第一篇:英美式英語拼寫差異歸納總結(jié)(共)
英美式英語拼寫規(guī)則之異
美式英語是在17世紀的英式英語基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來的。在過去三個世紀中,美式英語和英式英語以不盡相同的方式發(fā)展著,以至今天的美式英語和英式英語在拼寫上出現(xiàn)了一些大大小小的差異,主要表現(xiàn)在:
1.英式英語中一些-tre結(jié)尾的詞在美式英語中拼作-ter。如:metre(英)— meter(美)米,centre(英)— center(美)中心,litre(英)— liter(美)升等。
2.英式英語的詞尾-ogue在美式英語中有時寫作-og。如:catalogue(英)— catalog(美)目錄,dialogue(英)— dialog(美)對話等。
3.英式英語中以-our結(jié)尾的詞在美式英語中常寫作-or。如:favour(英)— favor(美)恩惠,honour(英)— honor(美)榮譽,humour(英)— humor(美)幽默等。
4.英式英語中需要雙寫輔音字母l時,美式英語中不雙寫。如:traveller(英)— traveler(美)旅行者,jeweller(英)— jeweler(美)珠寶商等。
5.英式英語中,以-ize結(jié)尾的許多動詞也可以拼作-ise,而在美式英語中只用-ize結(jié)尾。如:realise或realize(英)— realize(美)意識到,organise或organize(英)— organize(美)組織等。
6.某些以-ction結(jié)尾的詞,在英式英語中有時亦寫作-xion,而在美式英語中只拼作-ction。如:connection或connexion(英)— connection(美)聯(lián)系,reflexion或reflection(英)— reflection(美)折射等。
7.英式英語的詞尾-gramme在美式英語中寫作-gram。如:programme(英)— program(美)節(jié)目,kilogramme(英)— kilogram(美)公斤等。8.英式英語中有些以-ce結(jié)尾的詞在美式英語中有時寫作-se。如:defence(英)— defense(美)防御,offence(英)— offense(美)冒犯,pretence(英)— pretense(美)假裝等。
9.個別單詞在拼寫上的差異:
aluminium(英)— aluminum(美)鋁,luggage(英)— baggage(美)包裹,cheque(英)— check(美)支票,pyjamas(英)— pajamas(美)睡衣。
在單詞的拼寫上,美式英語與英式英語的差異遠不止這些。應(yīng)當指出的是,隨著美國地位的確立和國際交往的日益頻繁,美式英語正以不可抗拒的力量影響著英式英語,兩者之間的差異正在縮小。如原來英式英語中的musick(音樂),logick(邏輯),現(xiàn)代英式英語中也省去了位于詞尾的k而寫作music, logic。既然英式英語和美式英語在拼寫上存在差異,在使用英語進行寫作時,我們應(yīng)當注意在同一篇文章中使用統(tǒng)一拼寫形式。用美式英語時不應(yīng)摻雜英式英語的拼寫方式,反之亦然。
第二篇:探析英式英語和美式英語的發(fā)展和差異
探析英式英語和美式英語的發(fā)展和差異
來源:考試吧(Exam8.com)2009-5-19 9:12:11 【考試吧:中國教育培訓第一門戶】 論文大全
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摘要:英語現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)展成一個在全球范圍內(nèi)使用最廣泛的語言。英語作為英美文化信息的載體和表現(xiàn)形式,深深地烙上了英美獨有的文化印記。本文從英式英語和美式英語兩種語言在音、形、意三個方面語言的差異追溯其變化原因。通過比較英式英語和美式英語的差異,可以看出社會文化因素對語言的產(chǎn)生和流傳有決定作用,并且通過分析英語的這兩大變體,折射了英美的政治經(jīng)濟、社會生活、國家歷史、地域文化、各自的文化特異現(xiàn)象等等。由于英語本身具有詞匯量大、包容性大、表達簡潔的特點,英語語言的發(fā)展趨勢將向著共同語與多樣化并存的方向發(fā)展。
關(guān)鍵詞:英式英語、美式英語、變化原因;發(fā)展趨勢
目前,世界上講英語的有四億多人,但作為第一語言,使用人數(shù)最多,地域最廣的要屬是美國和英國。英語的形成,發(fā)展及使用范圍也不盡相同。英語正在成為一種全球性語言。美國英語承傳著英國英語的基本要素,十七世紀在美洲大陸得到了進一步豐富和發(fā)展。由于美國本身、社會和生活的獨特性,因此就形成了今天英式英語(British English)和美式英語(American English)。本文將就語言的發(fā)展變化、變化原因、以及語言發(fā)展趨勢進行闡述。通過研究,我們從英式英語和美式英語的差異,可以看出社會文化因素對語言的產(chǎn)生和流傳有決定作用,通過以上對語言發(fā)展的原因和特色的分析,我們可以認識到一些英美文化的特征,而認識和了解這些特征無疑能幫助我們更準確地理解英國和美國,而對英式英語和美式英語的這兩大變體的研究也讓我們對語言特別是英語語言的發(fā)展有了充分的認識。
一、語言的變化
“語言總是隨著社會的發(fā)展和人們生活方式的改變而不斷變化。”(16)語言在很多方面發(fā)生變化,比如在詞匯、語音、語法以及語義等方面。英語語言的發(fā)展可概括為三方面:“1.英語自身的發(fā)展,盡管美國仍沿用英語中的一些舊用法,但英語在英國本土得到了很大的發(fā)展。2.美國的獨立發(fā)展,美國在吸收詞匯的基礎(chǔ)上,同時使自身得到了發(fā)展。3.兩種語言的相互影響。它大致可以分為三個階段:從十七世紀到美國獨立戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束,英國英語占主導地位;從獨立戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束到美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn),美國已漸漸獨立發(fā)展起來,盡管英語仍占統(tǒng)治地位;從內(nèi)戰(zhàn)到現(xiàn)在,尤其是第一次世界大戰(zhàn),美國開始影響英語,同時替代了英語中的一些詞匯鑒于以上三方面的原因,英美語言出現(xiàn)一些差異是不足為奇的?!保?)
(一)、語音
美式英語和英式英語在語音方面的一些不同是顯而易見的。這么一則笑話:一位英國人和美國人在火車站不期而遇。美國人性格開朗,善于結(jié)交朋友,說了幾句客套話后就問:“What’s your job?”。英國人回答說“I’m a clerk.”美國人聽了十分驚訝:“ Clock? Your job is to tick tick all day long? ”同一個詞,美國人念[klεrk],而英國人讀[cla:k]。以上這則笑話就反映了英美兩國在語音方面的不同。
英國英語和美國英語發(fā)音的差異,表現(xiàn)在某些單詞的發(fā)音上,沒有一定的規(guī)律可循。常見讀音差異的單詞有: 例詞 BE AE ate [et ] [eit ] been [bi:n ] [bin ] idyll [ˊidil] [ˊaidl] z [zed ] [zi ]
其次,兩國在詞重音的處理上也不盡相同且差異較大。重音的差別在英語單詞中,只要是兩個以上的音節(jié),其中一個音節(jié)總要帶重音。在多音節(jié)單詞中,通常有兩個重音。
BE使用者習慣把單詞的主重音放在諸音節(jié)靠后的音節(jié)上,而AE使用者則喜歡把主重音放在前面的音節(jié)上。在許多以-ary,-ory結(jié)尾的單詞和以-ate結(jié)尾的雙音節(jié)詞中,BE把主重音放在第二個音節(jié)上,而AE則把重音放在第一音節(jié)上。例如: BE AE anˊcillary ˊancillary laˊboratory ˊlaboratory coˊrollary ˊcorollary dicˊtate ˊdictate miˊgrate ˊmigrate 通常情況下,BE 的次重音出現(xiàn)在主重音的前面,而AE的次重音出現(xiàn)在主重音的后面,特別是復(fù)合詞。例如: BE AE farmˊhouse;ˊfarmhouse iceˊcream ˊicecream 盡管英式英語和美式英語在發(fā)音上有些許不同,但是我們?nèi)匀豢梢院苋菀椎膶ζ溥M行區(qū)分,這也并不會造成我們學習的困難。
(二)、詞匯
英式英語和美式英語雖同出一源,但在以后的發(fā)展中受到的影響不同就產(chǎn)生了拼寫上的不同?!坝⒄Z基本詞匯系統(tǒng)是英國英語和美國英語的共同詞匯核心。離開這樣一個核心,無論是美國英語還是英國英語都將不復(fù)存在。(3)同詞異義:相同詞既出現(xiàn)在美國英語中,也出現(xiàn)在英國英語中,但分別表示完全不同的概念。例如:
例詞 BE AE biscuit 蘇打餅干 軟餅 billion 萬億 十億 overall 緊身褲 工裝褲
2、同義異詞:英國英語和美國英語分別用不同的詞來表示同一概念。舉例來說: BE AE 詞義 lift elevator 電梯 tin can 罐頭 tap faucet 水龍頭 sweets candy 糖果
3、拼寫差異:英式英語和美式英語雖屬于同一體系,但兩國在拼寫體系仍略有不同。舉例 BE AE 詞義 ardour ardor 熱情
dialogue dialog 對話 aeon eon 永世 aesthetic esthetic 審美的 analyse analyze 分析
inflexion inflection 彎曲 nbsp;sceptic skeptic 懷疑論者 mommy mummy 媽媽
盡管這兩種英語在詞匯的拼寫、詞義有所不同,但他們并不是兩種語言,而是一種語言在不同地區(qū)的變體??傊ㄟ^分析可以進一步了解兩種語言的特點,豐富關(guān)于英語語言的知識,提高英語應(yīng)用能力。
(三)、語法
英語和美語除了發(fā)音、拼寫和詞匯上存在差異外,在語法上也存在差異。對英式英語、美式英語語法上的差異進行分析對英語學習大有裨益。以下我舉幾個英式英語和美式英語在習慣上用法不同的例子。(1)名詞:
除上文討論的詞尾變化不同外。美國英語將其他詞類名詞化的傾向比英國英語更為明顯,特別是那些帶介詞的短語動詞:to cook out →a cook-out;to know how →the know-how;to run down →the rundown;to be shut in →a shut-in;to stop over →the stopover等。
集合名詞做主語時,英國英語的謂語動詞可以是單數(shù)形式或者復(fù)數(shù)形式,美國英語幾乎總是用單數(shù)形式。例如:BE :They are a family who has been very influential in the history of this country.AE/BE: The committee has decided to look into the matter further.名詞作定語時,美國英語多用單數(shù)形式,而英國英語則常用其復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如:BE:The worker decided to form a new trades union.AE: The worker decided to form a new trade union.(2)動詞 have ,get, make
當動詞have有致使之意時,美國用have;英國對上級用get,對下級用make.英語中的to have 是個詞性不明確的動詞。英國人既把它用作助動詞又把它用作實義動詞;美國人則一律將它當作實義動詞來用。例如: BE: I will get someone come.AE: I will have someone come.(3)形容詞:
在美國英語中,形容詞的比較可以跟在all the 之后,表示強調(diào)。而英國英語則使用any 加形容詞比較級這一形式來表示強調(diào)。例如: BE: Can’t you do any better than that? AE: Is that all the better you can do?(4)過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時:
表示距現(xiàn)在不遠的過去所發(fā)生或完成的事情,英國英語常用現(xiàn)在完成時,則美國英語則傾向于使用一般過去時。例如:
BE:I have studied your report already.AE:I studied your report already.BE:Now I know what it is!I’ve forgotten its name.AE:Now I know what it is!I forgot its name.英國英語和美國英語在語法方面的差異不太多。兩國英語具有共同的語法體系,在語法上的一些細微差別正在逐漸地為對方所容納,模仿乃至同化。只是某些語法形式在兩國英語中使用的頻率有所不同。然而我們要與英美人交流就必須采用他們相應(yīng)的習慣用法。
二、語言變化的原因
“蕭伯納有過一句妙語:英美兩國之間存在著一條共同語言的鴻溝?!保?)事實上,任何一種語言的發(fā)展變化都是一個復(fù)雜的過程,它不僅反映了一個民族或國家的文化變遷,也是歷史傳統(tǒng)、政治、經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的反映。語言總是隨著社會的發(fā)展和人們生活方式的改變而不斷變化。英語是當代國際交往中使用最廣的語言,同時又是處于急速變化之中的語言。其來源有很多,“首先,科技的發(fā)展是其主要提供源。第二,動蕩的政治局面和日新月異的社會環(huán)境也是其來源。第三,社會的變革沖擊
著人們意識形態(tài),也給語言的發(fā)展造成很大影響,產(chǎn)生了相應(yīng)的語言?!?2)
(一)、政治經(jīng)濟 政治事件,政治人物、政治運動、政治團體、政治政策都可能導致語言的變化。有時,語言會發(fā)生劇烈的變化,尤其是在社會政治變革的時候。
在美國,2001年9月11日恐怖份子對美國紐約世貿(mào)大廈的襲擊,這一事件導致許多新詞的產(chǎn)生。其中Ground Zero用以指恐怖襲擊后世貿(mào)大廈所留下的廢墟?!?.11”也具有了特別的意義,特指那時的恐怖襲擊。甚至Osamaniac一詞也出現(xiàn)在媒體之中,這個詞用來指代瘋狂愛慕奧薩馬·本·拉登的女性。
而在英國,托尼.布萊爾當選英國首相后,我們就看到一些新詞出現(xiàn)了:Blairism,Blairist,Blairistas,Blairification,Blairite等。Watergate(水門事件)一詞是由政治事件而來的,并因克林頓總統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生了white watergate(白水門事件)一詞。
隨著世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,多商業(yè)方面及其他經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的新詞像Bushnomics, Blairnomics, Bogernomics等復(fù)合詞意思是“某人的經(jīng)濟政策”。所以Bushnomics就是“美國總統(tǒng)政治事件,政治人物、政治運動、政治團體、政治政策都可能導致語言的變化。有時,語言會發(fā)生劇烈的變化,尤其是在社會政治變革的時候。
在美國,2001年9月11日恐怖份子對美國紐約世貿(mào)大廈的襲擊,這一事件導致許多新詞的產(chǎn)生。其中Ground Zero用以指恐怖襲擊后世貿(mào)大廈所留下的廢墟?!?.11”也具有了特別的意義,特指那時的恐怖襲擊。甚至Osamaniac一詞也出現(xiàn)在媒體之中,這個詞用來指代瘋狂愛慕奧薩馬·本·拉登的女性。
而在英國,托尼.布萊爾當選英國首相后,我們就看到一些新詞出現(xiàn)了:Blairism,Blairist,Blairistas,Blairification,Blairite等。Watergate(水門事件)一詞是由政治事件而來的,并因克林頓總統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生了white watergate(白水門事件)一詞。
隨著世界經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,多商業(yè)方面及其他經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域的新詞像Bushnomics, Blairnomics, Bogernomics等復(fù)合詞意思是“某人的經(jīng)濟政策”。所以Bushnomics就是“美國總布什的經(jīng)濟政策”,而Blairnomics則為“英國首相布萊爾的經(jīng)濟政策”。
大英帝國的興衰變化,昔日的美洲殖民地擺脫了英國的統(tǒng)治而發(fā)展成為一 個強大的政治、經(jīng)濟實體。英美兩國政治、經(jīng)濟差異不可避免地反映在兩國人民的語言中,特別是語言的詞匯中。(3)
(二)、社會生活
英語語言反映時代的脈搏,直接面對現(xiàn)實生活,具有
濃烈的生活氣息。“語言文化是相聯(lián)系的,語言反映文化,語言是文化的載體,語言作為一種活躍的材料,能夠折射所在時代的政治、經(jīng)濟和文化特色、反映當時人們的精神風貌?!?4)人們不斷變化的生活以及新一代人的出現(xiàn)也產(chǎn)生了一些新詞。在美國20世紀60年代有嬉皮士,是指那些對社會現(xiàn)實不滿,標新立異,具有叛逆精神的年輕人。在80年代的雅皮士,是指有待遇優(yōu)厚的專業(yè)工作和富裕的物質(zhì)型生活方式的年輕人。他們花錢毫不吝嗇,享受著時尚生活。還有baby boomer, baby buster, lost generation, generation X以及 generation Y這些詞都是美國人社會生活的反映。(161)“Here’s a ha’peeny, don’t spend it all at one shop”是慷慨地給小孩一點禮品,順便說的一句詼諧語。半個便士“a ha’peeny”=half a penny。這句話時興于19世紀晚期至20世紀下半世紀,1970年完全廢棄。這句英國流行語的變遷也反映出19世紀末至20世紀下半世紀一般英國人的生活的變化。隨著整個國民生活的提高,給小孩一點禮品不再當作一回事,這句流行語也就隨之推出歷史舞臺。
(三)、國家歷史
語言具有鮮明的社會特征,它記錄和反映一個國家的歷史。英語的傳承與歷史的發(fā)展也是密不可分的。
英語如果從公元450年的古英語算起,至今已有千百多年的發(fā)展歷史了。在這段歷史中,英國經(jīng)歷了外族人的入侵、中世紀的封建社會、資產(chǎn)階級革命、工業(yè)革命、海外殖民和擴張等歷史階段,形成了與眾不同的歷史文化。簡單舉例來說,castra(軍營/營地)一詞便是羅馬侵略者在英國長達數(shù)年軍事占領(lǐng)的最好證明。1649年封建反動勢力的總代表查理一世作為“暴君、叛徒、殺人犯和國家的公敵”被送上了斷頭臺。Regicide(弒君)一詞就是英國史無前例封建君主被斬首的歷史見證。英國的第一次產(chǎn)業(yè)革命開始于十八世紀后半葉開始,英語中就有了flying shuttle(飛梭),spinning jenny(紡紗機)。
這一點在美國的歷史上也有體現(xiàn)。從英國在北美建立殖民地開始美國歷史上的plantation 是與早期殖民地有關(guān)的一個詞語。英國殖民者1607年在北美建立的第一塊殖民地Jamestown,當時被稱為plantation,其舊時的英文意思是殖民地.邊疆精神或開拓精神一直是美國人引以為自豪的民族文化特征的一個重要成分。20世紀50年代,黑人為反對種族歧視進行的聲勢浩大的民權(quán)斗爭,他們創(chuàng)造了著名的sit-in、lie-in、swim-in等斗爭方式。經(jīng)過長期不懈的斗爭,黑人終于贏得了integration(取消種族隔離)。
(四)、“語言是客觀世界的真實寫照,是一種社會現(xiàn)象。人們生活、勞動在一種什么樣的環(huán)境中,就會產(chǎn)生什么樣的語言。”(1)一定的文化實體總是存在于一定的地域空間內(nèi), 不可避免地體現(xiàn)了該地域的自然面貌特點。
由于美國和英國在地理環(huán)境、社會生活及風俗習慣方面仍有某些差異,美國中的某些詞在英國中就不存在。美國國土幅員遼闊,地形變化萬千。逶迤的山脈、廣闊的平原、起伏的丘陵、荒涼的沙漠、平坦的高地、低洼的沼澤湖盆,以及各種各樣的地形地貌在這里都找得到。例如,caribou(北美的馴鹿),sagebrush(北美艾灌叢),sequoia(紅杉),the Everglades(美國佛羅里達州南部大沼澤地)等詞只是美國英語特有的。
英國四面環(huán)海,島國人的生活與海洋和水運事業(yè)有著密切的關(guān)系。對海洋的依賴與發(fā)展決定了航海民族務(wù)必使用大量與海有關(guān)的語匯,如 plain sailing(一帆風順),go with the stream(隨波逐流),on the rocks(觸礁), 等。英國西臨大西洋,東面歐洲大陸。歐洲大陸北部襲來的東風寒冷刺骨,大西洋徐徐吹來的西風則溫暖宜人,因此才有桂冠詩人曼斯菲爾德的“It’s a warm wind, the west wind, full of bird crying.” 而反過來說,英國英語中的某些詞在美國英語中也找不到,如prince(王子), duke(公爵),marquis(侯爵),knight(騎士)等詞都是英國英語所特有的。
(五)、文化特異
美國著名語言學家Sapir(薩丕爾)在談到語言和文化這兩者的關(guān)系時指出:“文化可以理解為社會所做的和所想的,而語言則是思想的具體表達方式?!蔽幕驼Z言的關(guān)系可以理解為內(nèi)容和形式的關(guān)系。內(nèi)容決定形式,形式反映內(nèi)容?!坝⒄Z作為英美文化信息的載體和文化主客觀的表現(xiàn)形式,深深地烙上了英美社會所獨有的文化印記。透過英語這面英美文化的內(nèi)透鏡,我們可以窺探到英美兩國所特有的文化內(nèi)容?!?[10](1)
我們從語言中還能強烈感覺出英美文化的特異。美國是由移民建立的國家,F(xiàn)rom the many one(合眾為一)是美國的箴言,它反映了美國的這一特色。在過去的幾個世紀之中,數(shù)千萬移民跨洋過海,從世界各個角落源源涌入美國。美國國名“The United States”中的United(合眾),不僅指世界各民族,更指由他們帶來的斑斕多姿的文化。各種民族文化風格的交錯組合可以說是當今美國社會生活的一大特點。
英國貴族體制是最古老最悠久、自始至終未曾中斷過的政治遺產(chǎn)。它從產(chǎn)生至今已有千余年,脈系傳承,繁衍更新,等級森嚴,逐漸形成了以貴族院Duke/Duchess(公爵),Marquis/Marchionesses(侯爵),Earl/Countess(伯爵),Viscount/Viscount ness(子爵)和Baron/Baroness(男爵)五級世襲貴族為主體,以騎士和士紳為附屬的貴族體制。
語言歸根到底是一種歷史和文化的積淀。用Sapir(薩丕爾)的話講“語言不能離開文化而存在”。所謂文化,就是社會遺傳下來的決定人們生活方式的習慣和信仰的總和。英語語言記錄和反映了英美的特定文化風貌,從某種意義上講,就是英美文化的歷史寫真。
三、英語前景預(yù)測
當代世界范圍的新技術(shù)革命蓬勃興起,經(jīng)濟交流趨勢與全球一體化,各國人民之間的政治、經(jīng)濟、文化交往日益密切,人們對各種信息的需要日益急迫,各類信息正以前所未有的速度進行著超時空的傳播,英語作為一種世界通用語是信息交流與信息反饋的工具,越來越顯示出其在國際交往中的重要地位。當前聯(lián)合國有漢、英、法、俄、西班牙和阿拉伯六種工作語言。俄、漢、阿拉伯等語種其實主要還是區(qū)域性的國際語言,英語則不同,英語環(huán)境的全球化使其具有良好基礎(chǔ)。
社會的進步也推動著英語的發(fā)展和變化,人類歷史、社會變革是推動語言發(fā)展的總動力。社會的因素以外,英語本身的一些特點也和現(xiàn)在全球語言的發(fā)展的需要相適應(yīng)的。英語的全部詞匯有一百萬個,它是由本民族詞匯(native words)和外來詞匯(borrowed words)組成的。首先,是巨大的詞匯量。現(xiàn)在英語詞匯總量估計已經(jīng)突破百萬。從殖民時代開始大量的外來詞匯就不斷涌入英語,當今隨著全球科技的發(fā)展和進步又進一步擴大了英語的詞匯量?,F(xiàn)代英語中百分之八十的詞匯都屬于外來詞,這在一定程度上反映出英語巨大的包容性以及同其他民族文化的交融。另一點是簡潔。英語以其簡潔的表達方式也適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在社會溝通交流的需要。
在美國政治、經(jīng)濟、文化的作用下,美國英語對英國英語正在產(chǎn)生廣泛的影響,英國英語已經(jīng)開始由一個傳統(tǒng)意義的“輸出者”變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實生活中的“輸入者”。以英式英語向美式英語靠攏為特點,英、美兩國英語正在走向融合。
我們經(jīng)討論了語言發(fā)展的原因,并在此基礎(chǔ)上對英語的現(xiàn)狀作了分析,毋庸置疑,英語已經(jīng)是一種全球范圍內(nèi)使用最廣泛的語言,但是應(yīng)該說,目前仍有好幾種語言同時也具有其特性,那么英語能否能成為真正的“國際通用語”呢? 盡管當代英語各種變體已經(jīng)自成一家,盡管傳統(tǒng)語言正面臨當代人,特別是當代青年的嚴峻挑戰(zhàn),一個總的趨勢是可以預(yù)見的。當今,美國的影響,通過其科學技術(shù)、商業(yè)、文化、電影電視的對外傳播遍及世界各地,美式的生活方式和其他帶上美國標簽的事物,將對全世界各個民族特別是他們的年輕人造成巨大的影響。而與此同時,英語也早已不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的“民族”語言,它正在成為不同國家、不同民族之間的公共交流工具。對一種國際通用語言的選擇,從來不會基于語言學或美學上的標準,而是往往是由政治、經(jīng)濟、人口來決定的。由于美國在世界的地位及其巨大的影響,作為其與世界各國溝通往來的工具,未來英語應(yīng)當朝著“共同語與多樣化并存”的方向發(fā)展,其中的“共同語”肯定是具有美式英語特色的。“對未來世界共同的面貌,斯大林曾這樣描述為:這種世界當然既不是德語,也不是俄語和英語,而是吸收了各民族語言和各區(qū)域語言精華的新語言。[11](1)相信隨著英、美兩國文化的交流,英式英語和美式英語的差別會越來越小,從而會更有利于人類思想,文化和科學的發(fā)展。
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任明崇.從語言要素看英美英語差異.[H].川東學刊(社會科學版),1997.7, 7:(3)P16.周領(lǐng)順.答伯奇菲爾德博士的英美語言趨勢觀.[H].河南大學學報.1988,8(5):P3.任明崇.從語言要素看英美英語差異.[H].川東學刊(社會科學版),1997.7, 7:(3)P3.(美)喬志高.言猶在耳.[M].上海:上海世界圖書出版公司,2001.7.2001,10.P4.胡壯麟.李戰(zhàn)子.語言學簡明教程(中文版).[M].2004.7.北京:北京大學出版社,2004.7 P161.任龍波.6從20世紀的英語流行語看英美社會文化的變遷.[H].四川外語學院學報,2001, 17(4):P2.任明崇.從語言要素看英美英語差異.[H].川東學刊(社會科學版),1997.7, 7:(3)P3.胡壯麟.李戰(zhàn)子.語言學簡明教程(中文版).[M].2004.7.北京:北京大學出版社,2004.7 P161.戴衛(wèi)平.吳蓓.英語與英美文化.長沙大學學報.2001.9,15(3):P1.[10] 戴衛(wèi)平.吳蓓.英語與英美文化.長沙大學學報.2001.9,15(3):P1.[11] 王家鯤.當代英語發(fā)展的某些趨勢.[H].解放軍外國語學院學報.1999,22(6):P1.
第三篇:中美家庭差異(英)
三 江 學 院
本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)
題 目中美家庭差異對比
學院 英語 專業(yè) 學生姓名學號 指導教師職稱 指導教師工作單位
起訖日期 2016.11-2017.5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In doing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates.They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions.I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the thesis would not have been what it is now.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to(自己填老師名字), who guided me throughout the entire process of writing this thesis.Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of thoseindividuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude:(自己填大學名字), the university library and its staff.ABSTRACT Family is the basic unit of society, and family members of the rules of conduct, living habits often affect the formation of this family values.Family values are generally recognized, it gradually formed a prototype of the social value system.These national values also represent the image of the people of the country to a certain extent.China and the United States due to cultural traditions, ideas, social customs and other aspects of the differences led to the two countries in the family values of many differences.In the context of cross-cultural communication between China and the United States to compare family ethics, education, marriage, etc., correctly understand and understand the differences between family values between the two countries, to cross-cultural communication to remove obstacles.The core proposition of this paper is family values.It is well known that family values are the core of the cultural value research system, which plays a decisive role in the behavior of family members.And the family is the epitome of the socio-economic form, is the most basic unit of social composition, so the family members of the valuesdirectly affect their words and behavior in society, that is, the values of society as a whole depends largely on the family Values, it can be seen that the role of family values is very important.The impact of family valueson people is important because family values are the starting point for people to accept value education.Second, the family members of the values once formed, it will not easily change, it will exist for a long time, and even affect people's life.Therefore, the impact of family values on people is more far-reaching, broad and lasting.Third, family values are closely related to the development of society.Therefore, the study of family values is necessary and important.Based on the thinking of crossChinese and American family cultures.4.Differences between Chinese and American Families Values 4.1 The Values of Chinese Families
China's history is long, its deep heritage to the Chinese social form is very clear and difficult to change.Chinese society is a collectivist cultural group, the core value of individual behavioral interests must obey the collective interests, therefore, the behavior of family members to meet the collective interests of their loved ones.The most direct manifestation of Chinese family ethics is the strong clan concept.In the context of the ancient agricultural economy and society, most of the rural areas are homed with the same ethnic groups, clan or family organizations have the production, education and even self-defense functions, the family mayor, in accordance with the family management family members.Now, the development of economy and society makes the form of clan change, the clan split into a family, but the clan concept has been inherited, still stressed the harmony between different levels of family members.Strong hierarchical concepts and the traditional moral system makes the clan between the clan to strict compliance, such as the call must be accurate.Respect for the long and young people have been living in the family, the young people must respect the elders, daily life to the elders to please, respect for smoke, seat, let way, eat when sitting is also very particular about the elderly in his later years Need to be supported.Filial piety, raising children and other traditional concepts reflect the characteristics of Chinese families.A child in a family before the general situation is the need to live with their parents, and even after marriage and their parents live together is also affirmed and praised.Life contact in marriage is also very close, often together to eat, meet, in the Spring Festival and other important festivals will meet, greetings.This kind of spiritual contact and concern is a deep-rooted standard of Chinese family clan concept, often not with the social change, the development of the times and change.4.2 The Values of American Families The history of the United States is relatively short, as a new system from the British society split out of the country, it has before the traditional British classical social values, but more of a variety of cultural inclusion and recognition, and gradually formed a large fusion Of the nation.American society advocates the recognition of personal dignity, respect for human personality is the basic composition of its social value.The concept of family gradually formed in the family also makes the recognition of individual rights to the point where nothing is added.In the United States, both economic, political, and cultural are impacted by the principle of personality first, American family values are influenced by this principle.Therefore, in American society, often pay great attention to the cultivation of individual thinking, the collective concept is relatively lacking.From the American society to see the value of the composition of the family, you can understand that this family concept is individual-centered, respect for the individual on the first place.American children in adulthood, with independent ability, the family is independent of the individual, the young people will take the initiative to divorce from the original family, even in the major festivals did not meet the moral requirements, even if not family and Reunion is not condemned, which in a certain sense is respect for the individual's rights.Personal status is protected in a family, and the integrity of the family can not replace personal decisions.And in the family of their own relatives are more general terms, the title of the simplification is also to a certain extent, showing the recognition of social habits.China's respect for the class, the collective sense of identity makes in the decision-making of large things on the more consistent, more efficient transmission of information capabilities, but the personality has been a certain degree of repression;American concept too much respect for individuals, making the United States Collective concept is relatively weak, clan concept is not strong, some collective projects to be successful to do is relatively difficult.5.Differences in Family Education between China and America The family is the most important place for enlightenment education for children, and plays an important role in the development of good habits and the development of intelligence.Family education is the most important part of all the earliest education, it is the child's thinking mode and the formation of the world view of great significance.Deng Xiaoping once said: “The basis of national modernization in the talent, the basis of talent in education, education based on the family.” China is a country that attaches importance to family education, China's deep educational and cultural traditions contain excellent family education components.For thousands of years, many people in the field of family education hard work, accumulated a lot of fruitful results.The difference between Chinese and American educational concepts has always been the focus of discussion.In the family environment, we can significantly feel the impact of family ideas on the growth of children.Social environment mapping in the concept of family education, making the concept of family education in China and China have a huge difference.5.1 Family Education in China
Chinese education, we can see the phenomenon is often the child to comply with the teacher, the parents of the arrangements, conservative and objective accumulation of basic knowledge, divergent thinking is weak, the attitude of learning is also very obedient arrangements for elders, this compromise led to students Of stereotypes, sluggish, lack of creativity.In the family education, parents attach importance to the number of children, moral education, the traditional essence of Chinese culture to the modern society.In the formal education is often very important to the performance of the child, the academic performance as a good identification of a very important measure of the expectations of the child is very high, expect them to succeed, meteoric rise.This leads to the child's daily education is extremely strict, and will not consider the child's nature of the shape, not to find children grow up in line with their personality.Therefore, in China's education can often be extreme phenomena, there can be extreme genius, but also often caused by excessive pressure caused by tragedy.Chinese parents attach great importance to the social adaptability of education, they often in accordance with the established model to develop their children, but often overlooked from the child's physical and mental development characteristics to promote its growth.They look forward to their children have a bright future, more emphasis on academic tendencies, that the child as long as the results are good, what problems can be resolved.Whether the child in the future, whether to find a good career, whether in the good times through life, these are the purpose of parental education.Based on this expectation, many parents believe that the parents of the child's responsibility is to let them live better, parents give them how much happiness to give them how much happiness.If you can give children to create the most favorable living conditions, so hard and willing to.5.2 Family Education in America
American families place children's independence and autonomy in an important position, focusing on the ability of children to adapt to a variety of environments and to survive independently.They argue that the purpose of education is not to prepare a living, but to prepare for survival.What they emphasize is the value of shaping the mind, a value that is unrelated to utilitarian or occupation.Based on this concept, they attach great importance to the child's own exercise, such as labor training, will exercise, but the most fundamental is to adapt to a variety of hardships and training of labor ability.Through the labor, let the children from childhood to develop a sense of independence and love of labor habits.In the labor and hardships to overcome difficulties, temper the will, develop their own strengths, growth and talent, to develop hard, frugal good quality.They generally believe that the growth of children must rely on their own strength, so since childhood to focus on training their self-reliance and independent living ability.American family education is focused on the identity of the child's nature, giving children the freedom to judge the power of things.This psychological buffer makes the child in the learning process can accept a lot of innovative thinking, the child's education is not limited to basic education.Relative to the focus of Chinese education on basic education, the United States is more inclined to practice.American children's freedom of control over the weekend is far greater than the Chinese children.So we can see the Chinese children are in a pressure environment to come out, the United States children in the free and open space to learn things to judge and understanding.This practice of learning is more conducive to their integration into the community, but also give them a wide range of values to choose the face.The development of children in the American family education model is more comprehensive, which makes the children in the American family earlier self-reliance, early contact with the community, the vision is more open.Chinese children in the family, education is more conservative, lack of innovation in thinking, but the basic knowledge is very solid.American education of people-oriented, excessive human indulgence will produce a relatively weak basic education phenomenon.Two kinds of education only learn from each other, to find a suitable fit point in order to achieve the optimization of education.6.Conclusion
Under the influence of different cultural values of the two countries, China and the United States have significant differences in family values.In the traditional culture of China and the United States, Chinese families are mostly used for generations.US President Bill Clinton praised the Chinese family values.Indeed, thousands of years of Confucian culture created the obligations of family members in the Chinese family-a parental responsibility, mutual support and interdependence among family members;parental respect for children in American families , The child is very young to learn for their own American rights and mother fight.There are differences between Chinese and American family values.This kind of difference embodies the nationalities and regionalities.We can not simply summarize them with differences or fusion, but only analyze the commonness and characteristics of family values in different countries in different historical periods.Only by overcoming the prejudice of European and American cultural centers can help to deepen the understanding of the uniqueness and integrity of the national family culture and social culture in order to promote mutual understanding and exchange.Today, the traditional family values of China and the United States have been hit hard by the growing globalization, and have undergone tremendous changes.We can not say which family values are better.However, with the international exchange and cultural integration of the highly developed era, the Chinese family members of the independent consciousness and respect for the independence of the consciousness is strengthened, the US family will also promote family members to each other mutual cooperation and common development.We can not expect the perfect unity of Sino-American family values, and we expect to maximize the cost of integration of different family values.In a variety of different family values set up a bridge between the communication, so that the perception of another family values from unfamiliar to cognitive, but also by the recognition to recognition, and finally slowly blending through.Thus we can see that strengthening the study and research of family values in different cultural backgrounds is of great practical significance for us to engage in cross-cultural communication and build a harmonious society.References [1] Datesman, Maryanne, Joann, American Ways: An Introduction to American Culture ,published by Pearson Education, Inc.2005.[2] Bert N., Adams,Handbook of world families, Stage Publication Inc.2005.[3] Marvin B.Sussman, Handbook of marriage and the family, Plenum Press, 1998.[4] John Locke, Of Civil Government, Second Treatise, Chicago,Henry Regency Company,1999.[5] Schwab J J.Gray-Ice H.M., Family Functioning-The General Living Sytem Research Model, New York 233 Spring: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub1ishers, 2000.[6]孟小佳.論中美家庭在教育方式上的差異[J].前沿,2010,(11): 193~ 195.
[7]臧蘭.“價值與價值觀”教學設(shè)計[J].思想政治課教學,2010,(3): 55~ 57.
[8]林呂建.“我們的價值觀”筆談——積極開展“我們的價值觀”大討論[J].觀察與思考,2012,(3):4~6.
[9]郭廣輝.移民、宗族與地域社會[D].成都:西南民族大學學位論文,2012. [10]于薇.全球化視野下當代中國文化價值觀的嬗變與重構(gòu)[D].北京: 北京交通大學學位論文,2005.
第四篇:美式英語俚語
1.I couldn't care less.這句話的意思是「我不在乎」,「缺乏興趣」(lack of interest),也就是:I don't care at all.或 I don't give a hoot.例如:
人家如果問: What do you think of the budget-cut?(你對預(yù)算削減有何看法?)
你回答: I couldn't care less.(我毫不在乎)
至于 I couldn't care more.就是「我很在乎」(I care a lot.)或 I care deeply.同理:
I couldn't agree more.=I totally agree.(我完全同意)
2.No bones about it.意思是:真實的,誠懇的(truly, sincerely or exactly),也就是 to make no bones about it.(bone 要加 s, it 是指 something)例如:
His wife is beautiful;no bones about it.(他的太太真是很漂亮)
3.take it on me!
意思是:「這是我的,請用吧!」「這是免費的」(help yourself to it;it is free),這多半是指吃的東西或一些不貴重的東西。例如:
Here are some candies from England;take one on me.(這是來自英國的糖果,嘗一個吧!)(one = candy)
可見 take 后面的 it,是指 something,而 on 的后面通常不指別人,所以多半也只用在第一人稱單數(shù) me。
(假如夫婦在一起,也可以說:Take it on us.)
4.I am from Missouri.這句話有時后面要加一句:「I need to be shown.」或「You have got to show me.」,意思是 Missouri 州的人很固執(zhí)(stubborn),不太信任別人,一定要人家「證明一下」(prove it to me),所以密蘇里州也被稱為「The Show Me State」。
據(jù)說這句話所以流行(尤其在美國中西部)是因為美國一些名人都住過密蘇里州,包括 Harry Truman, Mark Twain, Walt Disney 等。后來老外不輕易相信別人時,就使用這句話。(也有半開玩笑性質(zhì))例如:
He is not easily convinced because he is from Missouri.(他是來自密蘇里州,所以不容易說服他。)
Don't try to fool me;I am from Missouri.(You have got to show me.)(別愚弄我,我是來自密蘇里州。)
美國口語俚語(1)
1.clock in 打卡
Don't forget to clock in,otherwise you won't get paid.別忘了打卡,否則領(lǐng)不到錢。
2.come on to 對...輕薄;吃豆腐
Tanya slapped Bill after he came on to her.Tanya在Bill對她輕薄之后打了他一巴掌。3.come easily 易如反掌
Languages come easily to some people.語言學習對有些人來說易如反掌。
4.don't have a cow別大驚小怪
Don't have a cow!I'll pay for the damages.別大驚小怪的!我會賠償損失的。
5.push around 欺騙
Don't try to push me around!別想耍我!
美國口語俚語(2)
1.keep one's shirt on保持冷靜
Keep your shirt on.He didn't mean to offend you.That's just the way he talks.保持冷靜。那只是他說話的慣常方式,他并非有意要冒犯你。
2.cool it冷靜一點
Cool it.You are making me mad.冷靜一點。你快把我逼瘋了。
3.joy ride兜風
Let's go for a joy ride.讓我們?nèi)ザ刀碉L。
4.rap說唱樂
Do you like rap music? I have trouble understanding the words.你喜歡說唱音樂嗎?我聽不太懂其中的歌詞。
5.red-letter day大日子
This is a red-letter day for Susan.She made her first sale to a very important client.今天是susan的大日子。她和一個非常重要的客戶做成了第一筆生意。
美國口語俚語(3)
1.go up in smoke成為泡影
Peter’s vacation plans went up in smoke when a crisis arose in the office.辦公室出了問題,peter的假期泡湯了。
2.hit the road上路
We should probably hit the road.It’s going to take us two hours to get home.我們可能該上路了吧?到家的兩個小時呢!
3.shape up表現(xiàn)良好,乖
You’d better shape up if you want to stay on.如果你還想留下來的話最好乖一點兒。
4.scare the shit out of someone嚇死某人了
Don’t sneak up behind me like that.You scared the shit out of me.不要那樣從后面突然嚇我。你嚇死我了。
5.pull strings運用關(guān)系(源于“拉木偶的線”)
He pulled some strings and managed to get us front row seats for the concert.他運用關(guān)系替我們拿到音樂會前排的位子。美國口語俚語(4)
1.come again 再說一遍
Come again? I didn't quite understand what you said.再說一遍好嗎?你剛說的話我不明白。
2.come clean 全盤托出,招供
The criminal decided to come clean.罪犯決定供出事實。
3.spring for 請客
Let me spring for dinner.我來請客吃飯吧。
4.spill the beans 泄漏秘密
Don't spill the beans.It's supposed to be a secret.別說漏了嘴,這可是個秘密哦!
5.stick in the mud 保守的人
Cathy is such a stick in the mud.She never wants to try anything new.Cathy真保守,她從不想嘗試新事物。
美國口語俚語(5)
1.john廁所
I have to go to the john.Wait for me in the car.我要去廁所。在車里等我一下。
2.keep in line管束
He needs to be kept in line.He's too wild.他太野了,要好好管束一下。
3.jump the gun草率行事
Don't jump the gun.We have to be patient for a while.不要草率行事。我們應(yīng)該耐心等一會兒。
4.jump to conclusion妄下結(jié)論
Don't jump to conclusion.We have to figure it out first.不要妄下結(jié)論,先把事情搞清楚。
5.lemon次
This car is a real lemon.It has broken down four times.這輛車真次,已經(jīng)壞了四次了!
美國口語俚語(6)
1.fishy 可疑的
His story sounds fishy.We should see if it's really true.他的故事聽起來可疑。我們應(yīng)該看看到底是不是真的。
2.flip out 樂死了
Chris flipped out when I told him that we won the game.我告訴克里斯我們贏了比賽時,他樂歪了。
3.fix someone up 撮合某人
I think Xixi and Macaulay would make a perfect couple.Let's fix them up.(Haha,just kidding:)
我想習習和macaulay會是理想的一對,我們來撮合他們吧。(呵,開個玩
笑,習習和macaulay不會生氣吧?:)
4.take a shine to 有好感
He really likes you.There are very few people he takes a shine to right away.他真的喜歡你。他很少對人一見面就有好感的。
5.third wheel 累贅,電燈泡
You two go on ahead.I don't want to be a third wheel.你們兩個去好了,我不想當電燈泡。
美國口語俚語(7)
1.ripoff 騙人的東西
What a ripoff!The new car I bought doesn't work!真是個騙人貨!我買的新車啟動不了!
2.rock the boat 找麻煩
Don't rock the boat!Things are fine just the way they are.別找麻煩了,事情這樣就夠好了。
3.blow it 搞砸了,弄壞了
I blew it on that last exam.我上次考試靠砸了。
4.in hot water 有麻煩
He is in hot water with his girlfriend recently.近段時間他跟女友的關(guān)系有點僵。
5.put one's foot in one's mouth 禍從口出
Wally is always saying such stupid thing.He has a real talent for putting his foot in his mouth.沃力盡說這種蠢話。他真有惹是生非的本事。
美國口語俚語(8)
1.flop(表演、電影等)不賣座,失敗
The movie was a flop.Nobody went to see it.這部電影賣座率奇低,沒有人去看。
2.drop in/by/over 隨時造訪
Feel free to drop in anytime.I'm usually home and I'd love the company.歡迎隨時來坐坐。我通常在家,也喜歡游人做伴。
3.drop a line 寫信
Drop me a line!給我寫信!
4.duck 躲閃,突然低下頭
Remind little Bobby to duck his head when he crawls under the table so he won't hit his head.提醒小波比爬到桌下時要低頭才不會受傷。
5.go with the flow 隨從大家的意見 Sharon is an easy-going person.She just goes with the flow.沙倫是個隨和的人。人家怎么說,她就怎么做。
美國口語俚語(9)
1.act up 胡鬧,出毛病
The children started to act up as soon as the teacher left the room.老師一離開教室,孩子們就鬧起來了。
2.ad lib 即興而作,隨口編
The comedian ad libbed most of his routine.那個喜劇演員大多是即興表演。
3.blah-blah-blah 說個不停
All she does is go “blah-blah-blah” all night.她整夜說個不停。
4.hit it off 投緣,一見如故
They hit it off instantly and have been good friends ever since.他們一見面就很投緣,從此成了好朋友。
5.zit 青春痘
Why is it that every time I have a hot date, I break out with a big zit on my face?
為什么每次我有重要約會時,臉上都會冒出一個很大的青春痘呢?
美國口語俚語(10)
1.put someone on the spot 讓某人為難
Don't put me on the spot like this.You know I can't give you confidential information.別這樣讓我為難,你知道我不能給你機密資料的。
2.racket 非法行業(yè),掛羊頭賣狗肉
The police are determined to break up the racket.警方?jīng)Q定打擊這個非法行業(yè)。
3.have it good 享受得很
She really has it good.Everybody caters to her every need.她真是享受得很,大家都依著他。
4.don't knock it 不要太挑剔
Don;t knock it!You won't be able to find another job that pays so well.別挑剔了!你未必可以找到另外一個待遇這么好的工作!
5.pig out 狼吞虎咽
We pigged out on potato chips and cookies until our bellies ached.我們大吃薯條和曲奇,吃到肚子撐到痛為止。
美國口語俚語(11)
1.down in the dumps垂頭喪氣
The players were down in the dumps after their team lost the championship game.球員輸?shù)魶Q賽哪一場后個個垂頭喪氣。
2.horse around嬉鬧 We've horsed around long enough.It's time to get to work.我們鬧夠了,該去工作了。
3.pass something up放棄某事物
You can't pass up this job.This kind of opportunity comes only once in a lifetime.你不可錯過這個工作。這種機會一輩子才有一次。
4.go whole hog全力以赴
She went whole hog in planning he New Year's Eve party.她全心全力籌辦新年晚會。
5.shoo-in長勝將軍
There's no way he can lose.He's a shoo-in.他不會輸?shù)?,他是位長勝將軍。
美國口語俚語(12)
1.get the ball rolling開始
Let's get the ball rolling.讓我們開始吧。
2.get on the ball用心做
If you hope to keep your job, you'd better get on the ball and meet the deadline.如果你還想要你的那份工作,你最好用心做,趕上最后期限!
3.lady-killer帥哥
He's a real lady-killer.他是個不折不扣的帥哥。
4.lay off停止,解雇
Lay off!I don't need you to tell me what to do!別再講了!我不需要你告訴我怎么去做!
5.knock it off=cut it off停止
Knock it off!I'm trying to get some sleep.別吵了!我正想睡覺呢!
美國口語俚語(13)
1.have a passion for鐘愛
I have a passion for blue dresses.我鐘愛藍色的衣服。
2.pep talk打氣,鼓勵的話
The coach gave his team a pep talk at half time, hoping to lead them to victory.教練在半場時候給球員們打起,希望將他們引上勝利之途。
3.pick someone’s brains請教某人
I don’t understand any of this medical terminology.Do you mind if I pick your brains since you’re so knowledgeable in this area?
我對醫(yī)學術(shù)語一無所知。你在這方面如此在行,我能不能請教你一下?
4.pass out醉到了
He passed out after three beers.喝了三杯啤酒后他就醉倒了。
5.way back好久以前
We’ve been friends since way back.我們老早就是好朋友了。美國口語俚語(14)
1.hit someone with a problem讓某人面對問題
I’m sorry to hit you with this problem.I don’t know who else to turn to.很抱歉把這個問題拋給你,我不知道還可以找誰求助。
2.have it bad for狂戀
He really has it bad for her, but she has no ideas.他狂戀著她,而她卻不知道。
3.hung over宿醉未醒
Don’t disturb him.He’s still hung over from last night.別吵醒他,他宿醉仍未醒。
4. has-been過時的人或物
Lisa is a has-been.No one will hire her any more.麗莎已經(jīng)過時了。沒人會再雇傭她。
4.have a bone to pick with有賬要算
I have a bone to pick with you.You still owe me the fifteen dollars you borrowed.我有賬跟你算。你向我借的十五美金還沒還呢!
美國口語俚語(15)
1.let the cat out of the bag 泄漏秘密
I won't let the cat out of the bag.我不會泄漏秘密的。
2.in the market for 想買,積極物色
People are always in the market for something new and different.人們總想買點新奇的且與眾不同的東西。
3.meddle in 干涉,攪和
Harold asked his boss stop meddling in his personal life.哈羅德要求老板別再干涉他的私生活。
4.screw loose脫線,神經(jīng)不對頭
Bill must have a screw loose somewhere;he's acting really strangely.Bill一定是哪根筋不對,他的行動真奇怪。
5.sell someone on 以...說服某人
She sold me on her idea.I think it will work.她用她的看法說服了我,我想那行得通。
2.美國口語俚語(16)
1.hang in there忍耐一下
Hang in there.Things will look up soon.忍耐一下。事情很快就會好轉(zhuǎn)的。
2.hands-off無為而治,順其自然
He takes a hands-off approach when it comes to raising his children.他用無為而治的方式教養(yǎng)小孩。
3.gag me with a spoon我快吐了
Gag me with a spoon!Please don’t tell me such disgusting stories any more.我快吐了!請別再說這么惡心的故事了。
4.get a move on趕快 Get a move on.You can’t park your car here.趕快!你不能在這兒停車。
5.cook up想出
He cooked up a wonderful way to surprise his wife on her birthday.他想出一個在他太太生日時讓她驚喜的妙法。(呵,女人心中的好丈夫?。?/p>
美國口語俚語(17)
1.roll with the punches逆來順受
You have to roll with the punches if you want to survive in this business.如果你想在這一行生存下去的話,就得逆來順受。
2.right off the bat立刻
I was all prepared to put up a fight, but he gave in right off the bat.我正準備和他大打一場,但是他馬上就投降了。
3.get one’s feet wet參與,開始做
It’s not good to concentrate all your efforts on just writing.You should get your feet wet and trying painting or dancing.單單寫作對你不好。你應(yīng)該涉獵一下繪畫或舞蹈。
4.get after盯著,責備
Ann’s mother gets after her to hang up her clothes.安的媽媽盯著她,要她把衣服掛好。
5.pan out成功,奏效
Unfortunately, the deal did not pan out.I lost a thousand dollars.這筆生意不幸沒有成功,我損失了1,000美元。
美國口語俚語(18)
1.screw someone over欺負某人
After working in the office for ten years, Alice was fired for no apparent reason.How can they screw her over like that?
愛麗斯工作了十年之后,無緣無故被炒魷魚。他們怎么可以這樣欺負她呢?
2.down to the wire等到最后一刻才開始做事
Peter always waits until the last minute to do his work.I could never leave it down to the wire like that.彼得總是等到最后一刻才開始做事。我從不想他那樣等到最后一刻才開始干。
3.buck抗拒
You can’t buck the system.你無法抗拒整個制度。
4.blockhead笨蛋
Arnold is a blockhead if I ever saw one.阿諾德是我見過的最笨的人。
5.blow the lid off揭發(fā)(丑聞)
That newspaper story blew the lid off the Senator’s illegal business deals.報紙的報道揭發(fā)了參議員的非法勾當。
美國口語俚語(19)
1.round up集合 Round everybody up.It’s time for our business meeting.叫大家集合,開會時間到了。
2.put someone up留宿某人
I can put you up for a couple of days.My apartment is big enough for two people.你可以在我這里住幾天。我的公寓可以住兩個人。
3.take care of business負責
Who’s going to take care of business while I am away? 我不在的時候誰負責?
4.take out on拿…出氣
Don’t take your frustrations out on me.別把氣出在我身上。
5.hot stuff大人物
He thinks he’s hot stuff.But everybody else thinks he’s a jerk.他自以為了不得,但其他人認為他是個傻瓜。
美國口語俚語(20)
1.nitty-gritty細節(jié),基本情況
Let’s get down to the nitty-gritty.I want to hear what happens next.讓我們來認真了解詳細的情況,我想知道后來發(fā)生了什么。
2.no good很糟
This typewriter is no good.Every time I use it, the ribbon falls out.這臺打字機很糟。每次已用,色帶就掉下來。
3.have someone’s number清楚某人的底細,看穿某人
She dare not do anything to me, I have her number.她不敢對我怎么樣的,因為我對她的底細一清二楚。
4.hot number新鮮、迷人的人或事務(wù),尤物
Tom thinks Sherry is a hot number.Tom認為Sherry是個尤物。
5.off the hook逃脫,溜掉,不受罰
I’ll let you off the hook this time, but don’t do that again.這次不罰你,下次不要這樣干了。
美國口語俚語(21)
1.hunky-dory沒問題
Everything here is hunky-dory.Don’t worry.別擔心,這里一切都沒問題。
2.I kid you not我不騙你
I kid you not.I saw this woman talking to her hand.我不騙你。我看見這個女人跟她的手說話。
3.pop one’s cork大發(fā)脾氣
I’ve never seen Teresa pop her cork before.I always thought she was a very laid-back person.我從來沒見過Teresa發(fā)脾氣。我原來一直以為她是個好好小姐。
4.poke one’s nose into something多管閑事
Gladys is always poking her nose into other people’s business.I don’t see how she has time to take care of her own affairs.格拉迪斯總是愛管閑事,我不知道她怎么會有時間處理她自己的事。
5.pull a fast one欺騙
He tried to pull a fast one on us, but we caught on before he got away with it.他想要欺騙我們,但在他陰謀得逞之前我們就知道了。
美國口語俚語(22)
1.beats me我不知道
Beats me.We haven’t learned that.我不知道。我們還沒學過那個。
2.beat it走開
Beat it!I’m busy right now.走開!我現(xiàn)在正忙著。
3.beat a dead horse白費口舌,白費力氣
I’ve already made up my mind.There’s no sense beating a dead horse.我已經(jīng)下了決心,不要再白費口舌了。
4.John Hancock簽名
Put your John Hancock right here.請在這里簽名。
5.keep it under raps保密
Don’t tell anyone about the party.Let’s just keep it under eraps.不要吧晚會的事告訴任何人。這件事情不要泄漏出去。
美國口語俚語(23)
1.kick around討論;多考慮一下
Let’s kick around a few more proposals before we come to a final decision.我們最后決定之前多考慮幾個方案吧。
2.junkie吸毒者
The junkie stole money in order to buy more drugs.這名吸毒者為了買更多的毒品而偷錢。
3.put away大吃大喝
I’ve never seen anybody put away so much food and still look so thin.我從未見過這么能吃的人還這么瘦。
4.put a move on挑逗
He tried to put the moves on her, but she turned him down.他想要挑逗她,但她拒絕了他。
5.put one’s ass on the line兩肋插刀,不惜一切
I put my ass on the line for you.I know you’ll do the same for me someday.我為你兩肋插刀,我知道有朝一日你也會為我這么做。
美國口語俚語(24)
1.drag討厭
What a drag!There’s nothing to do here!真是討厭!這里沒什么可干的!
2.a drop in the bucket滄海一粟 The amount of money Mr.Howell spent on a new Rolls-Royce was just a drop in the bucket compared to his annual salary.豪威爾先生賣一輛辛勞斯萊斯汽車的錢和他的年薪相比不過是滄海一粟。
3.drop dead去死
Suzy told Mike, “Drop dead!” when he kept teasing her about her weight.麥克不停的取笑蘇齊的體重時,蘇齊說:“你去死吧!” 4.down and out窮困潦倒
Sarah was down and out after losing her job and her apartment.薩拉丟掉工作和房子后變得窮困潦倒。
5.all that jazz諸如此類
He only cares about basketball, TV, girls, and all that jazz.他只關(guān)心籃球、電視、女孩這一類事情。
美國口語俚語(25)
1.know-it-all萬事通
Grace is always correcting other people.She thinks she’s a know-it-all.格雷斯總是在糾正別人,她覺得自己是萬事通。
2.kooky古怪的
That man is really kooky.He has fifty-three cats!那個人真怪。他養(yǎng)了53只貓!
3.let someone have it讓某人好看
Next time I see Rick, I’m going to let him have it.下次我看到李克時要他好看。
4.a leg up占上風
All Jeff’s hard work is paying off.He’s a leg up on the rest of his competitors.杰夫的努力是有報答的。他在競爭對手中占了上風。
5.low-life落魄潦倒的人
Chris is such a low-life.He sleeps on the park bench and drink booze all day.克利斯真是落魄潦倒。他睡在公園板凳上而且整天喝酒。
美國口語俚語(26)
1.call it quits不干了
After being in the used car business for 40 years, Harry finally called it quits.做了40年舊車生意后,哈利終于洗手不干了。
2.chip in出錢
We all chipped in to buy Jennifer a going-away present.大家都出錢買一個送別禮物給Jennifer.3.a chip off the old block一個模子印出來的;酷似(父母的人)
Scott certainly is a chip off the old block.He reminds me so much of his father when he was that age.斯克特酷似他爸爸。他讓我想起他爸爸在他這年齡時的許多事。
4.clean up one’s act信心革面,重新做人
You’d better clean up your act if you want to go to a good school.如果你想金好學校就要洗心革面,奮發(fā)圖強 5.cliffhanger吊人胃口的東西
TV series like Dallas usually end the season with a cliffhanger.象《達拉斯》這樣的電視連續(xù)劇經(jīng)常以吊人胃口的方式結(jié)束一個時節(jié)。
美國口語俚語(27)
1.bullheaded頑固,牛脾氣
Terry is so bullheaded;he won’t listen to anybody else’s opinion.特利這么頑固,他聽不進別人的意見。
2.bum rap責罵
Louise got a bum rap for taking sides with Richard.路易斯因為偏袒理查德而受到責罵。
3.bummer令人惡心的經(jīng)歷
That show was a real bummer.那場表演令人倒盡胃口。
4.burn someone up激怒某人
It burns me up when people don’t do their job right.有人沒把份內(nèi)的事做好就令我生氣。
5.catch on to突然了解
It took Cindy a long time to catch on to what Bill was saying.辛迪許久以后才突然明白比爾所說的話
美國口語俚語(28)
Don't miss the boat.不要錯失良機 Don't take it for granted.不要想當然 Don't get me wrong.不要誤會 play it by ears.到時候再說 it's up in the air.還沒決定好
may i take a rain check?下次好嗎? red neck 鄉(xiāng)巴佬
go down to business 言歸正傳
the shoes were on the other foot.時過境遷 you are a chicken 你是膽小鬼 you are a hot chick 你很火辣
market meet 專門找一夜情的派對 no sweet 沒問題
no sweet without sweat.一份耕耘一分收獲 cold shoulder 拒絕 cold feet 害怕
cold turkey 冷血動物 lose my shirt 一無所有 hold your horses 耐心點 hit books K書 doggy bag 打包
第五篇:美式英語與英式英語在詞匯上的差異
英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文,公布的題目可以用于直接使用和參考(貢獻者ID 有提示)
最新英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文,都是近期寫作
從艾米莉?狄金森與李清照的詩歌看女性文化差異 淺析《廊橋遺夢》的主題思想
命運與性格--淺論《哈姆雷特》的悲劇因素 淺析中美商務(wù)溝通中的恭維語 《威尼斯商人》的新歷史主義解讀
關(guān)于《哈利波特》中對種族主義批判的研究
An Interpretation to The Characters in Nella Larsen’s Novel—Passing 從女性主義視角解讀《飄》中斯嘉麗?奧哈拉的性格特征
The Revival of Benevolence Through Pip's Eyes in Great Expectations 從跨文化角度看中美商務(wù)談判
海明威《老人與海》中的生態(tài)意識分析 從功能主義翻譯理論看商業(yè)廣告的英漢翻譯
從女性主義視角解讀《飄》中斯嘉麗?奧哈拉的性格特征 論愛情的毀滅:淺析《永別了武器》主題思想
從《道連?格雷的畫像》透析王爾德的藝術(shù)人生觀 弗吉尼亞?伍爾夫《海浪》的敘事技巧分析 英漢新詞對比研究
英漢人稱指示語的對比研究 從隱私權(quán)看中西文化差異
《大衣》中定語從句的翻譯策略 CBI理論詮釋及在英語教學中的應(yīng)用 淺析網(wǎng)絡(luò)字幕組運作下的美劇翻譯特點 英語語言中的性別差異研究
奧斯卡王爾德《認真的重要性》中似非而是的雋語對現(xiàn)實世界的重塑 《游泳者》中的象征意象分析
How to Avoid Chinglish on English Writing of Senior High School Students 對小婦人心靈成長歷程的探索
論《簡愛》對當代女性愛情觀的啟示 課堂英語教學與網(wǎng)絡(luò)英語教學的對比 詞義的選擇和商務(wù)英語的漢譯
A Tentative Analysis of the Reasons for McDonald’s Success 從關(guān)聯(lián)理論看《阿甘正傳》的字幕翻譯
The Principles and Approaches of Brand Name Translation “三美論”觀照下的《再別康橋》英譯本比較研究 論《簡愛》中的瘋女人
英語中稱謂語的性別歧視現(xiàn)象
Coincidences and Images in The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles 論禮貌策略在商務(wù)信函寫作中的運用 會話含義在商務(wù)談判中的運用
從語體學論《一九八四》中的反極權(quán)主義 淺析商務(wù)談判中的恭維語應(yīng)用 文化差異對中西方商務(wù)談判的影響 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文,公布的題目可以用于直接使用和參考(貢獻者ID 有提示)
關(guān)聯(lián)理論視角下幽默的英漢翻譯
The Developments of Marriage View over Three Periods in the West 淺析科技英語的文體特點
從榮格的原型理論看《蠅王》中杰克的形象 《政府工作報告》中的概念隱喻及其英譯方法 淺談商務(wù)函電的寫作
從十字軍東征看中世紀宗教沖突
A Comparison of the English Color Terms 文化語境下公示語的翻譯
至美的追求—美學視角下泰戈爾的《吉檀迦利》
試析愛麗絲沃克作品中的女性主義觀點——以《紫色》為例 《圍城》英譯本中文化負載詞的翻譯研究
Advertising Language: A Mirror of American Value The Study of Chinese Body Language 初中英語詞匯教學法研究綜述 論《雙城記》中的愛情
《呼嘯山莊》和《遠離塵囂》中女主人公的女性意識的對比 論簡?奧斯丁《理智與情感》中兩姐妹的成長 家樂福定價策略研究
Analyzing the Development of English Color Term and Its Chinese Translation 從十字軍東征看中世紀宗教沖突 《苔絲》中的圣經(jīng)和神話典故 文化語境對中西商務(wù)談判的影響 從瑪氏公司看英美文化對廣告的影響 愛倫坡偵探小說的特征與影響 探討英語翻譯教學中的問題及改進
Analysis of the Subtitle of White Collar under Skopostheorie 用批評性語篇分析解讀人際功能與話語權(quán)力的結(jié)合 黑色幽默在《第條軍規(guī)》中的運用
灰姑娘文學形象在西方文化中的發(fā)展和演變研究 從生態(tài)女性主義的角度解讀《喜福會》 透析《勸導》中的新女性形象
夏洛特?帕金斯?吉爾曼《黃色墻紙》中的女性主義
南方時代變遷中的勝利者與失敗者——《飄》中主要角色的性格與命運對比 A Comparison of Chinese and Western Taboos of Social Communication 從《成長的煩惱》和《家有兒女》的對比看中西方家庭價值觀的差異 《玉石雕像》中的非言語交流
A Summary of Symbols of The Scarlet Letter 英文小說中的中國文化認同——《京華煙云》賞析 功能目的論視角下的仿擬翻譯的應(yīng)用分析 從跨文化角度對中美語言禁忌的淺析 淺議提高英語閱讀速度的方法
The Influences of the Bible on Some American Movies 《紅字》的悲劇成因分析 英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文,公布的題目可以用于直接使用和參考(貢獻者ID 有提示)
意象圖式研究
Doomed Tragedy out of Desire-Driven Morbid Personalities in Nabokov’s Lolita 89 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 90 初中英語課堂不同文章類型教學活動研究 91 《了不起的蓋茨比》中的人物分析
An Analysis of Word Formation of China English 93 功能對等理論透視下的影視片名翻譯 94 論《織工馬南》中的象征意義 95 廣告英語中語言的性別差異 96 如何通過教師提問促進課堂互動
斯威夫特和笛福眼中的英國社會——基于對《格列佛游記》和《魯濱遜漂流記》的比較 98 像滾石一般流浪:六十年代鮑勃迪倫歌曲中的旅行者意象 99 世紀以來英漢委婉語的語義變遷
Culture Differences between China and English-speaking Countries: A View of Body Language 101 龐德詩歌《在地鐵站里》的意象分析
從禮貌原則分析美國總統(tǒng)就職演說辭的語用特色 103 從接受理論看賽珍珠的《水滸傳》翻譯
從《最藍的眼睛》看托尼莫里森如何重塑美國黑人文學中的黑人形象 105 An Analysis of English Euphemisms Used in Literary Works 106 淺析《警察與贊美詩》中歐亨利的寫作風格
The Self-image of Charles Dickens in David Copperfield 108 Approaching English Vocabulary Teaching—a Lexicological Perspective 109 淺析簡?奧斯汀《理智與情感》中的婚姻觀 110 模糊語言在商務(wù)英語談判中的語用功能 111 英語新聞中委婉語的社會功用
父權(quán)制社會的傀儡—從安吉爾看父權(quán)主義思想 113 從《兒子與情人》談家庭失和與失衡 114 對比研究中西家庭觀 115 中西方空間觀對比研究
從大衛(wèi)?芬奇《七宗罪》看宗教極端主義 117 《尤利西斯》的象征藝術(shù)
功能對等視角下記者招待會古詩詞翻譯策略研究 119 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中麥琪悲劇原因分析
一場失敗革命的反思——《動物莊園》的主題淺析 121 論象征在海明威《永別了,武器》中的應(yīng)用 122 從詞匯學角度分析英國英語和美國英語的差異 123 功能對等理論視角下漢語新詞的翻譯 124 從就餐細節(jié)看中美兒童個性能力的差異 125 中西方快餐的文化差異
從歸化異化的角度看《圍城》中隱喻及其翻譯研究 127 《女勇士》中美國華裔身份危機的探尋 128 英漢問候語對比研究
跨文化視域中的英漢動物隱喻比較研究
英語專業(yè)全英原創(chuàng)畢業(yè)論文,公布的題目可以用于直接使用和參考(貢獻者ID 有提示)
Culture Teaching in College English Listening Classrooms 131 英法詞匯的比較研究
基于《生活大爆炸》研究合作原則的違反 133 《中文菜單英文譯法》中的歸化和異化分析 134 談日常用品廣告英譯漢的特色 135 商標翻譯的本土化研究 136 中西廣告語言中的文化差異 137 淺析《老人與海》中的悲劇色彩 138 Teleology, Religion and Contexts 139 《威尼斯商人》中夏洛克形象的解構(gòu)與重建 140 從認知文體學角度分析《一桶白葡萄酒》 141 《無名的裘德》中裘德的悲劇探析 142 主位推進模式在語篇翻譯中的應(yīng)用
功能目的論視角下漢語商標的英譯策略 144 Feminism in Eileen Chang's works 145 從愛情三元素理論看《了不起的蓋茨比》中人物的愛情模式 146 從文化角度探析中英基本顏色詞的比較和翻譯 147 中西跨文化交際中的禮貌問題之比較分析
The Localization Strategy of Multinationals and Its Implications on the Chinese Multinationals Overseas 149 Film Translation in the Horizon of Relevance Theory—Based on the Film Dead Poets Society 150 從文本類型角度看旅游宣傳資料的漢英翻譯 151 中英廣告宣傳方式的比較研究
152 An Analysis of Life and Death in Mrs.Dalloway 153 On the Image of Women's Language in English 154 圖式理論在英語閱讀教學中的應(yīng)用
155 從馬洛斯的“需要層次”理論看<<傲慢與偏見>>中的婚姻觀 156 Discourse, Immigrants and Identity in In the Skin of a Lion 157 以迪士尼為例分析美國文化在全球擴展這一趨勢對其本身影響 158 從模因論視角看流行語“給力” 159 《喜宴》中反映出的中西文化差異 160 文化語境對中西商務(wù)談判的影響
161 試從大衛(wèi)?科波菲爾分析狄更斯的人道主義精神 162 論零翻譯在公司名稱漢英翻譯中的應(yīng)用
163 從好萊塢電影中的中國元素看美國對中國意識觀念的轉(zhuǎn)變 164 《老人與?!分械暮椭C關(guān)系
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