第一篇：(課標(biāo)通用)2017高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)專題19篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題教學(xué)案資料

專題19 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題

考綱展示 命題探究 命題方式的特點

篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題主要考查考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上對文章描述事件的發(fā)展、所說明事物的結(jié)構(gòu)或論述觀點過程中使用的論證方法進(jìn)行推理、分析和總結(jié)的能力。常見的設(shè)問方式

(1)How is the passage organized?(2)Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?(3)The author develops the passage mainly by______.3 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題的注意事項

考生在做該題型時要學(xué)會把握文章的脈絡(luò)，理解段落層次之間的關(guān)系，弄清作者的寫作方法。英語的文章講究使用主題段和主題句。主題段通常在文章的開頭，簡要概括文章的中心思想，主題句根據(jù)段落的寫作手法的不同可能在段落的開頭，也可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間或末尾。段與段之間常用詞語連接，承上啟下，使文章行文連貫，邏輯嚴(yán)密。為突出主題，作者可能采用不同的寫作手法來組織文章，通過舉例、比較、類比等手法來透徹闡明主題觀點。

[考法綜述] 該類題主要考查文章發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)、各段落的層次關(guān)系以及寫作手法，如舉例、比較、類比等論證手法。

命題法1 段落組織方法

典例1 The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable, business, but, unfortunately, full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world's ecological balance.On a local level, the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area's birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物種)that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits.Full－sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result, many species are quickly dying out.On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威脅)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition, new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations(種植園)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的)soil conditions.It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

(P：Paragraph)[答案] A 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。文章第一段介紹了陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)的話題；二、三、四段介紹了陽光充足的咖啡生產(chǎn)帶來的破壞；第五段勸說人們?nèi)ベ徺I對環(huán)境有利的陰涼處種植的咖啡，所以是總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)，故選A。

【解題法】 段落組織方法的解題思路(1)通讀全文，把握各段大意。(2)確定段落組織框架。

①總分式：總分；分總；總分總。②并列式：段落之間是平行關(guān)系。③對照式：一正一反。

命題法2 寫作方法(論證方法)類

典例2 Food serves as a form of communication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture's celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat—and when and how we eat them—are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(農(nóng)村的)and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion(時刻)or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity(興旺)in the New Year.In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake, which signifies(預(yù)示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role.In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests.In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.The author explains the role of food in celebrations by ________.A．using examples

B．making comparisons C．a(chǎn)nalyzing causes D．describing processes [答案] A 篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。本文列舉了不同文化背景下慶祝活動中的飲食文化。故選A項。

【解題法】 寫作方法(論證方法)類解題思路(1)通讀全文或某段，分析寫作手法。(2)確定寫作方法展開方式： ①時間順序； ②空間順序； ③例證關(guān)系； ④對比或類比關(guān)系。

Passage 1 限時：6分鐘 體裁：議論文 題材：科學(xué)生活類 難度：中詞數(shù)：320 Technological change is everywhere and affects every aspect of life, mostly for the better.However, social changes that are brought aboutP1 by new technology are often mistakenW1 for a change in attitudes.An example at hand is the involvement of parents in the lives of their children who are attending college.Surveys(調(diào)查)on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be “very” or “somewhat” overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitoriesW2.The same surveys also indicate that the rate of parental involvement is greater today than it was a generation ago.This is usually

interpreted as a sign that today's parents are trying to manage their children's lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.S

However, greater parental involvement does not necessarily indicateW3 that parents are failing to let go of their “adult” children.In the context(背景)of this discussion, it seems valuable to first find out the cause of change in the case of parents' involvement with their grown children.If parents of earlier generations had wanted to be in touch withP2 their college-age children frequentlyW4，would this have been possible? Probably not.On the other hand, does the possibility of frequent communication today mean that the urge to do so wasn't present a generation ago? Many studies show that older parents—today's grandparents—would have called their children more often if the means and cost of doing so had not been a barrier.Furthermore, studies show that finances are the most frequent subject of communication between parents and their college children.The fact that college students are financially dependent on their parents is nothing new;nor are requests for more money to be sent from home.This phenomenonW5 is neither good nor bad;it is a fact of college life, today and in the past.Thanks to the advanced technology, we live in an age of bettered communication.This has many implications well beyond the role that parents seem to play in the lives of their children who have left for college.But it is useful to bear in mindP3 that all such changes come from the technology and not some imagined desire by parents to keep their children under their wings.科學(xué)的變化影響著生活的各個方面，但是科技帶來的社會變化常被誤認(rèn)為是態(tài)度的變化。作者對此舉例進(jìn)行了說明。

1．The surveys inform us of________.A．the development of technology B．the changes of adult children's behavior C．the parents' over-protection of their college children D．the means and expenses of students' communication 答案 C [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第二句“Surveys(調(diào)查)on this topic suggest that parents today continue to be ‘very’ or ‘somewhat’ overly-protective even after their children move into college dormitories.”可知，這些調(diào)查告知了我們父母對他們上大學(xué)的孩子保護(hù)過度。] 2．The writer believes that________.A．parents today are more protective than those in the past B．the disadvantages of new technology outweigh its advantages C．technology explains greater parental involvement with their children D．parents' changed attitudes lead to college children's delayed independence 答案 C [推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知，作者認(rèn)為科技的發(fā)展使父母加強(qiáng)對他們上大學(xué)的孩子的管教。] 3．What is the best title for the passage? A．Technology or Attitude B．Dependence or Independence C．Family Influences or Social Changes D．College Management or Communication Advancement 答案 A [主旨大意題。文章就“家長對孩子的管教問題與科技之間的關(guān)系”這一話題進(jìn)行了討論，“科技還是態(tài)度”作文章標(biāo)題最佳。] ★4.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage? I：Introduction

P：Point Sp：Sub-point(次要點)

C：Conclusion 答案 B [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。整篇文章討論的是家長對孩子的管教問題與科技之間的關(guān)系。第一段提出論點；第二段用調(diào)查說明作者不認(rèn)可的一個觀點；第三段用“However”一詞轉(zhuǎn)折，說明第二、三段是不同的兩個觀點；第四、五兩段用于支持第三段中提出的觀點；最后一段作出了總結(jié)。]

W重點單詞

1．mistaken adj.錯誤的 2.dormitory n.宿舍 3．indicate v.表明；暗示 4.frequently adv.頻繁地 5．phenomenon n.現(xiàn)象 P重點短語

1．bring about 引起；造成 2．be in touch with 和??有聯(lián)系 3．bear in mind 記住 S句式仿寫

原文：This is usually interpreted as a sign that today's parents are trying to manage their children's lives past the point where this behavior is appropriate.(where引導(dǎo)的定語從句，先行詞point表示抽象地點)譯文：這經(jīng)常被解讀為一種信號，當(dāng)前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行為恰當(dāng)?shù)牡夭健?/p>

仿寫：The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the__point_where_he_can_walk correctly and safely.治療將持續(xù)到病人能達(dá)到正確安全地行走的地步。

Passage 2 限時：7分鐘 體裁：說明文 題材：史地常識類 難度：中詞數(shù)：291 There are many places to go on safari(觀賞野生動物)in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank asP1 one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses, professionalW1 guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputationW2 for providing a great riding experience.The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting.S You are very likely 6 to come across large wild animals, too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the sun's rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.Back at the camp you can kick offP2 your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.在非洲觀賞野生動物的地方很多，然而最讓人興奮的旅程莫過于博茨瓦納的奧卡萬戈三角洲的馬背之旅。

1．What does the underlined word “They” refer to? A．Flooded waters.B．Wildlife journeys.C．Safari camps.D．Unique rides.答案 C [詞義猜測題。第二段介紹safari camps，第一句說明safari camps的基本行程，第二句說明了safari camps的優(yōu)勢，第三句中的They和前兩句的主語內(nèi)容相同，指代safari camps。] 2．What does the author find most exciting about a horseback safari? A．Seeing and feeling the real African life.B．Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.C．Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.D．Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.答案 D [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由第三段第三句可知，水花與彩虹相映成趣，濺落在身上的水花聲音清脆，畫面與聲音讓人興奮不已。由第三段最后一句可知，和動物靠得越近越讓人興奮緊張。故D項正確。] 3．What does the underlined word “Sedate” probably mean? A．Wild and romantic.B．Slow and peaceful.C．Hungry and thirsty.D．Active and excited.答案 B [詞義猜測題。由第四段第一句可知，夜晚的馬背之旅令人放松、不匆忙，只有B項“緩慢的；寧靜的”與此處基調(diào)相同，故B項符合題意。] ★4.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango Delta mainly by ________.A．following space order B．following time order C．making classifications D．giving examples 答案 B [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。由第三段中的“The morning ride”，第四段中的“In the evening”以及最后一段中的“Back at the camp”可知，對奧卡萬戈三角洲的旅行介紹是按照時間順序進(jìn)行的。]

W重點單詞

1．professional adj.職業(yè)的；專業(yè)的 2．reputation n.名聲；聲望；名譽 P重點短語

1．rank as 列為；排名為 2．kick off 踢開 S句式仿寫

原文：With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting.(with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu))譯文：伴隨著在身邊濺起的水中形成的彩虹和大的水滴從你的身上和臉上落下的聲音，這真的太令人興奮了。

仿寫：With_nothing_left in the cupboard, she went out to get something to eat.家里櫥柜里沒有吃的了，她出去買些吃的。

Passage 3 限時：6分鐘 體裁：說明文 題材：生態(tài)環(huán)境類 難度：易詞數(shù)：271 The African elephant, the largest land animal remaining on earth, is of great

importanceP1 to African ecosystem(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)).Unlike other animals, the African elephant is to a great extentP2 the builder of its environment.As a big plant-eater, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna(稀樹草原)surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting_the_terms of existenceW1 for millions of other animals that live in its habitat(棲息地)．

It is the elephant's great desireW2 for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat.S In its continuous search for the 300 pounds of plants it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbushes, and pulls branches off big trees.This results inP3 numerousW3 open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas.In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.Take the rain forests for example.In their natural state, the spreading branches overhead shut out sunlight and prevent the growth of plants on the forest floor.By pulling down trees and eating plants, elephants make open spaces, allowing new plants to grow on the forest floor.In such situationsW4，the forests become suitable for large hoofed plant eaters to move around and for small plant eaters to get their food as well.What worries scientists now is that the African elephant has become an endangered species.If the elephant disappears, scientists say, many other animals will also disappear from vastW5 areas of forest and savanna, greatly changing and worsening the whole ecosystem.本文主要講述的是在非洲草原的生物鏈中大象的重要作用，它不斷的尋找食物拓寬了其他動物的生存空間等。

1．What is the passage mainly about? A．Disappearance of African elephants.B．Forests and savannas as habitats for African elephants.C．The effect of African elephants' search for food.D．The eating habit of African elephants.答案 C [主旨大意題。本文主要講述的就是在非洲草原的生物鏈中大象的重要作用，它不斷的尋找食物拓寬了其他動物的生存空間等。故C正確。] 2．What does the underlined phrase “setting the terms” most probably mean? A．Fixing the time.B．Worsening the state.C．Improving the quality.D．Deciding the conditions.答案 D [詞義猜測題。根據(jù)文章“As a big plant eater, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna(稀樹草原)surroundings in which it lives, therefore setting the terms of existence for millions of other animals that live in its habitat.”說明非洲大象塑造了草原的環(huán)境，也決定了其他動物的生存條件。故D項正確。] 3．What do we know about the open spaces in the passage? A．They result from the destruction of rain forests.B．They provide food mainly for African elephants.C．They are home to many endangered animals.D．They are attractive to plant-eating animals of different kinds.答案 D [細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章“This results in numerous open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas.In these open spaces are numerous plants in various stages of growth that attract a variety of other plant eaters.”說明開放的空間對于其他的食草動物也很重要。故D項正確。] ★4.The passage is developed mainly by________.A．showing the effect and then explaining the causes B．pointing out similarities and differences C．describing the changes in space order D．giving examples 答案 A [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。本文主要通過描述大象的行為帶來的具體影響以及對這些影響的原因的解釋。故A項正確。]

W重點單詞

1．existence n.存在 2．desire v．/n.欲望；要求 3．numerous adj.許多的；很多的 4．situation n.情況；形勢 5．vast adj.廣闊的；巨大的 P重點短語

1．of great importance 很重要的 2．to a great extent 在很大程度上 3．result in 導(dǎo)致 S句式仿寫

原文：It is the elephant's great desire for food that makes it a disturber of the environment and an important builder of its habitat.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型)譯文：正是大象對食物的欲望使它成為環(huán)境的破壞者和棲息地的修建者。

仿寫：It_was_the_culture_rather_than_the_language_that made it hard for him to adapt to the new environment abroad.是文化而不是語言，使他很難適應(yīng)國外的新環(huán)境。

Passage 4 限時：6分鐘 體裁：議論文 題材：健康類 難度：易詞數(shù)：283 With the development ofP1 society, the choice of food and drinks for children is more diversified than ever before.However, every coin has two sides.Many facts suggest that children are overweightW1 and the situation is getting worse, according to the statisticsW2.I feel there are a number ofP2 reasons for this.Some people blameW3 the fact that we are surroundedW4 by shops selling unhealthyW5，fatty foods, such as fried chicken and ice cream, at low prices.This has turned out a whole generation of grown-ups who seldom cook a meal for themselves.If there were fewer of these restaurants then probably children would buy less take-away food.There is another argument that blames parents for allowing their children to become overweight.I agree toP3 this, because good eating habits begin early in life, long before children start to visit fast food shops.If children are given fried chicken and chocolate rather than healthy food, or are always allowed to choose what they eat, they will go for sweet and salty foods every time, and this will carry on throughout their lives.There is a third reason for this situation.Children these days take very little exercise.They do not walk to school.When they get home, they sit in front of the television or their computers.Not only is this an unhealthy pastime(消遣), it

also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food.S What they need is to go outside and play active games or sports.The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits.本文第一段是一個中心段，提出兒童肥胖的問題，在2,3,4段中分別給出一個原因。在文章最后一段進(jìn)行了總結(jié)提出了解決問題的方法。

1．What is suggested by the author to deal with “overweight”？ A．Blaming the shops selling unhealthy and fatty foods.B．Asking young children to walk to school every day.C．Living an active life and removing bad eating habits.D．Not watching TV or playing computer games after school.答案 C [推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“The above are the main reasons for this problem, and therefore we have to encourage young people to be more active, as well as guiding them away from fast food shops and bad eating habits.”可知作者給出的建議是要過著更為積極的生活而且要把一些不好的飲食習(xí)慣去除掉。故C項正確。] ★2.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?

答案 B [篇章結(jié)構(gòu)題。本文第一段是一個中心段，提出兒童肥胖的問題，在2,3,4段中分別給出一個原因。在文章最后一段進(jìn)行了總結(jié)提出了解決問題的方法。屬于總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)，故B正確。] 3．The author writes the passage to________.A．show people a social problem B．provide facts for government C．a(chǎn)dvise solutions to a problem D．compare opinions with people 答案 C [推理判斷題。本文先提出一個問題：兒童肥胖；在2,3,4段中分析出現(xiàn)這一問題的原因；最后一段中提出對于這個問題的解決方法。作者寫本文的目的是在于對一個問題的解決方法提出建議。故C項正確。] 4．The underlined word“diversified”in the first paragraph most probably means________.A．various B．difficult C．expensive D．a(chǎn)vailable 答案 A [詞義猜測題。根據(jù)本句“With the development of society, the choice of food and drinks for children is more diversified than ever before.”可知現(xiàn)在的兒童在食物的選擇方面很豐富，同時也帶來了很大的問題。所以本詞表示的是多種多樣的；亦可根據(jù)diversity來猜測該詞的意思與多樣化有關(guān)，故A項正確。]

W重點單詞

1．overweight adj.超重的；過重的 2．statistics n.數(shù)據(jù)；統(tǒng)計 3．blame n．/v.責(zé)備；歸咎于 4．surround v.包圍；圍繞 5．unhealthy adj.不健康的 P重點短語

1．with the development of 隨著??的發(fā)展 2．a(chǎn) number of 許多的；大量的 3．a(chǎn)gree to 同意；接受 S句式仿寫

原文：Not only is this an unhealthy pastime, it also gives them time to eat more unhealthy food.(倒裝句)譯文：這不僅僅是一種不健康的消遣方式，而且也給他們吃更多不健康食物的時間。仿寫：Not_only_has_she_been_late_three_times_in_the_past_three_days,_she has also done no work.她在過去的三天不僅遲到過三次，還沒干一點活。

易錯題：缺乏對寫作手法的了解

[例] In the mid－1700s, a Frenchman came up with a new design of road—a base layer(層)of large stones covered with a thin layer of smaller stones.A Scotsman improved on this design in the 1820s and a strong, lasting road surface became a reality.At around the same time, metal hubs(the central part of a wheel)came into being, followed by the pneumatic(充氣輪胎)in 1846.Alloy wheels were invented in 1967, sixty years after the appearance of tarmacked roads(柏油路).As wheel design took off, vehicles got faster and faster.Q：How is the last paragraph mainly developed? 12 A．By giving examples.B．By making comparisons.C．By following time order.D．By making classifications.[錯解] A [錯因分析] 考生對寫作手法了解不清而誤選答案。

[答案] C 此題看似是舉例說明，其實是按時間順序由遠(yuǎn)及近而敘述的，故選C項。[心得體會]

第二篇：高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)冠詞教學(xué)案

第一部分 語法知識及運用

專題1 冠詞 考綱展示 命題探究

考點一 冠詞的基本用法

基礎(chǔ)點 不定冠詞的基本用法

(1)不定冠詞有a和an兩種形式，常位于名詞或名詞的修飾語前。當(dāng)緊跟不定冠詞的單詞的第一個音素為輔音音素(注意：不是輔音字母)時，用a；而當(dāng)緊跟不定冠詞的單詞的第．．．．．．．．．．一個音素為元音音素(注意：不是元音字母)時，用an。．．．．．．．．．．a(chǎn) university student 一個大學(xué)生 a European writer 一位歐洲作家 an honest boy 一個誠實的男孩 an ugly man 一個丑陋的人

(2)泛指某個或某類人或物，或者未提到的，對方不熟悉的人或物。I was born in a small village in Hebei Province.我出生在河北的一個小村莊。

(3)用在第一次提到的人或物的名詞前，表泛指。

At that time, I was working in a factory.The factory produces car parts.那時，我在一家工廠工作。那家工廠生產(chǎn)各種汽車部件。(4)表示“一”“每一”“同一”或“某一”概念。I will return in a day or two.(＝one)我將在一兩天后返回。

The car can run 200 kilometres an hour.(＝per)這種車每小時能行駛200公里。They are of an age.(＝the same)他們年齡相同。

A Mr Smith is waiting for you.(＝a certain)一個叫史密斯的先生在等你。2 定冠詞的基本用法

(1)用于上文已經(jīng)提到過的，或從語境中可判斷出談話雙方都知道的人或物前。

He bought a house.I've been to the house.他買了幢房子。我去過那幢房子。Take the medicine.把藥吃了。

(2)用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞或形容詞及分詞前，表“一類人或物”。Who invented the_telephone? 誰發(fā)明了電話？

After the explosion, people rushed to help the_injured.爆炸發(fā)生后，人們趕到現(xiàn)場幫助受傷的人。

(3)用于序數(shù)詞、形容詞/副詞最高級以及形容詞only, very, same等前面。Is this the_first_time you have visited Beijing? 這是你第一次游覽北京嗎？

He runs the_fastest in his class.他是他班跑得最快的。

That's the_very_thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的東西。

特別提醒

(1)副詞的最高級前the可有可無。He runs(the)fastest in his school.他是全校中跑得最快的。

(2)序數(shù)詞前面也可用不定冠詞，但意義與用定冠詞不同。I have failed twice, but I'll try a third time.我失敗兩次了，但我還要再試一次。(強(qiáng)調(diào)再一次)March is the third month of a year.三月是一年的第三個月。(強(qiáng)調(diào)次序)(4)用于表示姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前，表示“一家人”或“夫婦倆”。The_Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.史密斯夫婦住在我們樓上的公寓里。

(5)用于宇宙中獨一無二的事物、西洋樂器名詞和方位名詞前。the moon月亮

play the piano 彈鋼琴 the west 西部

(6)用于表示朝代、年代的名詞前，或用于整十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)前，表示某個年代。the Ming Dynasty 明朝

in the 1990s或1990's 在20世紀(jì)90年代

特別提醒

表示“某人……歲”時，則用“in＋one's＋整十的數(shù)詞復(fù)數(shù)”。in his fifties 在他50多歲時

(7)用在表度量單位的名詞前，表示“按……計算”。

by the hour 按小時 by the day 按天

特別提醒

如size, weight, time這類名詞與by連用時不用冠詞。by size 按大小 by weight 按重量

(8)用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)“動詞＋sb.＋介詞＋the＋身體部位”中。hit sb.on the head 打某人的頭 take sb.by the arm 抓某人的胳膊 3 零冠詞的基本用法

(1)用于不可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)名詞或?qū)Ｓ忻~前表示泛指，用零冠詞。Man needs air_and_water.人類需要空氣和水。They are teachers.他們是老師。Beijing 北京

特別提醒

高考中常見的純不可數(shù)名詞，它們是：baggage, luggage, furniture, health, weather, fun, space(太空), advice, word(＝news), progress, information, luck, wealth(財產(chǎn))等。以上不可數(shù)名詞永遠(yuǎn)不能與不定冠詞連用。

(2)用于表示無特指意義的季節(jié)、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名詞，及球類、棋類和學(xué)科名詞前。

in spring 在春天 on Sunday 在周日 have breakfast 吃早餐 play football 踢足球 play chess 下棋

I'm very interested in English.我對英語很感興趣。

(3)名詞前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any等指示代詞、形容詞性物主代詞、限定詞以及名詞所有格等限定時不再用冠詞。

She is not my type of woman.她不是我心目中的那類女人。

His heart was beating wildly with fear.他的心因害怕而狂跳不已。

(4)表示獨一無二的頭銜和職位名詞作表語、補足語或同位語時。Mr Smith was elected president of our school.史密斯先生被選為我校校長。

重難點 不定冠詞的特殊位置

(1)如果名詞前用了many, such等具有限定意義的詞和表示感嘆的what等詞，a(an)必須放在這些詞后面，語序為：many/such/what a(an)．..I have never seen such_an interesting film.我從來沒看過這么有趣的電影。What_a clever boy he is!他是個多么聰明的男孩??！

(2)副詞quite和rather同形容詞連用修飾名詞時，quite要置于不定冠詞a/an之前，rather可置于不定冠詞a/an之前，也可置于其后。

It's quite_a small house.這是一所相當(dāng)小的房子。

That's rather_a/a_rather sudden change.那一變化相當(dāng)突然。

(3)當(dāng)單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前的形容詞有so, too, as, how等副詞修飾時，a(an)必須放在形容詞之后，詞序為：so/too/as/how/...＋形容詞＋a(an)．..She is so_good_a_girl that all the people like her.她是如此好的女孩，所有人都喜歡她。2 定冠詞的特殊位置

在名詞詞組中，定冠詞一般放在最前面，但名詞詞組中如果有exactly, just, half, double, twice, all, both等修飾語，定冠詞要放在這些詞后面。

exactly_the same color 完全相同的顏色 just_the right place 就是這個地方 half_the story 故事的一半 double_the amount 雙倍的量 3 零冠詞的特殊用法

(1)turn(變成)后的單數(shù)名詞作表語不用冠詞。但名詞前若有形容詞作定語時，則必須加冠詞。

His brother has turned_writer.他弟弟已成為一名作家。

Later she turned_a_successful_singer.后來她成了一名成功的歌手。

(2)在“表示類型的名詞＋of...”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中of后的可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)前不用冠詞。This_kind_of_question often appears in the exam.此類問題在考試中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。

(3)“零冠詞＋可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)＋as/though＋主語＋謂語＋主句”意為“盡管/雖然……但是……”。

Hero_as_he_is,_he has some shortcomings.盡管他是個英雄，但是他也有一些缺點。

(4)用在獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的某一形式中。

The teacher came in, book_in_hand(＝with a book in his hand)． 老師手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。

(5)與by連用的表示交通工具和通訊工具的名詞之前不用冠詞。It's quicker by_air than by_sea.乘飛機(jī)比乘船快。

[考法綜述] 冠詞的基本用法，尤其是冠詞的泛指和特指在語篇型語法填空和短文改錯中常會涉及，近五年就考查了48次之多，由此可見其重要性。

命題法1 考查冠詞的泛指和特指

典例1 I can't tell you ________ way to the Wilson's because we don't have ________ Wilson here in the village.[答案] the;a 句意：我不能告訴你去威爾遜家的路，因為我們村里沒有一個叫威爾遜的人。第一空特指去威爾遜家的路，故填the;第二空為泛指“一個叫威爾遜的人”，故填a。

典例2 Besides, Cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day.________________________________________________________ [答案] average前的a改為an average以元音音素/?/開頭，故用an。

【解題法】 冠詞表泛指和特指時的必備知識和一般解題思路

(1)首先要了解冠詞的泛指和特指：不定冠詞用在首次提到的或不限定的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前表泛指；定冠詞用在上文提到的人或物前，或是被限制性修飾語加以限定的人或物前，也可指雙方所默認(rèn)的特定的人或物的名詞前表特指。

(2)在語法填空中，考查冠詞時是不給提示詞的，因而可先從形式上去判斷，然后觀察空格后部分的中心詞是否是名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語，因為冠詞唯一的作用就是用來修飾名詞的。

(3)在短文改錯中，當(dāng)名詞前有不定冠詞時，要格外注意使用a還是an，以其后所跟單詞的開頭音素而不是其開頭字母為依據(jù)。因此在平時學(xué)習(xí)中，務(wù)必要注意掌握單詞的發(fā)音。

命題法2 考查冠詞與一些特定詞的基本用法

典例3 The adobe dwellings(土坯房)built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even ________ most modern of architects and engineers.[答案] the 句意：由美國西南部的普韋布洛印第安人建造的土坯房甚至受到了(當(dāng)今世界上)最前衛(wèi)的建筑師和工程師的青睞。根據(jù)句意和空后的最高級標(biāo)志詞most可知此處表示“最……的”，故填the。

典例4 Tomorrow is first day of school.________________________________________________________ [答案] first前加the 序數(shù)詞通常和定冠詞the搭配。

【解題法】 冠詞與特定詞搭配時的必備知識和一般解題思路

(1)通常情況下，形容詞比較級前不用冠詞；形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞及表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前用定冠詞the。

(2)在語法填空中，考查冠詞時是不給提示詞的，因而可以從形式上判斷，然后觀察空格后部分是否是形容詞最高級、序數(shù)詞或表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞。

(3)在短文改錯中，常考查冠詞的錯用和漏用，形容詞比較級前常不用冠詞；形容詞最高級，序數(shù)詞及表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前常用定冠詞the。

A．單句填空

1．I just heard ________ bank where Dora works was robbed by ________ gunman wearing a mask.答案 the;a [句意：我剛聽說Dora工作的銀行被一個戴著面罩的持槍歹徒搶了。第一空，句中where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾bank，由此可知這里特指Dora工作的銀行，故用定冠詞；第二空，泛指“一個持槍歹徒”，因此用不定冠詞。] 2．He owned ________ farm, which looked almost abandoned.答案 a [句意：他擁有一家看起來幾乎荒蕪的農(nóng)場。farm在句中是第一次出現(xiàn)，而且表示泛指，所以用不定冠詞。] 3．________village where I was born has grown into________ town.答案 The;a [句意：我出生的那個村莊已經(jīng)變成一個城鎮(zhèn)了。由village后的定語從句where I was born可知這里特指“我”出生的村莊，用定冠詞the；第二空后town為可數(shù)名詞，在本句中表泛指，泛指一個城鎮(zhèn)，故用不定冠詞a。] 4．The paper is due next month, and I am working seven days ________week, often long into ________night.答案 a;the [句意：論文下個月要上交了。我現(xiàn)在每周工作七天，經(jīng)常工作到深夜。第一空表示“每一”，故用不定冠詞a；第二空是固定搭配long into the night，意為“直到深夜”，故用定冠詞the。] 5．They chose Tom to be ________captain of the team because they knew he was ________ smart leader.答案 the;a [句意：他們選擇湯姆為這個隊的隊長，因為他們知道他是一個聰明的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。第一空后的名詞captain是特指，特指這個隊的隊長，故用定冠詞the；第二空后的名詞leader表示泛指，故用不定冠詞a。] 6．We can become ________ smart shopper by choosing for value, not for looks;in other words, choose good quality goods with plain packages.答案 a [句意：如果我們買東西是為了價值而不是為了包裝，那么我們就能成為一個明智的消費者；也就是說，應(yīng)選擇普通包裝的質(zhì)量好的產(chǎn)品。shopper為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，此處泛指“一個明智的消費者”，故填不定冠詞a。] 7．________ news of the mayor's coming to our school for a visit was given out on the radio yesterday.答案 The [句意：市長來我們學(xué)校參觀的新聞昨天通過收音機(jī)發(fā)布了。名詞news后有介詞短語修飾，起限定作用，表特指，故填The。] 8．In Germany, ________ successful project, which roughly translates as “adopt a grandparent”，has been running with a great success.答案 a [句意：在德國，一個名為“領(lǐng)養(yǎng)祖父母”的項目已成功運行。project為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，此處意為“一個成功的項目”，表泛指，故填不定冠詞a。] 9．—Mom, why can't I have ________ new bike? —Dear, you know, money doesn't grow on trees.答案 a [句意：——媽媽，我為什么不能要一輛新自行車？——親愛的，你要知道，賺錢可不是件容易的事。bike為單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞，是首次提到，此處表泛指，故用不定冠詞a。] 10．________ wish always remains unrealistic that you can come first in the final exam when you make no efforts at all.答案 The [句意：你不付出任何努力而想在期末考試中得第一名的愿望是不現(xiàn)實的。wish后有that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句修飾，表特指，故填定冠詞The。] B．單句改錯

1．Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be Beethoven.________________________________________________________ 答案 在Beethoven前加a [此處表示泛指“一個像貝多芬的人”。] 2．She apologized for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on a top floor.________________________________________________________ 答案 把第二個a→the [floor前有top修飾，此處表示特指，故用the。] 3．Life is like a ocean;only the strong－willed can reach the other shore.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→an [ocean是以元音音素開頭的單詞，且此處表泛指，故用an。] 4．A best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.________________________________________________________ 答案 A→The [best為最高級，故用the。] 5．An exact year which Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008.________________________________________________________ 答案 An→The [year后有定語修飾，表示特指，故用the。] 6．I think good habit that in our spare time we read more books of great use.________________________________________________________ 答案 good前加a [ habit意為“習(xí)慣”，是可數(shù)名詞，此處為泛指，故用不定冠詞a修飾。] 7．Three years ago I failed an important exam in my life and became a student in a ordinary school.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個a→an [ordinary是以元音音素開頭的形容詞，故其前應(yīng)用不定冠詞an。]

8．Last Sunday I saw a worst storm in years.It came suddenly and went on for over three hours.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→the [根據(jù)in years可知，此處表示“最嚴(yán)重的暴風(fēng)雨”，形容詞最高級前應(yīng)加定冠詞the。] 9．Rock climbing is great fun.You will get close to the nature and take adventures at the same time.________________________________________________________ 答案 第一個the去掉 [nature意為“自然，自然界”時，其前不能加冠詞。] 10．Once you click the button, a e－mail will be sent to you via your e－mail address.________________________________________________________ 答案 a→an [e－mail是以元音音素開頭的名詞，故其前應(yīng)用不定冠詞an。]

考點二 冠詞的習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配

基礎(chǔ)點 不定冠詞的習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配 as a result 因此

as a rule 通常，照例 in a hurry 匆忙地 in a word 總之

at a loss 困惑，不知所措 for a while 暫時，一時 all of a sudden 突然 What a pity!真遺憾！

have a population of 有……人口 have a history of 有……的歷史 a collection of 一批…… a knowledge of(＝know)知道

an understanding of(＝understand)懂得 2 定冠詞的習(xí)慣用語或固定搭配 in the end 最后，終于

make the most/best of 充分利用 in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處 in the way 擋路 on the whole 總之

on the right/left 在右/左面 at the same time 同時

as a matter of fact 事實上 after a while 一會兒后 in a sense 在某種意義上 once in a while 偶爾 at a distance 離一段距離 once upon a time 從前 a waste of...……的浪費

at the moment 此刻

go to the doctor's 去看醫(yī)生 by the way 順便說，附帶地說說

the other day(＝a few days ago)幾天前 on the radio/phone 通過無線電/電話 on the spot在場，到場；立即，馬上；當(dāng)場 to tell(you)the truth 說實話，老實說 go to the cinema 去看電影

on(the)one hand..., on the other hand...一方面……，另一方面…… 3 零冠詞的習(xí)慣用法或固定搭配 under repair處于維修中 day and night 整天整夜 out of control 失控

in danger 處于危險之中 at present 目前 in peace平靜 on purpose 故意 ahead of time 提前 by law 根據(jù)法律

有無冠詞意義不同的習(xí)慣用語或搭配

??sit at table 坐在桌旁吃飯???sit at the table 坐在桌子旁??at school 在上學(xué)???at the school 在學(xué)校

lose heart 灰心 out of work 失業(yè) at risk 有危險 take part in 參加 by chance/accident 碰巧 on second thoughts 再一想 in advance 提前 by mistake 由于差錯 重難點

不一定在吃飯

不一定是上學(xué)

??in hospital 在住院??in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里???in prison 坐牢??in the prison 在監(jiān)獄里???by sea 乘船由海路??by the sea 在海邊???in front of 在??in the front of 在?

不一定是病人

不一定是罪犯

外部的前面

內(nèi)部的前面

??out of question 沒問題，毫無疑問??out of the question 不可能??in charge of 負(fù)責(zé)，掌管????in the charge of 在……的掌管之下

??in possession of 擁有??in the possession of 為……所擁有???go to church 去做禮拜??go to the church 去教堂???go to school 去上學(xué)??go to the school 去學(xué)校?

[考法綜述] 冠詞的習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配是高考語篇型語法填空及短文改錯的?？键c，近五年考查了13次，是考查重點之一。

命題法 考查冠詞的習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配

典例1 Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half ________ hour.[答案] an 句意：簡非常匆忙，因為到達(dá)機(jī)場的列車將在半小時之后開車。half an hour為習(xí)慣用法，意為“半小時”。

典例2 Since then—for all these years—we have been allowing tomatoes to self－seed where they please.As result, the plants are growing everywhere.________________________________________________________ [答案] result前加a as a result為固定短語，意為“因此”，故在result前加a。

【解題法】 冠詞的習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配的必備知識和一般解題思路(1)首先要熟練掌握不定冠詞，定冠詞及零冠詞的習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配。

(2)在語法填空中，考查冠詞的習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配時，是不給提示詞的，因而可以根據(jù)語境來確定習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配的冠詞。

(3)在短文改錯中，考查冠詞的習(xí)慣用語及固定搭配，主要體現(xiàn)在考生因固定思維模式或漢語語言的影響而對冠詞的錯用、漏用和多用。

A．單句填空

1．Now I am living in a city, but I miss my home in ________ countryside.答案 the [句意：現(xiàn)在我生活在一座城市，但是我想念農(nóng)村的家鄉(xiāng)。in the countryside為固定短語，意為“在鄉(xiāng)下，在農(nóng)村”。故填定冠詞the。] 2．________more learned a man is, ________ more modest he usually becomes.答案 The;the [句意：一個人越博學(xué)，他通常會變得越謙遜。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷，此句使用了“The＋形容詞/副詞比較級…，the＋形容詞/副詞比較級…”結(jié)構(gòu)，意思是“越……，越……”。] 3．Jane's grandmother had wanted to write ________ children's book for many years, but one thing or another always got in ________ way.答案 a;the [句意：多年來，簡的祖母一直想寫一本兒童讀物，但由于種種原因耽

擱下來了。第一空，book是可數(shù)名詞，此處表泛指，用不定冠詞a；第二空，in the way是固定詞組，意為“擋路，妨礙”。故填a;the。] 4．Starting your own business could be a way to achieve financial independence.On ________ other hand, it could just put you in debt.答案 the [句意：自己創(chuàng)業(yè)可能是使你獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)獨立的一種方式。另一方面，它也可能讓你欠債。on the other hand為固定短語，意為“另一方面”，故填定冠詞the。] 5．We'll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at ________ beginning of the year.答案 the [句意：我們將在一個月內(nèi)實現(xiàn)我們年初制訂的銷售目標(biāo)。at the beginning of為固定短語，意為“在……之初”，故填定冠詞the。] 6．I thought I'd better have ________ word with you about the task to be done.答案 a [句意：我想我最好跟你談一下關(guān)于這項要做的任務(wù)。have a word with sb.“和某人談一談”為固定搭配。] 7．With the development of society, our country is badly in need of those with ________ better command of computer skills.答案 a [句意：隨著社會的發(fā)展，我們國家非常需要那些可以進(jìn)行電腦操作的人才。with a command of...為慣用搭配，意為“掌握……”，故填不定冠詞a。] 8．We slept in a tent and took ________ long walk every day.答案 a [句意：我們睡在帳篷里，每天步行很長的路。take a walk為固定搭配，意為“散步；走路”。] 9．The tour will provide ________ unique opportunity to stay with a British family for a week in ________ hope that you will better understand the life there.答案 a；the [句意：這次旅游會提供給你一個和英國家庭生活一周的獨特機(jī)會，希望你對那里的生活有一個更好的了解?！皺C(jī)會”強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次，所以填不定冠詞a；in the hope that為固定用法，意為“懷著……的希望”。] 10．If you don't have ________ good knowledge of English, it's out of the question for you to use it flexibly and fluently.答案 a [句意：如果你對英語的掌握不夠好，你就不可能靈活、流利地使用它。have a good knowledge of是固定短語，意為“精通；掌握”。] B．單句改錯

1．I was always interested to see the drivers in hurry in the morning.________________________________________________________ 答案 hurry前加a [in a hurry是固定短語，意為“匆忙”。] 2．The next morning Jason went to the office for his papers as an usual.________________________________________________________ 答案 把an去掉 [as usual為固定短語，意為“像通常一樣”。] 3．Now, years later, this river is one of most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.________________________________________________________

答案 most前加the [根據(jù)one of知后面是形容詞的最高級，因此most前加定冠詞the。] 4．In the fact, hunters would stop and take pictures, because they had never seen anything like her.________________________________________________________ 答案 把the去掉 [In fact為固定短語，意為“事實上，實際上”。] 5.At an end of the day, she returned to take me back to my accommodation.________________________________________________________ 答案 an→the [at the end of為固定短語，意為“在……結(jié)尾，在……末端”。] 6．I tried to appear at the ease when the foreign guest greeted me by kissing me on the cheek.________________________________________________________ 答案 去掉第一個the [at ease“自由自在，無拘無束”，固定搭配。] 7．The driver was at loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive because of speeding.________________________________________________________ 答案 在loss前加a [at a loss是固定短語，意為“不知所措”。] 8．—Many people don't think much of the movie.—I think differently.In the way, it is a good film.And the photographed scenes are very beautiful.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個the→a [句意：——很多人認(rèn)為這部電影不好?！也荒敲凑J(rèn)為。在某種程度上，這是一部很不錯的電影。拍攝的場景非常美。in a way為固定短語，“在某種程度上”。] 9．I signed it “some thankful students” and slipped it into the envelope.________________________________________________________ 答案 the→an [根據(jù)句意表示把信裝進(jìn)“一個”信封，故用不定冠詞，且envelope的始發(fā)音為元音，故改為an。] 10．—As a child, my father often spent all Sundays relaxing outdoors, even playing for hours at time.—That's my father's story, too.________________________________________________________ 答案 time前加a [at a time為固定短語，意為“一次”。]

考點三 冠詞的活用

基礎(chǔ)點

不定冠詞的活用

(1)不定冠詞可以用于某些具體化的抽象名詞前，可以具體化的抽象名詞有shame，surprise, pleasure, honour, success, help, beauty, failure等。

It's a_pleasure for me to work with you.和你一起工作我非常高興。

She was a famous beauty in her youth.她年輕時是個有名的美人。

(2)表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前一般加定冠詞the，但如果名詞前有修飾語，可用不定冠詞。

the world, a peaceful world;the moon, a bright moon。世界，一個和平的世界；月亮，一輪明亮的月亮。

(3)表示一日三餐的名詞和專有名詞前如果有形容詞修飾，也可用不定冠詞。I had a wonderful supper yesterday.昨晚我吃了一頓美味佳肴。

(4)“a most＋形容詞”表示“很……”，most在此不表示最高級含義，為“很，非?！钡囊馑迹喈?dāng)于very，而“the＋ most＋多音節(jié)形容詞”為多音節(jié)形容詞的最高級形式，表示“最……”。

This is a most interesting film.這是一部非常有趣的電影。

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.這是我看過的最有趣的一部電影。

(5)不定冠詞用在表示地名的專有名詞前，表示“一個……的地方”。She is now a different China from what she was twenty years ago.現(xiàn)在的中國是一個與二十年前不同的國家了。

(6)knowledge, collection, understanding等名詞后加of...時其前常用不定冠詞a/an。

Her new book is a collection of short stories.她的新書是一部短篇小說集。He has a good knowledge of French.他精通法語。

重難點

序數(shù)詞前冠詞的活用

“the＋序數(shù)詞”表順序，而“a/an＋序數(shù)詞”表“又一，再一”；序數(shù)詞修飾動詞時，．．．．．．已成為副詞，因此不必與冠詞連用。如： ．．Can you give me a_second chance, please?(＝another chance)請再給我一次機(jī)會好嗎？

He was only 5 years old when I first saw him.(adv.)當(dāng)我第一次見到他時，他只有5歲。

[考法綜述] 不定冠詞的活用，尤其是序數(shù)詞前加不定冠詞，冠詞的活用在語篇

型語法填空和短文改錯中常會涉及，近五年考查了10次，仍是高考考查的難點。

命題法 考查冠詞的活用

典例1 Being able to afford ________ drink would be ________ comfort in those tough times.[答案] a;a 句意：在那艱苦的歲月里能夠買得起一杯飲料將會是一種安慰。drink在此表示泛指“一杯飲料”；comfort作“安慰”講為不可數(shù)名詞，但在此是抽象名詞具體化指“一件令人安慰的事”，故都用a。

典例2 He missed the gold in the high jump, but will get the second chance in the long jump.________________________________________________________ [答案] 將第三個the→a 此處應(yīng)該表示“又一次機(jī)會”，故用a。

【解題法】 分析名詞特點，注意冠詞活用

在英語中，我們要注意冠詞的一些靈活用法。常用的一些抽象名詞如success, failure, pity, surprise, pleasure等，當(dāng)表示“具體的人或者事”時，這些抽象名詞具體化了，可轉(zhuǎn)化為可數(shù)名詞。

A．單句填空

1．—You are really crazy about music!—Sort of.I always find in music ________ peace which is missing in ________ world full of challenges.答案 the;a [句意：——你對音樂真癡狂！——有點吧。我總能在音樂中找到寧靜，而這種寧靜在一個充滿了挑戰(zhàn)的世界中是不存在的。peace后有定語從句修飾，表特指，加不定冠詞；第二空是泛指，意為“一個……的世界”，故用a。] 2．—Guess what? Tom has failed in the exam ________ second time.—How come? He is second to none in English in our class.答案 a [句意：——你猜怎么著？湯姆考試又沒通過。

——怎么會呢？他的英語在我們班名列前茅。此處表示“又一次，再一次”，故用不定冠詞a。] 3．When you finish reading the novel, you will have ________ better understanding of society.答案 a [句意：當(dāng)你讀完這本小說后，你就會更好地了解社會。根據(jù)句意可知，此處表示讀前與讀后的比較，比較級前用不定冠詞表示“更……的”。故填不定冠詞a。] 4．It was by reading it ________ third time that Sammy got a thorough understanding of passage E.答案 a [句意：薩米又讀了一遍才對E篇文章有了徹底的了解。根據(jù)句意可知，此處不表順序，僅表“又一，再一”。故填不定冠詞a。] B．單句改錯

1．Although the experiment turned out to be failure, we decided to try a second

time.________________________________________________________ 答案 failure前加a [failure當(dāng)“失敗”講為不可數(shù)名詞，在此處表示“一件失敗的事”，為可數(shù)名詞，故用a。] 2．—What do you think of the grammar book? —Oh, it really is a useful reference book, which is worth reading the second time.________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個the→a [second此處不表示次序，而表示“又一，再一”，故用a。] 3．When you finish reading the novel, you will have better understanding of society.________________________________________________________ 答案 在better前加a [understanding為抽象名詞，后面有of時前用不定冠詞a/an。] 4．“The match between two teams is great，” said Jim, “and I hope to see the second.”

________________________________________________________ 答案 第二個the→a [此處表示“又一，再一”，故用a。]

易錯題一：忽視抽象名詞或物質(zhì)名詞具體化

[例1] Anyone who achieves success in this field can be ________success.[錯解] 不填

[錯因分析] 有些考生誤認(rèn)為success只能為抽象名詞，無單復(fù)數(shù)形式，因而做錯本題。[答案] a [心得體會]

[例2] My parents approached the site, which was still wet from ________

heavy rain.[錯解] the [錯因分析] 在這道試題中，很多考生會誤填the，認(rèn)為rain為物質(zhì)名詞，前面不用冠詞，即便使用冠詞也應(yīng)用the。

[答案] a [心得體會]

易錯題二：表示獨一無二的事物的名詞前冠詞的誤用

[例] We can never expect ________ bluer sky unless we create ________ less polluted world.[錯解] the;the [錯因分析] 雖然sky和world是表示獨一無二的事物的名詞，但是一些考生忽略了它們的一些特殊用法，而誤填the。

[答案] a;a [心得體會]

易錯題三：專有名詞前冠詞的誤用

[例] ________Shanghai of tomorrow is sure to create new splendor and spring up as another center of international economy.[錯解] 不填

[錯因分析] 很多考生看到這道題后認(rèn)為Shanghai是一個表示地點的專有名詞，按照一般語法規(guī)則，專有名詞前不用冠詞，因此他們會感到無所適從或者誤填其他冠詞。

[答案] The [心得體會]

易錯題四：特殊情況下定冠詞、不定冠詞的誤用

[例1] An apple fell from the tree and hit him on ________ head.[錯解] his [錯因分析] 在解此題時，考生較容易受漢語思維的干擾而誤填his。[答案] the [心得體會]

[例2] As everybody knows, a plane is ________ machine that can fly.[錯解] the [錯因分析] 有些考生會想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為machine為可數(shù)名詞，且后面有定語從句修飾，所以誤填定冠詞the。

[答案] a [心得體會]

第三篇：高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)1名詞性從句教學(xué)案

專題11 名詞性從句

考綱展示 命題探究

考點一 主語從句

基礎(chǔ)點

主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當(dāng)主語的從句，通過放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

主語從句的連接詞

在句中起主語作用的從句稱為主語從句。連接主語從句的連接詞主要有三類：從屬連詞、連接代詞和連接副詞。

(1)從屬連詞

從屬連詞主要有兩個that, whether；從屬連詞在從句中不作任何成分。That he will come to the conference has excited every one of us.他要來參加會議使我們每一個人都十分激動。Whether you can succeed depends on yourself.你是否能成功取決于你自己。

特別提醒

if一般(不在句首)引導(dǎo)主語從句。that引導(dǎo)主語從句不能省略。(2)連接代詞

連接代詞在從句中起名詞的作用，作主語、賓語、表語、定語等，一般表示疑問。who誰，whom誰(賓格)，whose誰的，what什么，which哪一個，whoever無論是誰，whomever無論是誰(賓格)，whosever無論是誰的，whatever無論是什么，whichever無論是哪一個。

What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我們說什么還不清楚。

Whichever of you gets here first will get the prize.你們當(dāng)中第一個到達(dá)這里的人將獲得這個獎品。

特別提醒

主語為從句時，謂語動詞一般要用單數(shù)形式；但如果what引導(dǎo)的從句作主語、代表復(fù)數(shù)概念時，謂語動詞則常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

What we need is water.我們所需要的是水。

What we need are useful books.我們所需要的是有用的書。(3)連接副詞

連接副詞在從句中起副詞的作用，作狀語，一般表示疑問，但有時不表示疑問。when什么時候，where在哪里，why為什么，how如何，whenever無論是什么時候，wherever無論在哪里，however無論如何。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英語晚會將在哪里舉行還沒有宣布。

Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.它們?yōu)槭裁赐蝗幌н€是個謎。

重難點

it作形式主語的主語從句

(1)It＋be＋adj.＋主語從句。常用于該句型的adj.有： necessary必要的 likely可能的 clear清楚的 important重要的 possible可能的 right正確的 wrong錯誤的 strange奇怪的 natural自然的 certain肯定的 obvious明顯的

It_is_quite_clear_that the whole project is to fail.很清楚，整個項目就要失敗。

典例1 It is by no means clear ________the president can do to end the strike.[答案] what 句意：總統(tǒng)可以采取什么措施來結(jié)束罷工一點兒都不清楚。此句中it是形式主語，代替后面的真正的主語從句，故設(shè)空處應(yīng)填能夠引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞，由于從句中及物動詞do后缺少賓語，故應(yīng)使用連接代詞what。

(2)It＋be＋名詞/名詞詞組＋主語從句。常用于該句型的名詞或名詞詞組有： shame遺憾

pity可惜

hope希望 no wonder難怪 good news好消息

It_is_a_shame_that we should have lost such an important customer.真遺憾我們失去了一位如此重要的客戶。

It_is_our_hope_that the two sides will work together.我們的希望是雙方能夠合作。

(3)It＋be＋過去分詞＋主語從句。常用于該句型的過去分詞有：

said據(jù)說

believed被相信

reported據(jù)報道 thought被認(rèn)為 known所知

It_is_said_that our school will hold a sports meet next week.據(jù)說我們學(xué)校下周要舉行運動會。

It_has_been_decided_that they should start the project next month.他們要在下個月開始這項工程已經(jīng)定下來了。

(4)It＋特殊動詞/動詞短語＋主語從句。常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊動詞/動詞短語有： seem看上去

appear顯得

happen碰巧 matter重要 turn out結(jié)果是

It_happened_that a lion was hiding nearby.剛好有一頭獅子躲在旁邊。

Does it_matter_that I won't attend the meeting tomorrow? 明天我不去參加會議要緊嗎？

典例2 It doesn't matter ________you turn right or left at the crossing—both roads lead to the park.[答案] whether 句意：在十字路口無論你向左轉(zhuǎn)還是右轉(zhuǎn)都沒關(guān)系——兩條路都通往公園。It是形式主語，設(shè)

空處應(yīng)填入引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞，從句后半部分的連詞or提示本題為whether...or...結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“是……還是……”。

典例3 It's no longer a question now ________man can land on the moon.[答案] that 句意：現(xiàn)在人類登上月球不再是問題?？疾槊~性從句，it為形式主語，后面的從句是真正的主語。由于引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用，故用that。

[考法綜述] 了解名詞性從句的基本用法，掌握各引導(dǎo)詞的用法，辨析that與what，掌握it作形式主語的常見結(jié)構(gòu)。

命題法 考查主語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

典例1 ________we understand things has a lot to do with what we feel.[答案] How 句意：我們?nèi)绾卫斫馐挛锱c我們的感受有很大關(guān)系。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，________we understand things 在句中作主語，是主語從句，根據(jù)句意可知，此處應(yīng)用連接副詞how。

典例2 What Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some won't accept it.________________________________________________________ [答案] What→Where 依據(jù)語境可知，此處指有些人對大詩人李白的出生地存在質(zhì)疑，分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，What Li Bai，...was born在句中作主語且其中只缺狀語，因此改為Where，引導(dǎo)主語從句。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句要在從句中作主、賓或表語。

【解題法】(1)掌握各引導(dǎo)詞在意義和功能上的差別。

(2)在語篇型語法填空中，考查名詞性從句的引導(dǎo)詞是不給提示詞的，考生要分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，找出主語部分，分析引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作成分和表達(dá)的意義。

(3)在短文改錯中，考查引導(dǎo)詞的錯用，掌握相似引導(dǎo)詞的差別，如what和that等。從引導(dǎo)詞在從句中所作成分和意義入手。

A．單句填空

1．Exactly________the potato was introduced into Europe is uncertain, but it was probably around 1565.答案 when [句意：馬鈴薯具體是在什么時候被引入歐洲的并不確定，但有可能是在1565年左右。由句意可知，后一分句是來補充說明前一分句中的不確定的內(nèi)容的，根據(jù)“around 1565”可知是對時間進(jìn)行提問，因此用when引導(dǎo)前面的主語從句。] 2．I think________impresses me about his painting is the colours he uses.答案 what [句意：我認(rèn)為他的畫給我印象最深的是他對色彩的運用。what引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中作主語，表示“……的”。] 3．Some people believe________has happened before or is happening now will repeat itself in the future.答案 what/whatever [句意：一些人認(rèn)為，不管是以前發(fā)生的還是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情都會在將來重現(xiàn)。此處“________has happened before or is happening now”是主語從句，且從句中缺少主語，故填what/whatever。] 4．________the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.答案 When [句意：延誤的飛機(jī)何時起飛很大程度上取決于天氣狀況。根據(jù)句意填連接副詞When。] 5．________makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of the writer.答案 What [句意：使這本書非同尋常的是這位作家創(chuàng)造性的想象力。What在此處引導(dǎo)主語從句，并在從句中作主語。] 6．________you are on good terms with your classmates will affect your mood.答案 Whether [句意：你與同學(xué)相處得是否融洽會影響你的情緒。此處為主語從句，if表示“是否”且于句首時不引導(dǎo)主語從句。根據(jù)句意可知應(yīng)用Whether。] 7．It suddenly occurred to me ________I hadn't locked my door.答案 that [句意：我突然想起我沒鎖門。it是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的從句。It occurs to sb.that意為“某人突然想起……”。] 8．As the spokeswoman said，________we should take action against them depends on what they will do.答案 whether [句意：正如女發(fā)言人所說的那樣，我們是否應(yīng)該針對他們采取行動取

決于他們將會怎么做。本空需要用連接詞引導(dǎo)主語從句，表示“是否”，因此用whether引導(dǎo)。] 9．—What made her so happy? —________her son passed the college entrance examination.答案 That [句意：——是什么使她這么快樂？——她兒子通過高考了。答語為that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分，只起連接作用。] 10．________will matter is not how many books you read, but how much you learn when you finish reading them.答案 What [句意：重要的不是你讀了多少書，而是你讀完書后學(xué)到了多少。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)看，is前面是一個主語從句，從句中缺少主語，應(yīng)用What。] B．單句改錯

1．That you said at the meeting describes a bright future for the company.________________________________________________________ 答案 That→What [句意：你在會上所說的話描述了公司的光明前途。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，引導(dǎo)主語從句，且在從句中作賓語，故用What, That引導(dǎo)主語從句，在從句中不作成分。] 2．It remains to be seen that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意：這個新成立的委員會的政策能否實施還有待觀察。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，It 作形式主語，而真正的主語是后面的從句“that the newly formed committee's policy can be put into practice”；再根據(jù)句意可判斷，此處表示“是否”，故改為whether, that無意義。] 3．It struck me most in the movie was the father's deep love for his son.________________________________________________________ 答案 It→What [句意：這部電影最打動我的是父親對他兒子深深的愛。“It struck me most in the movie”為主語從句，從句中缺少主語，表示“所……的”，故用What，It不引導(dǎo)從句。] 4．Which one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.________________________________________________________ 答案 Which→Whichever [句意：你們中任何一個人打破窗戶都必須賠償。根據(jù)題干中one of you可知，空處要用whichever修飾one, 指“你們中的任何一個人”。which指哪一個，表達(dá)疑問，故改為whichever。] 5．It doesn't matter how many times you fail;that matters is how many times you stand up and try again.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：你失敗多少次都不要緊；要緊的是你有多少次站起來并再次嘗試。分析句子成分可知，“that matters”是主語從句，從句中缺少主語，指物，故用what引導(dǎo)。that不作成分。]

6．We have learned from the story that which is most valuable is not what we have in our lives but who we have in our lives.________________________________________________________ 答案 which→what [“which is most valuable”是主語從句，在賓語從句中作主語，根據(jù)語境可知，該主語從句缺少主語且表示事物，故用what。which指某一范圍中的哪個或哪些。] 7．It was never clear that the man hadn't reported the accident sooner.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→why [句意：不清楚這個人為什么不早一點報告那起事故。此處需要連接副詞引導(dǎo)主語從句并在從句中作原因狀語，why表示“為什么……”。故把that改為why。] 8．—The manager finally agreed to our new marketing proposals.—It never occurred to me what you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [答句表示“我根本就沒想到你能說服他改變自己的看法”，句中It作形式主語，這里應(yīng)該用that引導(dǎo)主語從句，連接詞在從句中不作任何成份，也無意義。故把what改為that。]

考點二 賓語從句

基礎(chǔ)點

在句中起賓語作用的從句稱為賓語從句(Object Clause)。賓語從句可分為三類：動詞后的賓語從句、介詞后的賓語從句、形容詞后的賓語從句。賓語從句的連接詞

I think(that)you should turn to the teacher for help.我認(rèn)為你應(yīng)該向老師求助。I wonder whether/if it is true.我想知道它是否是真的。

I wonder what I can do for you.我不知道能為你做些什么。

He didn't tell me when we would meet again.他沒告訴我什么時候我們再相見。

Could you please show me how you operate the machine? 你能給我展示一下如何操作這臺機(jī)器嗎？

I don't know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該信任誰。

典例1 Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt ________he could have expressed it differently.[答案] that 句意：杰瑞不后悔給出評論，但是覺得自己本來可以用不同的方式來表達(dá)的。從句that he could have expressed it differently作felt的賓語，連接詞that在從句中不作成分。故填that。

特別提醒

that引導(dǎo)賓語從句時，常被省去，但下列情況下不能省略：①當(dāng)that從句作介詞的賓語時；②動詞后跟有多個that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句時，只有第一個that可以省略，引導(dǎo)第二個和以后幾個從句的that不可省略；③賓語從句前有插入語時；④that引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時。

I know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside.除了他來自鄉(xiāng)下以外，我對他一無所知。

He said(that)he liked rain very much and that he wouldn't use an umbrella when it was raining.他說他非常喜歡雨，下雨天他都不愿打傘。

We hope, on the contrary, that he will stay at home with us.恰恰相反，我們希望他和我們待在家里。That our team will win, I believe.我相信我們隊會贏。

一般來說，能引導(dǎo)主語從句的連接詞都能引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

表疑問的賓語從句需要運用陳述句語序，但個別賓語從句本應(yīng)運用陳述語序，但由于習(xí)慣而仍保持原疑問語序不變。

I don't know what is the matter with the machine.我不知道這臺機(jī)器怎么了。2 動詞后接賓語從句的用法

(1)大多數(shù)及物動詞及動詞短語后可接賓語從句。

We should keep in mind that there is no short cut to learning.我們應(yīng)當(dāng)牢記，學(xué)習(xí)是沒有捷徑的。(2)用it作形式賓語的賓語從句。

一些動詞后的賓語從句有賓語補足語時，則需要用it作形式賓語，而將that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句后置。常見的這類動詞有：

find發(fā)現(xiàn)

feel感覺

think認(rèn)為 consider考慮 believe相信 guess猜測 suppose假定，設(shè)想 make使得

I think it necessary that we drink plenty of boiled water every day.我認(rèn)為我們每天喝大量開水是有必要的。

The teacher made it a rule that all the cleaning should be finished before 7：30 every morning.老師規(guī)定每天早晨7：30之前所有的清掃工作必須結(jié)束。

(3)動詞hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜歡”，“厭惡”的動詞以及一些動詞短語see to, depend on, rely on等常用it作形式賓語，而將賓語從句后置。

I hate it_when they talk with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話。

I would appreciate it_if you can help me.如果你能幫助我，我將不勝感激。

典例2 You can always rely on________Jack says, as he never tells a lie.[答案] what 句意：你完全可以相信杰克的話，因為他從不說謊。what引導(dǎo)賓語從句作rely on的賓語，what在從句中作says的賓語。介詞后接賓語從句的用法

(1)一般情況下介詞后只能接wh-類連接詞引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。He'll talk to us about what he saw in the USA.他將給我們講述他在美國的見聞。

典例3 When she was awake, she found that she was standing on________seemed to be a piece of stone.[答案] what 句意：當(dāng)她醒來時，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己好像正站在一塊石頭上。stand on后接賓語從句，賓語從句缺少引導(dǎo)詞和主語，what在賓語從句中作主語，that引導(dǎo)的從句一般不作介詞賓語。故填what。

(2)in, but, except 等少數(shù)幾個介詞后可接由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，但此時介詞和that已形成固定搭配，即in that因為，but that要不是，except that除了。

The high income tax is harmful in_that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得稅很高是有害的，因為它可能使人不愿意多賺錢。He would have failed but_that you helped him.若不是你幫助他，他會失敗的。(but that意為“若不是，要不是”)4 形容詞后接賓語從句的用法

(1)表示情感的形容詞后可接賓語從句，如：afraid, certain, glad, pleased, sure, surprised, sorry, happy, confident, anxious, aware, convinced, determined, proud, worried, thankful, ashamed, annoyed, disappointed, hurt, content等。

I'm very pleased that all of your family will come.我很高興你們?nèi)叶紩怼?/p>

I'm sure that they'll make it in spite of the terrible weather.我確信盡管天氣很不好，但他們會準(zhǔn)時到達(dá)的。

(2)sure后賓語從句的連接詞that, whether, if的選擇。

當(dāng)be sure用于肯定句時，其后的賓語從句的連接詞常用that；當(dāng)be sure用于否定

句時，其后的賓語從句的連接詞常用whether或if。

Are you sure that I won't bother you if I sit beside you? 你確定我坐在你旁邊不會打擾你嗎？

I am not sure whether I should write to him or not.我不確定要不要給他寫信。

重難點 賓語從句的時態(tài)

(1)主句的謂語動詞如果是一般現(xiàn)在時或一般將來時，從句的謂語動詞可用任何所需要的時態(tài)。

He says that he studies at school from Monday to Friday.他說他從周一至周五都在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)。

He will tell us what happened to him during our absence.他會告訴我們我們不在的期間他出了什么事的。

(2)主句的謂語動詞是一般過去時時，從句的謂語動詞要用相應(yīng)的過去時態(tài)。The boy said that there were no classes on Sunday afternoon.那個男孩說周日下午沒有課。

My Chinese teacher asked me if I was reading the book Red and Black when he came in.我的語文老師問我他進(jìn)來時我是否在讀《紅與黑》這本書。

(3)如果從句表示客觀事實或真理，不管主句的謂語動詞是何種時態(tài)，從句都要用一般現(xiàn)在時。

As a child, I was told that the moon has no light of its own.I didn't believe it.孩提時，人們告訴我月亮自身不會發(fā)光，我不相信。

特別提醒

學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句的時態(tài)的有關(guān)知識時要注意：若主句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的謂語動詞須根據(jù)需要選用相應(yīng)的時態(tài)；若主句的謂語動詞用一般過去時，則從句的謂語動詞也應(yīng)用過去的某種時態(tài)(一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去完成時、過去將來時)；若從句的內(nèi)容為客觀事實、格言、諺語、真理等，從句的謂語動詞的時態(tài)不受動詞時態(tài)一致性原則的限制，仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時；若從句的內(nèi)容為歷史事實，從句的謂語動詞用一般過去時。賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移

(1)主句主語是第一人稱，謂語動詞think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess等后面的賓語從句中的否定詞要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定形式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定形式。

I don't_think I can remember the 100 words within two hours.我想我不能在兩小時內(nèi)記住這100個單詞。I don't_suppose that he likes it.我想他不喜歡它。

(2)含有否定轉(zhuǎn)移的句子變反意疑問句時有兩種情況：若主句主語是第一人稱，簡短問

句的主語和謂語應(yīng)分別與賓語從句的主語和謂語保持一致；若主句主語不是第一人稱，簡短問句的主語和謂語應(yīng)分別與主句的主語和謂語保持一致。

I don't_think(that)he is interested in that thing, is he? 我認(rèn)為他對那件事不感興趣，是嗎？

You don't_imagine he passed the exam, do you? 你認(rèn)為他沒有通過這次考試，是嗎？

“I don't think/believe/suppose/expect so.”是常見的表達(dá)，但是沒有“I don't hope/guess so.”，正確的表達(dá)應(yīng)為“I hope/guess not.”。

[考法綜述] 考查賓語從句主要集中在對引導(dǎo)賓語從句的各引導(dǎo)詞的考查上，以及it作形式賓語的賓語從句的考查。

命題法 考查賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

典例1 I truly believe ________beauty comes from within.[答案] that 句意：我真的相信美是發(fā)自內(nèi)心的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，________beauty comes from within在句中作believe的賓語，是賓語從句，不缺少句子成分，故填that。

典例2 As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly what thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→how 根據(jù)語境和形容詞thick可知應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示程度。此處表示要弄清楚到底土坯房的墻需要“多”厚。故把what改為how。

【解題法】(1)分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，找出主句謂語，判斷從句類別。掌握各引導(dǎo)詞在意義、功能上的差別。

(2)在語篇型語法填空中，要分析設(shè)空處在從句中的成分和意義，結(jié)合整個主句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義，從而找到合適的引導(dǎo)詞。

(3)在短文改錯中，先分析主句結(jié)構(gòu)，再分析從句的類別，熟記各引導(dǎo)詞的特點，找出使用錯誤的引導(dǎo)詞，并改正。

A．單句填空

1．The exhibition tells us ________we should do something to stop air pollution.答案 why [句意：該展覽告訴我們?yōu)槭裁次覀円扇〈胧┳柚箍諝馕廴?。根?jù)句意以及句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處用why引導(dǎo)賓語從句。] 2．—I wonder ________Mary has kept her figure after all these years.—By working out every day.答案 how [根據(jù)答語“By working out every day”可知，空格處用how 來引導(dǎo)賓語從句，表示方式。] 3．Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for________ Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.答案 what [句意：讀著她的自傳，我對Doris Lessing 在文學(xué)上已經(jīng)取得的成就贊嘆不已。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷，for后接一個賓語從句，而從句中缺少賓語，所以要用what。] 4．We must find out________Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.答案 when [句意：我們一定要搞清楚Karl什么時候來，以便我們給他訂房間。由句意可知，要給Karl訂房間，那么就要清楚他來這里的時間，故填when。] 5．Susan made it clear to me ________ she wished to make a new life for herself.答案 that [句意：蘇珊清楚地向我表明，她希望自己開始一種新的生活。it為形式賓語，設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)的賓語從句為真正的賓語。從句結(jié)構(gòu)和句意完整，故用that。] 6．After a long journey, those young men finally reached ________they called the paradise.答案 what [句意：長途跋涉后，這些年輕人最終到達(dá)了他們稱之為天堂的地方。“________they called the paradise”是賓語從句，作reach的賓語，在從句中call缺賓語，故用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句同時作從句中call的賓語。] 7．The 3G cellphone must be of great use and convenience to________wants to get the information through the Internet quickly.答案 whoever [句意：3G手機(jī)對于那些想要快速瀏覽網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲取信息的人來說一定是非常方便實用的。whoever引導(dǎo)賓語從句作介詞to的賓語，且whoever在從句中作主語，相當(dāng)于anyone who。] 8．John seemed puzzled about________the question meant.答案 what [句意：John 對這個問題意味著什么感到很迷惑。根據(jù)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)判斷，about后接的是一個賓語從句，而從句中meant缺少賓語，所以填what。] 9．Mom often phones me, asking________I am getting along with my studies.答案 how [句意：母親常給我打電話，問我學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展如何。此處asking 后為賓語從句，根據(jù)句意可知，應(yīng)填how。] 10．Are you sure________Mr Li will come to your birthday party? 答案 that [句意：你確定李先生要來參加你的生日晚會嗎？空處引導(dǎo)賓語從句，且在從句中不作成分，故用that引導(dǎo)。] B．單句改錯

1．It is difficult for us to imagine that life was like for slaves in the ancient world.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：對我們來說很難想象在古代奴隸的生活是什么樣子的。What...be like為固定形式，表示“……是什么樣子”。what引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作imagine的賓語，同時what在賓語從句中作介詞like的賓語。] 2．Pick yourself up.Courage is doing that you're afraid to do.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→what [句意：振作起來。勇氣就是做你害怕要去做的。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，doing后為賓語從句，從句中缺少賓語，故用what。that在名詞性從句中不作成分。] 3．Police have found where appears to be the lost ancient statue.________________________________________________________ 答案 where→what [句意：警察已經(jīng)找到了與丟失的古代的雕像類似的東西。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，用what引導(dǎo)賓語從句，并在從句中作主語。where是副詞，不作主語。] 4．Experts believe why people can waste less food by shopping only when it is necessary.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意：專家們相信，人們只有在必要時才去購物就能減少食物浪費。根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，believe后面要求接賓語從句，而且從句中不缺句子成分，也無意義，所以用that。] 5．Some people care much about their appearance and always ask if they look fine in which they are wearing.________________________________________________________

答案 which→what [句意：有些人太過在意自己的外表，總是問(別人)自己穿在身上的衣服看起來是否不錯。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，再結(jié)合句意“他們所穿的衣服”應(yīng)使用連詞what引導(dǎo)這一賓語從句，what在從句中作wear的賓語，指代人穿的衣服。which在引導(dǎo)名詞從句時意為“哪一個”，不合題意，故把which改為what。] 6．Only when you go to New York City in person will you realize what diverse the American culture is.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意：只有當(dāng)你親自來到紐約時，你才會意識到美國文化是多么不同。根據(jù)how＋adj./adv.＋主語＋其他部分可知，應(yīng)用how。故把what改為how。] 7．The bride and groom gave who attended their wedding some gifts to share their happiness.________________________________________________________ 答案 who→whoever [句意：新郎和新娘給任何一個參加他們婚禮的人發(fā)禮物以分享他們的幸福。分析句子成分可知，“who attended their wedding”是賓語從句，從句中缺少主語，故用whoever，意為“無論誰”，而who意為“誰”，表疑問。] 8．—Dad, I want to go out for dinner with my friends tonight.—Keep in mind when you have to be home by 9：00.________________________________________________________ 答案 when→that [句意：——爸爸，今晚我想和朋友們一起出去吃飯?！涀∧?點前必須回家。keep in mind that...是習(xí)慣用語，意為“記住……”，其中that引導(dǎo)的從句作keep的賓語。故把when改為that。] 9．This still leaves the question of that local public services should be improved in the next five years.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→how [句意：未來五年地方公共服務(wù)應(yīng)該如何改進(jìn)的問題仍然遺留下來。應(yīng)用how引導(dǎo)的從句作介詞of的賓語，且how在從句中作方式狀語。how意為“如何”，that無意義。故把that改為how。] 10．He seems too tired today, and I wonder that he got a good sleep last night.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→if/whether [句意：他今天似乎太累了，我想知道他昨天晚上是否睡得好。賓語從句表示是否，動詞后可用if或whether, that無意義，故把that改為if/whether。]

考點三 表語從句和同位語從句

基礎(chǔ)點

一、表語從句

在句子中作表語的從句稱為表語從句(Predicative Clause)。引導(dǎo)表語從句的連接詞主要有：從屬連詞that, whether;連接代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever等；連接副詞when, where, why, how等。此外，表語從句還可用because和as if/as though等連接詞引導(dǎo)。表語從句的連接詞

從屬連詞在句中只起連接作用，不作成分；連接代詞在從句中作主語、賓語、表語或定語；連接副詞在從句中作狀語。

從屬連詞：that，whether 連接代詞：what，who，whose，which，whatever，whoever，whosever，whichever等

連接副詞：how，when，where，why等

The question is whether you can afford it.問題是你是否買得起。

Our plan is that we'll go there once a week.我們的計劃是一周去那里一次。That's what he said.那就是他說的話。

Your big opportunity is right where you are now.好機(jī)會就在你眼前。

特別提醒

if不引導(dǎo)表語從句；that引導(dǎo)表語從句一般不省略。

典例1 —When choosing furniture, you only focus on function while I think more about the design.—That's ________we differ.[答案] where 句意：——在選擇家具時，你只注重功能而我更注重設(shè)計?！钦俏覀儾煌牡胤??？疾楸碚Z從句。where在從句中作狀語。as if/as though引導(dǎo)的表語從句

此類表語從句可用陳述語氣，也可用虛擬語氣，常跟在一些連系動詞后面，如： seem似乎

look看起來

taste嘗起來 sound聽起來 feel摸起來 appear好像

It seemed as_though it had happened yesterday.那件事好像昨天發(fā)生的一樣。

It looks as_if it is going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。

特別提醒

as if/as though意為“好像，仿佛”，其引導(dǎo)的表語從句常位于系動詞(如seem, appear, look, taste, sound, feel, smell等)之后。若表語從句所述的是非真實的情況，從句用虛擬語氣；若從句所述的是事實或是極有可能發(fā)生的情況，從句用陳述語氣?？忌屑?xì)體會其中的語境差別。

I felt as_if we had_known each other for years.我感覺好像我們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識多年了。

She looks as_if she has_been_working hard for a long time.她看起來好像努力工作了很長時間。3 because, why也可引導(dǎo)表語從句

because引導(dǎo)的表語從句，主語不能是reason或cause。常用于以下句型： This/That is why...這/那是……的原因 This/That is because...這/那是因為……

This is why we missed the early bus.這就是我們錯過了早班車的原因。That's because he is ill.那是因為他生病了。

特別提醒

當(dāng)主句的主語是reason時，表語從句一般用that引導(dǎo)，不能用why或because，這種用法常見于以下句型：

The reason why...is that...……的原因是……

The reason why he came late was that he got up late.他來晚了是因為起床晚了。

二、同位語從句 在句中作同位語的從句，稱作同位語從句。同位語從句常位于下列名詞之后，如： advice建議

demand要求

doubt懷疑 fact事實 hope希望 idea主意

information信息 message消息 news消息 whisper低語 order命令 problem問題 promise諾言 question問題 request請求 suggestion建議 truth事實 wish愿望 word消息 conclusion結(jié)論 thought想法

The_news_that we won the game was exciting.我們贏得這場比賽的消息令人激動。

The_suggestion_that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman.采納新規(guī)則的建議是主席提出的。

I have no_idea_when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他們什么時候回來定居。2 同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞

(1)常用的引導(dǎo)詞有：that, whether, why, who, where, how, when等。if一般不引導(dǎo)同位語從句

在同位語從句中that, whether不作成分，whether表示“是否”，其他連接詞具有實義，同時在同位語從句中作一定成分。引導(dǎo)同位語從句的連接詞一般都不省略。

The_fact_that some countries are still suffering from poverty is really a great problem to the world.有一些國家仍然貧窮對整個世界來說是一個大問題。

The_question_why so many people would choose to live in the countryside is still under discussion.為什么如此之多的人愿意到鄉(xiāng)下去居住仍然在討論中。

典例2 I made a promise to myself________this year, my first year in high school, would be different.[答案] that 句意：我向自己保證：今年——我高中的第一年——將會是不同尋常的一年。分析句意可知，空格處引導(dǎo)的是同位語從句，解釋說明promise的內(nèi)容，并且此從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整，故用that引導(dǎo)。

(2)what也可引導(dǎo)同位語從句

I gave the girl a big doll, exactly what she longed to have.我給了這個女孩一個大洋娃娃，那正是她渴望擁有的東西。(3)分隔式同位語從句

有時同位語從句的謂語較短，而從句內(nèi)容較長，這時為避免“頭重腳輕”，常常將謂語部分提到從句前面，形成分隔式同位語從句。

My_wish will come true one day that I should buy a big house for my parents.我要給父母買一間大房子的愿望終有一天會實現(xiàn)的。

典例3 The notice came around two in the afternoon________the meeting would be postponed.[答案] that 句意：下午兩點左右，有人通知說會議要推遲了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，“________the meeting would be postponed”是同位語從句，該從句解釋說明notice的具體內(nèi)容，從句不缺少成分，所以用that引導(dǎo)。此處謂語較短，從句較長，為避免“頭重腳輕”而將從句放在了謂語部分之后，形成了分隔式同位語從句。故填that。

重難點 后邊不能直接跟that從句的動詞

這類動詞有allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。

(√)I admire their winning the match.我羨慕他們贏了比賽。

(×)I admire that they won the match.2 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞

有些動詞不可用于“動詞＋間接賓語＋that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。

(√)He impressed the manager as an honest man.他給經(jīng)理的印象是個誠實人。

(×)He impressed the manager that he was an honest man.3 wh-與wh-ever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的區(qū)別

連接詞what, which, who分別表示“……的東西或事情”、“哪一個”、“誰”，表示疑問含義；而whatever, whichever, whoever分別相當(dāng)于anything that, any...that, anyone who意為“無論……”，強(qiáng)調(diào)一切情況。試比較：

What you choose to wear should be clean.你選擇穿的衣服應(yīng)該是干凈的。

Whatever you choose to wear should be clean.無論你選擇穿什么，你的衣服應(yīng)該是干凈的。

特別提醒

如何判斷是用wh-還是用wh-ever引導(dǎo)名詞性從句？

做題時，我們要認(rèn)真分析語境，看看句子要表達(dá)什么意思，如果表示任何一個人或事物，無范圍可言，就用wh-ever；如果有疑問的含義，且指的是具體的人或物，就用wh-。wh-ever和no matter wh-的區(qū)別

wh-ever既可以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，又可以引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，如：whatever, whichever, whoever等；而no matter wh-只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，如：no matter what, no matter where, no matter who等。

I will give this dictionary to whoever can win the first prize in the English

contest.我將把這本字典贈給在英語比賽中獲得一等獎的人。(賓語從句)Whoever/No_matter_who can win the first prize in the English contest, I will give this dictionary to him.不管誰在英語競賽中獲得一等獎，我都會把這本字典給他。(讓步狀語從句)

[考法綜述](1)對表語從句的考查通常是以引導(dǎo)詞的選擇為主，所以正確分析表語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)重要。先確定從句的結(jié)構(gòu)和意義是否完整，如果完整就用that，且that不能省略；如果不完整，確定所缺成分，然后結(jié)合句意選定答案。弄清從句中的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的也很重要。如果從句中的謂語是不及物動詞，那么后面的部分是狀語，再根據(jù)缺少的意思來選定答案。

(2)解答考查同位語從句的題目時，一定先要找出從句解釋說明的那個名詞，然后根據(jù)從句的意思和從句的結(jié)構(gòu)判斷從句所缺的引導(dǎo)詞：

①從句意思和成分都完整就用that引導(dǎo)，此時要注意that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句和定語從句的區(qū)別。

②從句成分完整，但意思不完整，就用whether(是否)，切記此時不能用if代替whether。③從句缺少主語、賓語、表語或定語，則應(yīng)用連接代詞。根據(jù)句子所要表達(dá)的意思進(jìn)一步選擇用哪一個連接代詞。

④從句缺少地點狀語、時間狀語、方式狀語或原因狀語時，則分別用連接副詞where, when, how, why。

命題法1 考查表語從句

典例1 A ship in harbor is safe, but that's not ________ ships are built for.[答案] what 句意：船泊港灣固然安全，可那不是造船的初衷。but連接的并列句中that's后應(yīng)為表語從句，________ ships are built for表示為什么目的而造船，what for結(jié)構(gòu)與句子意思相符。

典例2 As John Lennon once said, life is that happens to you while you are busy making other plans.________________________________________________________ [答案] that→what 句意：正如約翰·列儂曾經(jīng)所說，生活就是在你忙于制訂其他計劃的時候發(fā)生在你身上的事情。此處引導(dǎo)表語從句并在從句中充當(dāng)主語，把that改為what。

【解題法】 表語從句的解題思路

(1)找出主句的動詞、系動詞之后，為表語從句分析從句意義和結(jié)構(gòu)，利用各引導(dǎo)詞的特點。

(2)在語篇型語法填空中，主要考查引導(dǎo)詞。找出空前的系動詞確定是表語從句，分析所填詞在從句中的成分和意義。

(3)在短文改錯中，主要考查引導(dǎo)詞的錯用、漏用和多余。掌握that與what的區(qū)別，以及who與whoever等詞的區(qū)別。分析句子成分，結(jié)合句意。

命題法2 考查同位語從句

典例3 —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it;that's one of his favorite universities.[答案] why 句意：——邁克昨天真的拒絕了耶魯大學(xué)的錄取嗎？——是的，可我不知道他為什么那么做；那是他最喜歡的大學(xué)之一。設(shè)空處引導(dǎo)同位語從句，用于解釋說明idea的內(nèi)容；從句中缺少狀語，根據(jù)句意此處表示原因，故用why引導(dǎo)。

典例4 The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief what you are better than anyone else on the sports field.________________________________________________________ [答案] what→that [句意：成功達(dá)到最高水平的唯一辦法是保持這樣一種信念，即你比運動場上的任何一個人都好。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知。此處為同位語從句，而且從句結(jié)構(gòu)和意義完整，所以用that。] 【解題法】 同位語從句的解題思路

(1)掌握常跟同位語從句的一些名詞如suggestion, advice, hope等，了解同位語從句的功能。

(2)在語篇型語法填空中，主要是考查引導(dǎo)詞。同位語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that較多見，也會考到when, where等。分析主句結(jié)構(gòu)，識別關(guān)鍵詞，判斷從句種類。

(3)在短文改錯中，主要考查引導(dǎo)詞的誤用、漏用和多余。考生要根據(jù)主句結(jié)構(gòu)挑出從句，如從句表示陳述意義，常用that引導(dǎo)，表疑問常用疑問詞引導(dǎo)。

A．單句填空

1．The best moment for the football star was ________he scored the winning goal.答案 when [句意：對這個足球明星來說，進(jìn)球得分的時刻是最好的時刻。when在表語從句中表時間。] 2．“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.”This is ________my mother used to tell me.答案 what [句意：“每次你吃甜東西，喝點綠茶?！边@是過去媽媽經(jīng)常對我說的話。分析結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處考查的是表語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。從句缺少tell的直接賓語，用what引導(dǎo)。] 3．—What a mess!You are always so lazy!—I'm not to blame, mum.I am________you have made me.答案 what [句意：——真是一團(tuán)糟！你總是這么懶惰！——媽媽，別怪我。我現(xiàn)在這樣就是你造就的呀。分析成分可知，I am后是表語從句，引導(dǎo)詞what在從句中作made me后的賓語補足語，相當(dāng)于the one that，即I am the one that you have made me。類似例子還有：He is no longer what(＝the one that)he used to be。] 4．Grandma pointed to the hospital and said, “That's________I was born.” 答案 where [句意：奶奶指著那個醫(yī)院說：“那就是我出生的地方?！贝颂幙疾榈氖敲~性從句中的表語從句。] 5．Courage is a kind of quality ——and that's ________it takes to face the

challenges in life.答案 what [句意：勇氣是一種好品質(zhì)，那就是面對生活中挑戰(zhàn)所需要的品質(zhì)。that's 后為表語從句，而且引導(dǎo)詞作從句中takes的賓語。故應(yīng)填what。] 6．Faced with difficulties, you should believe your confidence is ________makes a difference.答案 what [句意：面對困難，你應(yīng)該相信你的自信會起很大作用。make a difference意為“起作用，有影響”；本句中“________makes a difference”是表語從句，因為從句缺主語，故用what。] 7．Don't be sad.The most important thing is ________we must learn from our mistakes and move on.答案 that [句意：不要難過，最重要的是我們必須從錯誤中吸取教訓(xùn)，并繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。表語從句不缺任何成分，故填that。] 8．I'm afraid he is more of a talker than a doer, which is ________he never finishes anything.答案 why [句意：我覺得他說得多做得少，這就是他從來沒有完成任何事情的原因。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，指代前面整個句子的內(nèi)容；在定語從句中，空處引導(dǎo)表語從句，再結(jié)合句意可知應(yīng)填why。] 9．The message of Saving Private Ryan is ________humans want peace, not war.答案 that [句意：《拯救大兵瑞恩》傳達(dá)的信息是人們想要和平而不是戰(zhàn)爭。此處為表語從句，從句不缺少成分，所以用that引導(dǎo)。] B．單句改錯

1．From space, the earth looks blue.This is why about seventy-one percent of its surface is covered by water.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→because [句意：從太空看，地球是藍(lán)色的。這是因為地球表面大約有71%的區(qū)域被水覆蓋。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為表語從句，表示原因，故用because。because后加原因，why后加結(jié)果。因此把why改為because。] 2．Evidence has been found through years of study why children's early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.________________________________________________________ 答案 why→that [句意：通過數(shù)年的研究，兒童早期睡眠問題長大后有可能繼續(xù)的證據(jù)已經(jīng)被找到了。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格后面的部分是解釋說明evidence的內(nèi)容，是evidence的同位語從句，引導(dǎo)詞在從句中不作任何成分，故把why改為that。] 3．Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is what she expects to be successful all the time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意：如果能稱之為問題的話，她唯一的問題是她一直想成功。引導(dǎo)表語從句，從句中不缺少任何成分，故用that引導(dǎo)。] 4．The problem is what we can improve our reading skill in such a short time.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→how [句意：問題是我們?nèi)绾卧谶@么短的時間內(nèi)提高我們的閱讀技能。分析句子成分并結(jié)合句意可知，這里需要用連接副詞how來引導(dǎo)表語從句。] 5．There is still some doubt that the system will work even though all the factors have been considered.________________________________________________________ 答案 that→whether [句意：即使所有的因素都考慮了，系統(tǒng)是否會運轉(zhuǎn)仍有些疑問。whether引導(dǎo)同位語從句，作doubt的同位語，whether表示“是否”。] 6．People all over the world have a dream whether they will always live a peaceful life.________________________________________________________ 答案 whether→that [句意：全世界的人民都有一個夢想，即永遠(yuǎn)過著和平的生活。此處為同位語從句，解釋名詞dream的內(nèi)容，因為從句中不缺少成分且意義完整，所以用that引導(dǎo)。] 7．The expert's argument what the increasing number of cars is the main cause of the rising PM 2.5 readings has got much support from the public.________________________________________________________ 答案 what→that [句意：這個專家的爭論已經(jīng)得到了來自公眾的大力支持，爭論圍繞汽車數(shù)量的增加是PM2.5值上升的主要原因。此處為同位語從句，解釋說明argument的內(nèi)容，因從句不缺少成分，且句意完整，所以使用that引導(dǎo)。]

易錯題一：名詞性從句中連接詞的誤用

[例1] ________ surprised me most was to see some of the village people seated on the benches at the end of the room.[錯解] It/That/Who [錯因分析] 此處缺少主語，因此考生容易誤用It, That, Who, Which等。[答案] What [心得體會]

[例2] I have no idea ________ he will come here or not this afternoon, for he is very busy at the present time.[錯解] which/that/if [錯因分析] 該題貌似定語從句，考生易誤填which/that。此外，一些考生也許一看到后面的“or not”容易誤填if。根據(jù)語意可知，idea后面接一個同位語從句，該從句是

對idea的解釋說明，且由后面的“or not”可知應(yīng)用whether。if不能引導(dǎo)同位語從句。

[答案] whether [心得體會]

易錯題二：漏用關(guān)系詞

[例] She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood ________ ________ he said meant.[錯解] that;what [錯因分析] 許多同學(xué)一看便判斷出understood后為賓語從句，第一空誤填that;第二個空認(rèn)為said后缺賓語，填what。

[答案] what;what [心得體會]

易錯題三：名詞性從句中用it作形式主語或賓語

[例] ________has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to

protect you against serious illnesses in later life.[錯解] What [錯因分析] 考生誤認(rèn)為此空引導(dǎo)主語從句，缺少主語，誤填What。[答案] It [心得體會]

第四篇：高考生物一輪復(fù)習(xí)動物細(xì)胞工程教學(xué)案

山東省淄博市淄川般陽中學(xué)2014高考生物一輪復(fù)習(xí)動物細(xì)胞工程

教學(xué)案

【課標(biāo)要求】

1．簡述動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的過程、條件及應(yīng)用。2．比較動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與植物組織培養(yǎng)區(qū)別。

3．簡述通過動物體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)克隆動物的過程和應(yīng)用前景。【本節(jié)重難點】

1．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的過程、條件。

2．用動物體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)克隆動物的過程。【學(xué)習(xí)過程】

一、動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)

1．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的概念：

從動物機(jī)體中取出相關(guān)的組織，將它

，然后，放在適宜的培養(yǎng)基中，讓這些細(xì)胞

和。

2．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的過程

3．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的條件

①無

、無

的環(huán)境

a．對

和

進(jìn)行無菌處理； b．添加一定量的 ； c．定期

。②營養(yǎng)

有

等，另外還需要加入

等一些天然成分。

③

和

哺乳動物多以

℃為宜，多數(shù)細(xì)胞生存的最適pH為

。④

環(huán)境

細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)所需氣體主要有

和

，是細(xì)胞代謝所必需的，CO2的主要作用是維持培養(yǎng)液的。

進(jìn)行細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)時，通常采用

或

培養(yǎng)瓶，將其置于含

加

的混合氣體的培養(yǎng)箱中進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)。4．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用

①大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)有重要價值的； 如：病毒疫苗、干擾素、單克隆抗體。②為

技術(shù)提供受體細(xì)胞； ③檢測

；

④用于生理、病理、藥理等方面的。

如用于篩選抗癌藥物等，為治療和預(yù)防癌癥及其他疾病提供理論依據(jù)。

二、動物體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)和克隆動物 1．動物核移植技術(shù)概念：

將動物一個細(xì)胞的，移入一個已經(jīng)的細(xì)胞中，使其

并發(fā)育成一個新的，這個新的胚胎最終發(fā)育成動物

（克隆動物）。

2．動物細(xì)胞核移植的原理： 動物細(xì)胞核的性。3．動物細(xì)胞核移植的種類：

①

細(xì)胞核移植（分化程度低，恢復(fù)其全能性相對容易）②

細(xì)胞核移植（分化程度高，恢復(fù)其全能性相對困難）4．體細(xì)胞核移植的過程：

5．體細(xì)胞核移植技術(shù)的應(yīng)用前景：

①在畜牧生產(chǎn)中，可以

； ②保護(hù)

；

③在醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域，轉(zhuǎn)基因克隆動物可作為

，生產(chǎn)許多珍貴的醫(yī)用蛋白；轉(zhuǎn)基因克隆動物的細(xì)胞、組織器官可以作為

；人的核移植胚胎干細(xì)胞經(jīng)過誘導(dǎo)分化形成相應(yīng)的組織、器官，可用于組織器官的。

④研究克隆動物和克隆細(xì)胞可使人類更深入地了解

及

過程；用克隆動物作

，能使人們更好的追蹤研究疾病的發(fā)展過程及治療疾病?！眷柟叹毩?xí)】

1．下列有關(guān)動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的敘述中正確的是

（）A．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的目的是獲得大量的細(xì)胞分泌蛋白 B．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)前要用胰蛋白酶使細(xì)胞分散

C．細(xì)胞的癌變發(fā)生于原代培養(yǎng)向傳代培養(yǎng)的過渡過程中 D．培養(yǎng)至50代后的傳代細(xì)胞稱為細(xì)胞株

2．一般來說，動物細(xì)胞體外培養(yǎng)需要滿足以下條件

（）①無毒的環(huán)境 ②無菌的環(huán)境 ③合成培養(yǎng)基需加血漿

④溫度與動物體溫相近⑤需要O2，不需要CO2 ⑥CO2能調(diào)培養(yǎng)液pH A．①②③④⑤⑥

B．①②③④

C．①③④⑤⑥

D．①②③④⑥

3．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)與植物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的重要區(qū)別在于

（）

A．培養(yǎng)基不同；

B．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)不需要在無菌條件下進(jìn)行； C．動物細(xì)胞可以傳代培養(yǎng)，而植物細(xì)胞不能；

D．動物細(xì)胞能夠大量培養(yǎng)，而植物細(xì)胞只能培養(yǎng)成植株。

4．一只羊的卵細(xì)胞核被另一只羊的體細(xì)胞核置換后，這個卵細(xì)胞經(jīng)過多次分裂，再植入第三只羊的子宮內(nèi)發(fā)育，結(jié)果產(chǎn)下一只羊羔。這種克隆技術(shù)具有多種用途，但是不能

（）

A．有選擇地繁殖某一性別的家畜

B．繁殖家畜中的優(yōu)秀個體 C．用于保存物種

D．改變物種的基因型

5．從母羊甲的體細(xì)胞中取出細(xì)胞核，注入到母羊乙去掉核的卵細(xì)胞中，融合后的細(xì)胞形成早期胚胎，再植入到另一只母羊丙的子宮內(nèi)，出生小羊的大多數(shù)性狀（）A．難以預(yù)測

B．像甲

C．像乙

D．像丙 6．在進(jìn)行動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)時，通常選用的培養(yǎng)材料是

（）A．衰老退化的動物組織細(xì)胞

B．成熟動物個體的體細(xì)胞

C．動物的受精卵細(xì)胞

D．動物胚胎或幼齡動物個體的細(xì)胞 7．下列關(guān)于動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的敘述中，錯誤的是

（）A．用于培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞大多取自胚胎或幼齡動物的器官或組織 B．將所取的組織先用胰蛋白酶等進(jìn)行處理使其分散成單個細(xì)胞 C．在培養(yǎng)瓶中要定期用胰蛋白酶使細(xì)胞從瓶壁上脫離，制成懸浮液 D．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)只能傳50代左右，所培養(yǎng)的細(xì)胞都衰老死亡

8．在動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)過程中，使用胰蛋白酶的目的是

（）A．使動物組織分散為單個細(xì)胞進(jìn)行培養(yǎng)

B．去掉細(xì)胞壁成為原生質(zhì)體 C．去掉細(xì)胞膜暴露出原生質(zhì)體便于細(xì)胞融合 D．促進(jìn)蛋白質(zhì)水解為多肽

9．離體的植物組織或細(xì)胞在適當(dāng)培養(yǎng)條件下發(fā)育成完整的植株，離體動物體細(xì)胞卻沒有發(fā)育成動物的成熟個體，原因是

（）A．動物細(xì)胞內(nèi)沒有成套的遺傳物質(zhì)

B．動物細(xì)胞的全能性隨分化程度提高而受到限制，分化潛能變?nèi)?C．動物細(xì)胞的細(xì)胞核太小

D．動物細(xì)胞的全能性低于植物細(xì)胞 10．用于動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的組織和細(xì)胞大都取自胚胎或出生不久的幼齡動物的器官或組織，其主要原因是這樣的組織細(xì)胞

（）A．容易產(chǎn)生各種變異

B．具有更強(qiáng)的全能性 C．取材十分方便

D．分裂增殖的能力強(qiáng)

11．為了使用于培養(yǎng)的動物組織細(xì)胞分散開以便配制成一定濃度的細(xì)胞懸浮液，選取來的動物組織應(yīng)先用下列哪種物質(zhì)處理

（）A．胃蛋白酶

B．胰蛋白酶

C．鹽酸

D．胰脂肪酶

12．用動、植物的體細(xì)胞進(jìn)行離體培養(yǎng)，下列敘述正確的是

（）A．CO2培養(yǎng)箱

B．都須用液體培養(yǎng)基

C．都要在無菌條件下進(jìn)行

D．都可體現(xiàn)細(xì)胞的全能性 13．在動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)中有部分細(xì)胞可以在培養(yǎng)條件下無限制地傳代下去，這種培養(yǎng)方式稱之為

（）A．原代培養(yǎng)

B．傳代培養(yǎng)

C．細(xì)胞株

D．細(xì)胞系

14．下列關(guān)于細(xì)胞工程的敘述，不正確的是

（）A．電刺激可誘導(dǎo)植物原生質(zhì)體融合或動物細(xì)胞融合

B．去除植物細(xì)胞壁和將動物組織分散成單個細(xì)胞均需酶處理

C．小鼠骨髓瘤細(xì)胞和經(jīng)抗原免疫的B淋巴細(xì)胞融合可制備單克隆抗體 D．動植物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)都需要經(jīng)過脫分化處理 15．分析以下事實：（1）胡蘿卜韌皮部細(xì)胞通過細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)能發(fā)育成完整植株。（2）綿羊乳腺細(xì)胞核移入去核卵母細(xì)胞中，能發(fā)育成有生殖能力的綿羊?；谝陨鲜聦崳铝姓f法正確的是

（）

①高度分化的動植物細(xì)胞都具有全能性

②分化的動物細(xì)胞核具有全能性 ③分化細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)的基因仍然存在于細(xì)胞核，并沒有消失 ④分化細(xì)胞中不表達(dá)的基因具有啟動表達(dá)的潛能

A．②③④

B．①③④

C．①②③

D．①②④

16．下圖是動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)的基本過程示意圖。請據(jù)此完成后面的問題。

（1）容器A中放置的是動物器官或組織，它一般取自

。（2）容器A中的動物器官或組織首先要進(jìn)行的處理是，然后用

酶處理，這是為了。

（3）培養(yǎng)首先在B瓶中進(jìn)行，瓶中的培養(yǎng)基成分有

等。在此瓶中培養(yǎng)一段時間后，有許多細(xì)胞會衰老死亡，這時培養(yǎng)到第 代。

（4）為了把B瓶中的細(xì)胞分裝到C瓶中，用

處理，制成，再分裝。

2．2．2 動物細(xì)胞融合與單克隆抗體

一、動物細(xì)胞融合 1．概念：

也稱，是指兩個或多個動物細(xì)胞結(jié)合形成一個細(xì)胞的過程。2．誘導(dǎo)動物細(xì)胞融合的方法：

常見的誘導(dǎo)因素有

、、等。3．意義：

①突破了

，使

稱為可能； ②稱為研究細(xì)胞遺傳、細(xì)胞免疫、腫瘤和生物新品種培育等的重要手段； ③制造。

二、單克隆抗體

1．單克隆抗體的制備

雜交瘤細(xì)胞的點：。

特26 2．單克隆抗體的應(yīng)用

單克隆抗體最主要的優(yōu)點在于它的、并可能

。①作為

；

具有

的優(yōu)點。②用于

和。

生物導(dǎo)彈：把的單克隆抗體跟

、或

結(jié)合?！眷柟叹毩?xí)】

1．動物細(xì)胞工程技術(shù)的基礎(chǔ)是

（）A．動物細(xì)胞融合B．單克隆抗體

C．胚胎移植

D．動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)

2．科學(xué)家用小鼠骨髓瘤細(xì)胞與某種細(xì)胞融合，得到雜交細(xì)胞，經(jīng)培養(yǎng)可產(chǎn)生大量的單克隆抗體，與骨髓瘤細(xì)胞融合的是

（）

A．經(jīng)過免疫的B淋巴細(xì)胞 B．不經(jīng)過免疫的T淋巴細(xì)胞

C．經(jīng)過免疫的T淋巴細(xì)胞 D．不經(jīng)過免疫的B淋巴細(xì)胞

3．用動物細(xì)胞工程技術(shù)獲取單克隆抗體，下列實驗步驟中錯誤的是

（）A．將抗原注入小鼠體內(nèi)，獲得能產(chǎn)生抗體的B淋巴細(xì)胞 B．用纖維素酶處理B淋巴細(xì)胞與小鼠骨髓瘤細(xì)胞

C．用聚乙二醇作誘導(dǎo)劑，促使能產(chǎn)生抗體的B淋巴細(xì)胞與小鼠骨髓瘤細(xì)胞融合

D．篩選雜交積累細(xì)胞，并從中選出能產(chǎn)生所需抗體的細(xì)胞群，培養(yǎng)后提取單克隆抗體 4．只能使動物細(xì)胞融合的常用誘導(dǎo)方法是

（）A．PEG

B．滅活的病毒

C．電刺激 D．離心 5．單克隆抗體是由下列哪種細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生的（）

A．B淋巴細(xì)胞

B．T淋巴細(xì)胞 C．骨髓瘤細(xì)胞 D．雜交瘤細(xì)胞

6．動物細(xì)胞融合和植物原生質(zhì)融合決定于

（）

A．細(xì)胞膜的流動性

B．細(xì)胞膜的選擇透過性

C．細(xì)胞質(zhì)的流動性

D．細(xì)胞質(zhì)酶的活性 7．“生物導(dǎo)彈”是指

（）

A．單克隆抗體

B．雜交瘤細(xì)胞

C．產(chǎn)生特定抗體的B淋巴細(xì)胞

D．在單抗上連接抗癌藥物

8．單克隆抗體制備過程中，骨髓瘤細(xì)胞和B淋巴細(xì)胞誘導(dǎo)融合后，要用特定培養(yǎng)基篩選出雜交瘤細(xì)胞。在這種培養(yǎng)基上不能存活、增殖的細(xì)胞是

（）

①B淋巴細(xì)胞

②小鼠骨髓瘤細(xì)胞

③B淋巴細(xì)胞自身融合細(xì)胞

④小鼠骨髓瘤細(xì)胞自身融合細(xì)胞

⑤雜交瘤細(xì)胞

A．①②③④

B．①③⑤

C．②④

D．①③ 9．關(guān)于單克隆抗體，下列敘述不正確的是

（）A．可以制成診斷盒．用于疾病的診斷

B．可以與藥物結(jié)合，用于病變細(xì)胞的定向治療

C．可以利用基因工程技術(shù)生產(chǎn)

D．可以在生物體內(nèi)生產(chǎn)，不能體外生產(chǎn)

10．單克隆抗體制備過程中使用的骨髓瘤細(xì)胞是一種缺陷型細(xì)胞，在含有次黃嘌呤、氨基喋

呤和胸腺嘧啶的培養(yǎng)基（HAT）中無法生長；而小鼠脾細(xì)胞是正常細(xì)胞，在HAT培養(yǎng)基上可正常存活。用聚乙二醇誘導(dǎo)細(xì)胞融合后，經(jīng)過數(shù)代培養(yǎng)，最終可在HAT培養(yǎng)基上存活并能產(chǎn)生單克隆抗體的細(xì)胞是（）

A．骨髓瘤細(xì)胞之間形成的融合細(xì)胞

B．脾細(xì)胞之間形成的融合細(xì)胞 C．骨髓瘤細(xì)胞與脾細(xì)胞之間形成的融合細(xì)胞

D．脾細(xì)胞 11．研究單克隆抗體治療癌癥的思路是

（）A．利用單克隆抗體特異性地對抗癌細(xì)胞

B．以單克隆抗體作抗癌藥物殺死癌細(xì)胞 C．抗癌物質(zhì)在克隆細(xì)胞中大量合成

D．單克隆抗體攜帶抗癌藥物特異性地與癌細(xì)胞結(jié)合 12．單克隆抗體和血清抗體相比，其優(yōu)越性在于

（）A．單克隆抗體能夠制成“生物導(dǎo)彈”

B．單克隆抗體能夠在體外制備

C．單克隆抗體比血清抗體的特異性強(qiáng)、免疫活性高 D．單克隆抗體制備過程簡單 13．（多選）下列關(guān)于單克隆抗體的制備和應(yīng)用的敘述中，正確的是

（）A．B淋巴細(xì)胞與骨髓瘤細(xì)胞的融合，一般不需要滅活的仙臺病毒或聚乙二醇誘導(dǎo) B．融合后形成的雜交瘤細(xì)胞既能無限增殖，又能產(chǎn)生單克隆抗體

C．體外培養(yǎng)時，一個效應(yīng)B淋巴細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生抗體，但不能無限增殖 D．單克隆抗體與常規(guī)抗體相比，特異性強(qiáng)，靈敏度高，優(yōu)越性明顯 14．下圖是單克隆抗體制備過程示意圖，據(jù)圖回答：

（1）圖中A過程是從小鼠的脾臟中取得_____________細(xì)胞，該細(xì)胞能夠產(chǎn)生____________。從小鼠體內(nèi)提取分離該細(xì)胞之前，應(yīng)給小鼠注射_____________。（2）B過程是_________過程，該過程的進(jìn)行需要滅活的___________或___________的誘導(dǎo)。（3）雜交瘤細(xì)胞的特點是

。（3）單克隆抗體與常規(guī)抗體相比，其特點是_______________________________。

2．2．1 動物細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)和核移植技術(shù)答案 BDADB

DDABD

BCDDA 16（1）幼齡動物

（2）剪碎

胰蛋白酶或膠原蛋白酶

將細(xì)胞分散成單個（3）糖、氨基酸、促生長因子、無機(jī)鹽、微量元素、血清、血漿

50（4）胰蛋白酶

細(xì)胞懸液

2．2．2 動物細(xì)胞融合與單克隆抗體答案

DABBD ADADC DC

13BCD 14（1）效應(yīng)B 抗體

抗原

（2）細(xì)胞融合仙臺病毒

聚乙二醇

（3）既能迅速大量繁殖，又能產(chǎn)生專一的抗體

（4）特異性強(qiáng)、靈敏度高，并能大量制備

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教學(xué)案/講義

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專題 名稱

（教師版/學(xué)生版）（教師版/學(xué)生版）

第一部分 教材同步復(fù)習(xí)（必修+選修）必修一

Units1-5

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Unit 01 Friendship

Unit 02 English around the world Unit 03 Travel journal Unit 04 Earthquakes

Unit 05 Nelson Mandela-a modern hero

必修2

測試題 Units 1-5

Unit 01 Cultural relics Unit 02 The Olympic Games Unit 03 Computers

Unit 04 Wildlife protection Unit 05 Music

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必修3

測試題 Units 1-5

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Unit 01 Festivals around the world Unit 02 Healthy eating

Unit 03 The Million Poumd bank Note Unit 04 Astronomy

Unit 05 Canada-“The True North”

必修4

測試題 Units 1-5

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Unit 01 Women of achievement Unit 02 Working the land

Unit 03 A taste of English humour Unit 04 Body language Unit 05 Theme parks

必修5

測試題 Units 1-5

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Unit 01 Great scientist Unit 02 The United Kingdom Unit 03 Life in the future Unit 04 Making the news Unit 05 First aid

選修6

測試題 Units 1-5

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Unit 01 Art Unit 02 Poem

Unit 03 A healthy life Unit 04 Global warming Unit 05 The power of nature

測試題

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選修7 Units 1-5

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Unit 01 Living well Unit 02 Robots Unit 03 Under the sea Unit 04 Sharing

Unit 05 Travelling abroad

選修8

測試題 Units 1-5

Unit 01 A land of diversity Unit 02 Cloning

Unit 03 Inventors and inventions Unit 04 Pygmalion

Unit 05 Meeting your ancestors

測試題

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