第一篇：黨校在職研究生入學(xué)考試政治學(xué)筆記

政治學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)題

1.政治的涵義和特點(diǎn) 政治的涵義

對(duì)“政治”涵義的解釋分為兩大類，即非馬克思主義的政治觀和馬克思主義的政治觀。

非馬克思主義的政治觀: “道德論”、“神權(quán)論”、“權(quán)力論”、“管理論”、“政策論”。馬克思主義的政治觀，其基本內(nèi)容是：

（一）政治活動(dòng)的基礎(chǔ)是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，政治是經(jīng)濟(jì)的集中表現(xiàn)

（二）政治是與階級(jí)聯(lián)系在一起的特定的社會(huì)關(guān)系，是一種階級(jí)關(guān)系

（三）政治是與國家緊密聯(lián)系的特殊公共權(quán)力現(xiàn)象，國家政權(quán)是政治的主要的和根本的問題

（四）政治有特定的發(fā)展規(guī)律，政治是一門科學(xué)，是一門藝術(shù)

根據(jù)馬克思主義政治觀的基本內(nèi)涵，我們可以對(duì)政治作如下的理解：政治是一定階級(jí)或社會(huì)集團(tuán)為了實(shí)現(xiàn)和維護(hù)自身的利益，圍繞國家權(quán)力而結(jié)成的社會(huì)關(guān)系和進(jìn)行的社會(huì)活動(dòng)。

政治的特點(diǎn)

（一）政治是由一定社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)所決定，并且為一定階級(jí)和社會(huì)集團(tuán)的利益服務(wù)的。

（二）政治的核心問題是國家權(quán)力。

2.政治對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展的作用 政治對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的作用：

一、進(jìn)步的政治對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的推動(dòng)作用

二、反動(dòng)的政治對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的阻礙和破壞

三、政治與經(jīng)濟(jì)相比占首位 政治對(duì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的作用

一、政治對(duì)社會(huì)秩序的影響

首先表現(xiàn)在對(duì)社會(huì)秩序的影響方面。社會(huì)秩序有好壞之分，政治既可以帶來好的政治秩序，又可以帶來混亂的社會(huì)秩序。代表先進(jìn)階級(jí)和廣大人民利益的政治，可以得到人民群眾的支持和擁護(hù)，一般可以維持良好的社會(huì)秩序，有利于社會(huì)的進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。相反，則可能帶來混亂的社會(huì)秩序，從而影響和阻礙社會(huì)的進(jìn)步。

二、政治對(duì)社會(huì)關(guān)系的影響

一定發(fā)展階段上的社會(huì)，就是一定的各種社會(huì)關(guān)系的總和。

政治關(guān)系是經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系、生產(chǎn)關(guān)系、生產(chǎn)資料占有關(guān)系、物質(zhì)利益關(guān)系最直接、最集中的反映。進(jìn)而決定了在社會(huì)中所處的地位的不同。

三、政治對(duì)社會(huì)進(jìn)步的影響

進(jìn)步的政治對(duì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展起促進(jìn)作用，反動(dòng)的政治對(duì)社會(huì)的發(fā)展起延緩或阻礙作用。

政治人的定義：政治人是指具有政治意識(shí)和政治行為能力，并且實(shí)際參與政治過程的人。

3.如何理解公民的權(quán)利和義務(wù)

公民在國家生活中的作用主要通過以下幾種方式表現(xiàn)出來：

（一）行使權(quán)利

一是參政權(quán)，包括選舉權(quán)、罷免權(quán)、創(chuàng)制權(quán)和復(fù)決權(quán)。

二是政治自由權(quán)，包括言論、出版、著作、新聞和集會(huì)、結(jié)社、游行、示威自由等權(quán)利。三是請(qǐng)求權(quán)，包括申訴、控告、檢舉、要求賠償和提起訴訟的權(quán)利。

（二）履行義務(wù)

一是維護(hù)國家統(tǒng)一和民族團(tuán)結(jié)的義務(wù)。二是遵紀(jì)守法的義務(wù)。

三是維護(hù)國家安全，依法服兵役的義務(wù)。四是依法納稅的義務(wù)。4.公民制度的內(nèi)容

公民制度是一個(gè)國家關(guān)于公民的資格、地位、權(quán)利義務(wù)等各項(xiàng)制度的總稱。通常包括下述內(nèi)容：

（一）公民資格的取得制度

（二）公民參政制度

（三）公民自由制度

（四）公民平等制度

（五）公民受益和請(qǐng)求制度

5.國家機(jī)構(gòu)及其組成

國家機(jī)構(gòu)就是廣義的中央政府（所以也稱政府機(jī)構(gòu)），就是掌握和行使國家最高統(tǒng)治權(quán)力的政治機(jī)關(guān)。

現(xiàn)代國家的國家機(jī)構(gòu)基本上是由：（1）國家元首；（2）國家立法機(jī)關(guān)；（3）國家行政機(jī)關(guān)；（4）國家司法機(jī)關(guān)等設(shè)施組成。

在我國，全國人民代表大會(huì)既是最高的國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)，同時(shí)也是行使立法權(quán)的立法機(jī)關(guān)，根據(jù)我國憲法的規(guī)定，全國人民代表大會(huì)及常務(wù)委員會(huì)的職權(quán)主要有：第一，立法權(quán)。第二，選舉權(quán)。第三，審議權(quán)。第四，決定權(quán)。第五，監(jiān)督權(quán)。

6.現(xiàn)代民主政治發(fā)展中政黨的作用

政黨的概念：政黨是一定社會(huì)中的階級(jí)或階層，為控制或影響國家權(quán)力而組織起來的，有明確的綱領(lǐng)和嚴(yán)格的紀(jì)律政治組織。

政黨的作用主要體現(xiàn)在兩個(gè)方面。

1．在本階級(jí)內(nèi)部，政黨作為一定階級(jí)的利益代表和先進(jìn)分子的組織具有以下幾方面的作用：一是凝聚本階級(jí)的利益和表達(dá)本階級(jí)的政治意識(shí)。二是集合和發(fā)展本階級(jí)的政治力量。三是培養(yǎng)本階級(jí)的政治骨干分子。

2．在社會(huì)政治生活中，政黨的作用在于影響和獲取國家政權(quán)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)本階級(jí)的政治統(tǒng)治和政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。在取得政權(quán)以前，政黨彽彽通過自己的相應(yīng)的綱領(lǐng)和路線、斱針、政策等，闡明自己的政治主張或社會(huì)管理斱案，通過各種合法的或非法的斗爭，影響國家的社會(huì)政策的制定朝有利于自己的斱向収展。奪得政權(quán)以后，則把自己的意志和主張轉(zhuǎn)化為國家的法律和政策，幵采取實(shí)際的措施和行動(dòng)，使自己的利益要求和政治意圖得以更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)。

無論是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政黨或無產(chǎn)階級(jí)政黨，在當(dāng)代社會(huì)的政治生活中，都有一個(gè)十分重要的作用，那就是實(shí)現(xiàn)一定的社會(huì)政治穩(wěn)定的目標(biāo)。

7.政黨制度的類型及特點(diǎn)

一黨制是一個(gè)政黨在國家政治生活中獨(dú)掌政權(quán)，不允許其他政黨有同等的地位和權(quán)力。在實(shí)行兩黨制的國家中，比較典型的是英國的議會(huì)內(nèi)閣制和美國的總統(tǒng)共和制。

目前，世界上多數(shù)資本主義國家，如法國、德國、意大利、日本等，都實(shí)行多黨制。特征：一是政黨多情況復(fù)雜。二是政黨聯(lián)合競選執(zhí)政。三是內(nèi)閣更迭頻繁。

我國的政黨制度也是多黨制。中國共產(chǎn)黨一黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作制，包含兩個(gè)方面的基本內(nèi)容：一是中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的方式主要是政治領(lǐng)導(dǎo)；二是多黨合作，民主黨派與共產(chǎn)黨合作的方式則主要是政治協(xié)商和政治參與，即作為參政黨積極參政議政。

8.社團(tuán)參與政治過程的途徑與方式

不同性質(zhì)的國家，社團(tuán)參與政治過程的形式和途徑不同，其對(duì)政治發(fā)展的作用也有所不同。不過，從政治學(xué)的一般原理出發(fā)來研究社團(tuán)對(duì)政治生活的影響，可一般地概括為以下幾個(gè)方面：

第一，影響利益的綜合和確定過程。利益的綜合和確定過程，一般也就是政策的制定過程。

第二，影響利益的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程。這種影響過程主要通過兩種方法實(shí)現(xiàn)：一是利用政府相應(yīng)咨詢機(jī)關(guān)的咨詢；二是影響行政人員的任命。

第三，運(yùn)用利益維護(hù)的手段影響政治過程。

除上述三個(gè)方面外，社團(tuán)還可以用影響選票、影響輿論、捐款、示威、罷工

9.政治制度的涵義和特點(diǎn)

政治制度是指關(guān)于國家和社會(huì)政治活動(dòng)的體制的總稱。政治制度的特征包括：

（一）政治制度是一定社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)的政治表現(xiàn)形式

（二）政治制度是國體制度和國家政治形式的統(tǒng)一

（三）政治制度一經(jīng)建立便具有相對(duì)的穩(wěn)定性

（四）政治制度的運(yùn)行受到社會(huì)其他客觀條件的影響

10.政體的分類與特征

政體是指國家政權(quán)機(jī)構(gòu)的組織形式，是一個(gè)國家政治制度中的基本組成部分。

（一）君主政體 1．專制君主制。

2．立憲君主制。當(dāng)代的立憲君主制又可分為議會(huì)君主制和二元君主制兩種類型。

議會(huì)君主制：議會(huì)既是立法機(jī)關(guān)，又是國家最高權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)；議會(huì)中獲多數(shù)席位的黨組織內(nèi)閣，內(nèi)閣對(duì)議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)；君主必須在憲法規(guī)定范圍之內(nèi)行使權(quán)力，并受到其他國家權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)的約束與限制。英國的議會(huì)君主制形式首先在歐洲大陸產(chǎn)生了較大影響，后來又被世界其他地區(qū)的國家效仿。現(xiàn)在實(shí)行議會(huì)君主制的國家主要有葡萄牙、西班牙、比利時(shí)、挪威、丹麥、荷蘭、瑞典、盧森堡、加拿大、澳大利亞、新西蘭、泰國等。

二元君主制:國家真正的權(quán)力中心是君主。君主對(duì)議員擁有一定的任命權(quán)?，F(xiàn)在主要有尼泊爾、科威特、摩洛哥、約旦王國等國家仍采用二元君主制。

（二）共和政體

共和政體的主要特點(diǎn)是國家元首或國家最高權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)是經(jīng)過選舉產(chǎn)生，而不是終身任職。這種政體又分為議會(huì)共和制和總統(tǒng)共和制。

1．議會(huì)共和制。議會(huì)不僅是國家立法機(jī)關(guān)，而且是國家最高權(quán)力機(jī)關(guān)。政府（內(nèi)閣）是由占議會(huì)中多數(shù)席位的政黨組成，并對(duì)議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。當(dāng)代的德國、意大利、芬蘭、奧地利、希臘、冰島、印度、新加坡等國實(shí)行的就是議會(huì)共和制。

2．總統(tǒng)共和制?？偨y(tǒng)既是國家元首，又是政府首腦?？偨y(tǒng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的行政機(jī)關(guān)與立法機(jī)關(guān)、司法機(jī)關(guān)分立、平等、相互制衡。總統(tǒng)制是由美國最早創(chuàng)立的一種政體形式，實(shí)行總統(tǒng)制的國家，除美國之外，還有墨西哥、巴西、哥倫比亞、薩爾瓦多、哥斯達(dá)黎加、委內(nèi)瑞拉、尼日利亞、扎伊爾、加蓬、塞內(nèi)加爾、埃及、博茨瓦納、斯里蘭卡、印度尼西亞等國?？偨y(tǒng)掌握國家最高行政權(quán)。

3．委員會(huì)制。其典型是瑞士聯(lián)邦的委員會(huì)制。11.國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式及特點(diǎn)

國家結(jié)構(gòu)也稱國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式，是國家政治制度的組成部分，是指一個(gè)國家內(nèi)中央政權(quán)和地方政權(quán)之間，國家整體和部分之間相互關(guān)系所采取的制度形式。

國家結(jié)構(gòu)依據(jù)中央與地方的關(guān)系，主要分為單一制和復(fù)合制兩種類型。

一、單一制

單一制的國家結(jié)構(gòu)指的是在國家內(nèi)部劃分各級(jí)地方行政單位或自治單位，地方單位受中央政權(quán)統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的體制。

二、復(fù)合制

復(fù)合制國家結(jié)構(gòu)是一種國家聯(lián)盟形式。通常由幾個(gè)國家、幾個(gè)邦或州根據(jù)協(xié)定或法律文件，結(jié)合成為一個(gè)國家。按照聯(lián)盟的緊密程度，復(fù)合制國家又可分為邦聯(lián)制國家和聯(lián)邦制國家。

（一）邦聯(lián)制

邦聯(lián)制的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上保留了獨(dú)立主權(quán)的國家，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)某種共同的利益（如政治、軍事或經(jīng)濟(jì)利益）而建立的一種松散的國家聯(lián)盟。目前，世界上實(shí)行邦聯(lián)制的有前蘇聯(lián)加盟共和國獨(dú)立后成立的獨(dú)立國家聯(lián)合體（獨(dú)聯(lián)體）、歐洲聯(lián)盟等。

（二）聯(lián)邦制

聯(lián)邦制國家結(jié)構(gòu)是指由多個(gè)組成單位（如州、邦等）結(jié)合在一起組成的聯(lián)盟國家。美國是第一個(gè)建立現(xiàn)代聯(lián)邦制的國家。

12.政治權(quán)利的主要內(nèi)容

政治權(quán)利的內(nèi)容歸納起來主要有公民自由權(quán)、政治平等權(quán)、參政權(quán)和民主監(jiān)督權(quán)等。

13.如何理解政治權(quán)力的能動(dòng)性

政治權(quán)力是指在政治生活中政治主體基于特定的利益關(guān)系或其他因素對(duì)特定社會(huì)客體形成的制約關(guān)系。政治權(quán)力具有突出的能動(dòng)性

能動(dòng)性是政治權(quán)力的內(nèi)在屬性之一，主要是指政治權(quán)力在政治生活中特有的主動(dòng)性和擴(kuò)張性的特點(diǎn)。

從動(dòng)態(tài)的角度看，政治權(quán)力的主動(dòng)性主要表現(xiàn)在，特定的政治權(quán)力總是自覺和努力地去實(shí)現(xiàn)特定的利益愿望和需求。在國家生活中，代表一定階級(jí)和利益集團(tuán)的統(tǒng)治者總是把本階級(jí)或本集團(tuán)的利益臵于政治決策的首位，通過政治決策來維護(hù)和發(fā)展對(duì)自上，我們會(huì)常?？吹浇y(tǒng)治權(quán)力的極大的能動(dòng)作用。正是由于政治權(quán)力的這種能動(dòng)作用，才使得既定的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)體制得以延續(xù)和發(fā)展。

政治權(quán)力的能動(dòng)性還表現(xiàn)在其作用范圍的不斷擴(kuò)張和權(quán)力能力的膨脹上。權(quán)力的擴(kuò)張和膨脹幾乎是一切政治權(quán)力的固有特性。掌握權(quán)力的任何組織總是自覺不自覺地?cái)U(kuò)大自己的權(quán)力，有著提高自己地位的本能。特別是政府的權(quán)力總是處于不斷擴(kuò)張之中。有學(xué)者在研究了各國政府權(quán)力演變的規(guī)律時(shí)指出，政府機(jī)關(guān)總是傾向于管理更多的事務(wù)，設(shè)立更多的機(jī)構(gòu)和職位，制定更多的預(yù)算，雇用更多的人。這種趨勢導(dǎo)致政府部門的機(jī)構(gòu)、人員和職權(quán)的不斷膨脹，形成政府權(quán)力擴(kuò)張的普遍的趨勢。

14國家權(quán)力的構(gòu)成要素

國家政治權(quán)力的構(gòu)成要素是指構(gòu)成國家權(quán)力不可缺少的要件和因素。包括：立法權(quán)、行政權(quán)、司法權(quán)三項(xiàng)基本權(quán)力。

15.為什么要監(jiān)督和制約權(quán)力

一、權(quán)力監(jiān)督和制約的涵義

權(quán)力具有雙向發(fā)展、雙向作用的可能性。政治權(quán)力的所有者與使用者并不完全是一致的。由于社會(huì)亊務(wù)的復(fù)雜性，權(quán)力的所有者必須得把具體的職能權(quán)力按一定的組織體制委托給權(quán)力使用者去行使。這樣，權(quán)力的具體運(yùn)作過程與權(quán)力主體相互分離。為了減少乃至杜絕權(quán)力運(yùn)行的反向發(fā)展，人們對(duì)此進(jìn)行了長期的探索。政治實(shí)踐表明，沒有監(jiān)督和制約的權(quán)力是危險(xiǎn)的權(quán)力。而要防止濫用權(quán)力，就必須以權(quán)力約束權(quán)力。

二、權(quán)力監(jiān)督和制約的基本特征

（一）權(quán)力的監(jiān)督和制約，都是以一定的權(quán)力為基礎(chǔ)或以權(quán)力做后盾

（二）權(quán)力的監(jiān)督和制約，都具有一定的強(qiáng)制性

（三）權(quán)力的監(jiān)督和制約，都具有外在性

三、權(quán)力監(jiān)督和制約的功能

權(quán)力監(jiān)督制約的基本功能，具體說來主要有：

（一）規(guī)范權(quán)力行為，引導(dǎo)權(quán)力活動(dòng)按照權(quán)力委托者的意志運(yùn)行

（二）防止濫用權(quán)力，對(duì)濫用權(quán)力的行為予以及時(shí)的糾正

（三）通過督促活動(dòng)，提高公共權(quán)力運(yùn)作的效率 16.權(quán)力監(jiān)督和制約的方式

代議制機(jī)構(gòu)監(jiān)督和制約的一般方式有：（1）聽取工作報(bào)告或聽取國情咨文；（2）質(zhì)詢或舉行聽政會(huì)；（3）特定問題調(diào)查或國政調(diào)查；（4）對(duì)政府信任投票或倒閣；（5）罷免、撤職或彈劾等。

行政機(jī)關(guān)內(nèi)部的監(jiān)督和制約：

（一）上下級(jí)行政機(jī)關(guān)之間的相互監(jiān)督和制約

（二）行政職能部門對(duì)其他管理機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督和制約

（三）專門監(jiān)督機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督和制約 17.權(quán)力腐敗的危害

權(quán)力腐敗也稱政治腐敗，是指公職人員濫用權(quán)力謀取私利的行為，即以公權(quán)換取私利。

權(quán)力腐敗是一種毒害社會(huì)風(fēng)氣，損害公眾利益，擾亂社會(huì)管理秩序的有害行為。權(quán)力腐敗對(duì)政治發(fā)展的影響有：

首先，權(quán)力腐敗破壞政治制度和法制制度的統(tǒng)一。

其次，權(quán)力腐敗加劇行政管理效率的低下，浪費(fèi)政治資源。第三，權(quán)力腐敗激化社會(huì)矛盾，破壞政治局勢的穩(wěn)定。18.如何理解政治統(tǒng)治的合法性

政治統(tǒng)治的合法化就是指政治統(tǒng)治獲得合法性的過程。合法性這一概念意指某個(gè)政權(quán)、政權(quán)的代表及其“命令”在某個(gè)或某些方面是合法的。合法性是一種特性，這種特性不僅來自正式的法律或命令，而更主要的是來自根據(jù)有關(guān)價(jià)值規(guī)范所判定的、由社會(huì)成員給予積極支持的社會(huì)認(rèn)可（或認(rèn)可的可能性）和正當(dāng)性。它包括兩個(gè)方面的主要內(nèi)容：第一是統(tǒng)治、政府或政權(quán)怎樣以及能否在全社會(huì)以價(jià)值觀念和價(jià)值規(guī)范所認(rèn)可的方式有效運(yùn)行；第二是政治統(tǒng)治有效性的范圍、基礎(chǔ)與來源。概而言之，合法性就是政治統(tǒng)治為何應(yīng)獲得社會(huì)成員的忠誠的問題。

從本質(zhì)上看，合法性是被統(tǒng)治階級(jí)對(duì)階級(jí)的政治統(tǒng)治正當(dāng)性的認(rèn)可。19.利益表達(dá)的涵義和功能

所謂利益表達(dá)，就是利益主體通過一定的渠道或途徑將自身的利益要求傳達(dá)給政治決策中樞機(jī)構(gòu)的行為過程。

利益表達(dá)的功能主要有如下兩種，即影響利益分配和維護(hù)利益的實(shí)現(xiàn)。影響利益分配的手段很多，最常用的包括：

（1）利益集團(tuán)通過影響政治錄用，推薦、委派或選舉代理人進(jìn)入政治決策機(jī)構(gòu)，直接影響利益分配；

（2）政治游說，如通過提供有關(guān)資料、數(shù)據(jù)，或協(xié)助制定法律草案來影響立法機(jī)構(gòu)成員；利用立法或決策聽證會(huì)表明立場；游說政府官員；利用大眾傳媒進(jìn)行宣傳，鼓動(dòng)選民來影響立法機(jī)關(guān)和行政機(jī)關(guān)的決策；（3）政治交易，如通過政治賄賂、以政治支持或政治反對(duì)為籌碼，向決策者施加壓力。

20.政治決策的模式

1．理性決策模式。2．漸進(jìn)決策模式。

3．綜合審視決策模式。

21.政治決策的程序和原則

政治決策包括以下程序和階段： 1．界定問題，確立目標(biāo)。2．調(diào)查分析，規(guī)劃方案。3．預(yù)測評(píng)估和確定方案。

4．試點(diǎn)檢驗(yàn)，跟蹤觀察。5．政治決策的實(shí)施。政治決策的原則主要有： 第一，科學(xué)性原則。第二，目標(biāo)性原則。第三，最優(yōu)化原則。第四，利益性原則。第五，協(xié)調(diào)性原則。

22.如何實(shí)現(xiàn)政治決策的科學(xué)化 1．決策機(jī)構(gòu)的制度化和合理化。2．決策者的素質(zhì)。

3．意識(shí)形態(tài)和社會(huì)主導(dǎo)性價(jià)值觀。

23.政治參與的方式與條件

政治參與的涵義：是普通公民通過各種方式參加政治生活，并直接或間接地影響政治體系的構(gòu)成、運(yùn)行方式和規(guī)則以及公共政策的政治行為。

政治參與的涵義包括以下幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容：

首先，政治參與的主體是普通公民，是公民自下而上影響政治的活動(dòng)。

第二，政治參與的目標(biāo)與對(duì)象主要集中于政府的公共決策，但還包括所有直接或間接與政府活動(dòng)相關(guān)的公共政治生活。

第三，政治參與的方式既有合法的，也包括部分非法的行為。

第四，政治參與是參與主體外在的一種活動(dòng)，并不包括他們的政治態(tài)度、知識(shí)和興趣等觀念形態(tài)的內(nèi)容。

第五，政治參與既包括參與主體基于利益意識(shí)而采取的自愿影響政府決策的活動(dòng)，也包括受其他組織和個(gè)人動(dòng)員而參加的影響政府決策的活動(dòng)。

政治參與的限度可從三個(gè)方面加以認(rèn)識(shí)，即過度的參與將有損于民主和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定，不足的參與則表明民主的不完善，而有限度的參與對(duì)民主最為有利。

政治參與的方式：投票、選舉、個(gè)人接觸、結(jié)社活動(dòng)、政治冷漠、暴力反抗。

政治參與的條件與影響因素：1．經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。2．政治條件。3．社會(huì)性因素。4．教育程度。5．社會(huì)心理因素。

24.政治參與的作用

一、政治參與和政治民主

二、政治參與和政治穩(wěn)定

三、政治參與和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

25.分析經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與政治發(fā)展的關(guān)系 經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是政治發(fā)展的重要條件

一、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是政治發(fā)展的動(dòng)力

（一）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是政治發(fā)展過程發(fā)生質(zhì)變的根本動(dòng)因

（二）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是政治發(fā)展過程發(fā)生量變的根本動(dòng)因

（三）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展為政治發(fā)展的相關(guān)因素創(chuàng)造重要條件

二、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)政治發(fā)展的制約性

（一）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展制約著政治關(guān)系的結(jié)構(gòu)

（二）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展制約著政治發(fā)展的條件和手段

（三）經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展制約著政治發(fā)展的制度表現(xiàn)形式 26.政治文化在政治發(fā)展中的作用

二、政治文化的作用

（一）指導(dǎo)政治行為

（二）變革政治體系

（三）影響政治過程

（四）維系政治關(guān)系

27.政治思想是如何影響政治實(shí)踐的

具體說來，政治思想在政治現(xiàn)實(shí)中的作用有這樣幾方面：

（一）指導(dǎo)人們認(rèn)識(shí)政治現(xiàn)實(shí)

其表現(xiàn)是：1．為人們提供必要的政治知識(shí)。2．為人們提供政治分析的方法。

（二）肯定或否定某種政治統(tǒng)治

（三）對(duì)政治文化整合起著核心作用 28.社會(huì)組織化的功能

（一）聚合社會(huì)利益資源

（二）使政治關(guān)系定型化

（三）規(guī)范政治過程

（四）維護(hù)社會(huì)穩(wěn)定 29.社會(huì)分層對(duì)政治的影響

社會(huì)分層含義：所謂社會(huì)分層，是以一定經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)相聯(lián)系的、受特定權(quán)力意志所規(guī)范的、制度化和穩(wěn)定性的社會(huì)不平等結(jié)構(gòu)體系。從政治學(xué)的視角來看，社會(huì)分層的劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，是處于這種結(jié)構(gòu)體系中的不同群體對(duì)國家權(quán)力的關(guān)系。

社會(huì)分層對(duì)政治的影響是多方面的，概括起來，主要有以下三點(diǎn)：

（一）影響政治關(guān)系格局

（二）影響利益配臵機(jī)制

（三）影響社會(huì)政治穩(wěn)定

30.政治發(fā)展與政治現(xiàn)代化的聯(lián)系與區(qū)別

政治發(fā)展指：不發(fā)達(dá)政治系統(tǒng)在特定國際環(huán)境及社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，按照某種價(jià)值共識(shí)，向發(fā)達(dá)政治系統(tǒng)變遷的過程。政治現(xiàn)代化，是指政治的合理化，政治整合、政治民主化、廣泛的政治參與等。政治現(xiàn)代化和政治發(fā)展的研究對(duì)象有交叉類似的地方。政治現(xiàn)代化是政治發(fā)展的結(jié)果

31.民主的主要理論流派 民主分為八種模式： 模式一：古典民主

模式二：共和主義自治共同體 模式三：自由主義民主制

模式四：馬克思主義的直接民主理論

基本原則： “所有人的自由収展”只有在“每個(gè)人的自由収展”的基礎(chǔ)上才能實(shí)現(xiàn)。自由需要消滅剝削，實(shí)現(xiàn)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)的最終完全平等；只有平等才能保證所有人的潛能得以實(shí)現(xiàn)，以便每個(gè)人能夠按照他或她的能力付出后獲得他們所需要的東西。

主要特征：社會(huì)主義：公共事務(wù)由按金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)組織的公社或委員會(huì)管理；政府人員、法官、行政人員通過經(jīng)常的選舉產(chǎn)生，由社會(huì)任命和罷免；公職人員的薪金不高于工人的工資；社會(huì)掌握的人民武裝維護(hù)新的政治秩序。共產(chǎn)主義：所有形式的“政府”和政治讓位于自我管理；集體管理所有公共事務(wù)；一致同意是決定所有公共問題的原則；保留的行政事務(wù)由輪換或選舉分配；自我監(jiān)督取代所有軍事和強(qiáng)制力量。

模式五：競爭性精英民主

模式六：多元主義民主 模式七：合法型民主 模式八：參與型民主 32．政治發(fā)展與政治穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系

一、政治發(fā)展促進(jìn)政治穩(wěn)定

首先，政治穩(wěn)定是一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)過程，它的實(shí)現(xiàn)有一個(gè)量的積累和平衡過程，是一個(gè)已有的穩(wěn)定到新的高層次的穩(wěn)定過程。這一過程的實(shí)現(xiàn)有賴于政治發(fā)展賦予新的內(nèi)容和活力。

其次，政治發(fā)展本身也能減少或消除政治不穩(wěn)定因素。

再次，政治發(fā)展和政治穩(wěn)定的根本基礎(chǔ)是更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)政治體制的合法性和有效性。

二、政治穩(wěn)定是政治發(fā)展的保障

第二篇：2011年在職研究生入學(xué)考試各科練習(xí)題

各科練習(xí)題

說明：此練習(xí)題僅供輔導(dǎo)教師和考生在復(fù)習(xí)過程中進(jìn)行練習(xí)及掌握考試題型之用，不是復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)考生按照大綱進(jìn)行全面復(fù)習(xí)。

政治理論

一、概念解釋題

哲學(xué)的基本問題、商品、抽象勞動(dòng)、價(jià)值規(guī)律、剩余價(jià)值、可變資本、實(shí)踐、人民內(nèi)部矛盾、黨的三大優(yōu)良作風(fēng)、和平共處五項(xiàng)原則、感性認(rèn)識(shí)、理性認(rèn)識(shí)、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系

二、辨析題

1．實(shí)踐性是馬克思主義哲學(xué)的唯一特點(diǎn)。

2．對(duì)新事物要肯定一切，對(duì)舊事物要否定一切。

3．具體勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造使用價(jià)值，抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值，所以它們是兩類獨(dú)立存在的勞動(dòng)。

4．市場經(jīng)濟(jì)以市場作為資源配置的基礎(chǔ)性手段，但它并不排斥國家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀調(diào)控。

5．發(fā)展才是硬道理，這里所說的―發(fā)展‖是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。

6．馬克思主義認(rèn)識(shí)論是以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)的能動(dòng)的革命的反映論。7．內(nèi)因和外因作為同時(shí)存在的內(nèi)部和外部的聯(lián)系，對(duì)事物發(fā)展起著相同的作用。8．社會(huì)主義公有制的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式可以而且應(yīng)當(dāng)多樣化。9．革命是解放生產(chǎn)力，改革是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。

10．中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作與政治協(xié)商制度是中國的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。

11、改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定三者之間的關(guān)系是辯證統(tǒng)一的。

12、實(shí)踐作為檢驗(yàn)真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既是絕對(duì)的又是相對(duì)的，是確定性和不確定性的統(tǒng)一。

13、社會(huì)主義民主政治只是為社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的有力手段。14.未來社會(huì)是一個(gè)自由人聯(lián)合體。

15.代表中國最廣大人民的根本利益，必須妥善處理人民內(nèi)部的各種利益關(guān)系。16.我們黨的執(zhí)政地位不是一勞永逸、一成不變的。

三、簡答題

1.簡述馬克思主義產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)歷史條件。2.馬克思主義的三個(gè)理論來源是什么？

3.馬克思根據(jù)社會(huì)關(guān)系的歷史發(fā)展與人的個(gè)性發(fā)展的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系把人的發(fā)展劃分為哪三個(gè)大的歷史階段？

4.簡述馬克思對(duì)生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)之間關(guān)系的論述。5.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認(rèn)識(shí)論根源的？

6.列寧是如何論證對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法的核心和實(shí)質(zhì)的？

7.列寧關(guān)于辯證法和形而上學(xué)兩種發(fā)展觀的論述。8.毛澤東是如何論述社會(huì)主義社會(huì)基本矛盾的？ 9.簡述毛澤東關(guān)于人的自覺能動(dòng)性的論述。

10.毛澤東是如何闡述“一般和個(gè)別相結(jié)合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛澤東提出的“獨(dú)立自主”方針？

12.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實(shí)事求是二者之間關(guān)系的？

13.鄧小平關(guān)于我國處在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段這個(gè)重要論斷的基本涵義是什么？ 14.為什么說社會(huì)主義和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)不存在根本矛盾？

15.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會(huì)主義，就沒有社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化？ 16.科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的基本內(nèi)涵是什么？

四、論述題

1.馬克思關(guān)于資本主義積累的歷史趨勢的論述及其重大意義。

2.列寧關(guān)于“利用資本主義，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義”的思想及其重大意義。3.鄧小平對(duì)社會(huì)主義根本任務(wù)的論述及其重大意義。

4.運(yùn)用歷史唯物主義關(guān)于社會(huì)存在與社會(huì)意識(shí)辯證關(guān)系的原理說明大力發(fā)展社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義精神文明的重大意義。

5.論如何把代表最廣大人民根本利益的要求落到實(shí)處。

6.毛澤東“關(guān)于事物矛盾問題的精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7.論黨的群眾路線及其重大意義。

8.論鄧小平關(guān)于“一國兩制”的構(gòu)想及其重大意義。

現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)

一、概念解釋題

一般意義上的管理、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念、管理的人本性、管理客體的系統(tǒng)性、確定型決策、管理的權(quán)變觀念、管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念、磋商激勵(lì)、不確定型決策、輿論監(jiān)督、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策、尊重激勵(lì)、管理藝術(shù)、審計(jì)監(jiān)督、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督、管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法

二、辨析題

1、管理的二重性是指管理過程中既有科學(xué)性又有藝術(shù)性。

2、管理幅度與管理層次呈正比例關(guān)系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。

3、按管理者的職責(zé)，可分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。

4、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要堅(jiān)持精簡效能的原則。

5、管理就是以信息處理為中心。

6、以實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)的途徑分類，可分為企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、地區(qū)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、部門發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。

7、管理的權(quán)變觀念強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)宜應(yīng)變的科學(xué)性。

8、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督就是指的財(cái)政監(jiān)督，即預(yù)算監(jiān)督、預(yù)算外資金監(jiān)督和財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)督。

9、有了管理的主體和管理的客體，就可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的管理活動(dòng)。

10、管理的權(quán)變觀念的核心內(nèi)容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環(huán)境之間的適應(yīng)性。

11、一切管理客體都是客觀存在的事務(wù)，因此一切客觀事物都可以成為管理的客體。

12、系統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為，自然界和人類社會(huì)所構(gòu)成的一切系統(tǒng)都是開放的。

13、管理的擇優(yōu)觀念就是堅(jiān)持選擇最優(yōu)和最佳的方案，以及最優(yōu)的管理方法。

14、管理過程的最后一項(xiàng)職能是評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)價(jià)既是管理過程的歸宿，又是管理過程的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。

15、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，是國家中央政府為調(diào)控經(jīng)濟(jì)的有序和有效運(yùn)行而制定的，因而它的調(diào)節(jié)作用是直接的。

16、經(jīng)濟(jì)方法運(yùn)用的主要形式，就是通過市場來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)要素的基礎(chǔ)性配置。

三、簡答題

1、什么是管理的創(chuàng)新性？

2、管理者應(yīng)具備的職責(zé)是什么？

3、為什么要樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念？ 4、20世紀(jì)60年代興起的系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)派，認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)管理有什么特點(diǎn)？

5、為什么說決策是管理工作的核心？

6、簡要說明監(jiān)督的功能。

7、去年以來，中央銀行多次提高了存款準(zhǔn)備金率，這種舉措屬于哪個(gè)管理方法？對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)控有什么作用？

8、現(xiàn)代管理所講的決策是廣義的決策。理解廣義決策應(yīng)把握哪些要點(diǎn)？

9、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)為什么要堅(jiān)持責(zé)、權(quán)、利相一致的原則？

10、目標(biāo)管理和傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃管理的主要區(qū)別是什么?

11、簡述激勵(lì)的作用。

12、為什么說決策是各級(jí)管理者的主要職責(zé)？

13、為什么要堅(jiān)持超前監(jiān)督的原則？

14、簡述實(shí)施的特點(diǎn)。

15、為什么要堅(jiān)持評(píng)價(jià)的激勵(lì)性原則？

16、權(quán)變觀念在管理中有什么作用？

四、論述題

1、人類社會(huì)的任何管理活動(dòng)都有其一定的目的，即要達(dá)到一定的目標(biāo)。因此，制定科學(xué)先進(jìn)的和切實(shí)可行的管理目標(biāo)是非常重要的。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合我們的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)勚贫繕?biāo)應(yīng)遵循的原則。

2、對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展等各個(gè)方面作出重大決策，是管理者特別是管理的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的重要職責(zé)，是管理工作的核心。決策正確與否，直接影響到經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的發(fā)展水平和效率的高低。這方面，不論是企業(yè)還是地方各級(jí)政府，都有著成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和失敗的教訓(xùn)。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合實(shí)際，說明科學(xué)決策應(yīng)遵循的原則。

3、管理過程結(jié)束以后，需要對(duì)其所獲得的管理成績和效果進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)，從中汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，以不斷提高管理工作的水平。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)工作實(shí)踐中，不少管理者往往對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)這一環(huán)節(jié)有所忽視，或者說重視不夠。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合實(shí)際，談?wù)勗u(píng)價(jià)在管理中的作用。

4、現(xiàn)代管理活動(dòng)中，復(fù)雜多變的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)及政治環(huán)境，要求管理者必須“高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚”，把握事物未來的發(fā)展趨勢；必須“胸有全局”，把握事物內(nèi)部和外部的本質(zhì)聯(lián)系。所謂“高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主體要確立管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念。請(qǐng)您聯(lián)系實(shí)際，談?wù)劥_立戰(zhàn)略觀念在現(xiàn)代管理中的地位和作用。

5、決策并不是簡單的“拍板定案”，而是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的科學(xué)過程，要按照和遵循一定的程序進(jìn)行?，F(xiàn)實(shí)工作中，有一些管理者對(duì)這一科學(xué)程序重視不夠，有的知之甚少。為了保證決策的科學(xué)化和民主化，請(qǐng)您說明決策過程中所要遵循的程序。

6、在過去漫長的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代里，我們習(xí)慣于用行政方法管理經(jīng)濟(jì)。但在今天的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，固然也離不開行政的方法，但它有明顯的局限性，過分地運(yùn)用它，會(huì)妨礙經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)，談?wù)勑姓椒ǖ木窒扌砸约叭绾握_地運(yùn)用行政方法。

7、管理活動(dòng)的效果和效率，很大程度上取決于管理中的人，特別是作為管理主體的人。如何用人，既是一門科學(xué)，更是一門藝術(shù)。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合自己的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)動(dòng)萌说乃囆g(shù)。

8、近年來，中央一再提出以人為本、執(zhí)政為民的理念，強(qiáng)調(diào)重視和優(yōu)先解決民生問題。請(qǐng)您聯(lián)系實(shí)際，說明為什么要樹立以人為本的管理觀念，即樹立人本觀念的必然性。

英語

一、單項(xiàng)選擇

1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn

B.to be learning

C.to learn

D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that

B.whom

C.which

D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed

B.had been discussed C.will be discussed

D.shall be discussed

5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer

B.more warm

C.warmest

D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year

B.since 1997 C.ten years ago

D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad

B.go abroad C.had gone abroad

D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used

B.uses C.is used

D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of

B.to hear C.hearing from

D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing

B.to be first played

C.first played

D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed

B.is not allowed C.will be allowed

D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I

B.my

C.me

D.us

17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become

B.would become C.is going to

D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he

B.doesn’t he C.is he

D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s

B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow

D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself

B.herself

C.itself

D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed

B.was staying C.is staying

D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go

B.go

C.going

D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as

B.after C.until

D.while

二、閱讀理解

(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life

B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing

C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C

4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful

C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures

(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖

―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖

―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖

―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖

The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖

The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really

didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?

A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?

A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money

B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself

C.he didn’t have any money

D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time

15.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?

If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?

A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We

must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓(xùn)練)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營養(yǎng))to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環(huán))

D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢

1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.

第三篇：山東省委黨校2018在職研究生入學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)題范文

《政治理論》復(fù)習(xí)參考題型

一、概念 1.按勞分配 2.獨(dú)立自主

3.供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革 4.和平共處五項(xiàng)原則 5.基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品

8.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段

9.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線 10.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段主要矛盾 11.生態(tài)文明 12.實(shí)事求是 13.市場機(jī)制三要素 14.物質(zhì) 15.一國兩制

16.戰(zhàn)時(shí)共產(chǎn)主義政策 17.政策

18.中國特色社會(huì)主義道路的內(nèi)涵 19.五大發(fā)展理念 20.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式

二、辨析

1.按勞分配是與社會(huì)主義生產(chǎn)資料公有制相適應(yīng)的分配方式

2.對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法的實(shí)質(zhì)和核心 3.改革開放前后的歷史不能相互否定 4.改革開放前后兩個(gè)歷史時(shí)期是根本對(duì)立的

5.工人階級(jí)已經(jīng)不是建設(shè)中國特色社會(huì)主義的主力軍 6.供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革就是放松管制

7.加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)黨的作風(fēng)建設(shè)，核心問題是保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯(lián)系

8.經(jīng)濟(jì)工作是一切工作的生命線 9.商品交換會(huì)產(chǎn)生剩余價(jià)值

10.商品生產(chǎn)從產(chǎn)生到資本主義時(shí)期，經(jīng)歷了簡單商品生產(chǎn)、資本主義商品生產(chǎn)。

11.社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的所有制基礎(chǔ)是公有制 12.剩余價(jià)值的生產(chǎn)不具有無限性 13.圍繞黨的中心任務(wù)進(jìn)行思想政治工作

14.我國社會(huì)主要矛盾的變化，改變了我們對(duì)我國社會(huì)主義所處歷史階段的判斷。

15.先進(jìn)文化是社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重要保證 16.一個(gè)國家的革命和建設(shè)只能依靠本國人民的力量 17.中國共產(chǎn)黨是中國革命和社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不變的

19.中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位是由黨的先進(jìn)性決定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線

三、簡答

1.辯證唯物主義認(rèn)識(shí)論的三個(gè)基本結(jié)論 2.帝國主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征

3.加強(qiáng)黨的執(zhí)政能力建設(shè)的總體目標(biāo) 4.價(jià)值規(guī)律的作用

5.簡述和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的主要內(nèi)容 6.簡述列寧關(guān)于建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的理論思考 7.簡述列寧主義的建黨學(xué)說 8.簡述新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的主要內(nèi)容

9.簡述中國特色社會(huì)主義理論體系的基本問題 10.建設(shè)中國特色社會(huì)主義的總依據(jù) 11.勞動(dòng)力商品價(jià)值的內(nèi)容

12.毛澤東對(duì)思想政治工作重要性的闡述 13.毛澤東思想的活的靈魂

14.全面建成小康社會(huì)必須遵循的原則和新目標(biāo) 15.全面建成小康社會(huì)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)

16.全面推進(jìn)依法治國必須遵循的基本原則 17.全面推進(jìn)依法治國的總目標(biāo) 18.如何規(guī)范收入分配關(guān)系

19.如何堅(jiān)定中國特色社會(huì)主義的道路自信 20.深化政治體制改革的必要性 21.新民主主義革命“新”在何處 22.運(yùn)用唯物辯證法應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的原則 23.資本的特殊性質(zhì)

四、論述

1.“五位一體”總布局的內(nèi)涵和特點(diǎn)

2.全面深化改革的總目標(biāo)、立足點(diǎn)和戰(zhàn)略部署 3.如何提高黨的建設(shè)科學(xué)化水平 4.社會(huì)主義的歷史必然性

5.實(shí)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心地位必須堅(jiān)持黨要管黨、從嚴(yán)治黨的方針

6.試述堅(jiān)持和拓寬中國特色社會(huì)主義道路必須堅(jiān)持的原則

7.試述新形勢下加強(qiáng)和規(guī)范黨內(nèi)政治生活的基本內(nèi)容 8.試述中國特色社會(huì)主義制度的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢

《現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)參考題型

一、概念 1.法律監(jiān)督 2.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策 3.管理

4.管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法 5.管理的系統(tǒng)觀念 6.管理的循環(huán)規(guī)律 7.管理共有規(guī)律 8.管理計(jì)劃 9.管理技巧性規(guī)律 10.管理客體 11.管理派生規(guī)律 12.管理藝術(shù) 13.管理主體 14.廣義的管理決策 15.行政監(jiān)督 16.計(jì)劃的效率性 17.經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督 18.評(píng)價(jià) 19.確定型決策

20.現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù) 21.指導(dǎo)性計(jì)劃 22.指令性計(jì)劃

二、辨析

1.按照管理者的位置和層次，可以把管理者分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。

2.按照管理者的職責(zé)，可以把管理者分為一般管理者和管理中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。

3.按照管理者所管理的對(duì)象，可以把管理者分為行政管理者、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理者、科技管理者、文教衛(wèi)生管理者等。4.把直線制和矩陣制有機(jī)結(jié)合起來是直線職能制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。

5.高級(jí)管理者需要管理藝術(shù)，而一般管理者不需要管理藝術(shù)。

6.管理的二重性是指管理具有經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性和社會(huì)屬性 7.管理的社會(huì)屬性是指任何管理都是社會(huì)勞動(dòng)或共同勞動(dòng)的客觀要求，都要按社會(huì)勞動(dòng)或社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)的客觀規(guī)律辦事。

8.管理的自然屬性是指管理都是在一定的社會(huì)制度和國家體制下進(jìn)行的，都會(huì)打上一定的社會(huì)和階級(jí)烙印。9.管理決策需要面對(duì)各種復(fù)雜的情況，所以不能設(shè)計(jì)既定的決策程序。10.管理是科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性的統(tǒng)一

11.激勵(lì)的關(guān)鍵是管理者通過采取各種方式去激發(fā)人的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力

12.獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有激勵(lì)作用，而懲罰沒有激勵(lì)作用 13.決策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客體的組成部分

15.設(shè)立專門的職能部門是直線制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn) 16.審計(jì)監(jiān)督屬于行政監(jiān)督的范疇

17.實(shí)行集中決策、集中經(jīng)營是事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。

18.事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)是實(shí)行集中決策、集中經(jīng)營

19.協(xié)調(diào)是管理者對(duì)管理活動(dòng)中的各個(gè)要素之間的問題和關(guān)系進(jìn)行的指揮和命令 20.預(yù)測是管理的核心

21.在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織改善環(huán)境的觀念 22.在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念 23.在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織重視環(huán)境的觀念

三、簡答

1.按照監(jiān)督主體劃分，監(jiān)督有哪些種類？ 2.管理的權(quán)變觀念 3.管理的人本觀念 4.管理的系統(tǒng)觀念

5.管理的擇優(yōu)觀念主要包括哪些內(nèi)容？ 6.管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念 7.管理決策應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的原則 8.管理客體有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素質(zhì) 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制類型 13.激勵(lì)的方式有哪些？ 14.激勵(lì)在管理中的作用 15.計(jì)劃編制應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的原則 16.決策的“令人滿意”準(zhǔn)則 17.決策的依據(jù)和條件

18.目標(biāo)管理與傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃管理的主要區(qū)別 19.權(quán)變觀念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.實(shí)施在管理中的作用

21.制定管理目標(biāo)應(yīng)遵循什么程序？

四、論述

1.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理擇優(yōu)觀念的主要內(nèi)容？ 2.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理中的監(jiān)督有哪些功能？ 3.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理中的決策應(yīng)遵循的程序？ 4.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述激勵(lì)的方式有哪些？ 5.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述如何科學(xué)實(shí)施發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略？ 6.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述協(xié)調(diào)的方式方法有哪些？ 7.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述在管理中如何運(yùn)用好用人藝術(shù)？ 8.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述制定管理目標(biāo)應(yīng)堅(jiān)持什么原則？

第四篇：2011年在職研究生入學(xué)考試各科練習(xí)題

各科練習(xí)題

說明：此練習(xí)題僅供輔導(dǎo)教師和考生在復(fù)習(xí)過程中進(jìn)行練習(xí)及掌握考試題型之用，不是復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)考生按照大綱進(jìn)行全面復(fù)習(xí)。

政治理論

一、概念解釋題

哲學(xué)的基本問題、商品、抽象勞動(dòng)、價(jià)值規(guī)律、剩余價(jià)值、可變資本、實(shí)踐、人民內(nèi)部矛盾、黨的三大優(yōu)良作風(fēng)、和平共處五項(xiàng)原則、感性認(rèn)識(shí)、理性認(rèn)識(shí)、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系

二、辨析題

1．實(shí)踐性是馬克思主義哲學(xué)的唯一特點(diǎn)。

2．對(duì)新事物要肯定一切，對(duì)舊事物要否定一切。

3．具體勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造使用價(jià)值，抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值，所以它們是兩類獨(dú)立存在的勞動(dòng)。

4．市場經(jīng)濟(jì)以市場作為資源配置的基礎(chǔ)性手段，但它并不排斥國家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀調(diào)控。

5．發(fā)展才是硬道理，這里所說的―發(fā)展‖是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。

6．馬克思主義認(rèn)識(shí)論是以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)的能動(dòng)的革命的反映論。7．內(nèi)因和外因作為同時(shí)存在的內(nèi)部和外部的聯(lián)系，對(duì)事物發(fā)展起著相同的作用。8．社會(huì)主義公有制的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式可以而且應(yīng)當(dāng)多樣化。9．革命是解放生產(chǎn)力，改革是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。

10．中國共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作與政治協(xié)商制度是中國的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。

11、改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定三者之間的關(guān)系是辯證統(tǒng)一的。

12、實(shí)踐作為檢驗(yàn)真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既是絕對(duì)的又是相對(duì)的，是確定性和不確定性的統(tǒng)一。

13、社會(huì)主義民主政治只是為社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的有力手段。14.未來社會(huì)是一個(gè)自由人聯(lián)合體。

15.代表中國最廣大人民的根本利益，必須妥善處理人民內(nèi)部的各種利益關(guān)系。16.我們黨的執(zhí)政地位不是一勞永逸、一成不變的。

三、簡答題

1.簡述馬克思主義產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)歷史條件。2.馬克思主義的三個(gè)理論來源是什么？

3.馬克思根據(jù)社會(huì)關(guān)系的歷史發(fā)展與人的個(gè)性發(fā)展的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系把人的發(fā)展劃分為哪三個(gè)大的歷史階段？

4.簡述馬克思對(duì)生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)之間關(guān)系的論述。5.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認(rèn)識(shí)論根源的？

6.列寧是如何論證對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法的核心和實(shí)質(zhì)的？ 7.列寧關(guān)于辯證法和形而上學(xué)兩種發(fā)展觀的論述。8.毛澤東是如何論述社會(huì)主義社會(huì)基本矛盾的？ 9.簡述毛澤東關(guān)于人的自覺能動(dòng)性的論述。

10.毛澤東是如何闡述“一般和個(gè)別相結(jié)合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛澤東提出的“獨(dú)立自主”方針？

12.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實(shí)事求是二者之間關(guān)系的？

13.鄧小平關(guān)于我國處在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段這個(gè)重要論斷的基本涵義是什么？ 14.為什么說社會(huì)主義和市場經(jīng)濟(jì)不存在根本矛盾？

15.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會(huì)主義，就沒有社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化？ 16.科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的基本內(nèi)涵是什么？

四、論述題

1.馬克思關(guān)于資本主義積累的歷史趨勢的論述及其重大意義。

2.列寧關(guān)于“利用資本主義，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義”的思想及其重大意義。3.鄧小平對(duì)社會(huì)主義根本任務(wù)的論述及其重大意義。

4.運(yùn)用歷史唯物主義關(guān)于社會(huì)存在與社會(huì)意識(shí)辯證關(guān)系的原理說明大力發(fā)展社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義精神文明的重大意義。

5.論如何把代表最廣大人民根本利益的要求落到實(shí)處。

6.毛澤東“關(guān)于事物矛盾問題的精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7.論黨的群眾路線及其重大意義。

8.論鄧小平關(guān)于“一國兩制”的構(gòu)想及其重大意義。

現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)

一、概念解釋題

一般意義上的管理、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念、管理的人本性、管理客體的系統(tǒng)性、確定型決策、管理的權(quán)變觀念、管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念、磋商激勵(lì)、不確定型決策、輿論監(jiān)督、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策、尊重激勵(lì)、管理藝術(shù)、審計(jì)監(jiān)督、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督、管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法

二、辨析題

1、管理的二重性是指管理過程中既有科學(xué)性又有藝術(shù)性。

2、管理幅度與管理層次呈正比例關(guān)系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。

3、按管理者的職責(zé)，可分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。

4、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要堅(jiān)持精簡效能的原則。

5、管理就是以信息處理為中心。

6、以實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)的途徑分類，可分為企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、地區(qū)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、部門發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。

7、管理的權(quán)變觀念強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)宜應(yīng)變的科學(xué)性。

8、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督就是指的財(cái)政監(jiān)督，即預(yù)算監(jiān)督、預(yù)算外資金監(jiān)督和財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)督。

9、有了管理的主體和管理的客體，就可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的管理活動(dòng)。

10、管理的權(quán)變觀念的核心內(nèi)容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環(huán)境之間的適應(yīng)性。

11、一切管理客體都是客觀存在的事務(wù)，因此一切客觀事物都可以成為管理的客體。

12、系統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為，自然界和人類社會(huì)所構(gòu)成的一切系統(tǒng)都是開放的。

13、管理的擇優(yōu)觀念就是堅(jiān)持選擇最優(yōu)和最佳的方案，以及最優(yōu)的管理方法。

14、管理過程的最后一項(xiàng)職能是評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)價(jià)既是管理過程的歸宿，又是管理過程的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。

15、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，是國家中央政府為調(diào)控經(jīng)濟(jì)的有序和有效運(yùn)行而制定的，因而它的調(diào)節(jié)作用是直接的。

16、經(jīng)濟(jì)方法運(yùn)用的主要形式，就是通過市場來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)要素的基礎(chǔ)性配置。

三、簡答題

1、什么是管理的創(chuàng)新性？

2、管理者應(yīng)具備的職責(zé)是什么？

3、為什么要樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念？ 4、20世紀(jì)60年代興起的系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)派，認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)管理有什么特點(diǎn)？

5、為什么說決策是管理工作的核心？

6、簡要說明監(jiān)督的功能。

7、去年以來，中央銀行多次提高了存款準(zhǔn)備金率，這種舉措屬于哪個(gè)管理方法？對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)控有什么作用？

8、現(xiàn)代管理所講的決策是廣義的決策。理解廣義決策應(yīng)把握哪些要點(diǎn)？

9、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)為什么要堅(jiān)持責(zé)、權(quán)、利相一致的原則？

10、目標(biāo)管理和傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃管理的主要區(qū)別是什么?

11、簡述激勵(lì)的作用。

12、為什么說決策是各級(jí)管理者的主要職責(zé)？

13、為什么要堅(jiān)持超前監(jiān)督的原則？

14、簡述實(shí)施的特點(diǎn)。

15、為什么要堅(jiān)持評(píng)價(jià)的激勵(lì)性原則？

16、權(quán)變觀念在管理中有什么作用？

四、論述題

1、人類社會(huì)的任何管理活動(dòng)都有其一定的目的，即要達(dá)到一定的目標(biāo)。因此，制定科學(xué)先進(jìn)的和切實(shí)可行的管理目標(biāo)是非常重要的。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合我們的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)勚贫繕?biāo)應(yīng)遵循的原則。

2、對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展等各個(gè)方面作出重大決策，是管理者特別是管理的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的重要職責(zé)，是管理工作的核心。決策正確與否，直接影響到經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的發(fā)展水平和效率的高低。這方面，不論是企業(yè)還是地方各級(jí)政府，都有著成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和失敗的教訓(xùn)。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合實(shí)際，說明科學(xué)決策應(yīng)遵循的原則。

3、管理過程結(jié)束以后，需要對(duì)其所獲得的管理成績和效果進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)，從中汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，以不斷提高管理工作的水平。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)工作實(shí)踐中，不少管理者往往對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)這一環(huán)節(jié)有所忽視，或者說重視不夠。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合實(shí)際，談?wù)勗u(píng)價(jià)在管理中的作用。

4、現(xiàn)代管理活動(dòng)中，復(fù)雜多變的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)及政治環(huán)境，要求管理者必須“高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚”，把握事物未來的發(fā)展趨勢；必須“胸有全局”，把握事物內(nèi)部和外部的本質(zhì)聯(lián)系。所謂“高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主體要確立管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念。請(qǐng)您聯(lián)系實(shí)際，談?wù)劥_立戰(zhàn)略觀念在現(xiàn)代管理中的地位和作用。

5、決策并不是簡單的“拍板定案”，而是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的科學(xué)過程，要按照和遵循一定的程序進(jìn)行?，F(xiàn)實(shí)工作中，有一些管理者對(duì)這一科學(xué)程序重視不夠，有的知之甚少。為了保證決策的科學(xué)化和民主化，請(qǐng)您說明決策過程中所要遵循的程序。

6、在過去漫長的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代里，我們習(xí)慣于用行政方法管理經(jīng)濟(jì)。但在今天的市場經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，固然也離不開行政的方法，但它有明顯的局限性，過分地運(yùn)用它，會(huì)妨礙經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)，談?wù)勑姓椒ǖ木窒扌砸约叭绾握_地運(yùn)用行政方法。

7、管理活動(dòng)的效果和效率，很大程度上取決于管理中的人，特別是作為管理主體的人。如何用人，既是一門科學(xué)，更是一門藝術(shù)。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合自己的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)動(dòng)萌说乃囆g(shù)。

8、近年來，中央一再提出以人為本、執(zhí)政為民的理念，強(qiáng)調(diào)重視和優(yōu)先解決民生問題。請(qǐng)您聯(lián)系實(shí)際，說明為什么要樹立以人為本的管理觀念，即樹立人本觀念的必然性。

法理學(xué)

一、簡答題

法律移植；法的制定；法的效力；法律關(guān)系；法律意識(shí)；霍菲爾德的權(quán)利；法律監(jiān)督的意義；法律制裁和法律責(zé)任的關(guān)系；法律實(shí)效和法律實(shí)施的關(guān)系；法的特征；法的現(xiàn)代化與法的國際化；資本主義法律的基本特征；法的規(guī)范指引與個(gè)別指引的區(qū)別；法律后果的含義及分類；法治與法制的關(guān)系；法律制定的程序。

二、辨析題

法律實(shí)施；法律淵源；法律規(guī)范的種類；法律適用的原則；公法和私法；解釋的種類；普通法；法律淵源的分類；《中華人民共和國香港特別行政區(qū)基本法》；我國法律的空間效力；法律規(guī)則的構(gòu)成要素；法的局限性；兩大法系；資本主義法和封建主義法；法律體系和立法體系；一般法和特別法。

三、材料分析題

1、最高人民法院的《公報(bào)》和判例法；

2、司法機(jī)關(guān)的職權(quán)和地位；

3、刑事法律的性質(zhì)和地方性法規(guī)；

4、責(zé)任法定原則；

5、國家機(jī)關(guān)分工負(fù)責(zé)、互相監(jiān)督、相互制約；

6、違法行為、法律責(zé)任和法律制裁的關(guān)系；

7、法律和道德的關(guān)系；

8、實(shí)質(zhì)推理；

9、廣義的法律和狹義的法律；

10、司法的基本原則；

11、法的本質(zhì)；

12、法律的穩(wěn)定性和適應(yīng)性；

13、立法必須堅(jiān)持的原則；

14、唯物主義法學(xué)原理；

15、廣義和狹義的法律監(jiān)督；

16、經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)和法律的關(guān)系；

四、論述題

1、法的局限性；

2、法律適用上一律平等的原則；

3、當(dāng)代中國法律解釋體制；

4、我國法淵源的形式；

5、當(dāng)代中國的法律監(jiān)督；

6、法律規(guī)范的種類；

7、法的作用；

8、當(dāng)代中國法適用的原則。

英語

一、單項(xiàng)選擇

1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn

B.to be learning

C.to learn

D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that

B.whom

C.which

D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed

B.had been discussed C.will be discussed

D.shall be discussed

5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer

B.more warm

C.warmest

D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year

B.since 1997 C.ten years ago

D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad

B.go abroad C.had gone abroad

D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used

B.uses C.is used

D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of

B.to hear C.hearing from

D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing

B.to be first played

C.first played

D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed

B.is not allowed C.will be allowed

D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I

B.my

C.me

D.us

17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become

B.would become C.is going to

D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he

B.doesn’t he C.is he

D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s

B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow

D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself

B.herself

C.itself

D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed

B.was staying C.is staying

D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go

B.go

C.going

D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return

B.can be returned C.can returned

D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late

B.later C.more later

D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who

B.whose

C.that

D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as

B.after C.until

D.while

二、閱讀理解

(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life

B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing

C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C

4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures

(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖

―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖

―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖

―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖

The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖

The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?

A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?

A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money

B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself

C.he didn’t have any money

D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time

15.What is the main idea of the passage?

A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?

If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?

A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓(xùn)練)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營養(yǎng))to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環(huán))D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢

1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.

第五篇：中央黨校在職研究生入學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)題

中央黨校在職研究生入學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)題

《政治理論》練習(xí)題

一類：

1、馬克思主義產(chǎn)生的思想理論來源

2、“三個(gè)代表”重要思想對(duì)三大規(guī)律認(rèn)識(shí)的深化

3、人民民主專政理論中民主和專政之間的關(guān)系

4、帝國主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)質(zhì)

5、當(dāng)今世界多極化呈現(xiàn)出的主要特征

6、毛澤東在井岡山斗爭時(shí)期提出的關(guān)于工農(nóng)武裝割據(jù)的思想

7、新民主主義的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化綱領(lǐng)

8、堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義公有制的主體地位

9、中國共產(chǎn)黨執(zhí)政后必須解決的兩大歷史性課題

10、現(xiàn)階段社會(huì)主義精神文明建設(shè)面臨的歷史性課題

11、代表最廣大人民根本利益

12、黨在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線

13、我國對(duì)外開放的基本途徑和方式

14、現(xiàn)階段以改革的精神加強(qiáng)黨的建設(shè)

15、鄧小平對(duì)社會(huì)主義本質(zhì)的概括 二類：（辨別正誤并簡要說明理由）

1、世界的真正統(tǒng)一性在于它的存在性。

2、全部社會(huì)生活在本質(zhì)上是實(shí)踐的。

3、矛盾的統(tǒng)一性和斗爭性的關(guān)系是“關(guān)于事物矛盾問題的精髓”。

4、思想政治工作是經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他一切工作的生命線。

5、當(dāng)代資本主義的新變化是對(duì)馬克思主義揭示的人類社會(huì)發(fā)展基本規(guī)律的否定。

6、我國的經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)不具有社會(huì)主義性質(zhì)。

7、把社會(huì)各方面的先進(jìn)分子吸收到黨內(nèi)來會(huì)改變黨的性質(zhì)。

8、按勞分配與按生產(chǎn)要素分配是相互對(duì)立的分配原則。

9、革命統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線最根本的問題是政策和策略問題。三類：

1、列寧關(guān)于新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的基本內(nèi)容和實(shí)質(zhì)

2、正確認(rèn)識(shí)和處理改革發(fā)展穩(wěn)定之間的關(guān)系

3、貫徹依法治國方略

4、實(shí)事求是、群眾路線、獨(dú)立自主之間的辯證統(tǒng)一關(guān)系

5、毛澤東關(guān)于著重從思想上建設(shè)黨

6、在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線不動(dòng)搖

《現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)》練習(xí)題

一類：

1、評(píng)價(jià)的原則

2、法約爾提出管理五個(gè)職能的主要內(nèi)容

3、管理活動(dòng)的基本要素

4、管理客體的特征

5、不確定型決策

6、管理的特征

7、異體監(jiān)督

8、評(píng)價(jià)的作用

9、權(quán)變觀念在管理中的作用

10、職能制組織機(jī)構(gòu)的優(yōu)、缺點(diǎn)

11、指揮與協(xié)調(diào)的區(qū)別與聯(lián)系

12、管理幅度

13、共有經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律

14、行為科學(xué)理論對(duì)人的看法

15、管理觀念

二類：（辨別正誤并簡要說明理由）

1、管理主體主要指的是具有一定管理權(quán)限的單個(gè)管理者。

2、管理人本觀念中的“人”，指的是管理客體中的人。

3、在管理活動(dòng)中應(yīng)以定性分析為依據(jù)，定量分析為工具。

4、從在管理客體中發(fā)揮作用的角度看，作為管理客體的人始終處于被動(dòng)地位。

5、在管理學(xué)中，所謂管理幅度，是指組織機(jī)構(gòu)按垂直隸屬關(guān)系劃分的等級(jí)。

6、財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán)所獲得的支配權(quán)是比較符合現(xiàn)代管理原則的。

7、過分強(qiáng)調(diào)和依賴行政方法不利于市場經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展。

8、管理客體的可控性不是一成不變的。

9、西蒙所提出的決策準(zhǔn)則是最優(yōu)、最佳。三類：

1、科學(xué)決策應(yīng)遵循的原則

2、管理幅度與管理層次的關(guān)系及在處理二者關(guān)系時(shí)要考慮的因素

3、現(xiàn)代管理要經(jīng)歷的過程及在這個(gè)過程中決策所具有的地位和作用

4、權(quán)變觀念在組織方面的應(yīng)用

5、管理目標(biāo)的作用

6、實(shí)施的作用