第一篇:中英文演講之差異
中英文演講之差異
中西方人在思想文化上有著眾多不謀而合的地方,然而差異的存在是勿容置疑的。
一、結(jié)構(gòu)布局
一般說來,英文演講的結(jié)構(gòu)比中文的要清晰。英文演講往往開宗明義地提出主題,并且提得簡單明了,緊接著喜歡用一些具體事實(shí)加以論述。一些觀點(diǎn)常常在講故事般的形式中自然而然地被聽眾接受了。不用說一些普通演講,即便是非常正式的政治性演講也會(huì)擺出許多事實(shí),援引許多例證。例如里根總統(tǒng)的就職演說在開始簡單得體地表示要盡最大努力不負(fù)眾望的決心后,就運(yùn)用實(shí)例,他回顧到華盛頓年代,從十三州到現(xiàn)在的五十州,從四百萬人口到現(xiàn)在的兩億幾千萬人口,偉大的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造還有登月探索等。他沒有枯燥無味地高呼口號(hào)以示決心,而是緬懷過去,對比當(dāng)今,讓事實(shí)說話,有信心讓美國繼續(xù)繁榮。相比而言,中文演講所用的事例沒有英文演講用的多,而且主題的位置不像英文的那么固定。中文演講的主題常會(huì)有許多修飾語和大篇想要振奮人心的宣傳性的話。在英美人看來,把事實(shí)擺得早一點(diǎn)可以很快吸引聽眾,如果一開始就是一大堆的口號(hào),聽眾的胃口還沒開就夠了。在論述過程中,英文講稿往往論點(diǎn)簡單,重視“讓事實(shí)說話”。在結(jié)尾,英文講稿常是對全篇的簡要概括,重申主題,這時(shí)候的重申有著深化的作用,并且提出希望或留下令人深思的問題。中文講稿的結(jié)尾有與英文相同之處,但可能有很多一連串的呼吁口號(hào)。以上結(jié)構(gòu)布局上的主要差異與中西方人的思維方式、文字習(xí)慣的不同都有關(guān)系,我在此并不是說哪個(gè)好,哪個(gè)不好。
二、遣詞造句
一篇中文講稿常會(huì)有許多成語、引語。聽眾則常會(huì)為演講者引經(jīng)據(jù)典而深感他知識(shí)淵博,驚訝他詞藻華麗。在英美人的眼里,他們并不贊賞多用成語、諺語等,因?yàn)樗麄円环矫嬗X得這些用多了成了陳詞濫調(diào),毫無新意,另一方面演講者為什么不能用自己的話擺事實(shí)講道理而要鸚鵡學(xué)舌似的借別人的話說自己的理呢?在造句上英文演講善用比喻、聯(lián)想。例如馬丁·路德·金在他著名的演說中曾講道:“當(dāng)這個(gè)國家的創(chuàng)建者寫下堂皇的憲法和獨(dú)立宣言文句時(shí),他們是在開一張期票,每個(gè)美國人都要繼承。這張期票是不僅對白人而且包括黑人的所有
人的承諾,所有人都有不可剝奪的生存、自由和追求幸福的權(quán)利?!彼麖膽椃ā⑿赃@樣政治領(lǐng)域的東西聯(lián)想到經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的期票,非常接近美國人民的生活。而且在聽眾的腦海里會(huì)立刻浮現(xiàn)出期票的影子,有了畫面的動(dòng)感。這樣的生動(dòng)形象的比喻即使在演講過后還能給人以回味。再如他又說:“我有一個(gè)夢想,有一天在佐治亞州的紅土小丘上,從前奴隸與地主的子孫們能夠一起圍坐在友愛的桌旁?!边@時(shí)聽眾的腦海里不可能不出現(xiàn)一幅彩色的美好畫面。多少天甚至多少年過去了,演講的大部分內(nèi)容都會(huì)被淡忘,尤其是口號(hào)之類忘得最快,唯獨(dú)那些生動(dòng)的畫面包容著演講的“靈魂”會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)留在人們的腦海里,達(dá)到持久的效果。
三、語氣態(tài)度
中國一向崇尚謙虛的美德,所以有的演講者往往自謙地說:“我沒有什么口才”、“獻(xiàn)丑了”之類的話,這在西方人看來覺得虛假多余:確實(shí)有演說能力為什么要講沒有口才?如果真是沒有口才又何必再站出來獻(xiàn)丑?所以價(jià)值道德觀的不同,說話的語氣態(tài)度也不一樣。在中文演講時(shí)??梢月牭健拔覀儜?yīng)該”“我們一定要”“我們必須”之類的說法,這在英文中是越來越被冷落了。因?yàn)槿藗儏挓┕芙淌降目谖牵绞钦f“必須”“一定要”越會(huì)造成逆反心理。再者聽眾會(huì)懷疑演講者沒有真憑實(shí)據(jù),只會(huì)空喊口號(hào),缺乏可信度。所以在英文中即使是說服性的演講都很少用“We should”“We must”??
在這里有一點(diǎn)中英文基本相同,因?yàn)樗苤匾栽诖艘岔槺阋惶?,即稱呼親切,說話方式得當(dāng),拉近與聽眾的距離。做為聽眾,他們是按照自己的知識(shí)、經(jīng)歷、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、價(jià)值觀、感情等來理解演講者的。為了避免疏遠(yuǎn)感,演講者多用“朋友們”、“我們大家”之類,與聽眾站在一條線上。演講者在思想上接觸聽眾、相容聽眾進(jìn)而影響聽眾,使聽眾無形中接受了演講者的觀點(diǎn)。
四、表情動(dòng)作
無論是中文還是英文,演講時(shí)都很注意聲音洪亮,把握輕重緩急、抑揚(yáng)頓挫。表情隨著所講內(nèi)容的變化而自然地變化。(對于用母語演講的人來說很容易理解句子的感情色彩,而用外語演講的人恐怕就較難深刻體會(huì)詞句的感情色彩了。因而有的人用外語演講時(shí)表情麻木甚至與內(nèi)容不一致。如講到悲痛的時(shí)候表情漠然,講到幽默的地方表情迷惘。)演講不僅僅是語言的表達(dá),還可以借助于非語言的方式,像剛才所說的表情,還有動(dòng)作,甚至用圖表、音樂等靈活的方式。這
樣既幫助演講人表達(dá)了思想,又讓聽眾更容易接受。在這一方面英文演講者可能用的多一些。當(dāng)然這個(gè)方法不要濫用,否則會(huì)削弱主題,觀眾覺得像在看戲,忽視了演講本身的內(nèi)容。
研究中、英文演講的不同之處,對我們不無益處,一是可以相互借鑒,二是當(dāng)用外語演講時(shí)應(yīng)掌握外語演講的特點(diǎn),不至于非驢非馬,貽笑大方。以上是我的一點(diǎn)初步分析和實(shí)踐體會(huì),很不深刻,希望有興趣在此方面研究的人提出更好更深的見解。
第二篇:中英文差異
首先是“靜態(tài)與動(dòng)態(tài)”,英語傾向于多用名詞,因此呈靜態(tài),漢語傾向于多用動(dòng)詞,因而呈動(dòng)態(tài)。英語的靜態(tài)特征具體說來有四點(diǎn)。
第一,名詞化是英語常見的現(xiàn)象,換句話說,本來在漢語中可以用動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞的地方,英語常用名詞。比如,我們想寫“他很不開心,引起大家也不開心” He was unhappy, so others felt unhappy too.這樣寫當(dāng)然也對,但是太平淡,我們考試時(shí)如能寫出更精彩的句子,分?jǐn)?shù)當(dāng)然也會(huì)更高。我們完全可以把unhappy這個(gè)形容詞變?yōu)槊~用: His unhappiness made/infected others
unhappy.這就要求我們平時(shí)在寫作的時(shí)候,學(xué)會(huì)適當(dāng)?shù)厥褂妹~。He arrived so early, and I was quite surprised.→ His early arrival surprised me.同時(shí)漢語常用人作主語而英語多用物作主語。比如一篇六級(jí)模擬題范文中有這樣一句話: Video games could do us harm without our knowing it.If proper attention is not paid to their side effects.再比如“他最終失敗了”這么簡單的一句話,我們可以這樣寫為: At last he failed.At last all his efforts were in vain.顯然第二句要比第一句更容易為你贏得高分。He was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard.→ His hard work/ efforts made him outstanding among his colleagues.第二,用名詞表示作動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者(施事者),以代替動(dòng)詞。比如,我們要想表達(dá)“他七十多了,但能吃能睡?!?He still could eat and sleep.顯然這樣寫不行,不能吃可不就死了嗎? He was still a good eater and a good sleeper.其實(shí),也就是用一些在動(dòng)詞后加er或or形成的名詞來代替動(dòng)詞。再比如你們現(xiàn)在覺得我上課上得不好,盼著下課,你想表達(dá)“這位老師上課上得不好,我們都盼著早點(diǎn)下課。” This teacher is not a good one, so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible.這句話這樣寫的話,不僅沒有錯(cuò),還很地道。可我們還有地道得多而且更簡潔的寫法: In this teacher’s class, we are all clock-watchers.這樣19個(gè)單詞的句子變?yōu)榱?個(gè)單詞的句子,而且更地道。也許有同學(xué)會(huì)問老師有clock-watcher這個(gè)詞嗎?當(dāng)然……沒有,可英美國家的人肯定懂,因?yàn)樗麄兛磿r(shí)間的方式,也是鐘表。當(dāng)然英語造詞是有一定規(guī)律的,很容易學(xué)會(huì),以后有機(jī)會(huì)另作專項(xiàng)講解。所以下次你要夸別人籃球打得好,記著可以怎么寫: He is a good/professional basketball player.第三,名詞的優(yōu)勢造成介詞的優(yōu)勢。英語大量使用名詞必然引起介詞的廣泛運(yùn)用。比如“有人給他撐腰。” Someone supports him.He has someone behind him.第一句中的support與中文“撐腰”不是完全對等,因?yàn)閟upport是中性詞,而“撐腰”則是貶義。再比如“說完這些話,她就走開了?!?After she finished her words, she went away.With these words she went away.學(xué)會(huì)用介詞往往能使句子更加簡潔,一句簡單的話“他離開時(shí),我送了他一件禮物” When he was leaving, I gave him a gift.On his leaving, I gave him a gift.第四,動(dòng)詞的弱化與虛化。簡單的說來有些詞既能當(dāng)名詞用又能當(dāng)動(dòng)詞用,我們可用一些虛化動(dòng)詞(have, make, take, do)加上它的名詞意義。比如 look→ have a look, take a look walk→have a walk, take a walk visit→ pay a visit to attempt→ make attempts damage→ do some damages to 比如:“Tom與老板吵架之后,就辭職了。” After Tom had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit.After Tom quarreled with his boss, Jack quit.喜用名詞,是現(xiàn)代英文固有現(xiàn)象。但千萬切記,名詞的使用要適當(dāng),并非所有地方名詞優(yōu)于動(dòng)詞,萬不可濫用。況且,近年來英美不少學(xué)者認(rèn)為名詞的濫用造成英語缺乏生氣。如果考生能夠把握分寸,適當(dāng)使用名詞確也不失為寫作之上策。思維方式制約著表達(dá)習(xí)慣。思維是寫作活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ);寫作不僅是語言活動(dòng),而且是思維活動(dòng)(Kelly,1963)。漢式思維模式是形象的、直觀的,在語言上,漢語用詞傾向于具體,常常以實(shí)的形式表達(dá)虛的概念,以具體的形象表達(dá)抽象的內(nèi)容,而英式思維則是概括的、抽象的(連淑能,1993)。漢語較少使用表示抽象概念的名詞,而較多地使用具有實(shí)指意義的具體名詞,如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”與“渴”;英語常常使用抽象名詞來表達(dá)復(fù)雜的理性概念。有的學(xué)生誤將“桃李滿天下”表達(dá)為“peaches and plums all over the world”,而英語peach和plum并沒有“弟子”、“學(xué)生”的意思,正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)該是one’s pupils or disciples。再比如,在表達(dá)“下崗工人”這一說法時(shí),有的學(xué)生寫出了“off-duty workers”;而off-duty指的是“下班”或“暫時(shí)離開工作崗位”,正確說法應(yīng)該用laid-off workers。同樣,“鍋碗瓢盆” 抽象概括為cooking utensils,而不應(yīng)按字面逐一翻譯。
2.動(dòng)詞、名詞和介詞使用頻率的問題漢語的具體思維和英語的抽象思維導(dǎo)致語言中動(dòng)詞、名詞和介詞使用頻率不同(申小龍,1988)。思維的抽象性導(dǎo)致了英語的名詞化(nominalization)傾向,構(gòu)成了以靜態(tài)為主的語言特色,并進(jìn)而產(chǎn)生了介詞優(yōu)勢,使英語顯得虛、靜和抽象;漢語多用動(dòng)詞,所以顯得實(shí)、動(dòng)和具體?,F(xiàn)代漢語句法特點(diǎn)之一是“動(dòng)詞連用”,即漢語的—個(gè)句子里可按序排列出現(xiàn)多個(gè)動(dòng)詞。在英語中,一個(gè)句子只允許有一個(gè)主要?jiǎng)釉~,其他動(dòng)詞只能以非謂語形式或從句呈現(xiàn)。例如:The mastery of language is not an easy thing and requires painstaking efforts.(語言不是隨便就可以學(xué)好的,非下苦功不可。)這里英語用名詞,漢語用動(dòng)詞。再比如,在表達(dá)“這本書太難了,我看不懂”時(shí),學(xué)生通常會(huì)寫出“This book is too difficult for me to understand it.” 而很少想到用介詞詞組表達(dá)的句式:“The book is totally beyond/above me.”
3.具體詞匯與概括詞匯的問題英語傾向于使用表達(dá)同類事物的整體詞語來表達(dá)具體事物或現(xiàn)象,用詞具體細(xì)膩;漢語多用表示整體概念的詞,用詞概括模糊。例如,漢語中的“傷”是各種概念詞,可分為內(nèi)傷、外傷,外傷再分為刀傷、燙傷等等。但英語很難用某個(gè)特定的詞表示“傷”的種概念,只有“harm,injure,hurt,damage,spoil,wound” 等屬概念詞。學(xué)生受漢語的影響,通常用表示概括的詞加上各種副詞的方式,構(gòu)成“動(dòng)詞+副詞(ly)”結(jié)構(gòu),比如,“走得很快”表達(dá)為“walk quickly”;“跑得很快”是“run quickly”。英語中表示各種走姿的詞匯很豐富,例如,stroll, trudge, plod, march, stalk, toddle, stagger等。此外,學(xué)生在寫作時(shí)往往用一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的詞來描寫一個(gè)具體的事物。例如:That was a very wonderful movie.這一句中的wonderful過于籠統(tǒng),不如采用instructive或者moving等較為具體的詞匯更符合英語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
4.詞語搭配問題英語詞語搭配是我國學(xué)生學(xué)英語最感棘手的地方,如果不注意英漢兩種語言的差異,很容易出錯(cuò)。例如,“我們在學(xué)校里學(xué)習(xí)各種知識(shí)”中的“學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)”要是用英語表達(dá)成learn knowledge就不是很地道,應(yīng)該用acquire, gain, obtain, gather等詞匯與knowledge搭配;learn只能與something或某一學(xué)科搭配使用。再比如,在詞語的組合上,吃蘋果(to eat an apple),吃食堂(to have one’s meal in the dining hall),吃現(xiàn)成飯(to lead an idle life)等等,同一個(gè)“吃”字,英文中就用不同的形式來表達(dá)。因此,學(xué)生若孤立地記單詞,忽略了詞匯的習(xí)慣搭配,寫作中就會(huì)出現(xiàn)詞不達(dá)意,甚至錯(cuò)誤百出的現(xiàn)象。例如:“Mary won Jane in the speech contest.”中的“won”應(yīng)改為“beat”?!皐in“和“beat”都可表示“贏”,但“贏了一場比賽”應(yīng)用 “win“,而“贏了某人”則應(yīng)用“beat”。
(二)句法方面1.時(shí)空觀念問題
英語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)體范疇極為豐富。英語句子的人稱、數(shù)量、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、情態(tài)均受制于時(shí)空,在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上有比較嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則、次序,而且要求形式一致;而漢語語言形式是根據(jù)表達(dá)的需要來建構(gòu)句式,要求并不嚴(yán)格(熊沐清,2001)。例如,“她行醫(yī)至今已有三年了?!边@句話中“行醫(yī)”與“三年”不產(chǎn)生時(shí)空矛盾問題,所以學(xué)生很容易將之表達(dá)為“She began to practice medicine for three years to the day.“但按英語的時(shí)空觀,“行醫(yī)”是瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞,而“三年”是一段時(shí)間,二者難以協(xié)調(diào)。正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)是“It has been three years to the day since she began to practice medicine.”
2.連接詞的問題
英語思維重視形式邏輯與漢語思維重視辨證思維的差異在語言上表現(xiàn)為:英語重形合,即注重運(yùn)用各種有形的連接手段達(dá)到語言形式的完整,句法功能呈外現(xiàn)形;而漢語重意合,即語言表現(xiàn)形式由意念引導(dǎo),句法功能呈隱含形式。換言之,英語是分析型的理性語言,句間講究形合,其關(guān)聯(lián)照應(yīng)手段是顯性的、多樣的;而漢語是綜合型的直感語言,多數(shù)情況下疏于語法,句間講究意合,其關(guān)聯(lián)照應(yīng)手段是隱性的。在英語和大多數(shù)印歐語言中,句子的從屬關(guān)系大多是用連接詞if,because,although,while等明確表達(dá)出來。因?yàn)椋B接詞起過渡作用,承上啟下,使表達(dá)合乎邏輯,同時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),文章緊湊。中國學(xué)生在用英文寫作時(shí)受母語習(xí)慣的影響,往往不注意句間銜接,給人跳躍和不流暢感。例如,People learn English to use it.Some learn it to study or work abroad.Others learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with
English-speaking foreigners.若采用適當(dāng)連接詞,則改進(jìn)為:People learn English for practical purposes: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English.文章讀起來就通順很多。
3.主語突出與主題突出問題
申小龍(1992)認(rèn)為,西方民族注重形式邏輯,強(qiáng)調(diào)主客的分離,在語言上則注重形合;而漢民族“天人合一”的思想強(qiáng)調(diào)主客體的融合統(tǒng)一,在語言上則重意合。Li & Thompson(1976)認(rèn)為,形合的英語是主語突出
(subject-prominence)的語言,主題往往就是句子的主語,英語句子的主語通常指人或事物,由名詞、代詞或名詞詞組來擔(dān)任;而漢語是主題突出
(topic-prominence)的語言,句子的主語則大不相同,它們可以各種形式出現(xiàn)。除人或事物外,地點(diǎn)、時(shí)間、行為方式都可以作主語。在詞性方面,除名詞、名詞詞組和代詞外,動(dòng)詞短語、介詞短語,甚至句子都可以作主語。如“天空萬里無云”就是典型的主題句。按照漢語思維,“天空”是主題,后面是評論主題如何。受此影響,學(xué)生往往把漢語的主題當(dāng)成是英語的主語,造出“The sky has no
clouds.”這樣的句子來。其實(shí),在英語中這句話的主語是“萬里無云”,天空只能作地點(diǎn)狀語或用形式主語it來代替。因此,我們可以說“It’s cloudless”,或者“There is no cloud in the sky”。再比如,(1)讀書可以增長知識(shí)。(1a)Reading books can acquire knowledge.(1b)One can acquire knowledge through reading books.(2)自從1978年以來,由于中國人民的努力,中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。(2a)Since 1978, China have taken place great changes with the efforts of the Chinese people.(2b)Since 1978, great changes have taken place in China with the efforts of the Chinese people.相信通過對比,哪一句更符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣,讀者自可判定。
4.句式主、客觀傾向問題
英語民族的思維注重客觀事物對人的作用和影響,因而他們對主體與客體有著嚴(yán)格的區(qū)分;而漢語民族的思維往往以“人”為中心,形成了以人為中心來思考事物的思維模式(張海濤,1999)。表現(xiàn)在語言上,英語物稱傾向比較普遍,常使用不主動(dòng)發(fā)出動(dòng)作的詞或無生命名詞充當(dāng)主語。漢語里,采用有生命的人或物作主語總是占絕對優(yōu)勢。受此影響,中國學(xué)生在英語寫作時(shí),沿用漢語的思維,極少采用非生命指稱主語,學(xué)生英語作文中常常出現(xiàn)“I think”,“we must”,“someone says”,“you should”,“l(fā)et’s” 等主觀傾向明顯的表達(dá),少用“It can be argued that”,“It is estimated that” 等句型結(jié)構(gòu)。例如,“American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.” 用漢語表達(dá)則為“托馬斯·杰斐遜對美國教育事業(yè)做出了巨大貢獻(xiàn)?!痹谟⒄Z寫作中,善于用非人稱主語句,可有效地減少漢語腔。再比如,“不同的人對考試有不同的態(tài)度”。(a)Different people have different attitudes towards examination.(b)Attitudes towards examination vary from person to person.顯然b句更符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣,更趨客觀、公正,讓人容易接受。5.過多使用簡單句的問題
句式有變化指的是一定的意義要用合適的句型來表達(dá),它包含兩層意思:一是采用適當(dāng)?shù)木湫蛠肀磉_(dá)內(nèi)容,包括簡單句、并列句、復(fù)合句、主動(dòng)被動(dòng)句、長句、短句、疑問句、插入語、獨(dú)立成分等;二是句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系要合理,包括并列關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系、概括關(guān)系、順序關(guān)系、讓步關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系等,這些邏輯關(guān)系均有適當(dāng)?shù)倪^渡詞來連接,只有在句式上有了變化,才能談得上成為一篇好文章。如表示因果關(guān)系的就有accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so, in consequence, as a result等。試比較下面的例子:
原文:I will never drive a car again.I had an accident today.I was driving up Fourth Avenue.I saw a bright yellow car.It was driven by a little old lady.She obviously did not see the stop sign.I could not stop in time.She ran right into me.Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.本段落由九個(gè)簡單句組成,讀起來單調(diào)無味,毫無感染力,通過變換句式,改進(jìn)為:
I will never drive a car again.(簡單句)I had an accident today when I was driving up Fourth Avenue.(復(fù)合句)I saw a bright yellow car which was driven by a little old lady.(復(fù)合句)She obviously did not see the stop sign, and I
could not stop in time.(并列句)She ran right into me.Then she called me a “young hoodlum”.(簡單句)這樣,原文經(jīng)改進(jìn),句式有了較大的變化,讀起來覺得內(nèi)容特別,令人回味,效果完全不一樣。
(三)語篇方面
1.語篇的開頭
Kaplan(1966)認(rèn)為東、西方語言具有不同的思維方式:操漢語的人的思維方式是螺旋型(spirality)的,而操英語的人的思維方式是直線型
(linearization)。思維方式不同,文章重點(diǎn)信息的布局各異,影響信息的傳遞。英民族重直線思維,習(xí)慣把重要的信息放在前面首先說出,而漢民族習(xí)慣于從側(cè)面說,闡述外圍的環(huán)境,最后點(diǎn)出話語的信息中心。根據(jù)Scollon(1991)的觀點(diǎn),亞洲人在談話時(shí)一般延遲話題的介紹,采用一種“亞洲歸納”式思維模式,而西方人一般在談話開始就引出話題,采用的是“演繹模式”。Kaplan(1972)也曾指出,英語段落的發(fā)展是趨向于直線性,推理性的;而在一些東方語言中,段落組織的發(fā)展卻可稱為是在不停地兜圈子,即從多側(cè)面迂回表達(dá)而不直接寫明。由此,在用英語寫作時(shí),有些中國學(xué)生使用漢語的段落發(fā)展方法,卻不知道這種結(jié)構(gòu)很難被英語為母語的讀者所認(rèn)可,這樣的英語作文很可能被認(rèn)為文理不通、缺乏連貫。在表達(dá)思想時(shí),英語民族的思維更直截了當(dāng),他們習(xí)慣把要點(diǎn)放在前面說出,然后把次要的信息一一補(bǔ)進(jìn)。例如:英漢兩民族學(xué)生同樣向美國某大學(xué)寫一封申請獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金的信,英民族學(xué)生喜歡單刀直入,在開首段便說:“I would like to apply for a university scholarship”,而中國學(xué)生大多喜歡將這句話放在中間或最后點(diǎn)出。再比如,在表達(dá)“看電視的壞處”時(shí),許多學(xué)生的首段大都不寫電視帶來的壞處,而是先用一個(gè)段落陳述電視的好處,給人們帶來的種種實(shí)惠,繞了個(gè)圈子后,再回到題目上來指出其缺點(diǎn);而英文的寫作規(guī)范是開門見山,直接點(diǎn)題
2.語篇的發(fā)展
西方思維強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人意見的表達(dá),英文寫作要求觀點(diǎn)鮮明,符合邏輯,首尾統(tǒng)一。一個(gè)段落、篇章,開頭以主題句點(diǎn)明主題,其后內(nèi)容按直線展開,層層深入,輔助句緊扣中心思想。段落的線性發(fā)展圍繞主題展開,先陳述中心意思,后分點(diǎn)論證說明,使主題句的內(nèi)容展開,并為后面的內(nèi)容作好鋪墊。英語的段落是文章的縮影,無論哪一種體裁的文章,每一段落都包含了一篇文章所包含的全部要件:(1)首句或尾句點(diǎn)明主題,這是英美讀者所期待的交流方式;(2)將該主題細(xì)分成一系列小論點(diǎn);(3)用具體例子和闡述支持各個(gè)小論點(diǎn);(4)發(fā)展中心論點(diǎn),并把該論點(diǎn)與其他論點(diǎn)聯(lián)系起來;(5)運(yùn)用該中心論點(diǎn)與其他論點(diǎn)的關(guān)系,對事物進(jìn)行說明,得出結(jié)論或引出新論點(diǎn)。而漢語由于受到思維模式的限制,反映在語言上,習(xí)慣于繞圈子,常常先避開主題,從寬泛的時(shí)間和空間入手,從整體到局部,從大到小,由遠(yuǎn)及近;往往把主要內(nèi)容或關(guān)鍵問題保留到最后或含而不露。這種從次要到主要、從相關(guān)信息到中心話題的話語組織模式是逐步達(dá)到高潮的漸進(jìn)式模式;再就是不論詞句還是篇章,形態(tài)標(biāo)志都不明顯,語句之間靠一種隱藏的、內(nèi)在的句法或邏輯關(guān)系來相互銜接,注重意義上的連貫,以神統(tǒng)形。
3.語篇的結(jié)尾
漢語主體思維的主觀性強(qiáng)烈,往往對讀者的判斷力持懷疑的態(tài)度,表現(xiàn)在寫作上是作者結(jié)尾結(jié)論化傾向,即由作者出面給出結(jié)論,它是語篇結(jié)束的標(biāo)志。仍以“看電視的壞處”為例,不少學(xué)生在結(jié)尾發(fā)出了“讓我們充分利用電視的好處,克服看電視帶來的壞處”的呼吁,符合漢語“合”的模式。英語民族強(qiáng)調(diào)“物我分立”,其思維強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀、公正。寫作追求最大限度的客觀性,使讀者確信作者并未攙雜個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)為目標(biāo)。他們往往擺出大量的事實(shí)數(shù)據(jù),讓作者得出自己的結(jié)論,其文章往往呈現(xiàn)無結(jié)論化傾向。比如,在一篇題目為Making our city greener的文章中,中國學(xué)生在結(jié)尾處喜歡喊口號(hào),發(fā)出強(qiáng)烈的呼吁,如:Let’s join hands and take some efficient and urgent measures to make our city greener and greener.或者用You should make your effort to make our city greener.Just do it from now on.等等。實(shí)際上,這樣的口號(hào)式結(jié)尾不但沒有力量,反而削弱了文章的表現(xiàn)力。更好的英文表達(dá)是Urgent and efficient measures should be taken to stop environment pollution and make our city a more comfort place to live.
第三篇:中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的差異
中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的差異
漢語中目前使用的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)是參考借鑒西文的標(biāo)點(diǎn)體系而制定的,它既保留了西文標(biāo)點(diǎn)的主體特征,又帶有與漢語語言特點(diǎn)相適應(yīng)的特色。因而,中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)之間存在著一定的差異。
⒈ 漢語中的某些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)為英語所沒有
⑴ 頓號(hào)(、):頓號(hào)在漢語中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用;英語中沒有頓號(hào),分割句中的并
列成分多用逗號(hào)。
如:She slowly,carefully,deliberately moved the box.注意:類似的情況下,最后一個(gè)逗號(hào)后可加and,這個(gè)逗號(hào)也可省略,如
She slowly,carefully(,)and deliberately moved the box.⑵ 書名號(hào)(《》):英文沒有書名號(hào),書名、報(bào)刊名用斜體或者下劃線表示。
如:Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》Winter?s Tale / Winter?s Tale 《冬天的童話》
The New York Times / The New York Times 《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》。
另外,英語中文章、詩歌、樂曲、電影、繪畫等的名稱和交通工具、航天器等的專有名詞也常用
斜體來表示。
⑶ 間隔號(hào)(?):漢語有間隔號(hào),用在月份和日期、音譯的名和姓等需要隔開的詞語的正中間,如“一二?九”、“奧黛麗?赫本(人名)”等。英語中沒有漢語的間隔號(hào),需要間隔時(shí)多用逗點(diǎn)。
⑷ 著重號(hào):有時(shí)漢語用在文字下點(diǎn)實(shí)心圓點(diǎn)表示需要強(qiáng)調(diào)的詞語,這些實(shí)心點(diǎn)就是著重號(hào)。英語中沒有這一符號(hào),需強(qiáng)調(diào)某些成分時(shí)可借助文字斜體、某些強(qiáng)調(diào)性詞匯、特殊句型、標(biāo)點(diǎn)停頓
等多種方法。
⒉ 英語中的某些標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)為漢語所沒有
⑴ 撇號(hào)--Apostrophe(?)
⑵ 連字號(hào)--Hyphen(-)
⑶ 斜線號(hào)—Virgule or Slash(/):該符號(hào)主要起分割作用,如It could be for staff and / or students.也常用于標(biāo)音,如bed /bed/。
⒊ 某些符號(hào)在漢英兩種語言中的形式不同
⑴ 中文的句號(hào)是空心圈(。);英文的句號(hào)是實(shí)心點(diǎn)(.)。
⑵ 英文的省略號(hào)是三個(gè)點(diǎn)(...),位置在行底; 中文的為六個(gè)點(diǎn)(......),居于行中。⑶ 英文的破折號(hào)是(-);中文的是(--)
錯(cuò)誤例析
(1)頓號(hào)、書名號(hào)、句號(hào)、省略號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。
比較中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)可見,英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)中沒有中文形式的頓號(hào)、書名號(hào)、句號(hào)和省略號(hào)。而這4
種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)成了英語寫作中“借鑒頻率較高的符號(hào)。如:
〔錯(cuò)誤〕1.While she is reading《Gone With the Wind》,I am cooking。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕2.My sister bought a lot of fruits for me,such as banana、orange、apple and pear.英文中的印刷體用斜體字表示書籍、報(bào)刊、戲劇、電影、繪畫作品等的名稱,在書寫體或打字機(jī)打的文本中用字下線表示斜體字;英文常用逗號(hào)來代替冒號(hào);而句號(hào)是用實(shí)心小黑點(diǎn)表示。故以
上兩句應(yīng)改為:
〔修改〕1.While she is reading Gone With the Wind,I am cooking.(印刷體)
或While she is reading Gone With the Wind,I am cooking.(書寫體)
〔修改〕2.My sister bought a lot of fruits for me,such as banana,orange,apple and pear.還有,英文中的省略號(hào)其實(shí)是三個(gè)句號(hào)的并列,由于受中文影響常錯(cuò)誤地把英文省略號(hào)寫成六
點(diǎn)。
(2)冒號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。冒號(hào)是中英文兼有的標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。在漢語中,冒號(hào)是表示提示性話語之后的停頓,常用在“說、道、講、問、唱、回答、喊、吼”等動(dòng)詞的后邊,以標(biāo)明下面的話是誰說的。此用法
影響下列英文句子標(biāo)點(diǎn):
〔錯(cuò)誤〕3.I thought to myself :“What kind of trap is she laying ?”
〔錯(cuò)誤〕4.He asked :“Where are you from ?”
以上兩例中的冒號(hào)在英文中需用逗點(diǎn)表示。漢語中的冒號(hào)還可用在“如次”如下“例如”像等引起下文的提示語后邊。在英文表達(dá)中,“for example”(例如)一類的詞后常用逗點(diǎn)代替冒號(hào)。〔錯(cuò)誤〕5.Good manners can be seen in everyday life.For example : a person with good manners is
kind and helpful to others.〔修改〕5.Good manners can be seen in everyday life.For example,a person with good manners is
kind and helpful to others.(3)破折號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。漢語中的破折號(hào)標(biāo)明行文中解釋說明的部分,而英文同位語也具有同等說明的功能,故英文寫作中用破折號(hào)連接同位語成份的錯(cuò)誤也屢見不鮮。如:
〔錯(cuò)誤〕6.We are studying and living at the famous university — Beijing
University.〔修改〕6.We are studying and living at the famous university,Beijing
University.對于同位語,英語一般使用逗點(diǎn)而不用破折號(hào)。英文中破折號(hào)的用法遠(yuǎn)沒有中文的豐富。
與語法知識(shí)有關(guān)的標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤主要有:
(1)把非限制性定語從句(non-restrictive attributive clause)理解成限制性定語從句(restrictive
attributive clause)而忽略用逗點(diǎn)。如:
〔錯(cuò)誤〕7.We were led into a nearest fabric shop that was divided into two parts.從句意來看,上句是一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,故應(yīng)在shop 后加逗點(diǎn),把that 相應(yīng)改成which 即:
〔修改〕7.We were led into a nearest fabric shop,which was divided into two parts.(2)不論狀語從句在整個(gè)句子中處于何種位置,一概以逗點(diǎn)隔開。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕8.We will go there,if it is fine tomorrow.狀語從句可置于句首或句末。置于句首時(shí),一般要用標(biāo)點(diǎn)隔開;而置于句末時(shí),則無需與主句隔
開,故 以上句子應(yīng)改為:
〔修改〕8.If it is fine tomorrow,we will go there.或We will go there if it is fine tomorrow.(3)在疑問句形式的陳述句后使用問號(hào)。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕9.What fun we girls could expect,to stay in the same class,studying for four long years
with them ?I wondered.〔修改〕9.What fun could we girls expect,to stay in the same class,studying for four long years
with them,I wondered.英語疑問除可用問號(hào)來表達(dá)外,尚可用詞序加以表達(dá)。故上例的疑問可用逗點(diǎn)表示。
(4)誤把however,therefore,because,thus 等起聯(lián)系作用的副詞當(dāng)成并列連詞,導(dǎo)致寫作中的逗號(hào)粘連(comma splice)錯(cuò)誤。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕10.She thought what the teacher pointed out was right,however,she didn?t care for that.兩個(gè)完整的句子或兩個(gè)并列句之間不能一概用逗點(diǎn)點(diǎn)開,可用句號(hào)、分號(hào)或在逗點(diǎn)后加并列連
詞(and,but,or,for,so,nor,yet)等方法修改。故上例可改為:
〔修改〕10.She thought what the teacher pointed out was right.However,she didn?t care for that.或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right; however,she didn?t care for that.或She thought what the teacher pointed out was right,but she didn?t care for that.(5)與comma splice 相映成趣的是,許多學(xué)生作文時(shí),極少考慮句子間的邏輯關(guān)系,一個(gè)逗點(diǎn)
連首尾,導(dǎo)致大量熔句(fused sentence)的堆砌。如:
〔錯(cuò)誤〕11.Young men like blue jeans they wear them all the time.〔修改〕11.Young men like blue jeans; they wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans.They wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans,and they wear them all the time.或Young men like blue jeans; they wear them all the time.或Since young men like blue jeans,they wear them all the time.(6)兩個(gè)并列的形容詞間以and 代替逗點(diǎn)。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕12.Through the window,in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the
small clearing where I spent my lonely and hard childhood.現(xiàn)代英語表達(dá)一般在兩個(gè)形容詞中間不使用and,而是用逗點(diǎn)分隔。
〔修改〕12.Through the window,in front of me were large green fields which reminded me of the
small clearing where I spent my lonely,hard childhood
因語體錯(cuò)位而造成的標(biāo)點(diǎn)錯(cuò)誤。
英文寫作是一種書面語的輸出。其書面語體的特征要求其與口頭語相區(qū)別??谡Z中存在的大量縮約(contraction)在書面語體中應(yīng)盡量避免。而許多書面作文中大量使用省字號(hào)(?),幾乎1/ 3 左右的作文在文體上存在漏洞,現(xiàn)代英語的發(fā)展對此卻難以容忍。如:
1.I?d like to share my joys with you.(I would like to)
2..you can?t behave like that.(you cannot)
3..there?re so many splendid toys for me to select.(there are)
其他錯(cuò)誤:
(1)引號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕13.“No pain,no gain.”If you.〔修改〕13.As the saying goes,“No pain,no gain.”
英文中短小的引語與作者提示“某某說之類的詞語之間用逗點(diǎn)隔開,置于引號(hào)內(nèi)。不能省略
提示語“某某說之類而直接引用。
〔錯(cuò)誤〕14.Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ? ”,Dr.Jefferson frowned
thoughtfully.〔修改〕14.Glancing through the essay entitled“Why Not More ?,”Dr.Jefferson frowned
thoughtfully.對諸如上例引號(hào)邊的標(biāo)點(diǎn)位置含糊,不清楚以下常用法:句號(hào)和逗號(hào)必須置于引號(hào)之內(nèi);冒號(hào)和分號(hào)必須置于引號(hào)之外;如果所引內(nèi)容本身是疑問句或感嘆句,問號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)一般放在引號(hào)之內(nèi),否則,問號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)則放在引號(hào)之外。
(2)日-月-年次序的日期中的逗號(hào)錯(cuò)誤。英語日期的表達(dá)可以用月-日-年的次序和日-月-年的次序,日和年之間加逗號(hào)而月和年之間習(xí)慣上不加逗號(hào)。例如: 誤把“13 August 2002”寫成“13
August,2002”。
(3)在部分副詞如perhaps,so 后加逗號(hào)。如:
〔錯(cuò)誤〕16.Perhaps,I would not have such a good chance again.〔錯(cuò)誤〕17.So,they keep in touch with each other merely by writing letters and phoning now.以上兩句的修改方法是把句中的逗號(hào)去掉。
(4)連接號(hào)(hyphen)錯(cuò)誤。許多英語習(xí)作者往往隨意用連接號(hào)派生單詞,如把“boyfriend”寫成“boy-friend”;“middle school”寫成“middle-school”。在行末單詞分行時(shí),連接號(hào)使用錯(cuò)誤更多。與之相反,若把本應(yīng)有的連接號(hào)粗心刪去,其單詞含義可能會(huì)大相徑庭。如有一年美國政府在一份貿(mào)易清單上列舉了一些免稅進(jìn)口的物品,其中有一種是foreign fruit —plants(外國果樹苗),后來由于打字員的疏忽,漏打連接號(hào)使其成了foreign fruit,plants(外國水果、樹苗),結(jié)果導(dǎo)致第二年大量的水果如桔子、葡萄等從世界各地免稅涌入美國市場從而使美國政府當(dāng)年損失約200 多萬美
元。
應(yīng)用逗號(hào)而沒用,造成語義的表達(dá)不清。
Please send me a gross each of the red,green,blue,orange and black ties.使人看了以后不知是發(fā)5 摞(1 摞= 12 打)
—紅、綠、藍(lán)、橙、黑各一摞— 領(lǐng)帶,還是發(fā)4 摞
—紅、綠、藍(lán)、橙黑各一摞領(lǐng)帶。這句話可改為:
①Please send me a gross each of the red,green,blue,orange,and black ties.②Please send me a gross each of the red,green,blue,orange-and-black ties.該用分號(hào)的地方用了逗點(diǎn),不該用標(biāo)點(diǎn)的地方也用了逗點(diǎn),都導(dǎo)致了句子的錯(cuò)誤。
①People make history,unusual people make history interesting.此句逗點(diǎn)應(yīng)改為分號(hào),這是兩個(gè)獨(dú)立分句。
②Mary was happiest when she was free of her parents? scrutiny,or while she was working in her
garden.此句的并列連詞是連接的成對的從句,而不是獨(dú)立分句,連詞前面的逗號(hào)應(yīng)去掉。
第四篇:中美教育差異中英文
Comparing the Education Between American and China
1.First of all, the differences of education between China and the United States is the primary goal of teaching:
Chinese primary education make children’ s intellectual development and high mark achievement as the priority goal.And China’s education emphasis on training students’ s quality of strictness and rigors.In the United States,there is only one purpose of primary:to cultivate children’ s creativity.And US’s education pays more attention to raise student’ s self-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself.中國與美國教育的差異首先在于兩國初等教育的教學(xué)目標(biāo)不同:
中國初等教育將開發(fā)孩子的智力,孩子考出高分看成首要目標(biāo),而且中國的教育強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生嚴(yán)格嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木瘛?/p>
在美國,初等教育的目標(biāo)只有一個(gè):培養(yǎng)孩子的創(chuàng)造力。美國的教育注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自信心、自主獨(dú)立的精神。
2.Comparing the elementary education between American and China,people’ s universal view will be:
China’s elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought.US’ s education aims to build such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought.比較美國和中國的基礎(chǔ)教育,人們的普遍觀點(diǎn):
中國的基礎(chǔ)教育旨在建立基礎(chǔ)教育與更多的學(xué)習(xí)和更少的想法。
美國的教育旨在建造這樣的教育提高創(chuàng)新的研究和更少的想法。
3.The attitudes towards score are different:
To China’s children,a bad report card will let him receive pressure from all sides.Most Chinese students are aimed at “high score”.In the United States,however, every student’ s report card in the end of year is his/her private goods.Parents won’t give the child too much pressure.Score ,which is less important than capability in parents’ s mind.對待成績的態(tài)度不同:
對中國孩子來說,一份不好的成績單會(huì)使他受到來自各方的壓力。中國大部分學(xué)生的目的是”拿高分“。
然而在美國,每個(gè)學(xué)生年終的成績單都屬于私人的物品。家長方面也不會(huì)給孩子過多的壓力。在家長心里分?jǐn)?shù)與能力比要差得遠(yuǎn)。
4.The view of knowledge is different between the two countries:
China’s emphasis on accumulation and inculcation of knowledge, then to help students develop respect for authority and knowledge,succession of knowledge and structure of knowledge system.The US focus on training students’ s actual ability of using knowledge.They pay attention to training students’ s spirit of doubt and criticism about knowledge and authority as well as expansion and creativity of knowledge.These two types of education show the static state in Chinese education and dynamic state in American education.They reflect the differences of the two countries’ s views of knowledge.兩國在知識(shí)觀上是存在差異的:
中國的教育重視對知識(shí)的積累灌輸,注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對知識(shí)和權(quán)威的尊重和對知識(shí)的繼承以及知識(shí)體系的建構(gòu)。
美國則更注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用知識(shí)的實(shí)際能力,注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對知識(shí)和權(quán)威的質(zhì)疑,批判精神和對知識(shí)的拓展和創(chuàng)造。
這兩種教育表達(dá)了對待知識(shí)的不同態(tài)度:即中國教育的靜態(tài)與美國教育的動(dòng)態(tài),這一靜一動(dòng)反映了兩國知識(shí)觀的差異。
5.The studying environment provided by China and US is different:
China’s schools, under the restriction of exam-oriented education and the influence of traditional concept, it takes a two-stage strategy which is disjointed.In the primary stage,you have to lay the foundation.In the advanced stage,you will be able to do academic research.American schools encourage children to do research from an early age.They develop the ability of researching,solving problems independently and organizing the study study materials.兩國在提供給學(xué)生的環(huán)境上不同:
中國的學(xué)校,在應(yīng)試教育的制約下和傳統(tǒng)觀念的影響下,采取的是初級(jí)階段打基礎(chǔ),高級(jí)階段才能做學(xué)術(shù)研究的相互脫節(jié)的兩階段戰(zhàn)略。
美國的學(xué)校從小就鼓勵(lì)孩子做研究,培養(yǎng)孩子的研究能力,獨(dú)立處理問題的能力和組織研究材料的能力。
6.The arrangements of the course are different:
For example, on the problem of foreign language learning,in China,students only have one choice-English when they are in basic education.The system of education does the unitary choice for all students.In the United States,students have more choices,which including Spanish,French,Latin and so on.And there are a kind of course in which teaching materials are not needed.They usually call it “family life”class.The course content contains sewing,cooking and increase of self-confidence.It teaches what is in our real life beyond books.It teaches students to make a better life.兩國課程設(shè)置不同:
比如關(guān)于外國語言的學(xué)習(xí)。在中國,學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)教育中只有英語一種選擇,這是教育系統(tǒng)為全體學(xué)生做的統(tǒng)一選擇。
而在美國,學(xué)生有更多選擇,包括西班牙語、法語和拉丁語等。還有,在美
7.Different mode of education:
Chinese heuristic education exist a flaw, teachers give the suggestions of the answer to students and guide the students find“the only answer.”
The teaching methods in the United States, except guide students to understand and grasp the correct answer in class, and give students a place for free imagination to explore the unknown and potential answer.教育模式不同
中國的啟發(fā)式教育存在著一個(gè)弊端,就是其實(shí)一直到某一個(gè)問題的答案通過誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生,使他們找到“唯一的答案”.在美國學(xué)校的教學(xué)法,除了引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在課堂上理解和掌握教師的正確答案外,還給與學(xué)生自由想象的空間,去探索教師和學(xué)生都沒未知但卻客觀存在著的潛在答案.國,不用教材的課是存在的,他們通常叫它“家庭生活”課。課程內(nèi)容包括縫紉、烹飪和自信心的增強(qiáng)等等。它教給學(xué)生的是書本以外生活之中的事情。它教學(xué)生生活得更好。
8.Different college entrance examination system:
In China, in addition to a small number of talented people do not care the “entrance” Score, the others are base on examination scores of
admission.This is the only criterion.But in the United States,students choose at least one kind of various examinations every year, missed the first, it is excusable;missed twice, you can forgive......As a result, these test scores can be admitted as a very important admission criteria rather than the only criterion.高考制度不同
在中國,除了少數(shù)人才不用看“高考”分?jǐn)?shù)外,其余的均以“高考”成績?yōu)殇浫∪藢W(xué)得最重要的,唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn).但在美國學(xué)生年年都參加各類考試中的至少一種考試,一次失手,情有可言;兩次失手,也可以理解……因此,這些考試成績就可作為非常重要的錄取入學(xué)考量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而不是唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
9.The burden of learning different:
In China, for the students ,their weekend is always canceled.Even the gorgeous holiday is still full of heavy work.The United States almost have a free day once a week.學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)不同:
在中國,周末可能被無情占有,就連絢麗多彩的假日也會(huì)充斥著繁重的作業(yè).美國幾乎每周都會(huì)放一天假.10.Homework:
Chinese students’ homework: in order to consolidate the theoretic knowledge, it is so boring and uncreative.It takes students a lot of time.There is beneficial aspect.Although sometimes students have many exams in their student life ,it can be good for them.It can make them easy to pass the college entrance examination and accept the higher education.American students’ homework: Homework cultivate children innovative thinking and creativity.Not only does it develop good habits, but also cultivate independence, let the children easily adapt to the society.作業(yè)
中國學(xué)生的作業(yè)就是為鞏固書面知識(shí),機(jī)械單調(diào),毫無創(chuàng)造性,占用了孩子大量的時(shí)間。當(dāng)然好處也是有的,雖然有時(shí)候?qū)W生在學(xué)習(xí)生涯的時(shí)候考太多的試了,但這對他們也有好處。考試可以讓他們更容易的通過高考,接受高等教育。
美國學(xué)生的作業(yè)培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新思維和創(chuàng)造力,不僅培養(yǎng)孩子做計(jì)劃的好習(xí)慣,還培養(yǎng)孩子的獨(dú)立,讓孩子更好的融入社會(huì)。
11.Relations between teachers and students:
In China:Relations between teachers and students are like the elder and junior.Teachers often stand on the platform and they have a great distance with students, which make teachers in a prominent position, and make students afraid of teacher.In the United States: Relations between teachers and students are more like friends and colleagues.Students can be on friendly terms with their teachers.Teachers often have lessons below the podium, and they will approach their students and chat with them at pleasure so that students can get on well with their teachers.師生關(guān)系
在中國,師生關(guān)系是長輩與小輩的關(guān)系。老師經(jīng)常站在講臺(tái)上講課而且他們跟學(xué)生保持了距離,這使得學(xué)生們覺得老師高高在上,害怕老師。
在美國,師生關(guān)系更多地象朋友,象同事的那種關(guān)系,可以和睦相處。老師經(jīng)常在講臺(tái)下講課,而且她們會(huì)靠近學(xué)生并跟他們隨意的交流以至于學(xué)生們能跟老師很好的相處。
12.Different family education:
1)American parents are open education.They pay attention to practical activities,and emphasize on developing the child in practice rather than preach.Chinese parents are enclosed education.They give priority to preach, and look down on the importance of practical activities.2)
Americans believe that let children do all the things to themselves.During the tasks,the children can improve the knowledge and accumulate the experience.Also they can increase the confidence and responsibility.In China,the parents have the only requirement for children is study.Even they can prepare everything for their children in daily life, and this lead to many Chinese children learned a lot of knowledge but useless.3)In the United States, children take part in the activities.Their sports activities time is abundant, and they have activity places everywhere.In China,children have less outdoor activities because the Chinese children learn from morning to night ,and they have lots of homework.家庭教育不同:
1)美國父母主張開放式教育:重視實(shí)際鍛煉,強(qiáng)調(diào)在實(shí)踐中培養(yǎng)孩子,而不是說教。
中國父母多是封閉式教育:以說教為主,輕視實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的重要性。
2)美國人認(rèn)為,凡是孩子的事情都讓孩子自己去完成,在完成任務(wù)過程中提高認(rèn)識(shí),積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。并且讓他們增強(qiáng)自信心和責(zé)任心。
在中國,父母對孩子的要求就是讀書,他們可以為孩子準(zhǔn)備所有的事情,這導(dǎo)致許多中國孩子學(xué)了許多知識(shí)但是沒用。
3)在美國,孩子進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)興趣活動(dòng)、體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間都比較充裕,活動(dòng)場所到處都有。在中國,孩子們的戶外活動(dòng)少,因?yàn)橹袊⒆訌脑绲酵淼膶W(xué)習(xí)而且有做不完的作業(yè)。
第五篇:《國王的演講》之最后的演講(中英文)
In this grave hour, perhaps the most fateful in history, I send to every household of my peoples, both at home and overseas, this message, spoken with the same depth of feeling for each one of you as if I were able to cross your threshold and speak to you myself.For the second time in the lives of most of us, we are at war.Over and over again, we have tried to find a peaceful way out of the differences between ourselves and those who are now our enemies;but it has bee in vain.We have been forced into a conflict, for which we are called, with our allies to meet the challenge of a principle which, if it were to prevail, would be fatal to any civilized order in the world.It is a principle which permits a state in the selfish pursuit of power to disregard its treaties and its solemn pledges, which sanctions the use of force or threat of force against the sovereignty and independence of other states.Such a principle, stripped of all disguise, is surely the mere primitive doctrine that might is right, and if this principle were established through the world, the freedom of our own country and of the whole British Commonwealth of nations would be in danger.But far more than this, the peoples of the world would be kept in bondage of fear, and all hopes of settled peace and of security, of justice and liberty, among nations, would be ended.This is the ultimate issue which confronts us.For the sake of all that we ourselves hold dear, and of the world order and peace, it is unthinkable that we should refuse to meet the challenge.It is to this high purpose that I now call my people at home and my peoples across the seas, who will make our cause their own.I ask them to stand calm and firm and united in this time of trial.The task will be hard.There may be dark days ahead, and war can no longer be confined to the battlefield, but we can only do the right as we see the right, and reverently commit our cause to God.If one and all we keep resolutely faithful to it, ready for whatever service or sacrifice it may demand, then with God's help, we shall prevail.