第一篇：英國文化 名詞解釋

1.The Kiwi

It is the name of one of the native birds in New Zealand.It is flightless.In colloquial English the Kiwi,capitalized,is also used to refer to a New Zealander.2.The Open Polytechnic in New Zealand

It is the largest educational institution in New Zealand.Most of its students study part-time.It offers more than 700 courses in a wide range of subjects.Multimedia learning is one of its characteristics.3.The Bill of Rights in the USA

It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It guarantees freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.4.“The Wizard of Menlo Park”

It refers to Thomas Alva Edison.He was the most famous of all American inventors.Among his many important inventions are electric lamp,phonograph,motion pictures and so on.As he was so clever and talented and his workplace were located in Menlo Park,New Jersey,he earned the title.5.Martin Luther King Jr.A black Baptist minister,he was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference during the civil rights movement of the 1960s.In 1963,King delivered his famous “I Have a Dream”speech.As a civil rights leader,King worked not only to end racial discrimination and poverty,but also to raise the self image of the black.Due to his strong belief in non-violent peaceful protest,King was awarded the Nobel Peace-Prize in 1964.He was assassinated in the city of Memphis in April 1968.6.The Strategy of Preemption in the USA

President Bush put forward the strategy of preemption.By preemption,when it determined that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to have such weapons,the US should use force to remove this threat to US security and should not wait till the danger becomes imminent or until the US is attacked.This has come to be known as the Bush doctrine.7.Early Jazz Music

It appeared in the southern New Orleans at the end of the 19 century.It was a blend of folk music,work chants,spirituals,marches,and European classical music.Instruments are used as a trumpet,a trombone,and percussion instruments like the drum,banjo,and guitars.Jazz developed into the 1920’s with two different styles,namely,the Chicago style jazz and the New York style.8.The Canadian Identity

It refers to something which is distinctively Canadian,different from other countries,and the very reason for making Canada so special.For example,two official languages of English and French can be considered as part of the Canadian identity.9.The Canadian Mosaic

Canada is a nation of immigrants.When it is described as a mosaic,it means that the immigrant groups do not have to throw off their old customs,languages and traditions.This resembles a mosaic of different cultures which overlap but do not overwhelm each other.10.The Inuit

The Inuit used to be called the Eskimo who lives in far north of the arctic climate by hunting.Today,some of these people still live this way;while others make a living through selling carvings and handicrafts.th

第二篇：英國文學史-名詞解釋

名詞解釋

1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.3．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.4．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.5．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.6．Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet)

7．The Lake Poetsall lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century.As a group, they followed no single “school” of thought or literary practice then known, although their works were uniformly disparaged by the Edinburgh Review.They are considered part of the Romantic Movement.8．Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.9． Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life，but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.、

第三篇：英國文學史-名詞解釋（模版）

名詞解釋

Heroic Couplet:a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.1．Renaissance:a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.2．Sonnet:14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.3．Blank verse:poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.4．Neoclassicism:the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works.This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.5．Sentimentalism:it was one of the important trends in English literature of the later decades of the 18th century.It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.6．Romanticism:imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism.The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism;freedom from rules;solitary life rather then life in society;the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason;and love of and worship of nature.7．Lake Poets:the English poets who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at the beginning of the 19th century.8．Byronic Heroes:a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character(enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron.9．Realism:seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner.This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.10．Aestheticism:an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.11．Stream-of-Consciousness:it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author.It is a narrative mode.12．Dramatic Monologue:a kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.13．Iambic Pentameter:a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.14．Epic:a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.15．Elegy:a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual;may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death;a type of lyric poem.16．Canto:a section of a long poem.The cantos can be a great poem

17．Ode:a complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subjects.Odes are written for a special occasion, to honor a person or a season or to commemorate an event.Spenserian Stanza: a nine-line stanza made up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine.Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc.This stanza was common to travel literature.18．Metrical Pattern: a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet.The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.文學史

中古時期

1.《貝奧武甫》: the natural epic of the English people;Denmark story, alliteration, metaphor, understatements

2.《高文爵士和綠衣騎士》

3.杰弗里 喬叟）：the Father of English Poetry;The Canterbury Tales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)

文藝復興時期

1.:-the communication between more and the traveler which just came back from Utopia.2.the first English Essayist;Essays《隨筆集》-Of Studies, Of Truth(philosophical and literary works)

3.first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.4.:Poet's poet;The Fairy Queen《仙后》(to Queen Elizabeth I)

5.:

Sonnet 18(Shall I compare thee to a summer's day)

17世紀英國文學

1.:the leading poet of Metaphysical school of poetry;A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning《分離：莫憂傷》

2.Paradise Lost《失樂園》（a revolt against God's authority), Paradise Regained《復樂園》（how Christ overcame Santa)——stories were taken from Bible

3.the son of Renaissance;Pilgrim's Progress《天路歷程》(imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)

18世紀英國文學

Novel：

1.the age of reason, classicism, sentimentalism and romanticism(novels, prose, dramas, poetry)

2.:representative of English realistic novel;(the development of a young man from a naive and artless youth to a clever and hardened man)

3.(fictional, satirical-human nature, the European Government, the differences between religions, whole English state system)

4.:the Father of English novel;The History of Tome Jones, a Foundling《湯姆 瓊斯》，satiric

Poetry：

5.:Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓園挽歌》

6.:perfected in heroic couplet;An Essay on Criticism《論批評》

7.:pre-romantic;Songs of Innonce《天真之歌》，Songs of Experience《經(jīng)驗之歌》-London, The Tiger

8.:A Red Red Rose《一朵紅紅的玫瑰》

Drama:

9.:Master of Comedy of manners;The School for Scandal《造謠學?！?/p>

浪漫主義時期1798-1832

1.《序曲》；I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud《我似流云天自游》；The Solitary Reaper《孤寂的割麥女》；features: poet of nature and human heart

2.the first critic of the Romantic school;The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子詠》

3.:vigorous, strong and beautiful;Childe Harold's Pilgrimage《恰爾德 哈羅爾德游記》(spenserian stanza, fights for liberty);Don Juan《唐 璜》(a broad critical picture of European life);When We Two Parted《昔日依依別》；She Walks in Beauty《她走在美的光影中》；The Isles of Greece《哀希臘》

4.Ode to the West Wind《西風頌》-贊頌西風，希望與其緊密相連;Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普羅米修斯》(the victory for man's struggle against tyranny and oppression)

5.sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery;Ode to a Nightingale《夜鶯頌》；Ode on a Grecian Urn《希臘古甕頌》

6.:Father of Historical Novel;combine historical fact and romantic imagination

7.wit, dry humour, subtle irony,realistic;Pride and Prejudice《傲慢與偏見》(Elizabeth and Darcy)；Sense and Sensibility《理智與情感》；Emma《愛瑪》

8.《窮親戚》;Dream-children《童年夢幻》;A Reverie《幻想曲》

維多利亞時期

1.summit： realistic novel

2.critical realist writer;humour, wit, happy endings;A Tale of Two Cities《雙城記》(London & Paris, where there is oppression, there is revolution);David Copperfield《大衛(wèi) 科波菲爾》；Oliver Twist《霧都孤兒》；Hard Time《艱難時世》；Great Expectations《遠大前程》； Dombey and Son《董貝父子》；Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外傳》

3.: Vanity Fair《名利場》(to satirize the social more, decadence and corruption of his time;to criticize the values measured by wealth)

4.:novelist, her novels are celebrated for their realism and psychological insights;Adam Bede《亞當 比德》(social inequality)；The Mill on the Floss《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》；Silas Marner《織工馬南》

5.: succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850;Break, Break, Break《拍吧，拍吧，拍吧》；Crossing the Bar《過沙洲》

6.: dramatic monologues;My Last Duchess《我已故的公爵夫人》 7.：簡·愛是一個心地純潔、善于思考的女性，她生活在社會底層，受盡磨難。但她有倔強的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。小說以濃郁抒情的筆法和深刻細膩的心理描寫，引人入勝地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的愛情經(jīng)歷，歌頌了擺脫一切舊習俗和偏見。扎根于相互理解、相互尊重的基礎(chǔ)之上的深摯愛情，具有強烈的震撼心靈的藝術(shù)力量。其最為成功之處在于塑造了一個敢于反抗，敢于爭取自由和平等地位的婦女形象?！逗魢[山莊》：描寫吉卜賽棄兒希斯克利夫被山莊老主人收養(yǎng)后，因受辱和戀愛不遂，外出致富，回來后對與其女友凱瑟琳結(jié)婚的地主林頓及其子女進行報復的故事。

: Agnes Gray《安格尼斯 格雷》

20世紀英國文學

1.: feature:past and modern, critical, realism, determinism;Tess of The D'urbervillles《德伯家的苔絲》；Jude the Obscure《無名的裘德》

2.: From the Four Winds《四季的風》；The Man of Property《有產(chǎn)業(yè)的人》；The Silver Box《銀盒》

3.《華倫夫人的職業(yè)》；Pygmalion《皮革馬利翁》(transform a cockney-speaking flower girl into a woman as poised and well-spoken as a duchess);The Apple Cart《蘋果車》

4.: aestheticism;The Happy Prince and Other Tales《快樂王子》；The Picture of Dorian Gray《道林 格雷的畫像》

5.《兒子和情人》； The White Peacock《白孔雀》

6.Virginia Woolf: stream-of-consciousness;feminist;To the Lighthouse《到燈塔去》；Mrs Dalloway《達洛維夫人》

7.《尤利西斯》(stream of consciousness, a modern prose epic);Dubliners《都柏林人》

第四篇：文化概論名詞解釋

第四節(jié)中國古代文化典籍概覽、中國古代典籍分為經(jīng)、史、子、集四大部類，還有類書和叢書。、經(jīng)書是以孔子為代表的儒家書籍，包括儒家經(jīng)典和歷代對儒家經(jīng)典的注疏。最早的經(jīng)書包括《詩經(jīng)》、《書經(jīng)》、《禮經(jīng)》、《樂經(jīng)》、《易經(jīng)》和《春秋》六種。漢代失《樂經(jīng)》，加《孝經(jīng)》和《論語》，合稱為七經(jīng)；唐代擴大為九經(jīng)（即把禮經(jīng)分為周禮、儀禮和禮記）和十二經(jīng)（即把解釋《春秋》的三傳《左傳》、《公羊傳》和《谷梁傳》加為經(jīng)書），后又增加《爾雅》，宋代增加《孟子》合為十三經(jīng)。、詩經(jīng)是我國最早的一部詩歌總集，分風、雅、頌三大類；書經(jīng)是我國早的一部歷史文獻匯編，包括虞夏商周的文誥號令；易經(jīng)是占卜用書；《周禮》是一部談論政治制度的書；《儀禮》記錄了周代貴族的禮制，反映了當時的宗教儀式和風俗習慣；春秋三傳是對我國第一部編制史《春秋》所作的闡釋；《爾雅》是一部古代訓詁資料匯編。、論語、大學、中庸、孟子合稱為四書。、正史，是指紀傳體史書。最早的是《史記》，以人物為本位，分為本紀、表、書、世家、列傳五體。東漢班固作《漢書》，將正史格局定為紀、表、志、傳四體。、編年體通史的代表作是《資治通鑒》；記載歷代典章制度的史書叫“政書”；斷代的典章制度史稱為“會要”。、諸子是指先秦到漢初各學派的著作。包括儒、道、墨、陰陽、法、名、雜、法、書等。、道家的主要經(jīng)典是《老子》、《莊子》。、法家的代表作：《商君書》的基本思想是主張法治、實行農(nóng)戰(zhàn)，加強集權(quán)，以求富強?！渡髯印?、《韓非子》。

10、兵家著作有《孫子》、《孫臏兵法》和《吳子》。

11、《管子》包含了道、名、法等家的思想?！秴问洗呵铩芬匀?、道思想為主。

12、漢魏六朝諸子的代表作有《新語》、《淮南子》《世說新語》《顏氏家訓》《鹽鐵論》

（詢以治亂的一場爭論》《法言》《論衡》《申鑒》《潛夫論》，抱樸子》等。

13、集部是詩文詞等書的總稱?！端膸烊珪贩譃槌o、別集、總集、詩文評、詞曲；其中別集是指收錄個人詩文的集子；總集是指匯錄多人作品的集子。

14、《楚辭》是西漢齊向?qū)?zhàn)國時代楚國屈原、宋玉等人在民間歌謠基礎(chǔ)上創(chuàng)造而成的詩歌作品以及模仿它們的作品匯編成的書。

15、我國現(xiàn)存最早的詩文集是梁蕭統(tǒng)的《文選》，收錄了先秦至梁的各體詩文。

16、類書是中國古代典籍中一種百科全書式的資料匯編工具書，它將群書中的各種資料以類相從，供檢索之用。最早的類書是三國魏文帝編的《皇覽》；明代以前，著名的類書有唐代的《藝文類聚》、宋代的《太平御覽》《太平廣記》和《冊府元龜》；明代類書規(guī)模最大的是《永樂大典》；清代規(guī)模最大的是《古今圖書集成》，是我國現(xiàn)存類書中規(guī)模最大、用處最廣，體例最完善的一種。

17、叢書是將數(shù)人之書合為一編而別提一總名，以利學者系統(tǒng)覽閱。清代乾隆年間編成的《四庫全書》是叢書中的代表作。、中國古代叢書林林總總，最值得一提的是清代乾隆年間編纂成的大型從書（B）A《古今圖書集成》 B《四庫全書》 C《二十四史》、詩經(jīng)分為（ACE）三大類。A 風 B樂 C雅 D禮 E頌、漢魏六朝諸子的代表作有（ACDF）A 《新語》 B《文館詞林》 C《法言》 D《論衡》E《玉臺新詠》 F《淮南子》、2001年江蘇自考卷：至今世界上頁數(shù)最多的叢書是（D）A永樂大典 B《古今圖書集成》

C 《康熙字典》 D《四庫全書》（這道題出得無根無據(jù)，書上沒有，可見偏度之大。）5、2001年江蘇自考卷：《周禮》又名周官，是一部（D）A記錄周代貴族禮制的書 B我國最早的詩歌總集 C占卜書 D談論政治制度的書、2001年江蘇卷：漢代六經(jīng)中的《樂經(jīng)》不存在，增加了（B）合為七經(jīng)。A 論語孟子 B孝經(jīng)論語 C孟子老子 D老子莊子、2002年江蘇卷：詩經(jīng)是我國最早的一部（詩歌總集）。、（孫子）是我國現(xiàn)存最早的兵書。、戰(zhàn)國時法學家商鞅及其后學著作的合編是〈商君書〉。

第七章中國古代科學技術(shù)

這一章是重點，大小題目均可以出，而且出題點較多，要細看備考要點。

第一節(jié)中國古代科學的偉大成就、世界公認最早的太陽黑子記錄，是西漢成帝河平元年的記載。最早記載哈雷慧星的是公元前613 年，記于《春秋》（有星孛入于北斗）。、對現(xiàn)代天文學貢獻最大的，要數(shù)新星和超新星的記錄。最早記錄新星是公元前134 年。、中國對日月食的記載，也是世界上最早、最豐富的。、中國早在五六千年以前，就已經(jīng)創(chuàng)制了世界上最早的測天儀器，即渾儀。宋代天文學家蘇頌設(shè)計的水運儀象臺，沈括改綜合型為分工型，元代郭守敬于1276年制成的簡化的渾儀-簡儀。、早在五六千年前，中國的先民就開始把天體黃道、赤道附近的恒性分為28個星區(qū)，每個星區(qū)各取一星為主，稱為二十八宿。、戰(zhàn)國天文學家石申著《天文》8 卷記錄了121 顆恒星的赤道座標位置，這是世界上最古老的星表。

名詞解釋

1、廣義文化：文化是人類在長期的歷史發(fā)展中共同創(chuàng)造并賴以生存的物質(zhì)與精神存在的總和。廣義文化是與人類及人類的創(chuàng)造活動相聯(lián)系的，是以人為中心的概念；廣義文化是～個歷史概念，它涵蓋人類歷史的全過程，是～個傳承發(fā)展的綜合概念；廣義文化的外延涵蓋物質(zhì)創(chuàng)造和精神創(chuàng)造的全部。

2、狹義文化：狹義文化又稱人文文化，是某一社會集體（民族或階層）在長期歷史發(fā)展中經(jīng)傳承積累而自然凝聚的共有的人文精神及其物質(zhì)體現(xiàn)總體體系。狹義文化不但以人為中心，而且以人的精神活動為中心，即使觀察物化世界，也是以其中的人文精神為內(nèi)核的；狹義文化關(guān)注的不是個別人的精神活動，而是經(jīng)歷史傳承累積凝聚的共有的、成體系的人文精神；狹義文化關(guān)注的不僅是全人類的普遍共性，而且更注重不同民族、階層、集團人文精神的特點。

3、文化產(chǎn)品：廣義的文化產(chǎn)品指人類創(chuàng)造的一切提供給社會的可見成品，既包括物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品，也包括精神產(chǎn)品。狹義的文化產(chǎn)品專指精神產(chǎn)品，它是寫成的典籍或成為口頭流傳的語言形式的純粹的思想觀念的產(chǎn)物。

4、文化內(nèi)涵：我們把一些不屬于狹義文化的事物中所具有的人文特性，稱為事物的文化內(nèi)涵。

5、文化現(xiàn)象：指人類文化發(fā)展過程中呈現(xiàn)出的某種外部狀態(tài)和聯(lián)系。

6、文化事象：當一種現(xiàn)象以同樣的形式反復出現(xiàn)時，其中就含有規(guī)律性，成為某一歷史時期、某一國家（民族或地域）文化發(fā)展中帶有典型和標志作用的事情，這些現(xiàn)象稱為文化事象。文化事象往往是思想觀念及其物化形式的綜合，它不但具有外在的特色，而且含有觀念的特色。文化事象是人們對現(xiàn)象的感受上升到理性概括的認識產(chǎn)物。

7、文化觀念：一個時期某一階層或某一行業(yè)的人群對文化問題所持的態(tài)度和看法，或在某一文化事象里所表現(xiàn)的意識形態(tài)，諸如價值觀、審美觀等等，稱作文化觀念。

8、文化思潮：某種文化觀念及與之相關(guān)的文化事象，在某一特定時期，在一定的背景下，對社會產(chǎn)生廣泛影響，為多數(shù)人所贊同和奉行，形成一種潮流，稱作文化思潮。

9、文化政策：指一定時代、～定的社會條件下，行政機構(gòu)對文化領(lǐng)域的問題所頒布的相關(guān)規(guī)定和對策原則。

10、民族文化：不同的民族有自己不同于其他民族的文化，文化的差異與特色是劃分民族的標志之一。由于歷史發(fā)展條件和文化本身的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能等方面的特點，不同民族的文化在發(fā)展中，在這一或那一歷史時期，相對而言，有比較昌盛、發(fā)達、普及的；也有昌盛、發(fā)達、普及的程度稍差一些的。但是每一個民族的文化都不會因此而喪失其鮮明的民族特色。地域特色。由于每種民族文化都是獨特的，所以作為一種價值而言，它們均處于平等的地位。

11、國別文化：國別文化是以國家為劃分文化的社會依據(jù)，多民族國家的文化即在統(tǒng)一的國家內(nèi)民族共同體的文化。國別文化以某一國家特有的歷史與國情為基礎(chǔ)。中國文化又稱中華文化、華夏文化、炎黃文化，它屬于國別文化。

12、中國傳統(tǒng)文化：指的是以中華文化為源頭、中國境內(nèi)各民族共同創(chuàng)造的、長期歷史發(fā)展所積淀的文化。

13、文化傳統(tǒng)：每一個民族、每一個國家的文化，既因時因地而異，又有一定的穩(wěn)固性和延續(xù)性，文化傳統(tǒng)是貫穿于民族和國家各個歷史階段的各類文化的核心精神。

14、天下觀念：分裂與統(tǒng)一是中國歷史上的兩大現(xiàn)象，統(tǒng)一總是占主導傾向的追求。大體從商朝開始，王朝就己按著距離的遠近，對天下人采取不同的政治策略；西周時，“天下”的觀念已十分明晰。以后歷朝歷代的荒地，無不以邊遠的四裔民族的“來朝”為榮?！疤煜隆庇^念的一個重要作用就是最求統(tǒng)一，追求統(tǒng)一始終是政治觀念中的基調(diào)，也是歷史的基本傾向。天下一家的大一統(tǒng)意識，是威力持久的中國理念，對中華民族的不斷發(fā)展壯大，曾起過重要作用。

15、新石器時代：距今約1 萬年左右，人類進入新石器時代。新石器時代最重要的特征：原始農(nóng)業(yè)的出現(xiàn)、陶器的制造、磨光石器的廣泛使用以及村落出現(xiàn)、氏族制度的形成等。

16、三是五帝“：”三皇五帝“是中國古代的傳說時代?！比省叭宋飿O不確定，但他們的共同處都是文化發(fā)明者?！蔽宓邸暗娜宋飫t有相當?shù)拇_定性。據(jù)《史記。五帝本紀》記載，五帝的話系是黃帝顓頊、高辛、堯、舜。通過考古發(fā)掘和人類文化學研究證明，五帝傳說并不完全是后人的向壁虛構(gòu)，它映現(xiàn)著某種歷史真實。

17、百家爭鳴：1.百家爭鳴橫貫春秋戰(zhàn)國，但也有前后的變化。春秋時期的思想家更像學者、教師，他們或是寧靜地思考，或是廣招門徒。而戰(zhàn)國時期的思想家更像辯士，他們的思想基礎(chǔ)～般在春秋時業(yè)經(jīng)前輩創(chuàng)立，他們的作為是在學派間的爭論中，捍衛(wèi)并發(fā)展本學派的主張。所以前期的著作多是對老師或創(chuàng)始人思想的語錄，后期則多是爭辯的論說。2.諸子百家與時代的互動和相互選擇。各學派都在不斷調(diào)整和深化自己的理論，努力適應著社會的要求。學派與學派之間也不斷地在相互爭鳴中相互吸收、相互影響。

18、名家：又稱刑名家，創(chuàng)始人是春秋時代鄭國的鄧析，戰(zhàn)國時期的代表人物有公孫龍、惠施，后期的墨家學派及莊子的某些理論，與這個學派也有密切關(guān)系。鄧析當年專門幫人訴訟，“以非為是，以是為非”，狡辯術(shù)取勝，到公孫龍、惠施則有所謂“離堅白”、“合同異”之爭，涉及的是事物的概念與實際（即“名”與“實”）的關(guān)系問題，有很強烈的思辯色彩。這一派的學說也是隨著戰(zhàn)國的結(jié)束而消失了，隨著近代西方哲學的輸入，人們才重新認識到它的價值。

19、西域：狹義的西域指新疆地區(qū)，天山南北當時分布著大小36個國家，文明水準相當高。廣義的西域還包括中亞、印度、伊朗、阿富汗、巴基斯坦一部分。

20、察舉制：是一種由下向上推選官員人才的制度。有許多科目，其中孝廉、茂才、賢良方正文學三科最顯著。

21、永嘉之亂：八王之亂時，混戰(zhàn)中的諸王招引匈奴烏桓、鮮卑貴族助戰(zhàn)，大河南北從此成為匈奴鮮卑人的世界。晉永嘉二年（308 年），匈奴貴族劉淵在山西平陽稱帝，國號漢。永嘉五年（311 年），劉淵的軍隊攻陷洛陽，俘虜晉朝皇帝，史稱“永嘉之亂”。

22、三省六部制：隋朝在中央實行三省六部制。三省即中書?。ㄋ宸Q內(nèi)史省）、門下省、尚書省。中書省負責詔書起草，是決策機構(gòu)；門下省職掌封駁，為審議機構(gòu)；尚書省負責政策執(zhí)行，屬行政機構(gòu)；尚書省下設(shè)六部，即吏部、戶部（隋稱民部）、禮部、兵部、刑部、工部，各部長官稱尚書。三省長官共議國政，同執(zhí)宰相之職。并非必要，但在黃帝心目中不僅必要，而且十分重要。

23、一條鞭法：明朝萬歷年間曾有過張居正主持的旨在增加國庫收入、減輕民眾負擔的稅制改革，即“一條鞭法”。那是中唐兩稅法的繼續(xù)，內(nèi)容是把田賦。力役及其他名目繁多的雜稅合成～條；統(tǒng)一按田畝數(shù)量征收，同時還簡化了征收手續(xù)。

24、攤丁入畝：一條鞭法在清朝進而變?yōu)椤皵偠∪氘€”-“丁”指丁銀，即人頭稅，攤丁入畝以康熙五十年的人丁銀額為準，將丁銀攤到人家所占的地畝中去征收賦稅，實際是取消了人頭稅。因為康熙五十年以后出生的人口不納稅，～定程度上也刺激了人口的增長。賦稅制改革對經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展是有好處的，明清特別是清朝中期以后的社會發(fā)展，是受惠于康熙雍正年間的改制的。但不論是一條鞭法還是攤丁入畝，都不過是兩稅法的延續(xù)，其立意不過是在國家稅源日趨枯竭的情況下增加朝廷收入，其政治觀念的內(nèi)涵仍未擺脫重農(nóng)主義范疇

25、乾嘉學派：明朝的滅亡，告訴人們不能只是空談性理，還應該博學以致用，所以考據(jù)之學漸漸興旺起來，學者們對傳統(tǒng)的經(jīng)史文獻進行大量的考訂、?？?、輯佚、辨?zhèn)魏妥⒔夤ぷ?，整理了一大批文獻，這樣的工作在乾隆、嘉慶年間特別興盛，所以稱之為乾嘉學派。

第五篇：英國-名詞解釋匯總

Chapter One Land and People

1.British Isles

2.Great Britain

3.Lake District

4.Common law

5.The Church of England

6.the British Commonwealth

Chapter Three History

1.Roman Conquest

2.Alfred the Great

3.William the Conqueror

4.Magna Carta

5.Great Council

6.The Hundred Years’ War

7.Black Death

8.The Wars of the Roses

9.The Gunpowder Plot

10.Renaissance

11.Christianity

12.Islam

13.Puritanism

14.The Bill of Rights

15.The Glorious Revolution

16.The Germanic tribes

17.The Enclosure Movement

18.The Industrial Revolution

19.The Reformation

Chapter Four Government and Politics

1.The British monarchy

2.The House of Lords

3.The House of Commons

Chapter Seven Education

1.Public School

2.Open University

3.Oxbridge