第一篇：簡析《簡愛》主人公性格形成及其影響（共）

摘要

本文通過三個方面分析了簡愛的獨特個性。首先，從簡愛年少時的不幸遭遇概括了影響其性格的主要原因，父母的早逝、舅母的冷漠與虐待、勞沃德學校里不公平的待遇都對簡愛小小的心靈有不小的震撼，使得她從小就渴望平等，同時也在心里埋下了自卑的種子。其次，簡愛的鮮明個性：自尊、自愛、自強、不斷反抗、敢于追求平等也給她以后的人生增添不少絢麗的色彩。但是最后，由于簡愛的自卑心理使得她差點錯失所愛，在心里達到所謂的平等、釋放了自卑以后，才能重新面對當初的愛情。簡愛不是完美女神，正是由于她的不完美，《簡愛》才能鮮活生動的展現(xiàn)給我們讀者,讓我們的心中有了千千萬萬個不同的簡愛。

關鍵詞：獨特個性平等 完美 自卑

Abstract

This article analyzes the unique character of Jane from three aspects.First of all, from Jane's unhappy experience in her childhood, we can summarize the main reasons for her character, the premature death of parents, her aunt's coldness and abuse, and the unfair treatment of the ward school, all of these are big shock to Jane’s little heart, which not only made her long for equality since the childhood，but buried/planted the seeds of the inferiority in her heart.Secondly, Jane has her own distinct personality: self-esteem, self-respect, self-improvement, constant fighting, courage in pursuing equality, all these characters add many gorgeous colors to her life later.But in the end, she almost miss the true love because of her inferiority.Jane didn't re-face the love until she reached the so-called equality and released her inferiority.Jane is not a perfect goddess.Even though she's imperfect, Jane Eyre shows our readers a vivid picture, from which the readers form different(images about)Jane Eyre in their minds.Keywords: Unique character

Equality

Perfect

Inferiority

目 錄

第一章 時代背景和作者生平-（1）

第二章 全書摘要-----------（1）

第三章 簡愛性格形成的原因及多重性------------------------（2）

一、簡愛性格形成的原因---（2）

二、反抗性格進一步發(fā)展---（2）

三、簡愛的善良與自卑-----（3）

四、簡愛的自卑心的平衡---（3）

結束語----------------------------（4）

參考文獻-------------------------（5）

致謝（6）

時代背景和作者生平

《簡愛》是英國批判現(xiàn)實主義女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特（1816—1855）的成名作，創(chuàng)作于1847年，被譽為英國文學史上第一部女權主義小說。小說的取勝之處在于刻畫了一個個性非常獨特的女性形象——簡愛。貧窮的家庭女教師簡愛是一個男權社會里的知識女性，追求真愛。她身上體現(xiàn)出來的不平凡的氣質和豐富的個人情感征服了千千萬萬個讀者的心。也正是因為這一點，《簡愛》突破了英國小說史上一般作品的內(nèi)容，使簡愛成為英國文學史上最輝煌的女性形象之一。

夏洛蒂·勃朗特出生于一個清貧的牧師家庭，幼年喪母。在她8歲時，她和她的姐妹們被送往一所專為牧師子女而開辦的慈善學校住讀，學校里極差的條件，粗劣的食物，加重了她兩個姐姐的病情，這兩個孩子被送往家中后不久即病逝。此后，夏洛蒂和她的妹妹艾米麗就以做家庭教師謀生。小說的女主人公簡愛的人生道路也與作者頗為相似。

第二章 全書概要

《簡愛》是夏洛蒂·勃朗特根據(jù)自身經(jīng)歷而寫的一部小說，也是她的成名作。小說塑造的是一位堅強獨立的女性，她追求真愛，平等，是女性的楷模。簡愛是個孤兒，從小受盡凌辱，但從不為生活所屈服，她有著堅強的人格和尊嚴。在幼時惡劣的生存環(huán)境中，她學會了如何生存。也正是她的成長經(jīng)歷，造就了她獨立的人格、進取的精神和美好的理想。簡愛是一位與眾不同的小說人物，她只能靠自己生活，敢于表 達自己的思想。在世俗的壓力下，她憑借努力工作，聰明智慧和倔強的個性，始終保持著自己的尊嚴。在她的生活道路上，從來不屈服。雖然她身材矮小，但是靈魂高大。簡愛勇于追求真愛并對所愛的人忠貞不渝。她的善良、聰明、獨立深深地吸引著男主人公，最終獲得一份完美的愛情。

第三章 簡愛性格形成的原因以及多重性

一、簡愛性格形成的原因

簡愛幼年因為父母去世得早，可憐的她從小就被收養(yǎng)在富裕的舅舅家里，過著寄人籬下的生活。不久舅舅的去世使簡愛的境遇更是雪上加霜，舅媽冷酷、無情、自私，把簡愛當作傭人一樣對待，而對自己的三個孩子卻是百般溺愛、驕縱。為了最終能被舅媽接受，她百般討好，盡力忍受冷眼和刁難，但是舅媽還是將她視為眼中釘，肉中刺，處處刁難。不僅如此，驕橫殘暴的表兄約翰·里德把表妹簡愛當作丫頭一樣的進行毆打，簡愛不畏強暴，奮起反抗，怒斥這個迫害她的小魔王： “Wicked and cruel boy!” I said.“You are like a murderer”(Charlotte Bronte, 2007, 1 第十二頁)接著便和他發(fā)瘋似的扭打起來。雖然這次反抗遭到了代價,她被無情的舅媽關進了可怕的紅房子，就連家中的仆人也絲毫沒有給予簡愛一點點同情和關懷，所有這些被她深深地埋在幼小的心靈深處。當她的舅母在布魯赫爾斯先生面前說她是個撒謊又討厭的女孩子時，簡愛覺得自己的人格正在遭受無情的踐踏，心中的屈辱與憤怒化為有力的反抗：“You think I have no feelings, and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness;but I cannot live so , and you have no pity.People think you a good woman, but you are bad, and you are deceitful!”(Charlotte Bronte 2007 , 2 第三十頁)。這次的勝利使簡愛幼小的心靈又一次受到傷害，她感到，自己一定頑強的生存下去，去取得和別人一樣的公平待遇，唯一的出路就是反抗。

二、反抗性格進一步發(fā)展

而這種反抗性格在勞沃德學校得到進一步發(fā)展。在這所標榜懲罰肉體以拯救靈魂的人間地獄般的“慈善”學校里，她親眼目睹的親身體驗到了種種非人的待遇。校長布洛克赫斯特是一個不折不扣的冷酷無情的偽君子，像對待奴隸一樣的對待學校里師生。每天背著枯燥的經(jīng)文，難以下咽的食物，經(jīng)常以“莫須有”的罪名而隨時遭受到懲罰、凌辱、甚至挨打。但是簡愛并沒有因此而沉淪下去，反而激起她更多的正義、善良和勇敢。在學校里坦波爾小姐的關心和與海倫的友情使簡愛在學校里安穩(wěn)的度過了幾年時光，隨著海倫的逝世，坦波爾小姐的離去又帶走了她的友誼和希望。簡愛越發(fā)感到心靈的饑渴，精神無所寄托，于是她離開了學校，來到羅切斯特先生擁有的桑菲爾德莊園作一名家庭教師。

三、簡愛的善良與自卑

雖然簡愛出身卑微，其貌不揚，卻有著豐富的內(nèi)心世界和鮮明的個性：自尊、自愛、自強，富有反抗精神，敢于追求平等。這些不凡的品質不僅贏得了羅切斯特先生的欣賞，還使得同樣遭遇、不幸淪為資產(chǎn)階級家族利益的犧牲品和受害者的他產(chǎn)生一種惺惺相惜的感覺。他們的相愛在當時等級森嚴的資產(chǎn)階級門第觀念下是不小的挑戰(zhàn)和反抗。此時簡愛的不卑不亢，敢于同不平等待遇的反抗達到了頂峰。

但是當她知道羅切斯特先生瘋瘋癲癲的妻子還尚在人世，她并沒有和同樣是受害者的羅切斯特先生一起奮起反抗，而是對于傳統(tǒng)婚姻做了妥協(xié)讓步。對簡愛來說，這個瘋女人擁有作為妻子的合法地位。在她面前，簡愛只能退縮，沒有機會為愛的權利而奮斗。那么，讓我們來看一下伯莎是怎樣一個合法的妻子。正如羅切斯特所描述的：“Very soon, my wife’s character began to change.She suddenly developed a terrible drinking habit and a cruel temper.I also learned that her intelligence was quite inferior.Her behavior became entirely unmanageable and unpredictable.I was then filled with horror and sadness at the discovery of my situation.I tried to devour my repentance and disgust in secret.I repressed the deep hatred I felt.I lived with that woman four years, and within that time she tried me indeed.”(Charlotte Bronte 2007, 2 第二百二十四頁)。但是簡愛失去了對勇敢的反叛意識，放棄了對愛人的承諾，將羅切斯特又推向了痛苦的深淵。這次她扮演了一個逃兵的角色并放棄了她的宣言。面對婚姻的考卷，簡愛向命運投降了，毀掉了一對戀人的愛情。不得不說簡愛在這里有些狹隘，自私和無情。簡愛顯示了自己作為一個叛逆的形象才能后，又變成了一個守法的從不大膽越界的公民，一個為了傳統(tǒng)婚姻觀的維護者。

四、簡愛的自卑心的平衡

之后的她來到圣約翰家里生活了幾年，雖然她在之后拒絕了圣約翰沒有愛情的求婚，自食其力，將得到的遺產(chǎn)與表兄妹分享。但是在簡愛的心中，所有對愛和幸福的渴望只是在上帝的恩賜、美麗和財富中，她沒有看到內(nèi)在的崇高的精神。簡愛在小說最后的回歸，起決定作用的不是所謂的呼喚，實際是她繼承了遺產(chǎn)并擺脫了自卑情結和獲得了心理安慰，這使她有足夠的勇氣來面對富有的愛人。但莊園變成了廢墟，她關心的羅切斯特變瞎和殘疾了，但她的心里充滿了不可抑制的喜悅。因為在她心中有了一個施舍品。這種微妙的心理活動是她自卑的結果，意味著簡愛的自卑感最終得到了釋放。她不用為她的不美的外表而隱藏在陰影中，她不用為錢而試圖舍棄某物，她伺候羅切斯特時,帶著難以抑制的幸福和優(yōu)越的情懷。所以在小說的結尾，我看到的不是簡愛在一個大團圓的結局中幸福的生活著，而是一個擁有復雜性格的女性，一個有自己獨特個性的英國女孩。由于自卑，自尊成為一個有力的驅動器，它使簡愛成為一個文雅而迷人的女子，在這個意義上，正是最重要的自卑培育出了驕傲的簡愛。

結束語

縱觀小說，夏洛特·勃朗特以一部《簡愛》揭開了女性文學的新篇，成功塑造了一位生而不幸卻又敢于與命運抗爭的極富有個性的“女英雄”式的人物。隨著時間的流逝，簡愛不屈不撓的精神早已深入人心，而現(xiàn)在社會上女性柔韌堅強，敢愛敢恨的性格不就是簡愛精神的延續(xù)嗎？雖然現(xiàn)在我們已把簡愛當作一個令人崇拜的女性形象，但我們不會盲目的崇拜追隨，我們會以新的方式來判斷我們的偶像。簡愛在我心中就像一朵雨后玫瑰，雖然花容在風吹雨打下有些殘敗，但是芳香卻絲毫不少。

總而言之，每個讀者的心中都有一個的簡愛，這樣就有了千千萬萬個不同的簡愛。正因為《簡愛》既具有時代的局限性，又富有獨特的文學魅力，所以她是永恒的，而永恒又為我們提供了無盡的主題。

參考文獻

（1）Charlotte Bronte Jane Eyre 【M】 航空工業(yè)出版社

2007年2月第一版

（2）丁立福 “淺析簡愛反抗性格之形成”【J】 淮南師范學院學報，2004年第三期：79-81

（3）許菁 “淺析簡愛的雙重性格”【M】 上海

上海譯文出版社

2001年

（4）黃興軍 “簡愛的永恒魅力”【J】 牡丹江大學學報 2009年4月第十八期

（5）

楊正和 外國文學名作欣賞 【M】 北京 科學出版社 1999年

致謝

這次畢業(yè)論文的撰寫工作歷時一個月之久，反復修改多次。在此期間論文指導老師鄭紋老師一直堅持在繁忙的工作之余耐心輔導我，讓我很受鼓舞。從論文選題到論文結構的布局，從論文取材到論文的正式撰寫，都離不開鄭紋老師的諄諄教導。在此由衷感謝鄭紋老師給予我的教導和幫助，讓我可以順利完成大學生活中的最后一篇作業(yè)。當然還要感謝我的同班同學，他們也一直站在我的身旁默默的為我加油，給我力量和依靠。同樣要感謝那些在我寫作過程中幫助過我的人，謝謝！

第二篇：影響性格形成的因素1

影響性格形成的因素

影響性格形成的因素是多方面的，一般認為，性格的形成與發(fā)展受客觀因素和主觀因素的影響?？陀^因素包括生物因素（遺傳和生理成熟）和環(huán)境因素，主觀因素指兒童心理本身內(nèi)部的因素。

（一）遺傳的作用

人的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)類型在性格形成中有一定的作用，人的氣質影響著性格特征就的外部表現(xiàn)。神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的某些遺傳特性可能影響到某些性格的形成，加速或延緩某些行為方式的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展。遺傳對性格的形成有某些影響，但它不起主要作用。

（二）家庭的影響

父母的文化程度、教養(yǎng)方式、生活習慣等對兒童性格的影響是不可磨滅的。

（三）學校教育的作用

學校教育和教學對兒童性格的形成起主導作用。學校教育的方針、內(nèi)容、方法，教師的榜樣、態(tài)度，學校的校風、班風、傳統(tǒng)、規(guī)章制度、師生關系、團隊生活、課外活動等，都影響著學生性格的形成。

（四）社會環(huán)境的影響

社會環(huán)境的影響是復雜的，對兒童性格形成的影響主要是通過文化媒介傳播進行的。

（五）社會實踐活動的作用

兒童個體的社會實踐活動是環(huán)境影響性格形成的中介橋梁。家庭、學校教育、社會環(huán)境因素等都是性格形成的外部條件，雖然它們對于性格的形成和發(fā)展起著巨大的影響作用，但卻不能直接形成人的性格。

在兒童的成長過程中，自我意識明顯地影響著性格的形成。兒童的自我意識是與性格同步發(fā)展的。人與環(huán)境的相互作用，即人的社會實踐活動對性格的形成起決定作用。

因此，教育者要鼓勵和指導孩子自我意識的發(fā)展，幫助他們在社會實踐中正確地分析自己性格的優(yōu)劣和不足，加強自身的性格鍛煉和修養(yǎng)，使其沿著社會所需要的方向發(fā)展。

第三篇：幼兒性格的形成及影響因素

幼兒性格的形成及影響因素

摘要：性格是一個人對現(xiàn)實的穩(wěn)固的態(tài)度以及為之相適應的慣常的行為方式的獨特結合，是表現(xiàn)在對現(xiàn)實的態(tài)度和行為方式中的個性心理特點，是個人個性最重要的一方面，在個性發(fā)展中起著核心作用。能夠表明一個人的本質的典型的特點。幼兒的性格大致與親人，特別是父母的很相似，雖然在幼兒階段表現(xiàn)得不明顯，這些都是遺傳的因素所引起的，但更主要的是環(huán)境和教育影響的結果，是對環(huán)境和教育影響的反映，一個人的性格的形成和發(fā)展過程實際上也是他不斷反映生活環(huán)境和教育環(huán)境影響的過程。

關鍵詞：性格

遺傳因素

環(huán)境

自我意識

日常生活中我們會發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人勇敢，有的人膽小懦弱，有的人勤奮，有的人懶惰，有的人誠懇，有的人奸詐，這些都是人的性格差異所致，性格是一個人對現(xiàn)實的穩(wěn)固的態(tài)度以及為之相適應的慣常的行為方式的獨特結合，是表現(xiàn)在對現(xiàn)實的態(tài)度和行為方式中的個性心理特點，是個人個性最重要的一方面，在個性發(fā)展中起著核心作用。在現(xiàn)實生活中，客觀事物的各種影響會通過認知，情感和定向活動在人腦中保持下來形成某種態(tài)度體系，性格它不僅僅是指一個人對現(xiàn)實的穩(wěn)定態(tài)度，而且還指與這種態(tài)度相適應了的行為方式，當個體在長期的生活實踐中逐漸形成對現(xiàn)實的穩(wěn)定態(tài)度，并以一定的方式表現(xiàn)與個體行為之中構成了個體所特有的行為方式時，其性格特征就行形成了。

著名教育家烏申那斯基說：“一個人即使活到80歲也能看到他5歲時的樣子”幼兒時期是一個人性格形成的關鍵時期，良好的性格培養(yǎng)對幼兒來說尤為重要，心理學上認為一個人的性格主要有內(nèi)向和外向兩種類型，性格的形成與氣質之間具有一定的聯(lián)系，氣質對性格的影響如下：

(1)膽汁質：膽汁質的孩子直率熱情，精力旺盛，性情較為急躁，易于沖動，思維敏捷反應迅速，但是在某些方面的準確性較差，情緒強烈外露的的時間不長。因此，膽汁質的孩子其性格類型一般趨于外向型。

(2)多血質：多血質的孩子給人一種親切主動的感覺，活潑好動，性格屬于外向型。但是這類孩子也具有其氣質的消極的方面，如在某些行為方面表現(xiàn)出輕率。行動上易沖動等。

(3)黏液質：相對于膽汁質和多血質的孩子來說黏液質的孩子恬靜，沉

著穩(wěn)重，其性格類型多屬于外向型的孩子，這類孩子所表現(xiàn)出反應遲鈍的不好一面。

(4)抑郁質：抑郁質的孩子，感情深刻而穩(wěn)定，但在性格方面比較內(nèi)向，有孤僻感，郁悶，羞怯。

每一種氣質都可能向積極或消極的方面發(fā)展，氣質的類型只是對孩子的性格形成產(chǎn)生一定的影響而不能完全決定孩子的性格類型，決定孩子成就的高低，孩子出生后具有其自身氣質特征，但是具有典型氣質特征的孩子是沒有的，大多數(shù)的孩子已基本上屬于其的某種氣質為主，同時又兼?zhèn)淦渌麣赓|特點，雖然說氣質具有穩(wěn)定性，但在后天的教育影響下是可以改變的。性格也是如此。一個人的性格從小時候就開始形成，更多時候受到了社會生活條件的影響和制約。幼兒階段的孩子正處于性格模糊的時期，是為孩子以后的性格打基礎的時期。在此階段，影響孩子性格形成的因素主要有以下幾個方面：

遺傳因素

遺傳因素是性格形成的自然基礎，具體表現(xiàn)為以下四個方面：

一、人的身高、體型來自于遺傳，這些體型特征會因為社會文化和自我意識的作用影響到孩子的自尊心、自信心，從而對孩子的性格形成產(chǎn)生一定的影響。比如一個瘦而且高的孩子和一個矮胖的孩子相比之下，高瘦的孩子明顯比矮胖的孩子更有自信，互相的比較之下矮胖的孩子在長期的影響下會形成自卑的心理，有可能就形成內(nèi)向的性格。

二、性別對孩子的性格也有一定的影響。男孩子的性格具有獨立性自主性，有較強的競爭意識，敢于冒險，女孩子大多則依賴性較強，在做事方面比男孩子細心、謹慎。

三、一些精神系統(tǒng)的遺傳特征也會影響特定性格的形成，這種影響表現(xiàn)為或起加速或起延緩作用。

四、生理成熟的早晚對孩子的性格也有一定的影響而生理成熟的早晚跟遺傳是有關的。家庭環(huán)境

家庭是“制造人的性格的工廠”，父母把基因傳給后代，家庭是孩子最早接觸的社會環(huán)境，心理研究表明，出生到五歲是孩子性格形成的最主要階段，在這 2

個階段，兒童在家里生活的時間最長，受到父母的愛撫、保護、教育的影響最多。因此，整個家庭環(huán)境對孩子性格的形成起著極為重要的作用。家庭各方面的因素中，家庭氛圍，家庭經(jīng)濟收入水平，家長的受教育程度和父母的教養(yǎng)態(tài)度，家長的榜樣作用，家長的性格，孩子在家中的地位都對孩子的性格有深刻的影響。

家庭氛圍：家庭氛圍的好壞直接影響孩子性格的形成，家庭成員之間的和睦相處，寧靜和睦的家庭關系所營造出來的家庭氣氛對孩子的性格形成有著積極的作用，家庭成員中關系緊張，相互猜疑、爭吵，會對孩子性格的形成有消極的影響。特別是父母關系對孩子性格的形成影響最大。有關研究表明，如果夫妻關系融洽，孩子在家中感到愉快有安全感，容易形成開朗樂觀活潑的性格特征，如果夫妻關系對立，不和諧，孩子在家里缺乏安全感，情緒不穩(wěn)定，容易形成緊張焦慮和不安的性格特征。在寧靜愉快的家庭氛圍中成長的孩子與在家庭氛圍緊張與沖突不斷的家庭里成長的孩子性格差異很大。一個生長在和諧愉快的家庭氛圍中的孩子，性格上多表現(xiàn)為樂于與人交往，活潑積極主動的外向型，在不和諧的家庭里成長的孩子大多比較內(nèi)向，自卑不愿與人交往或人際關系較差。

心理學上認為父母家庭破裂對孩子的性格的發(fā)展帶來不利的影響。父母離異比父母一方或雙方死亡對孩子的性格影響更大，孩子由于父母離異或死亡而得不到家庭的溫暖和正常的教育容易形成悲觀孤僻的不良性格特征，這類孩子產(chǎn)生的行為問題也比較多。有研究表明少年犯罪率最高的是出生1——4歲之間喪父或喪母的孩子，其犯罪率比一般人要高出兩倍以上，從年齡上看，嬰幼兒期間，喪母對幼兒個性特征的影響最大，兒童期間則是喪父對孩子性格的影響最大。但也有研究表明，如果有良好的教育。破裂家庭或喪失父母的孩子仍然可以形成堅強、合作甚至是開朗等良好的性格特征。

教育觀念和教養(yǎng)方式：家長的受教育程度不同，文化程度不同，教育觀念的不同對孩子的性格形成的而影響也是很大的。父母的文化程度對孩子的自制力，靈活性，思維水平，意志力等都有影響，家長對孩子成才的價值觀，對孩子的發(fā)展規(guī)劃與孩子之間的關系都大大影響孩子的個性的形成與發(fā)展。在家庭中，父母和子女的關系最為親切，也是子女最重要的教育者。蘇聯(lián)教育家魯普斯卡婭指出“母親是天然的教師，她對兒童的影響是最大的”，研究表明，母愛在5歲前兒童的性格形成中起重要作用，是兒童性格發(fā)展的必要條件，缺乏母愛的兒童往往 3

形成孤僻，不合群，任性等情緒反應。父愛在兒童心理發(fā)展，特別是在性別角色形成和發(fā)展過程中不可或缺。父親給孩子提供榜樣的作用，為女孩子提供與異性交往的樣例。幼年時期沒有與父親接觸過的孩子，在性別的社會化方面存在不完全，由此可見，父母對子女教養(yǎng)態(tài)度，在兒童良好性格的形成和發(fā)展過程中起著不可忽視的作用。父母的教養(yǎng)態(tài)度和教養(yǎng)方式對孩子性格形成的影響如下: 父母對孩子的教養(yǎng)方式屬于支配型的，就簡單的打個比方，孩子可以從父母的手中接過錢去買一只筆的，但是父母采取的并不是給錢給孩子讓他們自己把事情辦好，還是說媽媽會給你買好。再比如孩子上幼兒園收拾書包這件小事，有的父母會有意識的選擇讓孩子獨立完成這個過程，即使孩子在途中會失敗很多次，即使孩子收拾的不好，但是父母所采取的措施是正確的，他們意識到從小就應該培養(yǎng)孩子的獨立性，然他們養(yǎng)成自己的事自己干，為孩子以后的生活作了長久的計劃。孩子在生活上許多事都有父母支配，性格上往往具有一種依賴，缺乏自己的獨立性和自主性，對于別人的安排他們多數(shù)采用的是服從態(tài)度，在面對挫折或失敗的情形喜愛容易產(chǎn)生消極情緒。

父母對子女的教養(yǎng)方式屬于溺愛型的。在這種教養(yǎng)模式下生活的孩子多數(shù)任性驕傲，由于從小集家庭的寵愛于一身，做錯事的時候家長也包庇縱容，很多東西都不愿與別人分享，這類孩子利己主義比較強，可能在將來的生活中有點關于利益方面的事情首先考慮到得是自己，由于這類孩子在生活中父母對他百依百順，在將來的工作或生活中不愿對他人意見的聽取，一意孤行，也不愿把自己的東西分享給他人，這類孩子就會缺乏與人分享合作。

過于嚴厲型管教方式下成長的孩子，從小被家人嚴加看管，不小心犯下的錯誤就會遭到父母或家人嚴厲的懲罰，小的時候他會按照父母的意愿生活，稍微大點后可能會養(yǎng)成叛逆的心理，性格頑固，內(nèi)心冷酷，相對來說會比較獨立。也有可能受到家庭氛圍和家長在教育其過程中的一些影響，殘忍是家教嚴厲型孩子的一個特點。在嚴厲家教下教養(yǎng)的孩子性格也有朝著反面的方向發(fā)展的，如家長的長期壓制導致孩子自信心的缺乏，會出現(xiàn)一種盲目從眾的心理，有的則生性懦弱缺乏自主獨立性。

父母對孩子的成長過程過于保護，容易讓孩子養(yǎng)成膽小怕事，內(nèi)向沉默，遇事被動。在日常生活中過度依賴他人，缺乏社會性等性格特征。

家庭民主教養(yǎng)方式下，在一些孩子能獨立做主的小事父母把權力讓給孩子，從小培養(yǎng)他們養(yǎng)成獨立自主的還習慣，教育孩子學會與人分享合作。因此，民主教養(yǎng)方式家庭中的孩子獨立性較強，對人對事的態(tài)度誠懇，活潑天真，比較容易與人相處，社交能力強，有毅力和創(chuàng)造精神。

還有一種是被忽視型的孩子，父母對孩子的態(tài)度采取不聞不問，與孩子之間缺乏交往和溝通，會導致孩子養(yǎng)成孤僻、內(nèi)向的性格特點。此外，在這樣的家庭環(huán)境下的孩子往往會羨慕別人有父母和家人的關愛，容易產(chǎn)生嫉妒輕生厭世心理，性格內(nèi)向。

最后一種是父母意見分歧較大，家庭關系緊張或者出現(xiàn)家庭暴力的環(huán)境下生長的孩子。在這種環(huán)境下成長的孩子看著父母爭論他不知道如何是好？長期以往，孩子會學得當著爸爸說一種話當著媽媽又說一種話。有時會迎合父母雙方法的意愿說一些好聽的話，有的會養(yǎng)成兩面討好，好撒謊，投機取巧，對事對人警惕性高等性格特點。

教育環(huán)境

幼兒接觸的第二社會便是學校，幼兒園老師對孩子的影響是顯而易見的，老師的性格，對孩子的態(tài)度，與孩子間的關系等都對幼兒性格的形成存在著影響，老師的性格是悲觀還是樂觀，興趣愛好是狹窄還是廣泛都會對孩子帶來積極或消極的作用，而教師對幼兒的態(tài)度和行為會影響幼兒對外界的感知，從而影響幼兒性格的形成。

外界因素

電視上播的圖畫，媽媽講的故事，周圍同伴的行為等等因素都會影響孩子性格形成和行為習慣。例如，孩子經(jīng)常觀看一些打斗或者恐怖的畫面通常會變得有攻擊性或者因為內(nèi)心的恐懼而變得孤僻膽小。如果這些行為不能及時得到糾正，孩子會形成攻擊、暴躁、膽小懦弱的性格特點。因此，家長們再跟孩子選一些電視節(jié)目或者圖畫的時候盡量避免那些暴力血腥的畫面，在成人環(huán)境里，讓孩子學習有益于身心發(fā)展的東西，養(yǎng)成良好的性格特點和行為習慣。

自我教育

孩子在成長過程中，自我的意識明顯決定著性格的形成，嬰幼兒時期開始，孩子的自我內(nèi)省能力就得到發(fā)展，家長要鼓勵孩子的自我意識發(fā)展，加強孩子自 5

身性格的鍛煉，如家長可以鼓勵孩子多與別人交往溝通克服孩子怕生害羞的特點，可以陪孩子一起萬一些孩子心理能承受的刺激冒險游戲，鍛煉孩子膽小的行為，能讓孩子自己做主的事父母應該把決定權教給孩子，鍛煉他們的自主獨立性。

在現(xiàn)在一個開放型，文化多元化，各類新聞公共媒體傳播信息量大，范圍廣，內(nèi)容多的現(xiàn)代化社會里，孩子的性格受到如此多的因素的影響，作為父母或作為老師，該怎樣教育孩子讓他們從小就養(yǎng)成良好的性格特點呢？

做為家長，第一、必須為孩子提供一個和諧愉快的家庭環(huán)境，采取符合孩子身心發(fā)展的教育手段和教育方式，家長在愛孩子的同時應向孩子提適當?shù)囊?，孩子有能力獨自完成的事讓孩子自己做主，避免過于溺愛而毀了孩子的一生。如在日常生活中對孩子提出的無理要求假如長輩對幼兒過分的溺愛和遷就，孩子要什么就有什么，等孩子長大后就會養(yǎng)成對物質方面的要求過高，當對自己的物質要求沒有得到滿足而又缺乏道德行為來規(guī)范和約束自己，孩子可能會走上犯罪道路而毀了孩子的幸福。所以長輩們在教育孩子的時候，該寵愛就寵愛該批評則批評。第二、家長要避免在家中以孩子為中心，杜絕幼兒不良行為的養(yǎng)成。此外，家長必須從日常的小事著手，培養(yǎng)孩子良好的語言和行為品行，給孩子挑選有益孩子發(fā)展的玩伴，多與孩子與同伴交往，教育孩子把玩具借給伙伴，對伙伴謙讓有愛，讓孩子從小學會傳播愛，學會與他人分享。第三、要尊重孩子，培養(yǎng)孩子的自信心。這點不僅僅是做父母的應該做到的，作為一個老師也應該尊重孩子，即使孩子沒有多大的能力別把事情做到完美，我們也應該發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子的優(yōu)點，讓他們試著走向成功，并且給與愛和鼓勵，盡量發(fā)揮孩子內(nèi)心的潛力培養(yǎng)孩子的自信心。特別是在孩子犯錯誤的時候不能一味的只是打罵孩子，用言語來刺激他們，不要完全否認孩子的行為，要在愛中教育孩子，發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子，尊重孩子。

作為老師。應該配合家長對孩子進行教育，做到家園共育。教師根據(jù)孩子日常在學校的表現(xiàn)及時向家長反映孩子的情況，家長在孩子的教育問題上也要配合老師，共同培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的性格。教師要培養(yǎng)孩子的集體感，讓幼兒學會與人分享，善于發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子身上的閃光點，善于捕捉教育機會，不失時機的對孩子進行鼓勵。這些對幼兒積極受教育，培養(yǎng)其良好性格有積極作用。

參考文獻：列維托夫————《性格心理學》

簡．斯特里勞————《氣質心理學》

朱智賢 林崇德————《兒童心理學史》

安龍琴

09學前教育（本）（63714）

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第四篇：談家庭教育對兒童性格形成的影響

摘要: 在實施計劃生育后,我國大多都是獨生子女家庭。養(yǎng)育者不一定具備正確的教育理念,難免對幼兒有所溺愛和驕縱,最直接的后果就是幼兒表現(xiàn)出許多不良的行為習慣。在家庭這個小環(huán)境中,家長忽視了培養(yǎng)幼兒良好的行為習慣,而孩子一旦進入幼兒園這個社會環(huán)境后,所暴露出來的不良行為習慣就會引起小朋友間、家長與教師間或家長之間的矛盾。父母是孩子的第一任老師,一個人自呱呱墜地到會說會跑,無不與父母息息相關。幼兒時期, 孩子連父母的說話、走路姿勢都在模仿,當孩子長大一些,則受父母的思想、行為、處世方法、人生觀、價值觀等方面的影響。許多家長為了孩子,可以說是嘔心瀝血,煞費苦心,但由于缺乏正確的育人觀,往往得不到預想的效果。因此,父母的思想、作風,平日的行為習慣、待人接物的態(tài)度以及對子女的教育方式等,都會在孩子身上留下深刻的印痕。家庭教育對一個人的性格形成和發(fā)展具有重要和深遠的影響。

關鍵詞:獨生子女 家庭教育 兒童性格 性格形成

家庭教育方式直接影響孩子的性格行為,特別對于幼兒來說,0~6歲是一個人性格行為形成發(fā)展的重要階段,如果在這個階段,兒童身心需要都得到滿足和受到父母良好的教養(yǎng),兒童就會成為人格健全的人,否則,兒童可能會出現(xiàn)行為障礙、人格缺陷等問題。0~6歲時期,家庭是幼兒主要的生活環(huán)境,父母是幼兒接觸最多的人,所以家庭教育方式在幼兒行為問題發(fā)生中起著最直接和最重要的作用?，F(xiàn)實生活中有些家庭的教育方式往往讓人不太滿意。因此,通過探討家庭教育方式對幼兒性格行為的影響,使我們對這一問題有一個清醒、全面的認識,對于防止幼兒行為問題,形成幼兒健康人格有著重大的意義。

一、家庭教育的界定(一)家庭教育的含義

“家庭教育是指在家庭生活中,家長有目的有計劃的對其子女實施的教育和影響?！盵1]家長根據(jù)自己的期望對孩子實施的一種通過多種方式,包括家庭環(huán)境、心理氛圍、長輩語言等行為去影響孩子,孩子根據(jù)自己的表現(xiàn)反作用于家長的雙向的互動過程。家庭教育比較完整的涵義是它不是單獨的講家長對孩子有什么要求,它是一種雙向互動的過程,它是有計劃,有目的的,是文化、心理、語言、環(huán)境等綜合因素對孩子施加影響的過程。在整個教育過程中,家庭教育既是學校教育的助手,又是社會教育的一個方面。家庭教育在整個教育中的地位和作用是相當重要的。提高家庭教育的質量,是促進兒童身心健康和發(fā)展的重要因素,也是消除和減少社會問題的一個戰(zhàn)略措施。(二)家庭教育的特點

1、啟蒙性。我們的孩子對外部世界的認識和了解,人格、品格的形成的起點是從家庭教育開始的。家庭教育和社會教育及學校教育是有區(qū)別的,孩子在沒有上學之前,是以在家庭中生活為主的。早期的家庭教育對一個人的思想形成、智力發(fā)展、品格形成至關重要。比如說小孩愛發(fā)脾氣,如果開始引導好,他就變得比較平和,就會變成他穩(wěn)定的人格個性,如果啟發(fā)引導得不好,他就變得脾氣暴躁,逐漸形成了愛發(fā)脾氣的性格。

2、長期性。家庭教育的時間最長,遠遠超過學校教育。家庭教育伴隨著孩子從出生到上大學、參加工作,一直在起作用。一個孩子在走向成人、走向社會的過程中和家庭的距離在拉大,但是家庭教育的影響仍然存在,家庭教育從某種意義上來說,所起到的作用要比學校教育還要深遠。

3、全面性。家庭教育涉及到的內(nèi)容極其廣泛。學校要管的,家長要管,學校不管的,家長也要管,孩子的衣、食、住、行、安全、能力、愛好、審美等都離不開家庭對他的教育,所以家庭教育的覆蓋面很寬。正是因為家庭教育具有這些特點,對一個人的影響非常重大,所以家庭教育就顯得更為重要。

二、父母的教養(yǎng)方式

父母教養(yǎng)方式指的是父母對待孩子比較穩(wěn)定的教養(yǎng)觀念和已經(jīng)習慣的教育行為。它是指父母在撫養(yǎng)子女的日?；顒又斜憩F(xiàn)出來的一種行為傾向[2] ,是對父母各種教養(yǎng)行為的特征概括,具有相對的穩(wěn)定性。家庭和睦美滿對幼兒形成健全的性格有種特殊的作用,幼兒生活在一個和睦的家庭中,他會感到一種安寧,更有利于健康性格的成長,然而,由于各種原因,有些父母會離異,這樣就會形成單親家庭,不同性格的父母對待幼兒的情感態(tài)度不同,對幼兒的控制程度也不同。美國心理學家鮑姆令特從父母的反應性關愛和要求控制兩個維度,把教養(yǎng)方式分為民主型、專制型、溺愛型和忽視型。

民主型:這類家庭教養(yǎng)方式的家長會給孩子一定自主權利,滿足孩子合理要求,正確對待孩子犯錯,家庭成員間互相尊重、平等交流,對子女既有約束,又有鼓勵。這種民主型教養(yǎng)方式下的孩子,自尊、自信、自律性強,具有創(chuàng)造性,社交能力強,具有成就動機等良好社會適應性的個性特征。

權威型:權威型的父母要求孩子無條件地服從自己。無視孩子合理要求,不能容忍孩子犯錯,過于苛求孩子把事做好,經(jīng)常懲罰斥責孩子。這種教養(yǎng)方式以家長說了算,父母和孩子是不平等的。在這種教養(yǎng)方式下長大的孩子,會比較多的表現(xiàn)出焦慮、退縮等負面情緒和行為,他們在學校中卻有較好的表現(xiàn)。

溺愛型:溺愛型的父母對孩子表現(xiàn)出很多的愛與期待,但是很少對孩子提要求和對其行為進行控制。這類家庭教養(yǎng)方式的家長經(jīng)常嬌慣放縱孩子,遷就孩子任何要求,遷就孩子的錯,一切為孩子代勞,在孩子心目中沒有威信。在這種教養(yǎng)方式下長大的孩子,容易表現(xiàn)得很不成熟且自我控制能力差。一旦他們的要求不能被滿足,往往會表現(xiàn)出哭鬧等行為。對于父母,他們表現(xiàn)出很強的依賴性,往往缺乏恒心和毅力。

忽視型:這類家庭教養(yǎng)方式的家長不干預孩子做任何事,不把孩子要求放在心上,不了解孩子的優(yōu)缺點,孩子的事自己定,不過問或者很少過問孩子的學習。在這種教養(yǎng)方式下長大的孩子,很容易出現(xiàn)適應障礙,他們的適應能力和自我控制能力往往較差。

三、教育方式對幼兒性格形成的影響(一)民主型教養(yǎng)方式對幼兒性格的影響

人的交往需要溝通和交流,溝通是聯(lián)結父母與子女之間的情感紐帶。民主權威型的父母就牢牢地抓住了這一點,他們不管自己工作有多忙多辛苦,每天都會抽出一定的時間陪孩子,陪他們玩游戲,聽他們講各種有趣地事情,給他們說故事,和孩子成為朋友,讓幼兒與家長之間不再有隔閡,彼此的心靈靠得更近。幼兒與父母有了良好的交流與溝通,就會變得開朗、外向,愿意自我表現(xiàn)并會對自我進行肯定。幼兒的發(fā)展有其自身的發(fā)展特點,是一個循序漸進地過程,不能操之過急,一個經(jīng)過努力就能達成的目標,會使幼兒的自信心大增,變得樂觀、積極向上(二)權威型教養(yǎng)方式對幼兒性格的影響

在權威型家庭中充滿著嚴肅的命令、規(guī)范和要求,父母對幼兒的行為有著絕對的控制,他們不能隨意做自己喜歡的事,只能聽從父母的安排,久而久之,幼兒就會習慣性地、盲目地按父母的指令做事,逐漸失去自我和喪失自信,遇事后只能習慣性地等待著父母替自己解決,而不會主動去處理問題,最后只能成為父母個人意愿的“執(zhí)行者”和思想的“代言人”。

權威型的家長往往按照自己的主觀意愿行事,很少或根本不會從幼兒的發(fā)展特點出發(fā)。他們總是一廂情愿地讓幼兒學這學那,在孩子身上投注了極大地期待和希望,希望自己的孩子能成為“人中龍鳳”,但是,每個孩子都是一個不同的個體,都有其自身發(fā)展的特點,于是當孩子沒有能達成父母的這些希望時,他們就會恨鐵不成鋼,對孩子大聲責罵,甚至是奉行棍棒教育。久而久之,孩子在父母面前會越來越“乖”,而在外面則會變得越來越霸道,欺軟怕硬,他們相信暴力才能解決問題。

(三)溺愛型教養(yǎng)方式對幼兒性格的影響

當今的幼兒,不可否認他們是聰明的、機智的,對外界事物有著很強的接受力和適應力,但在看智力的同時再來看他們的生活能力,卻是如此的不堪。在生活中經(jīng)常會看到5、6歲的孩子還需要父母在后面追著喂飯,幼兒園大班的孩子不會自己系鞋帶,曾經(jīng)有一個幼兒點心吃橘子的時候他竟然連皮一起咬,問他為什么,他說:“我不會剝,不知道怎么剝,在家都是媽媽剝好喂我吃的?！毕胍幌?這就是我們社會未來的主人,這樣的主人如何能肩負起社會的重責? 幼兒具有很強的好奇心,對任何事都有興趣,都想弄個究竟,而當孩子想去嘗試和探索的時候,往往就會遭到嬌慣溺愛型家長的阻攔。老師組織小朋友用粉筆在地上畫畫,所有的小朋友都畫地很高興,只有欣欣小朋友站在那里一動也不動,粉筆丟在一邊,老師問他:“為什么不畫啊?”他說:“媽媽說粉筆很臟,不能玩?！崩蠋熗蝗话l(fā)現(xiàn)欣欣這樣的現(xiàn)象還有很多,他不會搭積木,不會小兔跳跳,不善于想象,欣欣說:“媽媽都不讓我這么做?！备改傅囊痪洳辉试S,阻擋了幼兒嘗試與探索的道路,湮滅了幼兒的無盡得想象,也阻礙了幼兒想象力和創(chuàng)造力的發(fā)展。(四)忽視型教養(yǎng)方式對幼兒性格的影響

現(xiàn)在的生活節(jié)奏在不斷地加快,社會競爭壓力在不斷增加,這就迫使許多年輕父母要將大部分的時間和精力花費在自己的工作上,于是對于幼兒的關心就少了,有的父母認為只要滿足幼兒的物質要求就可以了,其他的方面都可以忽略不計。可是他們是否知道,幼小的孩子并沒有很強的名牌意識,他們覺得有的吃有的穿就可以了,在物質方面并不會刻意去追求什么,而在情感方面他們卻要求的很多,他們需要父母的陪伴,需要父母和他們一起玩,一起說話,需要得到父母的關心和愛,這是任何物質所無法取代的。文文小朋友父母常年在外做生意,于是便將他托付給奶奶撫養(yǎng),雖然經(jīng)?？吹轿奈拇┑帽绕渌∨笥押?也經(jīng)常帶高檔的玩具來幼兒園,但卻很少看到他笑,也不愿意和小朋友一起玩,常常一個人躲在角落里。文文奶奶說:“文文的父母常年在外地工作,一年也難得回來幾次,雖然他們常常給文文寄回來漂亮的衣服和高檔的玩具,但文文卻一點也不開心,只有在爸爸媽媽回家的那幾天才能看見文文發(fā)自內(nèi)心的開心和喜悅?！?像文文這樣的孩子由于得不到親情地關愛,往往生活在自己的世界中,不關心他人,交不到朋友,變得不和群和孤僻。

四、家庭結構的完整性

隨著家庭、社會結構的多元,家庭可能因為各種因素而造成單親,如離婚、配偶死亡、配偶工作居住兩地、甚至未婚先孕等。對于尚未成年的孩子來說,家庭是安全的代名詞,是快樂之源,是健康人格的發(fā)展之端[3]。而當父母雙方離異或夫妻雙方只剩一方時,對孩子來說,就意味失去了一方的庇護,在心理上必將承受巨大的痛苦,甚至對生活也失去勇氣,對社會充滿敵意。在整個教育過程中,家庭教育既是學校教育的助手,又是社會教育的一個方面。提高家庭教育的質量,是促進兒童身心健康和發(fā)展的重要因素,也是消除和減少社會問題的一個戰(zhàn)略措施。單親家庭子女心理健康主要存在著以下一些問題。1.自閉和自卑

家庭的破裂仿佛是“天降橫禍”,對年幼的孩子來說,他們?nèi)狈Ρ匾男睦頊蕚?因而他們遭受的打擊比父母更大,而且孩子比成人敏感、脆弱,他們還不完全具備自我調整心理的能力,一時還難以面對家庭破裂的嚴酷現(xiàn)實,因而會感到無所適從[4]。孩子也懂得比較,他們會拿自己的現(xiàn)在與過去比,拿自己與健全家庭的孩子比,因而滋生出自卑的心理,做事變得膽怯,缺乏自信,缺乏進取和積極向上的精神,這些孩子由于被父母疏遠,不愿與人接觸,對周圍的人常有戒備、厭煩的心理。他們總懷疑別人會在背后議論自己,不愿外出活動,不愿與人打交道,表現(xiàn)出自卑自閉的特征。2.自我評價偏低

單親家庭的子女有較為強烈的自卑感,他們感到自己不如別人,自我責備、自我鄙視,將一切的不如意歸因于自己不好,對自己所做的事抱有恐懼傾向。由于對自己的評價偏低,因此他們把工作和學習的失敗歸因于自己的無能,產(chǎn)生不安、內(nèi)疚、失望等消極情緒,從而導致自己的整個心理失去平衡[5]。久而久之,他們對自己失去了信心,甚至對那些稍加努力就可以完成的任務,也往往因自嘆無能而輕易放棄。許多單親家庭子女受到批評后,總認為是自己不好,總認為是自己做錯了什么事。3.焦慮和抑郁

在單親家庭中成長的孩子易產(chǎn)生恐懼心理或抑郁、焦慮情緒或敵對情緒,對別人的關心表現(xiàn)的極為冷淡,在挫折面前非常脆弱,稍有不順心就容易沖動,對生活中的小小摩擦反應非常強烈,自我保護意識過強,極易產(chǎn)生極端行為[6]。這種傾向在女孩身上表現(xiàn)為想痛哭或離家出走,在一些男孩身上則表現(xiàn)為攻擊行為。如果不處理好,很容易走向極端,無論對同學,還是老師或家人都將產(chǎn)生極大的攻擊性和報復心理。4.妒忌和逆反

單親家庭的孩子,無論在物質上還是精神上,所能獲得的享受,往往不容易得到滿足,他們的心理就容易從最初的羨慕演變成妒忌、憎恨。在心理上他們會表現(xiàn)出對父母一方特別依戀,希望能從父母一方獲得雙倍的回報,在物質享受上,如果他們不能正確對待這種差距,就容易導致偷竊等違法犯罪行為的發(fā)生[7]。由于單親家庭中的孩子在“孩子圈”中地位不高,容易成為別的孩子奚落和欺負的對象。然而卻異?？释凰诵蕾p,于是在言行上便刻意地表現(xiàn)出與眾不同,有時甚至喜歡“頂牛角,對著干”,以顯示自身的存在價值。由于家庭破裂,導致家庭教育殘缺不全,生活在單親家庭中的孩子往往缺乏較好的生活教養(yǎng)和學習上的指導。

五、兒童在家庭中的地位與角色

獨生子女在家庭中有著特殊的地位,扮演著特殊的角色,家長在教育態(tài)度與方式上稍有放縱或不一致就很容易造成子女性格上的不良后果?，F(xiàn)在,獨生子女的教育問題已引起教育兒童在家庭中所處的地位及扮演的角色,也會影響其性格的形成與發(fā)展。如父母對子女不公平時,受偏愛的一方可能有洋洋自得、高傲的表現(xiàn),受冷落的一方則容易嫉妒、自卑。艾森伯格研究認為,長子或獨生子比中間的孩子或最小的孩子具有更多的優(yōu)越感。孩子在家庭中越受重視,其性格發(fā)展越傾向自信、獨立、優(yōu)越感強。如果其地位發(fā)生變化,原有的性格特征往往會隨之產(chǎn)生不同程度的變化[8]。蘇聯(lián)一位心理學家對同卵雙生子的姐妹進行研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)姐姐處事果斷、主動勇敢,妹妹較為順從、被動。經(jīng)了解,在這對雙生子出生后,她們的祖母指定一個為姐姐,一個為妹妹。從童年時起,姐姐就擔當起保護、照顧妹妹的責任,所以形成了前面所說的性格特征,而妹妹由于被照顧和保護,就形成了依賴、順從的性格特征。

家庭環(huán)境對兒童性格的發(fā)展起著非常重要的作用。家長應當根據(jù)時代和孩子年齡特點,創(chuàng)造良好的家庭心理環(huán)境,培養(yǎng)孩子良好的個性,發(fā)展他們的智能。這樣的家庭就會始終充滿親切、友愛、平等、歡樂的氣氛,孩子就會在輕松、溫暖的環(huán)境中受到影響和教育,從而健康而活潑地成長。家庭物質條件好,并不等于心理環(huán)境好,從某種意義上講,家庭心理環(huán)境對孩子具有更大的影響作用。家庭心理環(huán)境是由多種因素構成的[9]。例如,家長的性格、興趣、才能以及情緒狀態(tài)等,時刻表現(xiàn)在家庭生活中,影響著家庭心理環(huán)境,對孩子起著潛移默化的作用。如果家長有健全的品格,爽朗、樂觀、豁達,那么這個家庭就會充滿歡樂;如果家長對生活充滿熱愛,興趣廣泛,勤于學習和鉆研,那么這個家庭定會充滿學習的氣氛;如果家長有音樂、美術方面的才能,那么這個家庭則會充滿藝術的氣息。無疑,這些對塑造孩子的性格是十分重要的。一個家庭的心理環(huán)境如何,還取決于家長的教育能力的高低和對子女的態(tài)度。父母若有較強的鑒定、教育能力,那么教育方法就易為子女所接受,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題也能及時處理好。反之,父母教育能力低,平時不會管教,那么出問題便會束手無策,不是唉聲嘆氣,就是打罵孩子,這樣的家庭氣氛肯定會很緊張。每個幼兒都有優(yōu)點,每個幼兒都希望得到父母的喜歡,任性、淘氣的幼兒也不例外。去尋找他們內(nèi)心隱藏著的美好品質,及時鼓勵、表揚,幫助其糾正不良行為。

父母應賦予孩子一個良好的家庭環(huán)境,這個良好的家庭環(huán)境不只是物質上的,重要的是一個使孩子賴以健康成長的學習、生活環(huán)境。家庭是孩子生活和接受教育的第一個“課堂”,父母對孩子的身心健康有不可推卸的責任,家庭影響在人的一生中起著奠基的作用,特別是兒童階段,孩子思想尚未定型,有很強的可塑性,他們對周圍的一切都感興趣,并善于模仿,這個年齡段的孩子,分辨是非的能力差,家庭和周圍環(huán)境的各種影響,他們往往都不加取舍地去接受。我們只有意識到孩子所表現(xiàn)的不良行為習慣會對孩子今后的身體、學業(yè)、人際關系有多么重要的負面影響,才能明白矯正孩子不良行為的重要性,才能痛下決心采取行動。孩子在成長過程中出現(xiàn)不良行為是正?，F(xiàn)象,簡單粗暴的打罵不僅無法解決問題反而可能使情況惡化。因此,家庭教育對幼兒性格形成具有重要的影響,性格對幼兒的成長具有非常重要的作用,幼兒時期是一個人性格培養(yǎng)的起始階段,是良好性格培養(yǎng)和能力開始形成的關鍵時期,一個人的性格培養(yǎng)形成于幼兒期,因此對幼兒性格培養(yǎng),應該像智力啟蒙一樣,應及早的重視孩子的性格起步教育,培養(yǎng)孩子良好的性格是其他一切教育的基礎。父母在尋求合適教養(yǎng)方式的時候,一定要以幼兒為前提,為幼兒提供自由發(fā)展的機會,與同齡人交流的機會,對幼兒合理施愛,父母要以身作則,為幼兒樹立一個好的榜樣作用,并將不同的教養(yǎng)方式融合使用,才能讓幼兒健康成長和形成優(yōu)良的性格。

參考文獻: [1] 趙忠心.家庭教育學[m].北京:人民教育出版社,1994.[2] 李丹主編.兒童發(fā)展心理學[m].上海:華東師大出版社,1987.[3] 楊善堂.兩代人家庭與三代人家庭獨生幼兒心理發(fā)展比較研究[j],心理發(fā)展與教育,1988.[4] 邢勝巧,田紅英.單親家庭學生的個性特征及引導策略.[5]印小青.家庭教養(yǎng)方式與兒童發(fā)展關系研究綜述[j].學前教育研究,2004,(10).[6] 付崇苗.淺析家庭環(huán)境對兒童心理健康的影響[j].科技信息,2007,(02)[7] 嚴孝芝.淺談家庭教養(yǎng)方式與兒童社會化[j]阿壩師范高等?？茖W校學報,2007,(s1).[8] 陳蘭萍.性格塑造在家庭教育中的地位[j].青海民族學院學報(社會科學版),1998,(03).[9] 席廣輝.家庭教育是豐富多彩的[j].家庭與家教,2002,(07)

第五篇：淺析簡愛的性格魅力

摘 要

《簡·愛》是英國女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的一部帶有自傳色彩的長篇小說。它的問世，曾經(jīng)轟動了19世紀的英國文壇，吸引了國內(nèi)外成千上萬的讀者。它之所以經(jīng)典，在于作品成功地塑造了一位為追求平等、尊嚴以及獨立而敢于與生活困境、社會歧視以及男權主義進行斗爭的女性形象。小說集中描述了她為謀求婦女經(jīng)濟獨立和愛情平等權利而進行的反抗斗爭。本文旨在通過簡愛不同的成長環(huán)境分析其反抗和獨立的性格，力求全方位的感受和理解簡愛性格的獨特魅力。

關鍵詞：性格；獨立；反抗；尊嚴

I

Abstract

Jane Eyre, a novel with a strong autobiographical color which was written by Charlotte Bronte.When it was first published, it shocked the whole English literary world in the 19th century.Furthermore, it attracts and moves thousands of readers at home and abroad.It is a classic work because the author successfully pictures an amazing herione who dares to struggle with poor enviroment, social discrimination and patriarchy in order to pursue equality, dignity, independence and so on.This novel mainly decribes her rebellion for seeking women?s economic independence and love of equal rights.This paper aims at analyzing Jane Eyre?s rebellious and independent character through the different enviroments in Jane?s growing process so as to fully understand the unique charm of Jane?s character.Key words: character;independence;rebellion;dignity II An Analysis of Jane Eyre’s Characters in Jane Eyre

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Binhai School of Foreign Affairs

Tianjin Foreign Studies University

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts

by Huang yawei May，2013

Contents

Abstract(in Chinese)………………..………………………………………….I Abstract(in English)……………..………………………………………….....II I.Introduction …………………………………….…...………………………..1

1.1 About Charlotte Bronte…………….………………………………………..…….....1

1.2 The social background of Jane Eyre…………………………………..……..…….…2

1.3 The brief introduction of Jane Eyre…………………………………………………..3 II.Literature review...……………………………………………………….......4 III.Jane Eyre at Gateshead………………….......................................................6 3.1 Jane Eyre?s rebellion………………………………………………...........................6 3.1.1 Under the ill-treatment from John Reed..……………………….…..................6 3.1.2 In the Red Room……...........................................................................................7 3.1.3 In front of Mrs.Reed……………………………..……………….…………….8 3.2 Jane?s independence at Gateshead…………………………………...…….…...….10 IV.Jane Eyre at Lowood Institution……………………………………..…….11 4.1 Jane?s rebellion…………………………………………………………..….…….11 4.1.1 Contrast between Helen Burns and Jane · Eyre……………...……….…..…….11

4.1.2 Against Mr.Brocklehurst………………..……………..……………....................12

4.2 Jane?s independence at Lowood Institution ………………………………...……13 V.Jane Eyre at Thornfield Hall and Moor House………..................................14 5.1 Jane?s rebellion………………………………………………………..……………14

5.1.1 On human dignity…………...………………...………………………..….…14

5.1.2 On love …………………………….....………………………………...……15

5.2 Jane?s independence at Thornfield Hall and Moor House…………………………17 VI.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………18 References………………………………………………………………...……20 I.Introduction

1.1 About Charlotte Bronte

Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)was born at Thornton, in Yorkshire England, the third of six children.She was not pretty.She was plain and little, but her name was put in the first page of the history of English literature in the 19th century because of the success of Jane Eyre.In August 1824, Charlotte Bronte was sent with three of her sisters to the Clergy Daughters? School at Cowan Bridge.Due to its poor and unhealthy conditions, her two elder sisters died at 11 and 10 years old.Charlotte survived, but her healthy was permanently affected.Soon after, she moved from the school and lived with her living sisters, Emily and Anne.And Charlotte continued her education at Roe Heed School in Mirfield at fiftheen years old.In 1839, Charotte left Roe Heed School and took up the first position as a governess in some private families in Yorkshire.However, the job at that time was treated with bias and she suffered a lot.To make a living, Charlotte and her sister Emily wanted to open a school to teach children French, but they were not good at this language.In 1843, they travelled to Brussels to learn French.They met Mr.Herger, the owner of the Pension at Herger, a girl?s school, where Charlotte and Emily were pupils and Charlotte later worked as a teacher.While during the period between 1839 and 1842, there were two men ask for Charlotte?s proposal, one was the brother of Charlotte?s friend, another was a young clergyman.Charlotte rejected them for the reason that she thought she was not their true love but a tradition to marry a woman.Her attitude towards love was very vivid.She knew whom she loved and what she wanted.Then Charlotte returned her hometown to open a school with her two sisters.However, they failed.After their dream was broken, Charlotte thought writing might be another way.In May 1846, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne published a joint collection of poetry under assumed names of Currer, Ellis and Action Bell.Although only two copies were sold, they decided to continue writing for publication and began to work on their first novel.It was very unfortunate, Emily and Anne both died of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1848 and 1849 respectively.Charlotte and her father were left alone.Under the very hardship condition, Charlotte continuously worked hard in the journey of literary creation and published Shirley(1848)and Villette(1853)and began to create the novel Emma in 1853.For her first novel, The Professor(1857)was published under the name Currier Bell and was based on her own experiences of teaching in Brussels, but never found a publisher in her lifetime.The world-famous autobiography novel, Jane Eyre, was written in 1846.In the novel, Charlotte created a figure to make her ideal dream of love come true.On June 1854, Charlotte married Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father?s curate.She died nine months later during her first pregnancy.In general, her works are all about the strugggle of an individual consciousness toward slef-realization, about some lonely and neglected young wowen with a longing for love.1.2 The social background of Jane Eyre

1832, the year when the first Reform Act was passed, was usually regarded as the end of the Romantic era and the beginning of the Victorian age, although Queen Victorian did not start her reign until 1837.The Victorian age(1832-1902)was usually subdivided into the following phases: the early victorian period, the mid-victorian period and the late victorian period.And Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre in the early victorian period when the economic developed rapidly.At that time, England developed into a rich, advanced industrial country.Although capitalist had appeared, old convention and prejudice remained dominant.Many social problems still exsited, for instance, the sharpest contrast between the rich and the poor and the rigid social hierarchy.In this period, women were still regarded as second-class hierarchy.They were employed as cheap laborer and were forced to do very hard jobs.They had no place in politics, economics and society.They had no right to pursue their own love and their status were totally dependent upon the economic position of their fathers and then their husbands.Furthermore, they had to sacrifice themselves to serve their husbands and children.However, under various unequal treatments, some outstanding women appeared, such as famous women writers, Bronte sisters.They were great English realists at that time.They created pictures of bourgeois civilization, showing the misery and suffering of the common people.So in the late period of Victorian age, a feminism movement started.Those feminists fought for women?s equality, freedom, their educational and employment opportunities.What?s more, Petitions to parliament advocating women?s suffrage were approved as early as in the 1840.1.3 The brief introduction to “ Jane Eyre”

Jane Eyre, the main character, is a plain orphan who is cruelly treated in childhood by her aunt, Mrs.Reed, the wife of her mother?s brother.At Gateshead, Jane bears ten years of neglect and abuse, especially after her uncle died.Mrs.Reed is a harsh, cold and unsympathetic woman who treats Jane as a servant, but pampers her three children.They look down upon her because she is not pretty and has no money.In order to be accepted by her aunt, she tries to stand difficulties, however, her aunt still treats her as a thron.After suffering all kinds of inhumane treatments at Gateshead, she is sent away to a boarding school at the tender age of ten, where she receives good education under severe conditions and makes a friend with Helen Burns.There, at Lowood, Jane bears a lot both physically and mentally, only consoled by a kind teacher, Miss Temple.After eight years at the school, Jane Eyre becomes a governess at Thornfield Hall.Mr.Rochester, the master of the house, who seems to have a dark past.Day after day, Mr.Rochester is attracted not by her looks but her wit and courageous spirit, and falls in love with her.This is the same with her.Then Jane accepts Mr.Rochester?s proposal.But their marriage is prevented by the unexpected fact that he has already had a wife, a mad woman who is still alive.Jane feels very shocked and is deeply hurt, then she leaves him quietly because she doesn?t want to be a mistress.Jane arrives at the desolate crossroads and refuses to beg for food.Fortunately, the Rivers family takes her into their home at Moor House.Jane develops great affection for the ladies, and happily teaches at St.John?s school.She gradually thinks that she has inherited a vast fortune because she has become a member of a new famliy.St.John, a very handsome clergyman who is determined to devote himself to God.He admires Jane and asks her to be his wife.However, she suddenly feels that she still cherishes a deep love for Rochester.Finally, she refuses St.John and goes back to find Rochester, who is a blind but free man.Then they marry and enjoy a contented and peaceful life.II.Literary review

Jane Eyre was written according to Charlotte Bronte?s own experience.It was published in London, England, in 1847 by Smith, Elder & Co.And the first American edition was released the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York.It has been described as “the first modern novel, the first to envelop the life of a plain ordinary woman with romance”(Thomley, G.C.& Gwyneth Roberts, 1984: 124)William Makepeace Thackeray also hailed it as “ the mastework of great genius”.Jane Eyre successfully created a great sensation in the whole literary world through the struggling story of a “Cinderella”.Nowadays, it still attracts many readers.The film which was adapted by Jane Eyre, had won an Oscar Academy Awards.Therefore, lots of writers and critics at home and abroad remain enthusiastic about it.When G.K.Chesterton said, “ The novel of the 19th century was female”(G.K.Chesterton, 2011: 96), he must have been refering to the emergence of a number of brilliant woman writers who gave voice to the feelings and aspirations of the educated women of their age.Charlotte Bronte is one of the greatest women writers, and her Jane Eyre is undoubtedly an outstanding women?s declaration of independence and love.Jane Eyre is also honoured as “ Another book is required reading for women ” and “ It is worth reading than fifty Trollopes, fifty Dickens and any other novels”.(Trubner and Company, 2010 : 132)Furthermore, Dickens and Thackeray highly praised Jane Eyre as it revealed the political and the social truth to the world.At the same time, Marx also rated Charlotte as an excellent novelist in Britain.Throughout the domestic researches, Jane Eyre also gets a lot of recognition.“ For some years, Charlotte Bronte has written her works, Shirler, Villette and so on, but Jane Eyre is the most successful and popular one”(吳偉仁, 2004: 233)At the same time, it is also regarded as “ a typical work which has a closely connection with the Bible in the 19th literature ”(卓新平, 1992: 232)Zhu Hong, a British and American literature researcher and tutor, understands Jane Eyre as a revenge on the upper society and regards the marriage of Jane and Rochester as a carnival of spiritual revenge.10 III.Jane Eyre at Gateshead

3.1 Jane Eyre’s rebellion

“ Once a person is born, his personality has partly taken shape”.Indeed, the main part of a personality copies his parents, and the remaining part comes just from himself or from the circumstances.The circumstances which Jane lived in her childhood was miserable so that her spirit of striving for independence and rebellion was fully exposed.3.1.1 Under the ill-treatment from John Reed

From the above introduction of Jane?s experiences at Gateshead, we can know that Jane Eyre?s life was unhappy and pitiful.Everyone in Reed house humiliated her, the one who always abused Jane Eyre was John Reed.John Reed, four years elder than Jane, was Mrs.Reed?s only darling son.So no matter what he had done, no one would scold him, instead, all of them would think that it must be Jane?s fault.At the initial stage, Jane had a little frightened to John when she was abused by him.For example, Jane Eyre said, “every nerve I had feared him, and every morsel of flesh on my bones shrank when he came near.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 9).However, Jane Eyre?s mind was strong and she was not scared later.On the contrary, the seeds of the rebellion were gradually growing up.As for John, he had not much affection for his mother and sisters, let alone the sympathy to Jane Eyre.Furthermore, he always condemned Jane with dirty words which, to the great extent, hurt Jane?s self-respect.For instance, he once said, 11 “ You are a dependant, mama says;you have no money;your father left you none;you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen’s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mama's expense.Now, I'll teach you to rummage my bookshelves...”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 9)

In our views, the more difficulties there were, the more she was strong.Jane did not think that she should resign to such an uneducated and rude boy.When John Reed lift and hurled the book to Jane, she shouted out “wicked and cruel boy!You are like a murder---you are like a slave driver---you are like the roman emperors!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 10)Then she tussled with John.This point has been shown clearly that the tolerance level of Jane Eyre has reached her limits.It is known to us that people who are only under the great oppression will break out their enormous power.Just like what Luxun said, “ to explore in silence, or to die in it.”

Jane was a strong girl and never gave up.She dared to protect herself when she suffered from the humiliation of being criticized by everyone.She thought that they were not worth respecting.This thought was obviously contrary to the current of thought at that society of male priority.However, Jane was a different girl.She dared to think and act.The novel had pointed out that “ they had got me by this time into the apartment indicated by Mrs.Reed, and had thrust me upon a stool: my impulse was to rise from it like a spring.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 11)From here we can imagine, at that time, Jane?s rebellious conciousness was more strong than before.3.1.2 In the Red Room

With the development of the unjust events, Jane started to fight against them.Firstly, facing John?s unreasonably bullies, Jane didn?t retreat but strike him.Secondly, the servants often blamed Jane and told her that she should not strike John because he was her young master, but she attacked them in the strongest terms.Thirdly, Mrs.Reed hated to see Jane Eyre because of Jane?s ceaseless rebellion.All these seemed that Jane was challenging the power of Mrs.Reed.So finally she couldn?t escape from the tragedy of being sent to the red room.The room was seldom used, for Mr.Reed was dead in this room.We can?t imagine that how horrible the red room is, even for a little girl.Everything in this room was filled with a sense of ghastly atmosphere, which made people stifling.So was Jane.She said，“ Although there was a superstition with me at that moment, it was not yet her hour for complete victory: my blood was still warm, the mood of the revolted slave was still bracing me with its bitter vigor.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 13)

As long as she considered that“ All John Reed?s violent tyrannies, all his sisters? proud indifference… Why was it useless to try to win any one?s favor… ”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 13)Jane would cause a feeling of hatred at that time.There was only one word would come up her, that was the rebellion.Only through the rebellion, Jane could feel a sense of achievement and satisfactory.Only through the rebellion, she could have the opportunity to get freedom and independence because the red room was just like the hell.During the whole afternoon, Jane thought lots of things in this cold red room.She was sure that it was not the life she wanted.3.1.3 In front of Mrs.Reed

At Gateshead, the conversations between Mrs.Reed and Jane Eyre could well display her rebellions.When faced with so many different kinds of revilement, Jane had not shown any sign of fright.Instead, she gave the powerful words to hit back.While in Mrs.Reed?s eyes, Jane was an unwelcome alien who permanently invaded her own family group.Therefore, she told her children not to go near Jane, but Jane cried out and said, “ They are not fit to associate with me.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 27)Mrs.Reed was so angry when hearing it, and then dragged her into the nursery, pressed her on the edgy of the bed and said, “ Dared me in an emphatic voice to rise from that place.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 27)Then, Jane talked it back immediately, “ What would uncle Reed say to you, if he were live? ”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 27)These words shocked Mrs.Reed, and her eyes were filled with terror.She did not think that such a little girl had so great power and courage to speak to her.In the days of nursery, Jane was always striving, she was often thinking about how to express her inner thoughts out.She had been abused for a long time.But the only thing that she could do was to rebel, which was the best way that could protect her.She had learnt how to gather all her energy and give Mrs.Reed a forceful hit-back.When Mrs.Reed told Mr.Brocklehurst that Jane Eyre was a liar.Jane had a face to face conflict with her aunt, she defended，“ I am not deceitful: if I were you, I should say I love you: but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except the John Reed: and this book about the liar, you may give your girl, Georgiana, for it is she tells lies, and not I.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 35)

How comfortable for Jane as she was saying these words.Jane still continued to say

“ I am glad you are no relation of mine, I will never call you aunt as long as I live, and I will never come to see you when I am grown up.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 35)

Jane was only a ten-year-old girl but she had such kind of courage against the things that she thought unfair.3.2 Jane’s independence at Gateshead

Independence is an outstanding quality throughout the whole novel.Jane Eyre is not pretty but her character is unique.Under a variety of difficulties at Gateshead, Jane gradually began to realize the importance of independence, as her conciousness of rebellion becoming more and more strong.She knew that dependence and incompetence invited nothing but scorn.As a result of the event that she striked with John, she was sent to the red room by her aunt.In the red room, she realized she needed to be saved and protected by herself and she needed to be self-reliant.She said, “ Unjust!I never compromise to them.I shall be independent.”(Charottle Bronte, 2008: 14)She hated Gateshead, she hated everyone there.She believed that only when she was independent, could she be respected by others.After all, Jane Eyre was a little girl and it was hard for her to be economically independent.Because of the hatred between Reeds and Jane Eyre, Jane would like to be sent to a low budget orphan school called Lowood Institution.Before Jane left the Gateshead, she rebuked Mrs.Reed，“ You think I have no feelings and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness;but I cannot live so… People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted.You are deceitful!”(Charottle Bronte, 2008: 35)

This was the first time that Jane enjoyed a sense of triumph and freedom.And she also felt she was independent because she escaped from there.15 IV.Jane Eyre at Lowood Institution

4.1 Jane’s rebellion

With thirst for new life, Jane Eyre went to Lowwood.It was a charity school, but in fact was a hell for poor girls.During the eight years of school?s life, Jane?s thought gradually became mature.What?s more, this experience further developed her rebellion.4.1.1 Contrast between Helen Burns and Jane · Eyre

In Lowood, Helen Burns played a very important role in Jane Eyre?s childhood and even in Jane?s whole life, Helen Burns could be undoubtedly considered as Jane?s friend.Helen was the first person who spoke to Jane in the Lowood.Jane loved to be with Helen because she was willing to share everything with her.However, they had different characters when they came across the same conditions.For example, when Helen was punished in the middle of a room, she had no complaining words.It seemed that nothing had happended, no crying, no shameful expression on her face.But Jane got very angry and she said to Helen，“ If I were in your place, I should dislike her;I should resist her;if she struck me with that rod, I should get it from her hand;I should break it under her nose.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 55)

So seen from this sentence, we learned that Helen didn?t dare to fight, and she wasn?t brave as much as Jane.And she told Helen，16 “ A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you.It is all ever desire to be.If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid… I am sure we should— so hard as to teach the person who struck us never do it again!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 56)

This forceful speech embodied the deep oppression of Jane?s rebellious spirit.We believed that if Jane was right, she would do it without any hesitation.Here, Jane?s rebellious character kept growing.Helen was always telling her belief to Jane.She was deeply poisoned by religion and sincerely believed in God.Furthermore, she wished to be in heaven after death.She said to Jane, “ I am sure there is a future state;I believe God is good… God is my father;God is my friend;I love Him;I believe He loves me.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 80)But Jane did not like her.She would not sumbit to fate and the environment.She was a girl born with strong rebellion.As long as any evil force came to her, she must fight against them and must protect herself.This rebellious awareness was just the quality that Helen was lack of.4.1.2 Against Mr.Brocklehurst

As we all know, Mr.Brocklehurst was not only a hypocrite, but also a snob man, though he was the founder of the Lowood.So at the Lowood School, he could enjoy the most favorable right.He treated the students as servants and punished the students in the name of saving their souls.The school didn?t provide the poor children with enough food, clothes and it could not give good treatment for the disease.Therefore, death had become something common at Lowood Institution.This condition aroused Jane?s rebellion again.Jane was a girl who was always ready to fight.It was obvious that she didn?t like Mr.Brocklehurst.At Lowood, Mr.Brocklehurst scolded Jane as a liar.Undoubtedly, such sharp words hurt Jane deeply.As long as there was a hope, Jane would have a sense of rebellion.When Mr.Brocklehurst wanted to cut the long hair of Severn, the blackboard suddenly slipped from Jane?s hand and fell with an obtrusive crash so that Mr.Brocklehurst punished Jane to stand on the chair in front of everyone.As Jane had said that she could not bear such humiliating punishment, but now she was standing in the middle of the room.The feelings of inward were beyond the description.Jane?s heart was filled with fury.She never stopped longing for a free life in a new world.She thought that she must do everything she could completely to fight against the bad man and to resist the unfair punishement.At this moment, Jane?s rebellion became stronger and stronger.4.2 Jane’s independence at Lowood Institution

Jane?s independent consciousness was sprouted at Gateshead first, it took shape at Lowood Institution.Under lots of unfair punishement, Jane gained strength from her teacher and fellow students.And Jane tired to achieve her independence.Helen?s sincere friendship gave her strength.Although she didn?t accept Helen?s belief about abandoning human affection and praying for God?s love, but Jane was deeply moved by Helen?s words，“ Yet it would be your duty to bear it , if you could not avoid it: it is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what your fate to be required to bear.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 55)Jane learnt self-control from Helen Burns.And Helen told her that life was so short that people couldn?t waste it to bear grudges.This might be the reason why Jane finally forgave Mrs.Reed.Miss Temple, a teacher who was admired and deeply loved by Jane.When Mr.Brocklehurst told all the people that Jane was a liar, Miss Temple gave a chance to Jane to defend herself.She believed what Jane said and it gave Jane great consolation.Miss Temple often encouraged her students to keep up their spirits.Jane learnt the value of independence from her.After the leaving of Miss Temple, Jane couldn?t put up with dullness there.She was eager for freedom and a new life.She told herself that she wanted to go to a lively place.And no matter what happened in the future, she would face it bravely.The rebellious spirit was lightened again.And she also believed that if she wanted to be independent, she must achieve economic independence.Then Jane made an advertisement and got a job as a governess at Thornfied.V.Jane at Thornfield Hall and Moor House

5.1 Jane’s rebellion

Time in Thornfield?s and Moor House played a significant role in Jane Eyre?s life.This part showed the climax of Jane?s rebellious and independent spirit through her attitude to human dignity, love and marriage.5.1.1 On human dignity

When Jane Eyre first came to Thornfield Hall, she didn?t feel ashamed of her plain apperance and poverty-stricken state.She defended her dignity as defending her life.Jane didn?t show any subservience before her wealthy and arrogant master.When Rochester ordered Jane to talk more with him to please him, she refused firmly.In Jane?s eyes, Mr.Rochester couldn?t consider himself superior to her regarding to his age, experience and status.Jane stayed consistent in her beliefs when she didn?t know much about Rochester yet.One evening, she was asked by Rochester, “ Do you think I?m handsome? ” “ Normally I would have taken time to think, and said something polite, but somehow I answered at once, ? No, sir.? ” Jane wrote.(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 129)She was unwilling to tell that Mr.Rochester was handsome although he was her employer.She didn?t want to flatter others, although she knew that it would benefit her job.She hoped that she could be equal to his master in spirit except in money and in social class.Since then, she was able to communicate with Rochester in spirit and gained respect for human dignity from him.5.1.2 On love

Day by day, through many equal contacts between Jane and Rochester, Jane found that she fell in love with Rochester.“ The friendly frankness, as correct as cordial, with which he treated me, drew me to him.I felt at times as if he were my relation rather than my master.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 144)She comprehended his faults and sympathized his misfortune.She saw his kind-hearted nature.Jane loved Mr.Rochester very much.In order to pursue the whole love from Mr.Rochester, Jane was fighting for the traditional ideas all the time.When she heard that Mr.Rochester would get married with Miss.Ingram, she was desperate.As for Mr.Rochester, he thought that Jane would like some women 20 who begged for the so-called love.However, to Rochester?s surprise, Jane said to him firmly，“ I must leave you and Thornfield, I must!I tell you I must go.Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automation?...You think wrong.I have as much as you---and full as much heart!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 194)

Jane Eyre retorted.Thus it can be seen that the holding capacity of Jane?s mind was so great.She wouldn?t bear any humiliation.She respected Mr.Rochester?s decision.She didn?t want to be painful again.She said，“ And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me… and we stood at God’s feet, equal, as we are!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 248)

This was Jane?s real declaration of human right.She dared to resist her master severely to defend her own rights.Just because of her unique character and action, Mr.Rochester expressed his inner feelings.Amazed and excited, Jane agreed to be his wife.However, it was on Jane?s marrying day that she knew the fact that Mr.Rochester had a legal wife.Undoubtedly, it was a heart-stuck attack to Jane.At this moment, it was impossible for them to get married because she knew that Mr.Rochester didn?t belong to her any more.He had a wife.If she continued to stay in Thornfield, she would became Mr.Rochester?s mistress who wouldn?t be accepted by society.No matter how she loved Mr.Rochester, Jane could not persuade herself to be married with him.Being alone in the world, she had no one to depend on.At last, she perfered to leave Rochester rather than to lose her individual dignity.She said loudly and clearly before she left Thornfield, “ I care for myself… I will hold to the principles received by me when I was sane, and not mad—as I am now.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 310)It was a pity that they didn?t get together, for they loved each other deeply.However, Jane?s unusual rebellious character was perfectly shown.She dared not only to rebel the unfairness but also to challenge the social conventions to pursue her own rights.After leaving Rochester?s home, Jane wandered here and there.She was nearly dead.Luckily, she met with St.John and his sisters.They were very friendly and warm-hearted to her.With their care, Jane recovered quickly.Soon, she worked as a village teacher in a church school.St.John thought highly of Jane?s talent and made an offer of marriage several times in the name of “ God?s will”.Jane resolutely refused him.She knew that she was the right person who could help him to do missionary work and their marriage wasn?t based on true love.She pointed out, “ He prizes me as a soldier would a good weapon, and that is all.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 397)Yielding to St.John?s request, it meant to give up Jane?s rights.And she said to St.John that she scorned his idea of love.John was shocked by this sentence because he met the resistance from Jane.Furthermore, she still loved Mr.Rochester, so she determined to return to Thronfield again.However, Thronfield had become a wasteland after a big fire, and Rochester was blind and disabled but free.At this moment, she felt that she loved Rochester more than ever.So she decided to stay with him and to look after him for all of her life.In the end, Jane Eyre possessed noble soul and gained true love.5.2 Jane’s independence at Thornfield Hall and Moor House

In order to support herself, Jane worked as a governess at Thornfield Hall where developed her independence totally.She completely earned money by her own.Although Rochester was rich, Jane never thought of depending on him.She remembered all the time that the self-respect and dignity of a woman were based on the economical independence.She thought, “ If I had ever so small an independency;I never can bear being dressed like a doll by Mr.Rochester… I could better endure to be kept by him now.”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 264)After knowning that Rochester also loved her, Jane was excited and told Rochester, “ I shall continue to act as Adele?s governess;by that I shall earn my board and lodging… and you shall give me nothing but—your regard!”(Charlotte Bronte, 2008: 265)From here we could see that Jane?s character of self-respect and independence was so strong and firm, and Jane showed her spirit sufficiently.As for love, Jane hold that independence and pursuit of the equal rights were the fundamental elements.And she protected her independence and personality all the time.When Rochester intended to give her a lot of jewelry and beautiful clothes, she refused.She thought that real love wasn?t based on money and jewelry.Her love didn?t mix with conventional ideas at that time and she didn?t want to be the slave of money and to rely on others.Furthermore, she did not want to be an accessory of Rochester.Until she left the Thornfield, she didn?t take those things that were sent by Rochester.And at Moor House, she refused St.John?s proposal.All the actions and thoughts were fully shown that Jane would insist on her spirit under any conditions.VI.Conclusion

From Jane?s story at Gateshead, Lowood, Thornfield and Moor House, we learn that Jane?s life is full of tears, misery and humiliation.However, she never gives up the determination in struggling against her fate and pursuing independence.The paper has analyzed Jane Eyre?s rebellious and independent spirit.In her chidhood, she had the rebellious spirit and independent conciousness.After she turned into a mature woman, she became more independent and continued to struggle bravely against the unjustice under the bad enviroment.From Gateshead to Lowood Institution, from Thornfield to Moor House, Jane?s spirit developed step by step until she gained her own perfect love at last.Jane is a new image of woman who is worthy learning.The value of a woman does not lie in her looks, her dress, and any other things that have a powerful fascination to men?s eyes, but in her nature, her mind and her character.In fact, no matter in which society you live, the woman who wanted to pursue equality, freedom or even feminism should pursue financial, personal and political independence.As for love in the modern society, women should seek it on the base of equality and true love not on money, houses or cars.Just like Jane Eyre, though she doesn?t have a beautiful appearance and enough money, she would own her wholehearted love.References

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