譯為“完全可以……”。這點與ought/should/ have +過去分詞用法相似。如:

      What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.5)may/ might have +過去分詞,表示過去可以做但實際未做,譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如:

      It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist first-time office automation managers.二.幾個情態(tài)動詞??嫉木湫停?/p>

      1).may/might(just)as well “不妨,最好”,與had better相近; Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.既然航班已經(jīng)取消了,你不妨乘火車吧。相當于you had better go by train。2).cannot / can’t…too …“越……越好,怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over….如:

      You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.駕車時候,越小心越好。

      The final chapter covers organizational change and development.This subject cannot be over emphasized.3).usedn’t 或did’t use to 為used to(do)的否定式。4).should 除了“應(yīng)該”一層意思外,考研大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如:I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.我無法想象他竟然這樣做。三.情態(tài)動詞被動關(guān)系的主動表達法

      1. want, require, worth(形容詞)后面接doing也可以表示被動意義。Your hair wants cutting The book is worth reading The floor requires washing.2.need既可以用need to be done 也可以使用need doing,兩種形式都表達被動的意義

      The house needs painting= the house needs to be painted.The watch needed repairing= the watch needed to be repaired.(二)形容詞、副詞及比較級最高級 一.形容詞的修飾與位置

      一般來說,從構(gòu)詞法角度來看,后綴”ly”往往是副詞,但有的以“l(fā)y’結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞,這點要注意;形容詞一般可以在句子中做定語,表語等成份,但有些形容詞在句子中只能做表語和只能做前置定語;這些形容詞在修飾時候有一定的特殊性要引起大家的注意,下面做了一下歸納:以-ly結(jié)尾的是形容詞而不是副詞: costly 昂貴的 lonely 孤獨的deadly 死一般的 lively 活潑的friendly 友好的 silly 傻氣的 kindly 熱心腸的 likely 可能的leisurely 悠閑的 ugly 長得丑的brotherly 兄弟般的 monthly 每月的earthly 塵世的 只作以“a”開頭的很多形容詞只能做表語:

      afraid 害怕的 alike 相象的

      awake 醒著的 alone 單獨的,惟一的alive 活著的 ashamed 羞愧的

      asleep 睡著的 aware 意識到的、察覺到的well 健康的 content 滿意的unable 無能的 只作前置定語的形容詞

      earthen 泥土做的,大地的 daily 每日的 latter 后面的golden 金子般的 weekly 每周的 inner 里面的silken 絲一般的 monthly 每月的 outer 外面的wooden 木制的 yearly 每年的 elder 年長的woolen 毛織的 former 前任的 mere 僅,只不過

      only 惟一的 sheer 純粹的 very 恰好的little 小的 live 活的

      4.下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞,注意用做系動詞時,要求形容詞做表語:

      remain keep become, get, grow, go, come, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。

      如:All those left undone may sound great in theory, but even the truest believer has great difficulty when it comes to specifics.二.形容詞與副詞的比較級與最高級

      1.考比較級時,考生應(yīng)把握:

      1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應(yīng)出現(xiàn),即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如:

      Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often , or better than an actual performance.[A]as good as as good [C]good [D]good as

      在這里as good as 比較連詞與better than比較連詞同時出現(xiàn)時候,不能省略任何一個介詞。答案為A

      On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念,既是說比較要具有可比性。如:

      The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half.[A] of last year’s those of last year’s

      [C]of those of last year [D] that of last year’s

      (前后相比的應(yīng)該是今年和去年注冊參加的人數(shù)“the number of”故代替它的應(yīng)該是單數(shù)指示代詞“that”,而不能選擇B,those是指代participants,不是同類對比,答案為D。

      Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.3)比較級與倍數(shù)詞關(guān)系及其位置

      原級結(jié)構(gòu)中可插入表達倍數(shù)的詞,表示為“為….若干倍”,當與有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞在一起時候等,他們的位置是,倍數(shù)詞+as…as…,或倍數(shù)詞+more…than…,但again一般放在原級詞之后,即 “as+原級+again+as”.如:

      Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year than automobile accidents.[A] seven more times seven times more [C] over seven times [D] seven times(答案為B)

      “Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?”“No, I would gladly have paid for it.”

      [A] twice so much twice as much [C] as much twice [D] so much twice(答案為B)

      My uncle is as old again as I am

      4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念:

      inferior, minor, senior, prior, prefer to, superior, major, junior, preferable, differ from, compared with, in comparison with, different from, rather than.如:

      Their watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior advantageous [C] super [D] beneficial(答案為A)

      Prior to his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.(1986年考研題)

      5)“比較級+and +比較級”或“more and more/less and less +原級”以及“ever, steadily, daily等副詞+比較級”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“越來越……”的意思,與這類結(jié)構(gòu)搭配的常用動詞有g(shù)row, get ,become等。前面兩種情況更多地出現(xiàn)在進行時態(tài)中,注意的是這三種情況引導(dǎo)的比較級后面都不需要用than.如:

      Things are getting worse and worse.As I spoke to him he became less and less angry.Her health was becoming daily worse

      The road got ever worse until there was no road at all = the road got worse and worse.6)比較級前面可以用even, still, yet ,all the(more)等修飾語用以加強語氣,表示“更加”的意思。如

      Today it is even colder than yesterday I have yet more exciting news for you 7)有關(guān)比較級的特殊句型:

      A): not so much…as…與其說……不如說……

      The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and as [C]but [D] or

      人口增長的主要原因與其說是因為出生率的提高,還不如說是因為醫(yī)療的進步帶來的死亡率下降的結(jié)果。答案為B

      B)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……

      The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[A] not so not much [C]much more [D] no more(心臟和胃兩者都不具有智力,他們都受大腦控制。答案為D)

      There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, they can limit how much water you drink.[A] much more than no more than [C] no less than [D] any more than(答案為D)

      C)no/not any less…than…兩者一樣,都……注意基本上與no/not any more…than意思相反

      She is no less beautiful than her sister.她和她姐姐一樣漂亮

      D)just as… so… 正如……,……也……(用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))

      Just as the soil is a part of the earth, the atmosphere.[A] as it is the same is [C] so is [D] and so is(答案為C)

      2.最高級形式應(yīng)注意的問題:

      1)最高級比較范圍用介詞in, over, of, among。

      in,(all)over用于在某一范圍內(nèi)的比較,如:in China, all over the world.of, among用于在同一群體內(nèi)同類事物的比較,如:among the teachers, of the four dresses.注意:among…相當于one of …,不說among all…。這一點考生應(yīng)與漢語表達區(qū)別開來

      如:

      all visible lights, red light has the longest and violet the shortest wavelength.[A] Among Of [C]For [D]To 答案為

      2)比較級形式表示最高級意義時,比較對象的范圍應(yīng)用:

      any other +單數(shù)名詞

      the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞

      the others

      anyone/anything else

      上述詞是用業(yè)將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語,切不可遺漏,尤其是other,否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說:John runs faster than anyone.注意與漢語表達的不同。

      3)most可以用來修飾形容詞或副詞,意思相當于very,用法區(qū)分單復(fù)數(shù),但不能用定冠詞the,如:a most interesting book, most expensive restaurants,要注意與 “the +形容詞最高級+of + 名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示的最高級的區(qū)別,如:

      He spoke in the warmest of voices They have been most kind to me

      Basketball is the most popular of sports in this country.Chinese is the most difficult of language Chinese is a most difficult language 三.不用比較級和最高級的形容詞:

      1)表示顏色的有:white, black

      2)表示形態(tài)的有:round, square, oval, circular, triangular(三角形),level

      3)表示性質(zhì)和特征的有:atomic, economic, scientific, sonic, golden, silvery, woolen, earthen, silent, full, empty, sure, dead, deaf, blind, lame, rainy 4)表示狀態(tài)作表語的有:afraid, asleep, alive, ashamed, alone, aware, alike

      5)表示時間、空間和方位的有:daily, weekly, monthly, annual, present, front, back, forward, backward, east, west, south, north, left, right, final 6)表示極限、主次、等級的有:maximum, minimum, utmost, main, major, chief minor, superior, inferior, senior, junior, super, favorite

      7)含有絕對概念的有:absolute, entire, whole, total, perfect, excellent, thorough, complete.四.平行結(jié)構(gòu)與比較級

      平行結(jié)構(gòu)很多情況下是由形容詞或副詞的比較級或者暗含比較意味的連詞引導(dǎo)的。如:

      The ideal listener stays both inside and outside the music at the moment it is played and enjoys it almost as much as the composer at the moment he composes.大多數(shù)情況下平行結(jié)構(gòu)都是具有一定的比較含義的,有的是遞進對比not only…but(also);prefer…to…;rather than有的是同類對比:and;but;or;both… and…;either…or…;neither…nor…..平行結(jié)構(gòu)測試時候注意以下幾點:

      1.注意比較結(jié)構(gòu)中相比較的內(nèi)容在語法形式上是否相同。如:

      It is better to die one’s feet than.[A]living on one’s knees live on one’s knees [C]on one’s knees [D]to live on one’s knees(答案為D)

      Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it.2.其他具有并列或比較意義的短語也可引導(dǎo)平行結(jié)構(gòu)。

      1)rather than, let alone 雖不是并列連詞,但在結(jié)構(gòu)上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如:

      We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal style.[A]rather than other than [C]better than [D]less than 答案為A

      For the new country to survive, for its people to enjoy prosperity, new economic policies will be required.[A] to name a few let alone [C]not to speak [D]let’s say(答案為B)

      2)如果平行的兩個成分在形式上是介詞短語,而且介詞相同,一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如:

      At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.(三)代詞及其指代一致 一.代詞的指代 1.that的指代作用

      that指代不可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞(如是復(fù)數(shù),用those),后面通常跟有修飾語,如出現(xiàn)在比較結(jié)構(gòu)中的that of。如

      Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with that of listener, and it calls for occasional “digestive pauses” by both.這里that指代前面的the role。

      No bread eaten by men is so sweet as that earned by his own labor.2.one的指代作用

      one指代帶不定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,復(fù)數(shù)為ones。the one指代帶定冠詞的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞。如:

      A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that he [C]one [D]this 答案為[C]

      3.do的替代作用。

      do代替動詞,注意數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化。如:

      For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works , but that the public believe that it does.二.代詞指代一致問題

      代詞指代一致是指指代的名詞在性、數(shù)、格上是否一致,或者所照應(yīng)的名詞詞組在某些方面保持一致。

      Each cigarette a person smokes does some harm, and eventually he may get a serious disease form its effect.這里he指代前面的person。

      It was during the 1920’s that the friendship between the two American writers Hemingway and Fitzgerald reached its highest point.這里its指代前面的兩人的friendship。

      Our department was monitored by two supervisors, Bill and me.這里me必須用賓格形式。

      代詞指代一致必須注意以下幾個原則和規(guī)律: 1.鄰近和靠近原則

      由either … or, neither…nor, not only…but(also)連接先行詞時候,如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致,就用其相應(yīng)的一直的人稱代詞;如果兩個先行詞在數(shù)或性上不一致,人稱代詞一般與鄰近的先行詞在數(shù)和性上保持一致。Neither Mary nor Alice has her key with her.Neither the package nor the letters have reached their destination If either David or Janet comes , he or she will want a drink

      2.當no one, everyone, each,everybody, none ,anybody, someone, somebody用作主語或主語的限定詞時候,或者anything, nothing, something everything等不定代詞作主語時候,其相應(yīng)的代詞一般按照語法一致原則,采取單數(shù)形式。如: Everybody talked at the top of his voice.None of the boys can do it , can he? Everything is ready, isn’t it?

      3.當主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式,后跟each作同位語時,如果each位于動詞之前,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;如果 each位于動詞之后,其后的代詞或相應(yīng)的限定詞用單數(shù)形式。如: They each have two coats

      we are each responsible for his own family 4.由and連接兩個先行詞,代詞用復(fù)數(shù) 如:the tourist and businessmen lost their luggage in the accident

      (三)主謂一致問題

      主謂一致是指主語與謂語在數(shù)上要一致。把握主謂一致問題,考生主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認定,進而選擇適當?shù)闹^語。解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則: 語法一致原則 意義一致原則 就近一致原則

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