第一篇：山東省委黨校2014年在職研究生入學(xué)考試練習(xí)題
說明：此練習(xí)題僅供輔導(dǎo)教師和考生在復(fù)習(xí)過程中進(jìn)行練習(xí)及掌握考試題型之用。要取得好成績(jī)，請(qǐng)考生按照大綱進(jìn)行全面系統(tǒng)復(fù)習(xí)。
《政治理論》練習(xí)題
一、概念解釋題
1．貨幣
2.商品
3.資本
4.剩余價(jià)值
5．抽象勞動(dòng)
6.可變資本
7.價(jià)值規(guī)律
8.哲學(xué)基本問題 9.主要矛盾
10.理性認(rèn)識(shí)
11.毛澤東思想活的靈魂
12.群眾路線
13.生態(tài)文明
14.一國(guó)兩制
15.協(xié)商民主
16.循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)
17.和諧文化
18.和平共處五項(xiàng)原則
二、辨析題
1．實(shí)踐是認(rèn)識(shí)的最終目的。
2．對(duì)新事物要肯定一切，對(duì)舊事物要否定一切。3．勞動(dòng)是創(chuàng)造商品價(jià)值的唯一源泉。
4．具體勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造使用價(jià)值，抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值，所以它們是兩類獨(dú)立存在的勞動(dòng)。
5．資本主義工資就是雇傭工人勞動(dòng)的價(jià)格。
6．科學(xué)發(fā)展觀第一要義是發(fā)展，這里所說的―發(fā)展‖是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。7．馬克思主義認(rèn)識(shí)論是以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)的能動(dòng)的革命的反映論。8．以人為本就是以人民群眾為發(fā)展的根本動(dòng)力。
9．以人為本、執(zhí)政為民是檢驗(yàn)黨一切執(zhí)政活動(dòng)的最高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
10.協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展就是要求平均發(fā)展。
11．革命是解放生產(chǎn)力，改革是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。
12．中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作與政治協(xié)商制度是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。
13．按勞分配與按生產(chǎn)要素分配是根本對(duì)立的分配原則。
14．市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)以市場(chǎng)作為資源配置的決定性手段，但并不排斥國(guó)家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀調(diào)控。
15．社會(huì)主義民主政治只是為社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的有力手段。16.未來社會(huì)是一個(gè)自由人聯(lián)合體。17.建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義民主政治最根本的是要把堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、人們當(dāng)家作主和依法治國(guó)有機(jī)統(tǒng)一起來。
18.強(qiáng)調(diào)維護(hù)社會(huì)公平正義就是劫富濟(jì)貧搞平均主義。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.馬克思主義的三個(gè)思想理論來源是什么？ 2.簡(jiǎn)述資本主義生產(chǎn)方式的絕對(duì)規(guī)律。3.簡(jiǎn)述馬克思關(guān)于資本的特殊性質(zhì)的論述。4.簡(jiǎn)述馬克思對(duì)生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)之間關(guān)系的論述 5.簡(jiǎn)述馬克思關(guān)于勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值的論述。6.什么是唯物辯證法的三大規(guī)律？
7.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認(rèn)識(shí)論根源的？ 8.列寧關(guān)于辯證法和形而上學(xué)兩種發(fā)展觀的論述。9.簡(jiǎn)述毛澤東關(guān)于黨的三大優(yōu)良作風(fēng)的概括。
10.解析鄧小平關(guān)于我國(guó)處在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段這個(gè)重要論斷的基本涵義。11.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實(shí)事求是二者之間關(guān)系的？ 12.中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的三大基本問題是什么？ 13.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會(huì)主義？
14.黨的十八大報(bào)告關(guān)于中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論體系、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度三者相互關(guān)系的論述。
15.什么是中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的總依據(jù)、總布局、總?cè)蝿?wù)？ 16.為什么說社會(huì)主義和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不存在根本矛盾？
17.黨的十八屆三中全會(huì)提出的全面深化改革的總目標(biāo)是什么？ 18.全面深化經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的核心問題是什么？
四、論述題
1．馬克思關(guān)于價(jià)值規(guī)律的論述及其重大意義。
2．論馬克思“兩個(gè)必然”和“兩個(gè)決不會(huì)”的思想及其重大意義。3．馬克思關(guān)于資本基本構(gòu)成的論述及其重大意義。
4．列寧關(guān)于“利用資本主義，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義”的思想及其重大意義。5．毛澤東關(guān)于“社會(huì)主義社會(huì)基本矛盾”的論述及其重大意義。
6．毛澤東“關(guān)于事物矛盾問題精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7．鄧小平的社會(huì)主義本質(zhì)論及其重大意義。8．試論依法治國(guó)是社會(huì)主義民主政治的基本要求。
9．試論先進(jìn)文化是社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重要保證。
《現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)》練習(xí)題
一、概念題
1、從一般意義上來定義管理
2、管理的綜合性特征
3、管理主體
4、管理客體
5、管理機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)類型中的直線職能制
6、管理目標(biāo)
7、管理的人本觀念
8、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念
9、管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念
10、管理的權(quán)變觀念
11、不確定型決策
12、實(shí)施過程中的激勵(lì)
13、贊揚(yáng)激勵(lì)
14、溝通激勵(lì)
15、現(xiàn)代管理中的監(jiān)督
16、審計(jì)監(jiān)督
17、現(xiàn)代管理中的評(píng)價(jià)
18、現(xiàn)代管理方法中的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法
二、辨析題
1、任何管理都由以下因素構(gòu)成：管理主體、管理客體、管理目的、管理職能和方法、管理環(huán)境。
2、在管理實(shí)際中，管理的科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性是統(tǒng)一的。
3、管理幅度和管理層次成正比例關(guān)系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。
4、可控性或稱可管理性是管理客體的重要特征。
5、管理目標(biāo)具有評(píng)價(jià)作用。
6、管理就是以信息處理為中心。
7、管理目標(biāo)的分類，按管理的職能分，可分為經(jīng)濟(jì)管理目標(biāo)、行政管理目標(biāo)、科學(xué)技術(shù)管理目標(biāo)和社會(huì)管理目標(biāo)。
8、按管理者的職責(zé)，可分為一般的管理者和管理中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者，但管理中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者不是勞動(dòng)者。
9、管理活動(dòng)中，要處理多種關(guān)系，但最主要的是處理好物與物的關(guān)系以及人、財(cái)、物的關(guān)系。
10、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念就是管理的整體觀念。
11、系統(tǒng)理論和系統(tǒng)方法為現(xiàn)代管理開辟了新的思路，提供了新的武器。因此，樹立系統(tǒng)觀念和掌握系統(tǒng)方法，是現(xiàn)代管理者所應(yīng)具備的基本素質(zhì)。、12、管理的權(quán)變觀念的核心內(nèi)容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環(huán)境之間的適應(yīng)性。
13、按監(jiān)督的主體劃分，可分為自我監(jiān)督、內(nèi)部監(jiān)督、外部監(jiān)督。
14、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督就是財(cái)政監(jiān)督和財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)督。
15、實(shí)施是現(xiàn)代管理者的一項(xiàng)重要責(zé)任。
16、我們現(xiàn)在實(shí)行的是社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，徹底否定了傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體系。因此，在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，計(jì)劃管理已經(jīng)不重要了。
17、經(jīng)濟(jì)方法的調(diào)節(jié)作用是直接的。
18、在市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，各種產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的價(jià)格都是由價(jià)值規(guī)律和市場(chǎng)供求關(guān)系決定的，與政府和企業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策無關(guān)。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1、管理主體決定管理活動(dòng)的方向。
2、要使管理主體在管理活動(dòng)中起主導(dǎo)支配的作用，必須具備的條件。
3、管理的藝術(shù)特征。
4、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要堅(jiān)持責(zé)、權(quán)、利相一致的原則。
5、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要堅(jiān)持以目標(biāo)為中心，以職能為中心的原則。
6、作為管理客體的人的地位。
7、作為管理客體的人的特征。
8、管理目標(biāo)制定的依據(jù)。
9、管理目標(biāo)的制定要堅(jiān)持方案選優(yōu)的原則。
10、管理系統(tǒng)觀念中的動(dòng)態(tài)的觀念。
11、管理實(shí)施中激勵(lì)的作用。
12、激勵(lì)方式中的獎(jiǎng)罰激勵(lì)。
13、激勵(lì)方式中的尊重激勵(lì)。
14、管理過程中的監(jiān)督具有反饋的功能。
15、管理過程中的監(jiān)督要堅(jiān)持經(jīng)濟(jì)性原則。
16、管理過程中的監(jiān)督具有預(yù)防功能。
17、權(quán)變觀念要求領(lǐng)導(dǎo)方式應(yīng)與環(huán)境相適應(yīng)。
18、行政方法在管理中的運(yùn)用有其自身的局限性，因此在運(yùn)用中必須堅(jiān)持正確的原則。
四、論述題
1、人既是管理的主體又是管理的客體，請(qǐng)您認(rèn)真關(guān)注作為管理客體的人的地位和作用。
2、決策對(duì)于管理主體來說太重要了，要想做出科學(xué)正確的決策，必須遵循一些原則，請(qǐng)您掌握這些原則。
3、決策是一個(gè)科學(xué)的過程，不是隨意點(diǎn)頭和拍板定案，請(qǐng)您牢記決策的程序，即決策必須遵循的步驟。
4、管理者擔(dān)負(fù)著特殊的職責(zé)，因此他必須具有特定的素質(zhì)。請(qǐng)您認(rèn)真了解一下管理者所應(yīng)具備的素質(zhì)。
5、管理目標(biāo)是管理活動(dòng)的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和歸宿點(diǎn)，因此它在管理中占有重要的地位和作用。請(qǐng)您認(rèn)真記住目標(biāo)在管理中的作用。
6、管理目標(biāo)很重要，但制定出科學(xué)正確和先進(jìn)可行的管理目標(biāo)就不是一件很容易的事了，必須要堅(jiān)持一系列的科學(xué)原則。請(qǐng)您記住這些原則，才能制定出好的目標(biāo)。
7、擇優(yōu)觀念是現(xiàn)代管理中一個(gè)非常重要的觀念，離了這個(gè)觀念，管理活動(dòng)就會(huì)出問題。請(qǐng)您牢牢記住樹立擇優(yōu)觀念的必要性。
8、實(shí)施是介于決策、計(jì)劃和管理對(duì)象之間的中間環(huán)節(jié)，沒有圓滿的實(shí)施，就談不上完成管理任務(wù)。實(shí)施的這種特定地位，決定了它的特點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)您認(rèn)真了解實(shí)施不同于其他管理環(huán)節(jié)的特點(diǎn)。
9、管理實(shí)施過程結(jié)束后，還不能算是管理過程的結(jié)束，還需對(duì)其過程所獲得的成績(jī)和效果進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)。搞好評(píng)價(jià)也不是一件很簡(jiǎn)單的事。請(qǐng)您仔細(xì)了解評(píng)價(jià)活動(dòng)應(yīng)遵循的一系列原則。
《法理學(xué)》練習(xí)題
一、簡(jiǎn)答題
1、法律責(zé)任
2、法律部門
3、法律解釋
4、法律淵源
5、法律移植
6、英美法系和大陸法系
7、法治和法制
10、法律溯及力
11、社會(huì)主義的法治理念
12、社會(huì)法律監(jiān)督
13、法律制定
14、當(dāng)代中國(guó)的法律淵源
15、法律繼承
16、法律現(xiàn)代化
17、法律的基本特征
18、、法律適用
19、社會(huì)法律監(jiān)督
二、辨析題
1、法律的本質(zhì)
2、法律意識(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
3、法律規(guī)則的構(gòu)成要素
4、法學(xué)研究的對(duì)象
5、法的不確定性
6、法的規(guī)范性
7、法學(xué)研究的對(duì)象
8、理論法學(xué)和應(yīng)用法學(xué)
9、國(guó)家賠償法所屬部門
10根據(jù)法的效力范圍的不同，法的分類
11、立法體制
12、劃分法的歷史類型的依據(jù)
13、法律與道德強(qiáng)制力不同
14、法學(xué)體系和法律體系的區(qū)別
15、法律制定
16、法律繼承
三、材料分析題
1、法律部門和法律淵源的不同
2、法的評(píng)價(jià)作用
3、立法體制
4、法的淵源
5、廣義法律和狹義法律的效力區(qū)別
6、法律與道德的區(qū)別
7、司法機(jī)關(guān)獨(dú)立行使審判或檢察權(quán)
8、行政責(zé)任、刑事責(zé)任和民事責(zé)任的不同
9、人民法院定罪量刑的依據(jù)
10、法律規(guī)則和法律原則的不同
11、法理學(xué)的組成、法理學(xué)的社會(huì)學(xué)價(jià)值和法理學(xué)與其他法律部門的聯(lián)系
12、司法的“以事實(shí)為根據(jù)，以法律為準(zhǔn)繩”的原則
四、論述題
1、司法權(quán)的性質(zhì)和特征
2、法律規(guī)則的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)
3、司法機(jī)關(guān)獨(dú)立行使職權(quán)的原則
4、法律關(guān)系的構(gòu)成要素
5、法律的規(guī)范作用
6、法律的社會(huì)作用
7、法律責(zé)任的歸責(zé)原則
8、法律的本質(zhì)
9、法律調(diào)整和道德調(diào)整的區(qū)別
《英語》練習(xí)題
一、單項(xiàng)選擇
1.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to learn C.to be learning
D.to have learned 2.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.walk C.walked
B.had walked D.had been walking 3.She ________ money and forgetting to pay you back.A.borrowed C.is always borrowing
B.borrows D.has borrow 4.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 5.While ________ the train, I had a long talk with Jane.A.wait for C.waiting for
B.having waited for
D.being waited for 6.These questions ______ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
7.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 8.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 9.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 10.It has been two weeks since he ________ home.A.has left
B.was leaving C.left
D.is leaving 11.Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 12.The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 13.Before he came to New York, he had never heard a single English word ________.A.speaking
B.to speak
C.spoken
D.spoke 14.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 15.The old man lay in bed, ________ what to do the next day.A.thinking
B.was thinking
C.having thought
D.being thought 16.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 17.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by C.in 18.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start C.have already started
B.already started D.had already started B.since D.for 19.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 20.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 21.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 22.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 23.I live in ________.I’d like to let you know that I’m checking out early
tomorrow morning.A.Room 216th
B.216 Room C.216th Room
D.Room 216 24.This kind of tree has green ________ throughout(全部)the year.A.leafs
B.leaves
C.leaf
D.leaves’ 25.I will give him the letter as soon as I ________ him.A.see
B.sees C.sees’
D.saw 26.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question?
A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
27.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 28.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets C.will always forget 29.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he
B.forget
D.are always forgetting C.is he
D.does he 30.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 C.for 1980
B.in 1980 D.since 1980 31.The role of _______ has changed a lot in the past 30 years.A.womans
B.women C.woman
D.women’s 32.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 33.If he ________ to go, I'll ask someone else to go with me.A.don’t want
B.doesn’t want
C.not want
D.not wants 34.This is my cell phone(手機(jī)).________ is on the desk.A.Their
B.Our C.Yours
D.Her 35.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 36.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will C.shall
B.would D.should 37.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 38.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 39.Bill has been out of work ________ three years.A.by
B.since C.in D.for 40.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off C.have already taken off
B.already took off D.had already taken off 41.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 42.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 43.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 44.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 45.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watching TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、閱讀理解
(1)Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.This is because they grow up in a culture which tells them that it’s good to control their feelings.They learn when they are young that it is best to keep tears and laughter to themselves.15 Compared with the English, the French are much warmer and more open.They are always ready to express what they feel.However, it is said the Italians are the warmest people in the world.They let their feelings ―explode‖.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too careful about getting close to others.As long as we don’t make others unhappy, there is noting wrong in expressing our feelings.We can express our feelings directly or indirectly.We can talk to other people about our feelings.Of course, sometimes we should also control our feelings.After all, life is made of all kinds of feelings, isn’t it?
1.________ to say what you feel.A.It’s always good
B.Sometimes it is good
C.It’s no good
D.You always want
2.People ________ have different ways of dealing with feelings.A.from different cultures
B.from different countries
C.from different schools
D.of different occupations
3.According to the passage, ________ are the warmest people in the world.A.the Italians
B.the English
C.the French
D.the Chinese
4.The feelings that people don’t express ________.A.just disappear
B.should never be expressed
C.continue to exist under the surface
D.are always bad
5.People can express their feelings directly or indirectly ________.A.as long as they don’t make others unhappy
B.as long as they don’t make others happy
C.as soon as they don’t make others unhappy
D.as soon as they don’t make others happy
(2)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.6.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 7.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.8.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
9.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 10.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.(3)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.11.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 12.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 13.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 14.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 15.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(4)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖ ―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 16.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.17.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.18.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.19.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
20.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(5)I once knew a man whose memory was very bad.Richard Rudd was so forgetful that he sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.His wife had to remind him constantly about his appointments, his classes – even his meals!Since Rudd was a professor at a well-known university, his forgetfulness was often an embarrassment.It wasn’t that he was unintelligent, as some critical people tend to gossip.He was just very, very absent-minded.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.The professor’s wife was surprised to see him again so soon, but she was amused when she heard what the matter was.She distrusted his memory, so she wrote the name of the town on a piece of paper.Satisfied that she had solved the problem, she sent her husband off again.Ten minutes later, she was astonished to see him outside the house again.What was the matter now? 21.What was Professor Rudd’s trouble? A.Lack of confidence.B.Lack of intelligence.C.Carelessness.D.Absent-mindedness.22.What was probably the most embarrassing thing for Professor Rudd? A.He often had to be reminded to go to class at the university.B.He often had to be reminded to meet people at the appointed(約定的)time.C.He sometimes forgot what he was talking about in the middle of a sentence.D.He sometimes forgot to take meals.23.What did Richard Rudd decide to do one hot summer day? A.To accompany his children on a train ride.B.To have a holiday with his children on the beach.C.To go and visit a friend of his in a seaside town with his children.D.To stay home and take care of his children.24.Why did Richard come back the first time? A.He forgot where he was going.B.He forgot his friend’s address.C.He forgot to tell his wife where he was going.D.He forgot to take the train tickets.25.What can you infer from the story?
A.Professor Rudd was an old man.B.Mrs.Rudd was actually more intelligent than her husband.23
C.Mrs.Rudd was an indispensable(不可缺少的)companion to her husband.D.Professor Rudd’s reputation was falling rapidly.(6)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.26.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.27.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.24 B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.28.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.29.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.30.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(7)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.31.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.32.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.33.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.34.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.35.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(8)Have you ever seen people dance? Some dances are fast and others are slow.People’s feet move when they dance.They keep on moving until the music stops.People have enjoyed dancing for a very long time.This story is of a different kind of dance.It is a dance without people or music.Yet this dance is one of the oldest in the world.It is the dance of bees.If you have ever watched bees, you know that they are very clever.They also work hard looking for food and bringing it back to their home.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.At the hive, bees change this flower food into honey.Then they fly away for more food.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.Sometimes we hear the music of bees as they fly around, but few people have ever seen them dance.Yet without that dance we might never have sweet honey to eat.36.According to the passage, people don’t stop dancing until ________.A.the music stops B.they are very tired C.they want to go to bed D.it is very late 37.In the text, ―an unknown dance‖ is a dance ________.A.without a light B.without people or music C.without light and music D.without any drinks 38.Bees carry the flower food back to the hive ________.A.to eat B.to store
C.to be a present to other bees D.to change them into honey 39.What does a guide bee do if it finds the best food in the sweetest flowers? A.It will fly back to the hive to tell the others.B.It will take in as much food as it can.C.It will bring it back to the hive.D.It will change it into honey.40.What does the length of the dance mean? A.It tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers.B.It tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.C.It means that bees enjoy dancing.D.It means nothing.(9)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.41.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.42.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 43.Exercise is ________.29 A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓(xùn)練)D.to get up early in the morning 44.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng))to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環(huán))D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.45.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢
1.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!
2.What happens to feelings that are not expressed? Many people say they don’t just disappear.They continue to exist under the surface and may come out in other forms.Anger that we don’t express to others can become anger that we turn against ourselves.Fears that we don’t talk about may make us become afraid of all things.We may appear to be brave, but we are fearful and anxious inside.Hurts and disappointments that we never express may make us become too 30 careful about getting close to others.3.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.4.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.5.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.6.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination
himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.7.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.8.If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.9.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.10.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.32
They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.11.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.12.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.33
第二篇：山東省委黨校2018在職研究生入學(xué)考試復(fù)習(xí)題范文
《政治理論》復(fù)習(xí)參考題型
一、概念 1.按勞分配 2.獨(dú)立自主
3.供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革 4.和平共處五項(xiàng)原則 5.基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度 6.民主集中制 7.商品
8.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段
9.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線 10.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段主要矛盾 11.生態(tài)文明 12.實(shí)事求是 13.市場(chǎng)機(jī)制三要素 14.物質(zhì) 15.一國(guó)兩制
16.戰(zhàn)時(shí)共產(chǎn)主義政策 17.政策
18.中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路的內(nèi)涵 19.五大發(fā)展理念 20.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式
二、辨析
1.按勞分配是與社會(huì)主義生產(chǎn)資料公有制相適應(yīng)的分配方式
2.對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法的實(shí)質(zhì)和核心 3.改革開放前后的歷史不能相互否定 4.改革開放前后兩個(gè)歷史時(shí)期是根本對(duì)立的
5.工人階級(jí)已經(jīng)不是建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的主力軍 6.供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革就是放松管制
7.加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)黨的作風(fēng)建設(shè)，核心問題是保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯(lián)系
8.經(jīng)濟(jì)工作是一切工作的生命線 9.商品交換會(huì)產(chǎn)生剩余價(jià)值
10.商品生產(chǎn)從產(chǎn)生到資本主義時(shí)期，經(jīng)歷了簡(jiǎn)單商品生產(chǎn)、資本主義商品生產(chǎn)。
11.社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的所有制基礎(chǔ)是公有制 12.剩余價(jià)值的生產(chǎn)不具有無限性 13.圍繞黨的中心任務(wù)進(jìn)行思想政治工作
14.我國(guó)社會(huì)主要矛盾的變化，改變了我們對(duì)我國(guó)社會(huì)主義所處歷史階段的判斷。
15.先進(jìn)文化是社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重要保證 16.一個(gè)國(guó)家的革命和建設(shè)只能依靠本國(guó)人民的力量 17.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是中國(guó)革命和社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心 18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不變的
19.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位是由黨的先進(jìn)性決定的 20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線
三、簡(jiǎn)答
1.辯證唯物主義認(rèn)識(shí)論的三個(gè)基本結(jié)論 2.帝國(guó)主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征
3.加強(qiáng)黨的執(zhí)政能力建設(shè)的總體目標(biāo) 4.價(jià)值規(guī)律的作用
5.簡(jiǎn)述和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的主要內(nèi)容 6.簡(jiǎn)述列寧關(guān)于建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的理論思考 7.簡(jiǎn)述列寧主義的建黨學(xué)說 8.簡(jiǎn)述新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的主要內(nèi)容
9.簡(jiǎn)述中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論體系的基本問題 10.建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的總依據(jù) 11.勞動(dòng)力商品價(jià)值的內(nèi)容
12.毛澤東對(duì)思想政治工作重要性的闡述 13.毛澤東思想的活的靈魂
14.全面建成小康社會(huì)必須遵循的原則和新目標(biāo) 15.全面建成小康社會(huì)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)
16.全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)必須遵循的基本原則 17.全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)的總目標(biāo) 18.如何規(guī)范收入分配關(guān)系
19.如何堅(jiān)定中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的道路自信 20.深化政治體制改革的必要性 21.新民主主義革命“新”在何處 22.運(yùn)用唯物辯證法應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的原則 23.資本的特殊性質(zhì)
四、論述
1.“五位一體”總布局的內(nèi)涵和特點(diǎn)
2.全面深化改革的總目標(biāo)、立足點(diǎn)和戰(zhàn)略部署 3.如何提高黨的建設(shè)科學(xué)化水平 4.社會(huì)主義的歷史必然性
5.實(shí)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心地位必須堅(jiān)持黨要管黨、從嚴(yán)治黨的方針
6.試述堅(jiān)持和拓寬中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路必須堅(jiān)持的原則
7.試述新形勢(shì)下加強(qiáng)和規(guī)范黨內(nèi)政治生活的基本內(nèi)容 8.試述中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)
《現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)》復(fù)習(xí)參考題型
一、概念 1.法律監(jiān)督 2.風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策 3.管理
4.管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法 5.管理的系統(tǒng)觀念 6.管理的循環(huán)規(guī)律 7.管理共有規(guī)律 8.管理計(jì)劃 9.管理技巧性規(guī)律 10.管理客體 11.管理派生規(guī)律 12.管理藝術(shù) 13.管理主體 14.廣義的管理決策 15.行政監(jiān)督 16.計(jì)劃的效率性 17.經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督 18.評(píng)價(jià) 19.確定型決策
20.現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù) 21.指導(dǎo)性計(jì)劃 22.指令性計(jì)劃
二、辨析
1.按照管理者的位置和層次，可以把管理者分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。
2.按照管理者的職責(zé)，可以把管理者分為一般管理者和管理中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。
3.按照管理者所管理的對(duì)象，可以把管理者分為行政管理者、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理者、科技管理者、文教衛(wèi)生管理者等。4.把直線制和矩陣制有機(jī)結(jié)合起來是直線職能制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。
5.高級(jí)管理者需要管理藝術(shù)，而一般管理者不需要管理藝術(shù)。
6.管理的二重性是指管理具有經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性和社會(huì)屬性 7.管理的社會(huì)屬性是指任何管理都是社會(huì)勞動(dòng)或共同勞動(dòng)的客觀要求，都要按社會(huì)勞動(dòng)或社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)的客觀規(guī)律辦事。
8.管理的自然屬性是指管理都是在一定的社會(huì)制度和國(guó)家體制下進(jìn)行的，都會(huì)打上一定的社會(huì)和階級(jí)烙印。9.管理決策需要面對(duì)各種復(fù)雜的情況，所以不能設(shè)計(jì)既定的決策程序。10.管理是科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性的統(tǒng)一
11.激勵(lì)的關(guān)鍵是管理者通過采取各種方式去激發(fā)人的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力
12.獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有激勵(lì)作用，而懲罰沒有激勵(lì)作用 13.決策是管理工作的核心 14.人也是管理客體的組成部分
15.設(shè)立專門的職能部門是直線制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn) 16.審計(jì)監(jiān)督屬于行政監(jiān)督的范疇
17.實(shí)行集中決策、集中經(jīng)營(yíng)是事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。
18.事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)是實(shí)行集中決策、集中經(jīng)營(yíng)
19.協(xié)調(diào)是管理者對(duì)管理活動(dòng)中的各個(gè)要素之間的問題和關(guān)系進(jìn)行的指揮和命令 20.預(yù)測(cè)是管理的核心
21.在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織改善環(huán)境的觀念 22.在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念 23.在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織重視環(huán)境的觀念
三、簡(jiǎn)答
1.按照監(jiān)督主體劃分，監(jiān)督有哪些種類？ 2.管理的權(quán)變觀念 3.管理的人本觀念 4.管理的系統(tǒng)觀念
5.管理的擇優(yōu)觀念主要包括哪些內(nèi)容？ 6.管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念 7.管理決策應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的原則 8.管理客體有哪些特征？ 9.管理信息的特征 10.管理者素質(zhì) 11.管理中的行政方法 12.管理中的控制類型 13.激勵(lì)的方式有哪些？ 14.激勵(lì)在管理中的作用 15.計(jì)劃編制應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的原則 16.決策的“令人滿意”準(zhǔn)則 17.決策的依據(jù)和條件
18.目標(biāo)管理與傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃管理的主要區(qū)別 19.權(quán)變觀念在管理中有什么作用？ 20.實(shí)施在管理中的作用
21.制定管理目標(biāo)應(yīng)遵循什么程序？
四、論述
1.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理?yè)駜?yōu)觀念的主要內(nèi)容？ 2.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理中的監(jiān)督有哪些功能？ 3.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理中的決策應(yīng)遵循的程序？ 4.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述激勵(lì)的方式有哪些？ 5.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述如何科學(xué)實(shí)施發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略？ 6.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述協(xié)調(diào)的方式方法有哪些？ 7.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述在管理中如何運(yùn)用好用人藝術(shù)？ 8.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述制定管理目標(biāo)應(yīng)堅(jiān)持什么原則？
第三篇：2018年山東省委黨校在職研究生入學(xué)考試《政治理論》復(fù)習(xí)參考題型
《政治理論》復(fù)習(xí)參考題型
一、概念
1.按勞分配：與社會(huì)主義生產(chǎn)資料公有制相適應(yīng)的分配方式?；疽笫?，以勞動(dòng)為尺度精心個(gè)人收入分配，多勞多得，少勞少得，不勞不得。
2.獨(dú)立自主：指國(guó)家的主權(quán)是獨(dú)立的，不允許任何外來的干涉與侵犯，每個(gè)國(guó)家都有權(quán)根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況獨(dú)立地、自主地處理本國(guó)對(duì)內(nèi)對(duì)外的一切事務(wù)。獨(dú)立自主是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在抗日民族統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線中正確處理國(guó)共關(guān)系的原則，是毛澤東哲學(xué)思想的重要內(nèi)容和活的靈魂之一。
3.供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革：解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，用改革的辦法推進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整，減少無效和低端供給，擴(kuò)大有效和中高端供給，增強(qiáng)供給結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)需求變化的適應(yīng)性和靈活性，提高全要素生產(chǎn)率。要通過一系列政策舉措，特別是推動(dòng)科技創(chuàng)新、發(fā)展實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)、保障和改善人民生活的政策措施，來解決我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)供給側(cè)存在的問題。
4.和平共處五項(xiàng)原則（P95）：中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨人提出的適用于處理同一切國(guó)家關(guān)系的嶄新的國(guó)際關(guān)系準(zhǔn)則。包括：互相尊重主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，互不侵犯，互不干涉內(nèi)政，平等互利，和平共處。
5.基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度：指國(guó)家依據(jù)社會(huì)性質(zhì)及基本國(guó)情，通過法律對(duì)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序中生產(chǎn)資料歸誰所有做出明確規(guī)定的經(jīng)濟(jì)制度，是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)在生產(chǎn)關(guān)系中最基本的規(guī)定，即所有制。
6.民主集中制：民主基礎(chǔ)上的集中和集中指導(dǎo)下的民主，是高度民主和高度集中地統(tǒng)一，是正確規(guī)范黨內(nèi)政治生活、處理黨內(nèi)關(guān)系的基本準(zhǔn)則和具體制度，是馬克思主義政黨的根本組織原則。
7.商品：用來進(jìn)行等價(jià)交換的勞動(dòng)產(chǎn)品，是使用價(jià)值和價(jià)值的統(tǒng)一體。
8.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段：特指我國(guó)生產(chǎn)力落后、商品經(jīng)濟(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)條件下建設(shè)社會(huì)主義必然要經(jīng)歷的特定階段。即從 1956 年社會(huì)主義改造基本完成到 21 世紀(jì)中葉社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化基本實(shí)現(xiàn)的整個(gè)歷史階段。黨的十三大系統(tǒng)闡述了社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段理論和黨在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線。這是對(duì)我國(guó)社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的歷史經(jīng)驗(yàn),特別是改革開放以來新鮮經(jīng)驗(yàn)的總結(jié)和概括。
9.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線：領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和團(tuán)結(jié)全國(guó)各族人民，以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則，堅(jiān)持改革開放，自力更生，艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)，為把我國(guó)建設(shè)成為富強(qiáng)、民主、文明、和諧的社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家而奮斗。
10.社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段主要矛盾：在現(xiàn)階段，我國(guó)社會(huì)的主要矛盾是人民日益增長(zhǎng)的物質(zhì)文化需要同落后的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)之間的矛盾。這個(gè)主要矛盾，貫穿于我國(guó)社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的整個(gè)過程和社會(huì)生活的各個(gè)方面，決定了我們的根本任務(wù)是集中力量發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力。只有牢牢抓住這個(gè)主要矛盾，才能清醒地觀察和把握社會(huì)矛盾的全局，有效地促進(jìn)各種社會(huì)矛盾的解決。
中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義進(jìn)入新時(shí)代，我國(guó)社會(huì)主要矛盾已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)化為人民日益增長(zhǎng)的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的發(fā)展之間的矛盾。
11.生態(tài)文明：人類為保護(hù)和建設(shè)美好生態(tài)環(huán)境而取得的物質(zhì)成果、精神成果和制度成果的總和，是貫穿于經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)、政治建設(shè)、文化建設(shè)、社會(huì)建設(shè)全過程和各方面的系統(tǒng)工程，反映了一個(gè)社會(huì)的文明進(jìn)步狀態(tài)。
12.實(shí)事求是：指從實(shí)際對(duì)象出發(fā)，探求事物的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系及其發(fā)展的規(guī)律性，認(rèn)識(shí)事物的本質(zhì)。通常指按照事物的實(shí)際情況辦事?！皩?shí)事”就是客觀存在著的一切亊物，“是”就是客觀亊物的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系，即規(guī)律性，“求”就是我們?nèi)パ芯俊?/p>
13.市場(chǎng)機(jī)制三要素：市場(chǎng)機(jī)制包括價(jià)格、供求和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)三大要素。三者之間互為因果，相互制約，各自發(fā)揮功能，又共同發(fā)揮作用。
14.物質(zhì)：標(biāo)志客觀實(shí)在的哲學(xué)范疇，這種客觀實(shí)在是人通過感覺感知的，它不依賴于我們的感覺而存在，為我們的感覺所復(fù)寫、攝影、反映。P41 15.一國(guó)兩制：“一個(gè)國(guó)家，兩種制度”的簡(jiǎn)稱。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨為解決祖國(guó)內(nèi)地和臺(tái)灣和平統(tǒng)一的問題以及在香港、澳門恢復(fù)行使中國(guó)主權(quán)的問題而提出的基本國(guó)策。即在中華人民共和國(guó)內(nèi)，內(nèi)地堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義制度作為整個(gè)國(guó)家的主體，同時(shí)允許臺(tái)灣、香港、澳門保留資本主義制度?！耙粐?guó)兩制”政策以“一個(gè)中國(guó)”為原則，并強(qiáng)調(diào)“中華人民共和國(guó)是代表中國(guó)的唯一合法政府”。
16.戰(zhàn)時(shí)共產(chǎn)主義政策：（1）實(shí)行工業(yè)國(guó)有化，剝奪剝奪者。（2）從糧食壟斷、禁止私人買賣糧食到余糧征集制，國(guó)家以低價(jià)購(gòu)買農(nóng)民的“余糧”，以保證城市居民和紅軍有飯吃。（3）限制市場(chǎng)和私人貿(mào)易，實(shí)行商業(yè)國(guó)有化。（4）推行平均主義的分配制度，縮小社會(huì)成員之間的生活差距。（5）實(shí)行勞動(dòng)義務(wù)制和勞動(dòng)軍事化，貫徹不勞動(dòng)者不得食的原則。
17.政策：國(guó)家政權(quán)機(jī)關(guān)、政黨組織和其他社會(huì)政治集團(tuán)為了實(shí)現(xiàn)自己所代表的階級(jí)、階層的利益與意志，以權(quán)威形式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化地規(guī)定在一定的歷史時(shí)期內(nèi)，應(yīng)該達(dá)到的奮斗目標(biāo)、遵循的行動(dòng)原則、完成的明確任務(wù)、實(shí)行的工作方式、采取的一般步驟和具體措施。
18.中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路的內(nèi)涵：在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，立足基本國(guó)情，以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則，堅(jiān)持改革開放，解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)主義民主政治、社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化、社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)、社會(huì)主義生態(tài)文明，促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展，逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)全體人民的共同富裕，建設(shè)富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧的社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化國(guó)家。
19.五大發(fā)展理念：2015 年 10 月，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨第十八屆中央委員會(huì)第五次全體會(huì)議強(qiáng)調(diào)，實(shí)現(xiàn)“十三五”時(shí)期發(fā)展目標(biāo)，破解發(fā)展難題，厚植發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)，必須牢固樹立并切實(shí)貫徹創(chuàng)新、協(xié)調(diào)、綠色、開放、共享的發(fā)展理念。這是關(guān)系我國(guó)發(fā)展全局的一場(chǎng)深刻變革。20.經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式是生產(chǎn)要素的分配、投入、組合和使用的方式。一般是指通過生產(chǎn)要素變化包括數(shù)量增加、結(jié)構(gòu)變化、質(zhì)量改善等，實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的方法和模式。
二、辨析
1.按勞分配是與社會(huì)主義生產(chǎn)資料公有制相適應(yīng)的分配方式。
正確。按勞分配是與社會(huì)主義生產(chǎn)資料公有制相適應(yīng)的分方式。按勞分配的基本要求是,以勞動(dòng)為尺度進(jìn)行個(gè)人收入分配,多勞多得,少勞少得,不勞不得。在公有制企業(yè)內(nèi)部,勞動(dòng)者以企業(yè)為單位統(tǒng)一經(jīng)營(yíng)公有生產(chǎn)資料,以貨幣形式統(tǒng)一分配勞動(dòng)成果；在農(nóng)村則實(shí)行以家庭承包經(jīng)營(yíng)為基礎(chǔ)、統(tǒng)分結(jié)合的經(jīng)營(yíng)制度,以家庭為基本單位進(jìn)行分配。按勞分配的主體地位是通過兩個(gè)層次體現(xiàn)出來的:一是在全社會(huì)范圍的收入分配中,按勞分配占最大比重,起主導(dǎo)作用;二是在公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)范圍內(nèi)勞動(dòng)者的總收入中,按勞分配收入是最主要的收入來源。
實(shí)行按勞分配,是由社會(huì)主義社會(huì)的客觀經(jīng)濟(jì)條件決定的。實(shí)行按勞分配,是堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義的重要內(nèi)容。實(shí)行按勞分配,是推動(dòng)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的有效途徑。
2.對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法的實(shí)質(zhì)和核心。（P41—42）正確。對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是唯物辯證法的實(shí)質(zhì)和核心。具體表現(xiàn)在：
第一，對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律提供了理解辯證法其它規(guī)律和范疇的鑰匙。第二，對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律揭示了事物的源泉和動(dòng)力。第三，對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律區(qū)分了兩種對(duì)立的發(fā)展觀。第四，對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法和詭辯論的試金石。第五，對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律提供了方法論的基本原則。3.改革開放前后的歷史不能相互否定。
正確。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義建設(shè),有改革開放前和改革開放后兩個(gè)歷史時(shí)期,這是兩個(gè)相互聯(lián)系又有重大區(qū)別的時(shí)期,但本質(zhì)上都是我們黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的實(shí)踐探索。中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義是在改革開放歷史新時(shí)期開創(chuàng)的,但也是在新中國(guó)已經(jīng)建立起社會(huì)主義基本制度、并進(jìn)行了 20 多年建設(shè)的基礎(chǔ)上開創(chuàng)的。雖然這兩個(gè)歷史時(shí)期在進(jìn)行社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的思想指導(dǎo)、方針政策、實(shí)際工作上有很大差別,但兩者決不是彼此裂的,更不是根本對(duì)立的。不能用改革開放后的歷史時(shí)期否定改革開放前的歷史時(shí)期,也不能用改革開放前的歷史時(shí)期否定改革開放后的歷史時(shí)期。要堅(jiān)持實(shí)事求是的思想路線,分清主流和支流,堅(jiān)持真理,修正錯(cuò)誤,發(fā)揚(yáng)經(jīng)驗(yàn),吸取教訓(xùn),在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上把黨和人民事業(yè)繼績(jī)推向前進(jìn)。
4.改革開放前后兩個(gè)歷史時(shí)期是根本對(duì)立的。錯(cuò)誤。同上。
5.工人階級(jí)已經(jīng)不是建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的主力軍。（P223）
錯(cuò)誤。工人階級(jí)是我國(guó)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)階級(jí)，是先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力的代表，是推動(dòng)中國(guó)先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的主力軍，建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義必須全心全意地依靠工人階級(jí)。所以，工人階級(jí)仍然是建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的主力軍。
6.供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革就是放松管制。
錯(cuò)誤。供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革,重點(diǎn)是解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力,用改革的辦法推進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整,減少無效和低端供給,擴(kuò)大有效和中高給,增強(qiáng)供給結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)需求變化的適應(yīng)性和靈活性,提高全要素生產(chǎn)率。要通過一系列政策舉措,特別是推動(dòng)科技創(chuàng)新,發(fā)展實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)、保障和改善人民生活的政策措施,來解決我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)供給側(cè)存在的問題。供給側(cè)結(jié)構(gòu)性改革的民鍵是放松管制、釋放活力、讓市場(chǎng)發(fā)大作用降低制度性我不,提商供給體系質(zhì)量種提高投資有效性。要解決世界經(jīng)濟(jì)深層次問題,單純靠貨幣刺源。
7.加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)黨的作風(fēng)建設(shè)，核心問題是保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯(lián)系。
正確。加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)黨的作風(fēng)建設(shè)，核心問題是保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯(lián)系。馬克思主義執(zhí)政黨的最大危險(xiǎn)，就是脫離群眾。人民群眾是我們黨的力量源泉和勝利之本。失去了人民群眾的擁護(hù)和支持，黨的事業(yè)和一切工作就無從談起。黨要經(jīng)受住長(zhǎng)期執(zhí)政、改革開放和發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的考驗(yàn)，就必須始終密切聯(lián)系群眾。在任何時(shí)候任何情況下，與人民群眾同呼吸共命運(yùn)的立場(chǎng)不能變，全心全意為人民服務(wù)的宗旨不能忘，堅(jiān)信群眾是真正英雄的歷史唯物主義觀點(diǎn)不能丟。
8.經(jīng)濟(jì)工作是一切工作的生命線。（P85）
錯(cuò)誤。思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線。思想政治工作既包括黨內(nèi)的思想教育,也包括黨對(duì)群眾的思教育,本質(zhì)上是群眾工作。在中國(guó)革命和建設(shè)過程中,思想政治工作具有重要的地位和作用。它是經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他一切工作的命線。重視思想政治工作是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的優(yōu)良傳統(tǒng)。
9.商品交換會(huì)產(chǎn)生剩余價(jià)值。
錯(cuò)誤。根據(jù)價(jià)值規(guī)律的要求,商品是按照等價(jià)原則進(jìn)行交換的,因此單純的商品交換過程不能產(chǎn)生剩余價(jià)值。剩余價(jià)值產(chǎn)生的關(guān)領(lǐng)就在于資本家在流通中找到一種特殊商品,它就是勞動(dòng)力。勞動(dòng)力是活的人體中存在的體力和腦力的總和。勞動(dòng)力商品具有獨(dú)特的使用價(jià)值。勞動(dòng)力的使用就是勞動(dòng)，勞動(dòng)能創(chuàng)造新的價(jià)值,而且可以創(chuàng)造出比它自身更大的價(jià)值本家所以購(gòu)買勞動(dòng)力,就是因?yàn)閯趧?dòng)力的使用價(jià)值有這樣一個(gè)特殊屬性。因此,資本主義的生產(chǎn)過程,不僅是創(chuàng)造使用價(jià)值的勞動(dòng)過程,也是價(jià)值增殖過程。只要資本家把工人的勞動(dòng)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)到補(bǔ)償勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值所需要的時(shí)間以上,剩余價(jià)值就一定會(huì)產(chǎn)生出來,剩余價(jià)值就是由雇傭工人創(chuàng)造的并被資本家無償占有的超過勞動(dòng)力價(jià)值的價(jià)值。這就是剩余價(jià)值生產(chǎn)即資本主義剝削的秘密所在。
10.商品生產(chǎn)從產(chǎn)生到資本主義時(shí)期，經(jīng)歷了簡(jiǎn)單商品生產(chǎn)、資本主義商品生產(chǎn)。
正確。商品生產(chǎn)從產(chǎn)生到資本主義時(shí)期,經(jīng)歷了簡(jiǎn)單生產(chǎn),資本主義商品生產(chǎn)。它們的共性是商品生產(chǎn)者通過交換追求各自的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益循等價(jià)原則;進(jìn)行平等競(jìng)爭(zhēng),以貨幣為媒介；價(jià)值規(guī)律是商品生產(chǎn)的基本規(guī)律。商品生產(chǎn)在資本主義經(jīng)濟(jì)中具有重要地位和作用,它是資本主義生產(chǎn)方式產(chǎn)生的歷史前提和起點(diǎn)。商品是資本主義的細(xì)胞形式，資本主義商品生產(chǎn)是高度社會(huì)化的商品生產(chǎn)。
11.社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的所有制基礎(chǔ)是公有制。
正確。公有制是全體勞動(dòng)者或部分勞動(dòng)者共同占有生產(chǎn)資料。堅(jiān)持公有制為主體，能夠有效地實(shí)施宏觀調(diào)控，從全局利益出發(fā)，集中力量辦大事，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)高速發(fā)展。所以社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)制度的所有制基礎(chǔ)是公有制。
12.剩余價(jià)值的生產(chǎn)不具有無限性。（P17）
錯(cuò)誤。資本主義是一種發(fā)達(dá)的商品生產(chǎn),生產(chǎn)的直接目的是追求價(jià)值增殖,而價(jià)值本身沒有質(zhì)的不同,只有量的差別,而任何一個(gè)量都是一個(gè)有限量,這就決定了資本對(duì)剩余價(jià)值的追求是無限度同時(shí),激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力也驅(qū)使資本家不能不這樣做。
13.圍繞黨的中心任務(wù)進(jìn)行思想政治工作。（P87）正確。思想政治工作是為黨的中心工作服務(wù)的,因此必須緊緊圍繞黨的中心工作來進(jìn)行,結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他工作一道去做。首先,思想政治工作之所以要結(jié)合經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他工作一道來做,是由思想政治工作的性質(zhì)和任務(wù)決定的。其次,這是由思想政治工作的對(duì)象決定的。再次，這是由思想政治工作的目的決定的。
14.我國(guó)社會(huì)主要矛盾的變化，改變了我們對(duì)我國(guó)社會(huì)主義所處歷史階段的判斷。
錯(cuò)誤。盡管我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)生了巨大變化,但從根本上說,我國(guó)仍處于并將長(zhǎng)期處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本國(guó)情沒有變,人民日益增長(zhǎng)的物質(zhì)文化需要同落后的社會(huì)生產(chǎn)之間的矛盾這一社會(huì)主要矛盾沒有變,我國(guó)是世界最大發(fā)展中國(guó)家的國(guó)際地沒有變。要全面建成小康社會(huì),實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化和全體人民共同富裕,仍需付出長(zhǎng)期的艱苦努力。
15.先進(jìn)文化是社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的重要保證。（P190）正確。第一,先進(jìn)進(jìn)文化為社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化提供思想保證。第二,先進(jìn)文化為社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供精神動(dòng)力。第三,先進(jìn)文化為現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)提供智力支撐。
16.一個(gè)國(guó)家的革命和建設(shè)只能依靠本國(guó)人民的力量。（P109）
錯(cuò)誤。一個(gè)國(guó)家的革命和建設(shè)主要是依靠本國(guó)人民的力量,要把立足點(diǎn)放在自力更生的基礎(chǔ)上,以自力更生為主,力爭(zhēng)外援為輔。一個(gè)國(guó)家革命的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和勝利,主要取決于內(nèi)因,取決于本國(guó)的客觀條件和革命政黨、革命人民的主觀努力。革命不能輸出,革命也不不能輸入。唯物辯證法認(rèn)為,內(nèi)因是事物變化的根據(jù),外因是變化的條件,外因通過內(nèi)因起作用。這一原理是獨(dú)立自主、自力更生原則的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)之一。
在民主革命時(shí)期,我黨堅(jiān)持依靠自己的努力,主張自力更生,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)了革命的勝利。在社會(huì)主義建設(shè)時(shí)期,我們同樣獨(dú)立自主地搞建設(shè),在自力更生為主、爭(zhēng)取外援為輔的路線指引下,建立了一個(gè)獨(dú)立完整的工業(yè)體系和國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)體系,為爾后的進(jìn)一步現(xiàn)代化莫定了基礎(chǔ)。
毛澤東在強(qiáng)調(diào)獨(dú)立自主、自力更生時(shí),也十分注意爭(zhēng)取盡可能多的國(guó)際援助,認(rèn)為國(guó)際援助是中國(guó)抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和中國(guó)革命取得勝利的一個(gè)必要條件,認(rèn)為社會(huì)主義建設(shè)必須打開對(duì)外工作的新局面，挫敗各類封鎖、鼓勵(lì)中國(guó)的政策。
17.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是中國(guó)革命和社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心。（P226）
正確。黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心地位是歷史和人民的選擇。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心地位是在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)人民進(jìn)行革命、建設(shè)、改革的長(zhǎng)期實(shí)踐中形成的。自黨成立以來,它帶領(lǐng)各族人民完成了新民主主義革命,實(shí)現(xiàn)了民族獨(dú)立和人民解放:完成了社會(huì)主義革命,確立了社會(huì)主義基本制度,取得了社會(huì)主義建設(shè)的偉大成就;進(jìn)行了改革開放新的偉大革命,完善和發(fā)展了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義。這三件大事,不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地結(jié)束了近代以來中國(guó)內(nèi)憂外患、積貧積弱的悲慘命運(yùn),不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地開啟了中華民族不斷發(fā)展壯大、走向偉大復(fù)興的歷史征程。歷史和現(xiàn)實(shí)充分證明,中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨不愧為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)人民不斷開創(chuàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展新局面的核心力量。
18.主要矛盾和次要矛盾是固定不變的。
錯(cuò)誤。主要矛盾和次要矛盾不是固定不變的。在復(fù)雜事物發(fā)展過程中，處于支配地位，對(duì)事物發(fā)展起決定作用的矛盾叫主要矛盾，其他處于從屬地位、對(duì)事物發(fā)展不起決定作用的矛盾叫次要矛盾。主要矛盾和次要矛盾相互依賴、相互影響，在一定條件下可以相互轉(zhuǎn)化。
19.中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位是由黨的先進(jìn)性決定的。（P77）正確。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨堅(jiān)持馬克思主義基本原理同中國(guó)具體實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，找到了中國(guó)革命的具體道路，廣泛集中了工人階級(jí)和人民群眾中的先進(jìn)分子，組織成一個(gè)嚴(yán)密統(tǒng)一的整體，發(fā)揮著巨大的組織優(yōu)勢(shì)，把全心全意為人民服務(wù)作為自己的根本宗旨。黨的這種先進(jìn)性，決定了它是全國(guó)各族人民的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心。
20.思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線。
正確。思想政治工作既包括黨內(nèi)的思想教育，也包括黨對(duì)群眾的思想教育。思想政治工作能夠保證經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他工作的正確方向并提供精神動(dòng)力；能夠有助于正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾，保障經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和其他工作順利進(jìn)行；能夠提高人的思想政治水平，幫助人民掌握科學(xué)的思想方法和工作方法，正確地認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界。所以思想政治工作是一切工作的生命線。
三、簡(jiǎn)答
1.辯證唯物主義認(rèn)識(shí)論的三個(gè)基本結(jié)論。（P41）
第一,認(rèn)識(shí)對(duì)象是不依賴于我們的意識(shí)而客觀存在的,劃清了唯物主義認(rèn)識(shí)論和唯心主義認(rèn)識(shí)論的界限。
第二,世界上絕沒有不可認(rèn)識(shí)的東西,只有已被認(rèn)識(shí)的東西和未被認(rèn)識(shí)的東西之分。隨著實(shí)踐和科學(xué)的發(fā)展,今天沒有認(rèn)識(shí)東西在明天是可以認(rèn)識(shí)的,劃清了唯物主義反映論同不可知論的界限。
第三,認(rèn)識(shí)是一個(gè)由淺入深、由低級(jí)到高級(jí)的發(fā)展過程,劃清了辯證唯物主義的認(rèn)識(shí)論和舊唯物主義的機(jī)械反映論的界限。
2.帝國(guó)主義的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征。（P32—33）
答：資本主義發(fā)展到壟斷資本主義進(jìn)而發(fā)展成帝國(guó)主義，有以下五個(gè)基本特征： 第一，壟斷組織在經(jīng)濟(jì)生活中起決定作用。第二，在金融資本的基礎(chǔ)上形成金融寡頭的統(tǒng)治。第三，資本輸出有了特別重要的意義。
第四，瓜分世界的資本家國(guó)際壟斷同盟已經(jīng)形成。第五，最大資本主義列強(qiáng)已把世界上的領(lǐng)土分割完畢。3.加強(qiáng)黨的執(zhí)政能力建設(shè)的總體目標(biāo)。
總體目標(biāo)是：通過全黨共同努力，使黨始終成為立黨為公、執(zhí)政為民的執(zhí)政黨，成為科學(xué)執(zhí)政、民主執(zhí)政、依法執(zhí)政的執(zhí)政黨，成為求真務(wù)實(shí)、開拓創(chuàng)新、勤政高效、清正廉潔的執(zhí)政黨，歸根到底成為始終做到“三個(gè)代表”、永遠(yuǎn)保持先進(jìn)性、經(jīng)得住各種風(fēng)浪考驗(yàn)的馬克思主義執(zhí)政黨，帶領(lǐng)全國(guó)各族人民實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、民族振興、社會(huì)和諧、人民幸福。
4.價(jià)值規(guī)律的作用。（P13）
答：價(jià)值規(guī)律是商品生產(chǎn)的基本規(guī)律,其主要作用： 第一，推動(dòng)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，形成優(yōu)勝劣汰的機(jī)制，推動(dòng)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，效率的提高和生產(chǎn)的擴(kuò)大。
第二，調(diào)節(jié)社會(huì)勞動(dòng)在不同部門的分配。5.簡(jiǎn)述和平共處五項(xiàng)原則的主要內(nèi)容。
和平共處五項(xiàng)原則是中國(guó)用于指導(dǎo)自己同各國(guó)發(fā)展關(guān)系的一貫原則，無論是社會(huì)制度不同的國(guó)家之間，還是社會(huì)制度相同的國(guó)家之間，都要堅(jiān)持“互相尊重主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉內(nèi)政、平等互利、和平共處” 五項(xiàng)原則。
6.簡(jiǎn)述列寧關(guān)于建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的理論思考。（P54）
一、建設(shè)社會(huì)主義是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的過程
二、要把大力發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力，提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率擺在首位
三、應(yīng)允許多種經(jīng)濟(jì)成分存在，利用和發(fā)展商品、貨幣和市場(chǎng)
四、利用資本主義、建設(shè)社會(huì)主義
五、及時(shí)地把改革提到日程上來
7.簡(jiǎn)述列寧主義的建黨學(xué)說。（P48）
一、黨是以馬克思主義武裝起來的，無產(chǎn)階級(jí)先鋒隊(duì)組織。
二、黨是一個(gè)有組織的，高度集中的整體。
三、黨內(nèi)實(shí)行民主集中制原則。
四、黨是無產(chǎn)者的階級(jí)聯(lián)合的最高組織。8.簡(jiǎn)述新經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的主要內(nèi)容。（P53）
一、用糧食稅代替余糧征集制
二、工業(yè)企業(yè)停止推行國(guó)有化
三、大力發(fā)展商業(yè)，建立工業(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的結(jié)合點(diǎn)
四、加強(qiáng)同資本主義國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)交往與合作。
9.簡(jiǎn)述中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義理論體系的基本問題。（P116）
一、對(duì)什么是社會(huì)主義，怎樣建設(shè)社會(huì)主義的探索和回答。
二、對(duì)建設(shè)什么樣的黨，怎樣建設(shè)黨的探索和回答。
三、對(duì)實(shí)現(xiàn)什么樣的發(fā)展，怎樣發(fā)展的探索和回答。
10.建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的總依據(jù)。（P126）
社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段，是黨的理論和路線方針政策形成的根本依據(jù)和理論基礎(chǔ)。堅(jiān)持和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義，必須始終以社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段為總依據(jù)，清醒認(rèn)識(shí)和準(zhǔn)確把握這個(gè)最大的國(guó)情和最大的實(shí)際，由此來思考和解決當(dāng)代中國(guó)的一切問題。
一、我國(guó)仍處于并長(zhǎng)期處于社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段。
二、科學(xué)把握我國(guó)發(fā)展的新的階段性特征.三、始終堅(jiān)持黨在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段的基本路線。11.勞動(dòng)力商品價(jià)值的內(nèi)容。（P14）
一是維持勞動(dòng)者自身生存所必需的生活資料的價(jià)值；二是維持勞動(dòng)者家屬所必需的生活資料的價(jià)值；三是勞動(dòng)者學(xué)習(xí)專門的勞動(dòng)技能所必需的教育或訓(xùn)練的費(fèi)用。
12.毛澤東對(duì)思想政治工作重要性的闡述。
答：思想政治工作能夠保證經(jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他工作的正確方向；思想政治工作能夠?yàn)榻?jīng)濟(jì)工作和其他工作提供精神動(dòng)力；思想政治工作有助于正確處理人民內(nèi)部矛盾，保障經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)和其他工作順利進(jìn)行；思想政治工作能夠提高人的思想政治水平，防止和克服各種資產(chǎn)階級(jí)思想對(duì)革命隊(duì)伍的侵蝕；思想政治工作能夠幫助人民掌握科學(xué)的思想方法和工作方法，正確地認(rèn)識(shí)世界和改造世界。
13.毛澤東思想的活的靈魂。
答：毛澤東思想的活的靈魂，是貫穿于毛澤東思想各個(gè)組成部分的立場(chǎng)、觀點(diǎn)和方法，是辯證唯物主義和歷史唯物主義在中國(guó)革命和建設(shè)腫的創(chuàng)造性的運(yùn)用和發(fā)展，具有鮮明的中國(guó)特色。實(shí)事求是、群眾路線、獨(dú)立自主三個(gè)方面既相對(duì)獨(dú)立，又互相聯(lián)系，辯證統(tǒng)一地共同構(gòu)成毛澤東思想活的靈魂。
14.全面建成小康社會(huì)必須遵循的原則和新目標(biāo)。（P246）全面建成小康社會(huì)必須遵循的原則是:堅(jiān)持人民主體地位,堅(jiān)持科學(xué)發(fā)展,堅(jiān)持深化改革,堅(jiān)持依法治國(guó),堅(jiān)持統(tǒng)籌國(guó)內(nèi)際兩個(gè)大局,堅(jiān)持黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
全面建成小康社會(huì)的新的目標(biāo)是:經(jīng)濟(jì)保持中高速增長(zhǎng),在提高發(fā)展平衡性、包容性、可持續(xù)性的基礎(chǔ)上,到 2020 年國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值和城鄉(xiāng)居民人均收入比 2010 年翻一番,產(chǎn)業(yè)邁向中高端水平,消費(fèi)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)貢獻(xiàn)明顯加大,戶籍人口城鎮(zhèn)化率加快提高。農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化取得明顯進(jìn)展,人民生活水平和質(zhì)量普遍提高,我國(guó)國(guó)現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)下農(nóng)村貧困人口實(shí)現(xiàn)脫貧,貧困縣全部摘帽,解決區(qū)域性整體貧困。國(guó)民素質(zhì)和社會(huì)文明程度顯著提高。生態(tài)環(huán)境質(zhì)量總體改善。各方面制度更加成熟更加定型,國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化取得重大進(jìn)展。
15.全面建成小康社會(huì)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。
答：黨的十八大提出了全面建成小康社會(huì)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)，即經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展；人民民主不斷擴(kuò)大；文化軟實(shí)力顯著增強(qiáng)；人民生活水平全面提高；資源節(jié)約型、環(huán)境友好型社會(huì)建設(shè)取得重大進(jìn)展。
16.全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)必須遵循的基本原則。（P244）
一、堅(jiān)持中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。
二、堅(jiān)持人民主體地位。
三、堅(jiān)持法律面前人人平等是社會(huì)主義法律的基本屬性。
四、堅(jiān)持依法治國(guó)和以德治國(guó)相結(jié)合。
五、堅(jiān)持從中國(guó)實(shí)際出發(fā)。
17.全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)的總目標(biāo)。（P244）
全面推進(jìn)依法治國(guó)總目標(biāo)是建設(shè)中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義法治體系、建設(shè)社會(huì)主義法治國(guó)家。在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,堅(jiān)持中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度,貫徹中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義法治理論、形成完備的法律規(guī)范體系、高效的法治實(shí)施體系、嚴(yán)密的法治監(jiān)督體系、有力的法治保障體系,形成成完善的黨內(nèi)法規(guī)體系,堅(jiān)持依法治國(guó)、依法執(zhí)政、依法行政共同推進(jìn),堅(jiān)持法治國(guó)家、法治政府、法治社會(huì)一體建設(shè),實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)立法、嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法、公正司法、全民守法,促進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化。
18.如何規(guī)范收入分配關(guān)系。
答：黨的十八屆三中全會(huì)提出，規(guī)范收入分配秩序，完善收入分配調(diào)控體制機(jī)制和政策體系，規(guī)范收入分配關(guān)系的基本政策：
第一、依法保護(hù)合法收入。第二、取締非法收入。第三、整頓不合理收入。第四、調(diào)節(jié)過高收入。
第五，建立社會(huì)保障體系，縮小社會(huì)收入差距。19.如何堅(jiān)定中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的道路自信。（P113）中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路是人間正道,只有這條道路而沒有別的道路能夠引領(lǐng)中國(guó)進(jìn)步、實(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)人民幸福。對(duì)此,我們必須要倍加珍惜、充滿自信、堅(jiān)定不移。
第一、堅(jiān)定中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的道路自信,必須頭腦清醒,既不走封閉僵化的老路,也不走改旗易幟的邪路。
第二、堅(jiān)定中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的道路自信,必須始終堅(jiān)持黨的基本理論、基本路線、基本綱領(lǐng)、基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)、基本要求。
第三、堅(jiān)定中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的道路自信，必須始終堅(jiān)持黨的思想路線。
20.深化政治體制改革的必要性。（P185）
第一、深化政治體制改革,是清除原有政治體制弊病的需要。第二、深化政治體制改革,是適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展不斷深化的需要。
第三、深化政治體制改革,是適應(yīng)人民群眾政治參與積極性不斷提高的需要。
21.新民主主義革命“新”在何處。（P61）
那么,這種新民主主義革命“新”在何處呢?毛澤東在《新民主主義論》中作了比較全面的回登。第一,第一次世界大和俄國(guó)十月革命改變了整個(gè)世界歷史的方向,劃分了整個(gè)世界歷史的時(shí)代。第二,革命領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)不同,不再由資產(chǎn)階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo),而是由無產(chǎn)階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。第三,革命的前途不同,它不造成資產(chǎn)階級(jí)專政,而造成各革命階級(jí)在無產(chǎn)階級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)之下的統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的專政,并最終過渡到社會(huì)主義。在上述區(qū)分中,革命領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)是區(qū)別新舊民主革命的主要標(biāo)志。由于革命領(lǐng)導(dǎo)權(quán)不同,就導(dǎo)致了指導(dǎo)思想、革命力量、發(fā)展前途等方面的不同。
22.運(yùn)用唯物辯證法應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的原則。（P44）
第一、堅(jiān)持考察的客觀性,客觀地運(yùn)用概念的靈活性,概念的靈活性,是由客觀事物物本身的靈活性決定的?？陀^地運(yùn)用它,就是唯物辯證法,而主觀地運(yùn)用它,就是折衷主義和詭辯論。
第二、堅(jiān)持聯(lián)系的全面性,把握事物全部關(guān)系的總和,正確地運(yùn)用唯物辯證法,就要把握事物的全部關(guān)系的總和,防止抓住個(gè)別事例以偏概全,以個(gè)別現(xiàn)象歪曲事物的本質(zhì)。
第三、堅(jiān)持兩點(diǎn)論基礎(chǔ)上的重點(diǎn)論,把握事物聯(lián)系中主要和次要、主流和支流之間的區(qū)別 a 世界上的各種事物甚至同一事物的不同方面所處的地位及其所起的作用是不同的,只有抓住起決定作用的主要因素,才能把握事物的主流和本質(zhì)。
第四、堅(jiān)持絕對(duì)性和相對(duì)性的統(tǒng)一,正確處理運(yùn)動(dòng)和靜止的辨證關(guān)系詭辯論割裂絕對(duì)性與相對(duì)性的統(tǒng)一,認(rèn)為既然一切事物都處在永恒運(yùn)動(dòng)變化之中,都是相對(duì)的,那么就沒有什么穩(wěn)定性和絕對(duì)性可言,犯了把相對(duì)絕對(duì)化的相對(duì)主義錯(cuò)誤。對(duì)客觀辯證法而言,必須堅(jiān)持絕對(duì)性和相對(duì)性的辯證統(tǒng)一。
23.資本的特殊性質(zhì)。（P16）
第一、資本是帶來剩余價(jià)值的價(jià)值資資本的惟一動(dòng)機(jī)、目的和本性就是追求剩余價(jià)值,實(shí)現(xiàn)價(jià)值增殖;第二,資本是資本主義的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系。馬克思指出,資本不是物,而是屬于一定歷史社會(huì)形態(tài)的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系。資本的特殊社會(huì)本質(zhì)是通過物體現(xiàn)著的資本家對(duì)雇傭工人的剝削關(guān)系;第三,資本是一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)過程。資本只有在不斷的運(yùn)動(dòng)中,才能生產(chǎn)和實(shí)現(xiàn)剩余價(jià)值,達(dá)到保值和增殖。一且停止運(yùn)動(dòng),資本的生命就完結(jié)了。
四、論述 1.“五位一體”總布局的內(nèi)涵和特點(diǎn)。（P132）
第一、五位一體的實(shí)質(zhì)是要走生產(chǎn)發(fā)展、生活富裕、生態(tài)良好的文明發(fā)展道路。生產(chǎn)發(fā)展,是社會(huì)進(jìn)步的前提。生活富裕,使全體社會(huì)成員共享發(fā)展成果,人類文明才能不斷進(jìn)步。生態(tài)好,實(shí)現(xiàn)人與自然然和諧相處,人類文明才能得到持久水續(xù)發(fā)展。因此把握這一總布局就是要堅(jiān)持以生產(chǎn)發(fā)展為基礎(chǔ),以生活富裕為目的,以生態(tài)良好為條件,努力實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)和自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的良性循環(huán);就是要使社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力特別是先進(jìn)生產(chǎn)力不斷發(fā)展,國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和綜合國(guó)力不斷增強(qiáng),人們生活質(zhì)量和富裕程度持續(xù)提高,享有的民主權(quán)利和法制保障更加充分,精神生活和精神追求更加豐富高尚,社會(huì)更加和諧穩(wěn)定和充滿活力,人們?cè)诹己蒙鷳B(tài)環(huán)境中生產(chǎn)生活。
第二、五位一體總布局是一個(gè)相輔相成的有機(jī)整體。經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),政治建設(shè)為中國(guó)得色社會(huì)主義提供政治保障,文化建設(shè)為中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義提供精神動(dòng)力社會(huì)建設(shè)為中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義提供有利社會(huì)條件,生態(tài)文明建設(shè)則為中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義提供基本的自然環(huán)境。五位一體的總布局,把社會(huì)主義物質(zhì)文明、政治文明、精神文明、和諧社會(huì)建設(shè)以及生態(tài)文明建設(shè)和人的全面發(fā)展,統(tǒng)一于中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義偉大實(shí)踐,構(gòu)成了實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化的基本綱綱領(lǐng)。
第三、五位一體的總布局反映了全面協(xié)遇可持續(xù)的基本要求和統(tǒng)籌兼顧的根本方法,是科學(xué)發(fā)展的鮮明體現(xiàn)。五位一體,是社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)各方面相協(xié)調(diào),生產(chǎn)關(guān)系與生產(chǎn)力力、上層建筑與經(jīng)濟(jì)基基礎(chǔ)相協(xié)調(diào)的總布局,既強(qiáng)調(diào)了經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展各個(gè)方面相聯(lián)系、相協(xié)調(diào),也強(qiáng)調(diào)了人與人、人與社會(huì)、人與自然相聯(lián)系、相協(xié)調(diào)。把握這一總布局,就要堅(jiān)持總攬全局、統(tǒng)籌籌規(guī)劃,立足當(dāng)前、著眼長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn),堅(jiān)持實(shí)現(xiàn)階段性目標(biāo)和促進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一,滿足人民物質(zhì)文化需要和促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展的有機(jī)統(tǒng)努力實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)、物質(zhì)與精神神、人與自然的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
2.全面深化改革的總目標(biāo)、立足點(diǎn)和戰(zhàn)略部署。（P241）總目標(biāo)是完善和發(fā)展中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度,推進(jìn)國(guó)家治理體系和治理能力現(xiàn)代化。必須更加注重改革的系統(tǒng)性、整體性、協(xié)同性,加快發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)、民主政治、先進(jìn)文化、和諧社會(huì)、生態(tài)文明,讓一切勞動(dòng)、知識(shí)、技術(shù)、管理、資本的活力竟相進(jìn)發(fā),讓一切創(chuàng)造社會(huì)財(cái)富的源泉充分涌流,讓發(fā)展成果要多更公平惠及全體人民
全面深化改革,必須立足于我國(guó)長(zhǎng)期處于社會(huì)主初級(jí)階段這個(gè)最大實(shí)際,堅(jiān)持發(fā)展仍是解法我國(guó)所有回題的關(guān)鍵這個(gè)重大戰(zhàn)略判斷,以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心,發(fā)揮經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革牽引作用,推動(dòng)生產(chǎn)關(guān)系同生產(chǎn)力、上層層建筑同經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)相適應(yīng)推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)持續(xù)健康發(fā)展全會(huì)對(duì)全面深化改革作出了系統(tǒng)部署。
第一、堅(jiān)持和完善基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度,深化經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革。第二、加強(qiáng)社會(huì)主義民主政治制度建設(shè),深化政治體制改革。第三、推進(jìn)文化體制機(jī)制創(chuàng)新,深化文化體制改革。第四、推進(jìn)社會(huì)事業(yè)改革創(chuàng)新,創(chuàng)創(chuàng)新社會(huì)治理體制。第五、加快生態(tài)文明制度建設(shè),深化生態(tài)文明體制改革。第六,加理和改普黨對(duì)全面深化改革的領(lǐng)導(dǎo),深化黨的建設(shè)制度改革。
3.如何提高黨的建設(shè)科學(xué)化水平。
一是堅(jiān)定理想信念，堅(jiān)守共產(chǎn)黨人精神追求。
二是堅(jiān)持以人為本、執(zhí)政為民，始終保持黨同人民群眾的血肉聯(lián)系。
三是積極發(fā)展黨內(nèi)民主，增強(qiáng)黨的創(chuàng)造活力。
四是深化干部人事制度改革，建設(shè)高素質(zhì)執(zhí)政骨干隊(duì)伍。五是堅(jiān)持黨管人才原則，把各方面優(yōu)秀人才積聚到黨和國(guó)家事業(yè)中來。
六是創(chuàng)新基層黨建工作，夯實(shí)黨執(zhí)政的組織基礎(chǔ)。
七是堅(jiān)定不移反對(duì)腐敗，永葆共產(chǎn)黨人清正廉潔的政治本色。八是嚴(yán)明黨的紀(jì)律，自覺維護(hù)黨的集中統(tǒng)一。4.社會(huì)主義的歷史必然性。（P19）
資本主義生產(chǎn)方式的基本矛盾及其經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的周期性爆發(fā),深刻地反映出資本主義制度的歷史局限性,也體現(xiàn)出了社會(huì)主義的歷史必然性。
首先,從生產(chǎn)社會(huì)化的本性要求來分析。生產(chǎn)社會(huì)化意味著生產(chǎn)資料使用方式的社會(huì)化、生產(chǎn)過程的社會(huì)化和生產(chǎn)成果的社會(huì)化。這些社會(huì)化發(fā)展到一定的高度時(shí),特別是隨著資本主義世界貧富兩極分化及其造成的社會(huì)病態(tài)現(xiàn)象達(dá)到不能容忍的地步時(shí),必然要求用社會(huì)公有制代替私有制.其次,從階級(jí)產(chǎn)生和存在的經(jīng)濟(jì)原因來分析。當(dāng)社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展到能夠生產(chǎn)出極大豐富的產(chǎn)品來充分滿足所有的人全面發(fā)展的需要時(shí),不僅階級(jí)存在的理由完全消失了,而且成為社會(huì)發(fā)展的障礙。這時(shí),社會(huì)要向前發(fā)展,就必然要求消滅人類歷后一個(gè)制制度,建立社會(huì)主義、共產(chǎn)主義制度
再次,從資本主義制度內(nèi)部的變化趨勢(shì)來分析。隨著生產(chǎn)越來越社會(huì)化,資本的形式也越來越社會(huì)化。從最初的獨(dú)資企業(yè)到合伙企業(yè),到股份制企業(yè),到壟斷資本,到國(guó)家壟斷資本,最后發(fā)展到擴(kuò)過公司和國(guó)際壟斷資本。此外，還有多種形式的社會(huì)投資機(jī)構(gòu)。所有這些變化,雖然沒有改變整個(gè)資本主義制度的基本性質(zhì),但確實(shí)在一定意義上顯示了歷史發(fā)展的趨勢(shì):資本主義的基本矛盾是不斷地向著消滅私有制、建立新的公有制的大方向運(yùn)行的。社會(huì)主義、共產(chǎn)主義必然代替資本主義,這不是單純的邏輯推理,而是客觀存在的趨勢(shì)。
5.實(shí)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心地位必須堅(jiān)持黨要管黨、從嚴(yán)治黨的方針。（P228）
歷經(jīng)革命、建設(shè)、改革,我們黨已經(jīng)從領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民為奪取全國(guó)政權(quán)而奮斗的黨,成為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人民掌握全國(guó)政權(quán)并長(zhǎng)期執(zhí)政的黨已經(jīng)從受到外部封鎖和實(shí)行計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國(guó)家建設(shè)的黨成為對(duì)外開放和發(fā)展社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下領(lǐng)導(dǎo)國(guó)家建設(shè)的黨。在歷史發(fā)展的新時(shí)期,世情、國(guó)情、黨情發(fā)生著深刻的變化我們黨面臨著執(zhí)政考驗(yàn)、改革開放考驗(yàn)、市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)考驗(yàn)、外部環(huán)境考驗(yàn),面臨著精神懈怠的危險(xiǎn)、能力不足的危險(xiǎn)、脫離群眾的危險(xiǎn)、消極腐敗的危險(xiǎn)。因此,治國(guó)必先治黨、治黨務(wù)必從嚴(yán)，這是實(shí)現(xiàn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)核心地位的強(qiáng)有力保證。
第一、黨要管黨、從嚴(yán)治黨,是保持黨的先進(jìn)性和純潔性,增強(qiáng)黨的凝聚力和戰(zhàn)斗力,鞏固黨的執(zhí)政地位的重要保證。
第二、黨要管黨、從嚴(yán)治黨,既深刻反映了國(guó)際國(guó)內(nèi)形勢(shì)的發(fā)展變化對(duì)黨的建設(shè)的新要求,也是我們黨以及世界上其他執(zhí)政黨成敗興衰的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)的深刻總結(jié)。
第三、黨要管黨、從嚴(yán)治黨,是由我們黨的性質(zhì)所決定的。6.試述堅(jiān)持和拓寬中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路必須堅(jiān)持的原則。第一、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路,既堅(jiān)持以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心,又堅(jiān)持社會(huì)全面進(jìn)步。
第二、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路,既堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則,又堅(jiān)持改革開放。
第三、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路,既堅(jiān)持不斷解放和發(fā)展社會(huì)生產(chǎn)力,又堅(jiān)持逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)全體人民共同富裕,不斷促進(jìn)人的全面發(fā)展。
第四、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路,既堅(jiān)持立足中國(guó),又堅(jiān)持面向世界。
第五、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路,既不是對(duì)馬克思主義經(jīng)典作家論述的機(jī)械應(yīng)用,也不是對(duì)別國(guó)發(fā)展道路、發(fā)展模式的模仿照搬,而是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)全國(guó)各族人民,在科學(xué)社會(huì)主義基本原則同中國(guó)具體實(shí)實(shí)際相結(jié)合過程中所進(jìn)行的獨(dú)立自主的創(chuàng)造,是既適合中國(guó)國(guó)情又體現(xiàn)時(shí)代特征、既體現(xiàn)社會(huì)主義共性又凸顯中國(guó)特色的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展道路。
7.試述新形勢(shì)下加強(qiáng)和規(guī)范黨內(nèi)政治生活的基本內(nèi)容。（P251-254）
8.試述中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)。（P124）中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度的形成,是中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)中國(guó)人民 90 多年奮斗、創(chuàng)造、積累的根本成就之一,是中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義走向成熟的重要標(biāo)志。它具有如下鮮明特點(diǎn)和獨(dú)特優(yōu)勢(shì): 第一、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度堅(jiān)持社會(huì)主義的根本性質(zhì),集中體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義的特點(diǎn)和優(yōu)勢(shì)。
第二,、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度堅(jiān)持以人為本,維護(hù)和實(shí)現(xiàn)最廣大人民的根本利益。
第三、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度堅(jiān)持民主集中制,既能充分反映人民意愿又有利于形成全體人民的統(tǒng)一意志。
第四、中國(guó)特色社會(huì)主義制度扎根實(shí)踐沃土,是我們黨和人民的偉大創(chuàng)造,充分體現(xiàn)了我國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展的具體條件和特點(diǎn),也是對(duì)人類制度文明成果的豐富和發(fā)展。
第四篇：現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)--2018年山東省委黨校在職研究生入學(xué)考試-復(fù)習(xí)題答案
現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)
一、概念
1、法律監(jiān)督。P235是國(guó)家為了保障法律的實(shí)施所進(jìn)行的監(jiān)察督導(dǎo)活動(dòng).主要內(nèi)容有：按照法定權(quán)限和程序，對(duì)國(guó)家工作人員發(fā)生職務(wù)上的犯罪及利用職權(quán)違法行為的監(jiān)督，對(duì)普通公民觸犯刑法構(gòu)成犯罪的監(jiān)督，對(duì)各種管理機(jī)構(gòu)和管理活動(dòng)的合法性監(jiān)督等。承擔(dān)此任務(wù)的主要是立法、司法、執(zhí)法機(jī)構(gòu)等。
2、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策。P169任何決策都會(huì)面臨一定的環(huán)境和條件，如果這些環(huán)境和條件是決策者主觀不能掌控的，就叫自然狀態(tài)，如果自然條件是不確定的，但決策者能根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)情況計(jì)算出事情發(fā)生的概率，并根據(jù)概率對(duì)決策結(jié)果做出估計(jì)，這種決策就叫風(fēng)險(xiǎn)決策。
3、管理。P005一般來講，管理是指在一定環(huán)境下，管理主體為了達(dá)到一定目的，運(yùn)用一定的職能和方法，對(duì)管理客體施加影響和進(jìn)行控制的過程。
4、管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法。P254。是指管理主體按照經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律的客觀要求，運(yùn)用經(jīng)濟(jì)手段，通過調(diào)節(jié)各種經(jīng)濟(jì)利益關(guān)系，以引導(dǎo)組織和個(gè)人的行為，保證管理目標(biāo)順利實(shí)現(xiàn)的方法。
5、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念。管理主體自覺運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)理論和系統(tǒng)方法，對(duì)管理的要素、組織、過程進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析，旨在優(yōu)化管理的整體功能，取得較好效果的觀念。
6、管理的循環(huán)規(guī)律。即任何管理都要經(jīng)過計(jì)劃、實(shí)施、檢查、處理等幾個(gè)基本階段的循環(huán)，也就是美國(guó)管理學(xué)家戴明所說的P、D、C、A循環(huán)。這是一種大循環(huán)套小循環(huán)的循環(huán)，是螺旋式上升的循環(huán)。
7、管理的共有規(guī)律。P11指所有管理活動(dòng)都共有的規(guī)律，也是一 些具有一般性、普遍性的規(guī)律。
8、管理計(jì)劃。P188現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)講的計(jì)劃是廣義的計(jì)劃，指為實(shí)現(xiàn)組織既定的目標(biāo)，對(duì)未來的行動(dòng)進(jìn)行規(guī)劃和安排的活動(dòng)。就是預(yù)先確定做什么、怎么做、何時(shí)做、由誰做的一種程序。
9、管理技巧性規(guī)律。P12有些科學(xué)的管理方法和管理技巧由于抓住了事物發(fā)展的普遍矛盾，對(duì)解決管理問題具有普遍適用性和規(guī)律性，我們稱之為管理的技巧性規(guī)律。
10、管理客體。P005主要指由管理主體具有的管理權(quán)限、管理責(zé)任和管理能力所能達(dá)到的各種領(lǐng)域或系統(tǒng)。
11、管理派生規(guī)律。P11主要指從共有規(guī)律中派生出的規(guī)律。
12、管理藝術(shù)。P305管理者根據(jù)自己的知識(shí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)、智慧和直覺，迅速及時(shí)，隨機(jī)應(yīng)變，又準(zhǔn)確有效地認(rèn)識(shí)和解決問題的技巧和能力。
13、管理主體。P22指在管理過程中具有支配和影響作用的要素?？梢允菃蝹€(gè)管理者，也可以是由管理群體組成的管理機(jī)構(gòu)。
14、廣義的管理決策。P168指人們?yōu)榱诉_(dá)到一定的目的，運(yùn)用科學(xué)的理論和方法，提出、選擇并實(shí)施行動(dòng)方案的全過程。
15、行政監(jiān)督。P231是國(guó)家行政機(jī)關(guān)按照法定的權(quán)限、程序和方式，對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)自身的行政活動(dòng)所進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督。
16、計(jì)劃的效率性。P189計(jì)劃不僅要保證組織目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，還要合理利用資源和提高效率，就是要做正確的事又要正確的做事。指以實(shí)現(xiàn)組織的總目標(biāo)和一定時(shí)期的總目標(biāo)得到的利益，扣除為制定和執(zhí)行計(jì)劃所需要的費(fèi)用和其他預(yù)計(jì)不到的損失之后的總額來測(cè)定的。
17、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督。P233是指由綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)管理機(jī)關(guān)和專門經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督機(jī)關(guān)，按照國(guó)家的方針、政策、法律及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展目標(biāo)的要求，對(duì)社 會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行過程所進(jìn)行的檢查、監(jiān)視、督促及控制的活動(dòng)。
18、評(píng)價(jià)。P237指管理實(shí)施過程結(jié)束后，根據(jù)管理的成效，對(duì)管理過程的各項(xiàng)管理活動(dòng)所進(jìn)行全面的檢查、比較、分析、論證和總結(jié)，從中得出規(guī)律性的啟迪，以達(dá)到不斷提高管理水平，取得更好的管理效益，實(shí)現(xiàn)管理良性循環(huán)的一種管理活動(dòng)。
19、確定性決策。P169，見風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策。如果自然狀態(tài)是確定的，決策者對(duì)決策問題的情況有充分了解，決策的結(jié)果是確定的，就叫。
20、現(xiàn)代管理技術(shù)。P277從廣義上說是適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化大生產(chǎn)和現(xiàn)代化管理的要求，綜合運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代自然科學(xué)和社會(huì)科學(xué)的研究成果而形成的，能對(duì)現(xiàn)代條件下生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)和其他社會(huì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行有效管理的一系列方法、手段的綜合。狹義上講，是指以現(xiàn)代管理理論為基礎(chǔ)，以定量分析為主的一系列管理方法和技術(shù)。
21、指導(dǎo)性計(jì)劃。P195上級(jí)計(jì)劃單位只規(guī)定方向、要求和一定幅度的指標(biāo)，下達(dá)隸屬部門和單位參考執(zhí)行的一種計(jì)劃形式。市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，國(guó)家制訂的經(jīng)濟(jì)計(jì)劃，一般是這個(gè)。
22、指令性計(jì)劃。P195由上級(jí)計(jì)劃單位按照隸屬關(guān)系下達(dá)，要求執(zhí)行計(jì)劃的單位和個(gè)人必須完成的計(jì)劃。具有強(qiáng)制性、權(quán)威性、行政性和間接市場(chǎng)性。
二、辨析
1、按照管理者的位置和層次，可以把管理者分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。P24 對(duì)。管理者越往高層，所面臨的情勢(shì)越復(fù)雜，所要解決的問題越帶有綜合性和全局性。他所要解決的主要是矛盾的特殊方面，所運(yùn)用的主要是建立在科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)上的高超的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)。這種藝術(shù)很難用數(shù)學(xué) 方法來描述，簡(jiǎn)單的條文和書本難以綜合歸納。管理者越往基層，所面臨的問題越清晰、具體，采取的解決辦法也很具體。
2、按照管理者的職責(zé)，可以把管理分為一般管理者和管理中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。P23 對(duì)。一般管理者是在在管理活動(dòng)中從事具體業(yè)務(wù)的工作人員，他們通過這些具體的業(yè)務(wù)，把領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的意圖變?yōu)楦鞣N具體的管理活動(dòng)。管理者中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者是指在管理機(jī)構(gòu)中有一定的職務(wù)和權(quán)力，肩負(fù)一定的責(zé)任，按照事物發(fā)展的客觀規(guī)律和一定的方針路線政策來組織指揮和控制人們所從事的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)既定目標(biāo)。參加管理的人員都是管理者，但不都是管理者中的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。
3、按照管理者所管理的對(duì)象，可以分為行政管理者、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理者、科技管理者、文教衛(wèi)生管理者等。
對(duì)。各類管理者中可以分的非常的具體，由于所管理的對(duì)象不同，因而所具有的專業(yè)知識(shí)和技能不同，所運(yùn)用的方法不同。
4、把直線制和矩陣制有機(jī)結(jié)合起來是直線職能制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。P33 錯(cuò)。把直線制和職能制結(jié)合起來是直線職能制的最大特點(diǎn)。
5、高級(jí)管理者需要管理藝術(shù)，而一般管理者不需要管理藝術(shù)。錯(cuò)。不管是高級(jí)管理者還是一般管理者，想要進(jìn)行卓有成效的管理活動(dòng)，必須既有豐富的現(xiàn)代管理科學(xué)知識(shí)，又有高超的現(xiàn)代管理藝術(shù)。高級(jí)管理者在應(yīng)對(duì)非常規(guī)管理活動(dòng)中需要高超的管理藝術(shù)，一般管理者也需要管理藝術(shù)。
6、管理的二重性是指管理具有經(jīng)濟(jì)屬性和社會(huì)屬性。P7 錯(cuò)。管理的二重性是指管理具有自然屬性（一般屬性）和社會(huì)屬 性（特殊屬性）。
7、管理的社會(huì)屬性是指任何管理都是社會(huì)勞動(dòng)或共同勞動(dòng)的客觀要求，都要按社會(huì)勞動(dòng)或社會(huì)化大生產(chǎn)的客觀規(guī)律辦事。P7 錯(cuò)。上述說的是管理的自然屬性（一般屬性）。管理的社會(huì)屬性是指管理畢竟要在一定社會(huì)制度和國(guó)家體制下進(jìn)行，都會(huì)打上一定的社會(huì)和階級(jí)烙印。
8、管理的自然屬性是指管理都是在一定的社會(huì)制度和國(guó)家體制下進(jìn)行，都會(huì)打上一定的社會(huì)和階級(jí)烙印。P7 錯(cuò)。同7。
9、管理決策需要面對(duì)各種復(fù)雜的情況，所以不能設(shè)計(jì)既定的決策程序。
10、管理是科學(xué)性和藝術(shù)性的統(tǒng)一。P9 對(duì)。管理既有科學(xué)性，又有藝術(shù)性，因此它既是一門科學(xué)，又是一門藝術(shù)。二者的關(guān)系是：科學(xué)性是藝術(shù)性的基礎(chǔ)，藝術(shù)性是科學(xué)性的發(fā)揮。我們之所以說管理是一門科學(xué)，是因?yàn)樗幸欢ǖ囊?guī)律可循。根據(jù)管理的一般規(guī)律，人們可以研究總結(jié)出管理的一般原理、一般原則、一般程序和一般方法。在實(shí)踐中，只有按照這些原理、原則、程序和方法辦事，才能達(dá)到管理目標(biāo)，取得較好的管理效果，這就是管理的科學(xué)性。我們之所以說管理是一門藝術(shù)，主要是因?yàn)?，影響管理的因素不僅有確定性的因素，而且有不確定性的因素；不僅有穩(wěn)定性的因素，而且還有突發(fā)性、偶然性因素；不僅有物質(zhì)性、技術(shù)性的“硬”因素，而且還有觀念性、文化性的“軟”因素。影響管理的因素的這種復(fù)雜多變性，就決定了管理的藝術(shù)性。
11、激勵(lì)的關(guān)鍵是管理者通過采取各種方式去激發(fā)人的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力。P218 對(duì)。從管理學(xué)角度講，激勵(lì)的關(guān)鍵是管理者通過采取各種方式去激發(fā)人的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力，使人產(chǎn)生一股內(nèi)在動(dòng)力，迸發(fā)積極性和創(chuàng)造性，朝著組織確定的目標(biāo)努力的過程。比如在實(shí)施決策或計(jì)劃中，管理者通過物質(zhì)或精神獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)等方式肯定職工成績(jī)。
12、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)有激勵(lì)作用，而懲戒沒有激勵(lì)作用。P220 錯(cuò)。獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)是激勵(lì)一種有效方式，同樣懲戒也是激勵(lì)的一種方式。對(duì)某種行為的獎(jiǎng)與罰，若運(yùn)用恰當(dāng)，都可以起到調(diào)動(dòng)人的積極性、化消極因素為積極因素的作用。對(duì)鼓勵(lì)先進(jìn)、消除不良行為都有積極的作用。
13、決策是管理工作的核心。P172 對(duì)。決策貫穿于管理過程的始終，存在于一切管理領(lǐng)域，存在于其中的每個(gè)方面，每個(gè)層次，每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。當(dāng)然，這并不是說“管理就是決策”；管理活動(dòng)由決策和行為兩部分組成，只有行為的選擇，沒有具體的行為，構(gòu)不成管理；況且不準(zhǔn)備實(shí)施的決策也是毫無意義的。
14、人也是管理客體的組成部分。P48 對(duì)。在管理活動(dòng)中，人是管理主體，也是管理客體的主要組成部分，為此，在對(duì)管理客體進(jìn)行研究時(shí)，必須對(duì)作為管理客體的人作特殊的研究。作為管理客體的人，不僅在所處地位和擔(dān)負(fù)的職能上同作為管理主體的人有明顯差別，而且在性質(zhì)和作用上與作為客體的其他組成部分也有根本的不同。
15、設(shè)立專門的職能部門是直線制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。P31 錯(cuò)。這是職能制組織形式的最大特點(diǎn)，直線制組織形式的特點(diǎn)是管理的全部職能由單位的各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人負(fù)責(zé)，不另設(shè)職能部門。
16、審計(jì)監(jiān)督屬于行政監(jiān)督的范疇。P234 錯(cuò)。審計(jì)監(jiān)督屬于經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督的范疇。
17、實(shí)行集中決策、集中經(jīng)營(yíng)是事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。P35 錯(cuò)。實(shí)行集中決策、分散經(jīng)營(yíng)是事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)。
18、事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)是集中據(jù)測(cè)、集中經(jīng)營(yíng)。錯(cuò)。事業(yè)部制組織形式最大的特點(diǎn)是集中據(jù)測(cè)、分散經(jīng)營(yíng)。
19、協(xié)調(diào)是管理者對(duì)管理活動(dòng)中的各個(gè)要素之間的問題和關(guān)系進(jìn)行的指揮和命令。P211 錯(cuò)。協(xié)調(diào)是指協(xié)商問題和調(diào)節(jié)關(guān)系，指管理者對(duì)管理活動(dòng)中的各個(gè)要素之間的問題和關(guān)系進(jìn)行協(xié)商和調(diào)節(jié)，而不是指揮和命令。
20、預(yù)測(cè)是管理的核心。P168 錯(cuò)。決策是管理的核心。
21、在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織改善環(huán)境的觀念。P149 對(duì)。權(quán)變觀念認(rèn)為，管理的主要任務(wù)就是尋求組織和環(huán)境的最大一致性，而這個(gè)最大一致性就是以組織對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性為基礎(chǔ)的。在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織改善環(huán)境的觀念，就是要根據(jù)形勢(shì)發(fā)展和客觀條件的成熟程度，不斷改善環(huán)境，為組織的發(fā)展創(chuàng)造一個(gè)與之相適應(yīng)的新環(huán)境。
22、在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念。P149 對(duì)。同21橫線部分，在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念，就是要根據(jù)環(huán)境條件，協(xié)調(diào)內(nèi)部活動(dòng)，使組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境而生存發(fā)展。
23、在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織重視環(huán)境的觀念。P149 對(duì)。同21橫線部分，在管理中應(yīng)樹立組織重視環(huán)境的觀念，就是 要高度重視環(huán)境，選擇一個(gè)適合于組織發(fā)展的環(huán)境，并同環(huán)境監(jiān)理密切的關(guān)系，不斷改善和發(fā)展環(huán)境。
三、簡(jiǎn)答
1、按照監(jiān)督主體劃分，監(jiān)督有哪些種類？P225 答：按照監(jiān)督的主體劃分，監(jiān)督可分為黨的監(jiān)督、國(guó)家監(jiān)督、社會(huì)監(jiān)督和群眾監(jiān)督。
2、管理的權(quán)變觀念。P145 答：所謂管理的權(quán)變觀念，就是指在管理?xiàng)l件和管理環(huán)境不斷發(fā)展變化的前提下，組織應(yīng)因人、因事、因時(shí)、因地權(quán)宜生變，采取與之適應(yīng)的管理方式和管理方法的觀念。其核心內(nèi)容就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環(huán)境之間適應(yīng)性。
3、管理的人本觀念。P93 答：所謂管理的人本觀念，是指在管理活動(dòng)中，堅(jiān)持一些從人出發(fā)，以調(diào)動(dòng)和激發(fā)人的積極性和創(chuàng)造性為根本手段，以達(dá)到提高效率和人的不斷發(fā)展為目的的觀念。
4、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念。P103 答：管理的系統(tǒng)觀念是指管理主體自覺運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)理論和系統(tǒng)方法，對(duì)管理要素、組織、過程進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析，旨在優(yōu)化管理的整體功能，取得較好效果的觀念。
5、管理的擇優(yōu)觀念主要包括哪些內(nèi)容？P119 答：管理的擇優(yōu)觀念包括很多內(nèi)容，可從不同角度來歸納。從管理的目的的角度可以歸納為：質(zhì)量第一的觀念、時(shí)間第一的觀念、效益第一的觀念、人才第一的觀念。
6、管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念。P126 答：所謂管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念，是指管理主體在管理實(shí)踐中從全局和長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)出發(fā)，對(duì)管理客體和管理過程進(jìn)行總體謀劃的管理觀念體系。
7、管理決策應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的原則。P177 答：一般來講，決策者在進(jìn)行決策時(shí)應(yīng)遵循以下幾個(gè)原則：情況明了、系統(tǒng)思考、科學(xué)可行、民主集中制的原則。
8、管理客體有哪些特征？P45 答：管理客體有以下特征：客觀性、系統(tǒng)性、規(guī)律性、可控性。
9、管理信息的特征。P75 答：管理信息有以下特征：有用性、綜合性、經(jīng)濟(jì)型、共享性。
10、管理者素質(zhì)。P29 答：一般來講，管理者的素質(zhì)包括以下內(nèi)容：政治素質(zhì)、品德素質(zhì)、知識(shí)素質(zhì)、業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)。
11、管理中的行政方法。P258 答：行政方法是指管理主體運(yùn)用行政權(quán)力，按照行政層次，通過下達(dá)各種行政命令、指示、決議、規(guī)定、指令性計(jì)劃和規(guī)章制度等手段，直接控制組織和個(gè)人的行為，以保證管理目標(biāo)實(shí)現(xiàn)的方法。主要特點(diǎn)是：權(quán)威性、直接性、垂直型。
12、管理中的控制類型。P298 答：管理中的控制主要是反饋控制或閉環(huán)控制。反饋控制類型有很多種，比如定制、程序、超前、過程、優(yōu)化、自組織控制等。
13、激勵(lì)的方式有哪些？P219 答：激勵(lì)的方式有很多，在實(shí)施過程中常用的方法主要有：尊重、磋商、溝通、贊揚(yáng)、獎(jiǎng)罰、榜樣、表率、目標(biāo)激勵(lì)。
14、激勵(lì)在管理中的作用。P218 答：積極是調(diào)動(dòng)人的積極性的有效手段，在管理中有著十分重要的作用，主要體現(xiàn)在：挖掘人的內(nèi)在潛力，保持現(xiàn)有人員穩(wěn)定并吸引所需人才，鼓勵(lì)先進(jìn)、鞭策后進(jìn)。
15、計(jì)劃編制應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的原則。P199 答：計(jì)劃編制必須遵循以下原則：科學(xué)性，統(tǒng)籌兼顧，重點(diǎn)，彈性，瞻前顧后、綜合平衡，群眾性，計(jì)劃修正原則。、決策的“令人滿意”準(zhǔn)則。P180 答：西蒙提出了有限理性的觀念是符合實(shí)際的，因?yàn)樵诂F(xiàn)實(shí)中很難達(dá)到最優(yōu)化，或者達(dá)到最優(yōu)化要花費(fèi)很大的代價(jià)。在決策時(shí)，不能堅(jiān)持要最理想的解答，常常只能滿足于足夠好或令人滿意的決策,這種決策接近于最佳條件就可以了。比如在企業(yè)決策中，只要追求社當(dāng)?shù)氖袌?chǎng)份額，而不是最大的市場(chǎng)份額就可以。
17、決策的依據(jù)和條件。P175-176 答：決策的依據(jù)是事實(shí)，價(jià)值，環(huán)境、條件，條件是健全的決策組織體系、素質(zhì)優(yōu)良的決策工作人員。
18、目標(biāo)管理與傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃管理的主要區(qū)別。P72 答：1.計(jì)劃管理是由計(jì)劃部門自上而下下達(dá)計(jì)劃指標(biāo)，而目標(biāo)管理在目標(biāo)分解中，必須要經(jīng)過自上而下、自下而上的目標(biāo)協(xié)商。
2.計(jì)劃管理一般強(qiáng)調(diào)計(jì)劃的執(zhí)行和組織實(shí)施，既強(qiáng)調(diào)“要我干”，而目標(biāo)管理則把目標(biāo)的完成看成是一種承諾的責(zé)任，實(shí)行自我控制，把“要我干”變成“我要干”。
3.計(jì)劃管理的結(jié)果只可能是任務(wù)的完成和指標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，而目標(biāo)管理則能達(dá)到任務(wù)完成和自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的結(jié)合，因而它不僅有利于提高工作效率，還有利于心理上的滿足，并由此增強(qiáng)組織的凝聚力。目標(biāo)，是確定，是已經(jīng)下了決定的。計(jì)劃，只是預(yù)計(jì)這樣做?；緟^(qū)別就在于一個(gè)是確定了不變的管理，另一個(gè)只是在預(yù)計(jì)這樣管理。目標(biāo)管理是先由企業(yè)制定一定時(shí)期的大目標(biāo)，然后個(gè)部門和企業(yè)職工制定各自的分目標(biāo)，積極主動(dòng)，想方設(shè)法完成企業(yè)目標(biāo)。計(jì)劃管理是一般的計(jì)劃工作，是總體性，全局性的。
19、權(quán)變觀念在管理中有什么作用？P146 答：由于權(quán)變觀念強(qiáng)調(diào)隨著環(huán)境的不斷變化，組織對(duì)因人、因事、因時(shí)、因地權(quán)宜生變，因而對(duì)管理者組織有效的管理活動(dòng)有著重大的指導(dǎo)作用。主要是：有利于管理思想的不斷更新，有助于指導(dǎo)管理者的管理實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，有利于管理理論的不斷完善。
20、實(shí)施在管理中的作用。P207 答：實(shí)施是落實(shí)和完善決策、計(jì)劃的環(huán)節(jié)和途徑，實(shí)施是現(xiàn)代管理者的一項(xiàng)重要責(zé)任，實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)管理機(jī)構(gòu)、管理措施是否科學(xué)合理的主要標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
21、制定管理目標(biāo)應(yīng)遵循什么程序。P66 答：主要程序是：一是提出問題，二是收集信息，三是制定方案，四是確定方案，五是目標(biāo)修正。
四、論述
1、聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述管理?yè)駜?yōu)觀念的主要內(nèi)容。P119-123 答：管理的擇優(yōu)觀念包括很多內(nèi)容，可以從不同角度歸納，從管理的目的的角度，主要是以下幾個(gè)方面：
一是質(zhì)量第一的觀念。二是時(shí)間第一的觀念。三是效益第一的觀念。四是人才第一的觀念。
2、管理中的監(jiān)督有哪些功能？P222 答：監(jiān)督的功能是指監(jiān)督活動(dòng)在管理過程中所起的作用。從監(jiān)督的涵義出發(fā)，監(jiān)督具有制約、參與、預(yù)防和反饋4項(xiàng)功能。制約功能是指為了保證管理目標(biāo)的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)，對(duì)管理過程中的各個(gè)要素、各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)、各個(gè)階段進(jìn)行的檢查、牽制活動(dòng)，確定了監(jiān)督范圍。參與功能是指為保證監(jiān)督活動(dòng)的有效性，使監(jiān)督者參與每項(xiàng)管理活動(dòng)，并在參與中實(shí)施監(jiān)督，指出了監(jiān)督的過程。預(yù)防功能是指監(jiān)督除了檢查、發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正管理活動(dòng)中出現(xiàn)的問題和偏差，還要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)和尋找各種對(duì)未來各種產(chǎn)生不利影響的現(xiàn)實(shí)因素和潛在因素，以預(yù)防、阻止各種錯(cuò)誤和偏差的產(chǎn)生和出現(xiàn)，保證管理目標(biāo)的順利實(shí)現(xiàn)和管理最佳效益的獲得，突出了監(jiān)督的重點(diǎn)。反饋功能為監(jiān)督提供依據(jù)，監(jiān)督的首要工作是檢查，通過檢查，能及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)管理中存在的各種問題和偏差，為管理者和管理部門及時(shí)采取有針對(duì)性的措施，糾正偏差、改進(jìn)管理等提供迅速可靠的科學(xué)依據(jù)。這四個(gè)功能之間相互聯(lián)系、相互配合，形成了監(jiān)督的功能體系。
3、論述管理中的決策應(yīng)遵循的程序。
答：決策是一個(gè)過程，決策程序包括決策每項(xiàng)工作所應(yīng)進(jìn)行的順序和步驟，也包括在每個(gè)步驟上所應(yīng)解決問題的范圍和要求。為了保證決策的科學(xué)化、民主化，在決策中應(yīng)遵循以下程序。
一是擺明問題。擺明問題是決策的起點(diǎn)，一切決策都是圍繞問題進(jìn)行的，必須弄清問題的性質(zhì)、范圍、程度等。要先進(jìn)行廣泛深入的調(diào)查研究，廣泛聽取群眾的意見建議，盡可能的詳細(xì)、全面地掌握問題。問題找的準(zhǔn)，就為合理確定目標(biāo)打下良好基礎(chǔ)。二是確定目標(biāo)。目標(biāo)的確定，直接決定這方案的擬定，為此，決策的目標(biāo)必須精準(zhǔn)、具體，否則執(zhí)行的人會(huì)茫然不知所措。
三是擬定方案。決策目標(biāo)確定后就要圍繞實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)研究辦法，這就是擬定方案了。比如開展一個(gè)活動(dòng)，在充分調(diào)研，確定要實(shí)現(xiàn)的目標(biāo)后，要實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)就要采取具體措施，制定實(shí)施方案。
四是方案評(píng)估。多種方案出來了，就要對(duì)各種方案進(jìn)行綜合分析、評(píng)估，理論可行性、實(shí)踐可行性等。
五是方案優(yōu)化。六是跟蹤決策。
4、激勵(lì)的方式有哪些？P219 答：激勵(lì)的方式方法很多，實(shí)施過程中常見的方法主要有以下幾種：一是尊重激勵(lì)，就是管理者對(duì)被管理者非常信任，給被管理者一定的自主權(quán)（決策，工作程序、方法等由被管理者自己決定），尊重被管理者的人格，尊重他們的自尊心、能激發(fā)他們的進(jìn)取心，支持他們的創(chuàng)造性建議，有困難及時(shí)幫助，有問題主動(dòng)幫其找出錯(cuò)誤、主動(dòng)承擔(dān)責(zé)任、幫助指明改正方向等。
二是磋商激勵(lì)。管理者不能對(duì)被管理者的行為橫加干涉、指手畫腳，而是要采取磋商的方式，用商量的口氣和被管理者對(duì)話，可提高其內(nèi)在激勵(lì)力，發(fā)揮其最大潛能。
三是溝通激勵(lì)。管理者同群眾打成一片，彼此感情融洽，信息溝通，相互了解，這是一種非常好的激勵(lì)方式。
四是贊揚(yáng)激勵(lì)。對(duì)下屬的工作成績(jī)給予肯定、表?yè)P(yáng)、鼓勵(lì)，使下屬感到自己的工作被領(lǐng)導(dǎo)認(rèn)可，自己的價(jià)值能夠經(jīng)常得以實(shí)現(xiàn)、展現(xiàn)，會(huì)更加振奮精神、努力工作。五是獎(jiǎng)罰激勵(lì)，對(duì)根據(jù)被管理者的表現(xiàn)或者目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)程度、效果對(duì)其進(jìn)行獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)或者懲罰，運(yùn)用得當(dāng)，都能激發(fā)被管理者的工作積極性。
榜樣激勵(lì)，按照一定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，樹立榜樣，充分總結(jié)榜樣的典型事跡進(jìn)行宣傳、獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，告訴其他人這就是學(xué)習(xí)看齊的對(duì)象。
表率激勵(lì)，管理者以自己的模范行為來激勵(lì)人們。中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨在那么艱苦的環(huán)境中逐漸成為執(zhí)政黨，一個(gè)重要原因就是各級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能夠以身作則、率先垂范，全黨全國(guó)人民受到極大激勵(lì)，于是團(tuán)結(jié)一心，共度難關(guān)?，F(xiàn)在有些單位有令不行、有禁不止，很多時(shí)候是因?yàn)椴糠诸I(lǐng)導(dǎo)沒有以身作則、做出表率，給群眾一個(gè)非常不好的影響。
目標(biāo)激勵(lì)。任何組織，都必須制定目標(biāo)，讓人有工作目標(biāo)，人們才能有努力奮斗的方向，才能讓人們更明確地為實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)努力。比如企業(yè)年初開會(huì)，定出每個(gè)部門的工作目標(biāo)，然后按照時(shí)間、人員等分解，這樣更容易讓人們有積極性和主動(dòng)性。
5.聯(lián)系實(shí)際，論述如何科學(xué)實(shí)施發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略？（P139—140）答：正確地實(shí)施發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，就必須以戰(zhàn)略觀念為指導(dǎo)，從全局考慮戰(zhàn)略的轉(zhuǎn)化、戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施的選擇和戰(zhàn)略的及時(shí)調(diào)整。實(shí)施發(fā)展戰(zhàn) 略的過程一般包括以下三個(gè)方面：
（1）擬定戰(zhàn)略措施，并轉(zhuǎn)化為政策、法令、計(jì)劃。擬定戰(zhàn)略措 施的目的在于，將戰(zhàn)略方案這一概括性很強(qiáng)的綱領(lǐng)，轉(zhuǎn)化為可具 體操作的政策、法令、計(jì)劃，這是一個(gè)由概括到具體、有粗到細(xì)、由遠(yuǎn)及近的過程。在這個(gè)過程中，戰(zhàn)略方案被加工提煉，從而更科學(xué)周密更符合實(shí)際。
（2）正確利用戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展機(jī)制。戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展機(jī)制是潛藏于經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì) 發(fā)展過程深層次的發(fā)展規(guī)律，發(fā)展機(jī)制對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的發(fā)展規(guī)模、速度個(gè)重點(diǎn)都產(chǎn)生決定性的影響。正確利用了戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展機(jī)制，就等于把握了戰(zhàn)略的本質(zhì)特征和經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行的客觀規(guī)律，就能夠自覺 地不失時(shí)機(jī)地選擇實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略的手段和途徑。
（3）及時(shí)進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整和戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變。在一個(gè)戰(zhàn)略期內(nèi)，戰(zhàn)略總 體目標(biāo)雖已確定，但內(nèi)外條件發(fā)生變化，戰(zhàn)略重點(diǎn)、戰(zhàn)略步驟、戰(zhàn)略措施等也必須隨之調(diào)整，這就是戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整。戰(zhàn)略轉(zhuǎn)變則是戰(zhàn) 略在質(zhì)上的轉(zhuǎn)變，包含兩種情況：一是管理者戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)思想上的 根本轉(zhuǎn)變；二是管理者的戰(zhàn)略指導(dǎo)思想總體上雖未根本，但內(nèi)外條件發(fā)生變化，由于戰(zhàn)略發(fā)展機(jī)制的內(nèi)在作用，戰(zhàn)略的類型、發(fā)展模式隨之發(fā)生了轉(zhuǎn)變。
6、論述協(xié)調(diào)的方式有哪些？P216 答：一是召開會(huì)議協(xié)調(diào)。這是最常見的協(xié)調(diào)方式，日常工作中，主要采取定期例會(huì)、合署辦公會(huì)、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)會(huì)等方式。
二是個(gè)別談心通氣。很多情況下，矛盾的發(fā)生是由于溝通不到位、理解有偏差、信息不對(duì)稱等原因造成的。選擇合適的機(jī)會(huì)、合適的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，通過合適的方法和語言進(jìn)行溝通協(xié)調(diào)，也能取得不錯(cuò)的效果，達(dá)到化解矛盾、溝通感情的目的。
三是調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)。由于機(jī)構(gòu)設(shè)置不合理造成的糾紛矛盾也是常見的，這個(gè)時(shí)候就需要按照職責(zé)分工和精簡(jiǎn)高效的原則進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)調(diào)整，或增加或減少或合并，以此達(dá)到協(xié)調(diào)的目的。
四是調(diào)整人員。在實(shí)施決策、計(jì)劃過程中，由于某些人員的不適應(yīng)導(dǎo)致運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不靈的現(xiàn)象也是存在的，比如有些人能力不足、影響工作運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，只好調(diào)走，有些是關(guān)鍵部門的倆人嚴(yán)重不協(xié)調(diào)，只好調(diào)走矛盾的主要一方，還有的是部門之間的人員、任務(wù)分配不合理而進(jìn)行的調(diào) 整。
協(xié)調(diào)還有很多方式，比如目標(biāo)協(xié)調(diào)，制度協(xié)調(diào)，資金協(xié)調(diào)，物質(zhì)協(xié)調(diào)等，都是不錯(cuò)的協(xié)調(diào)方式。
7、論述在管理中如何運(yùn)用好用人藝術(shù)？P308 答：一是用人先要選好人。（什么是好人）毛澤東為我們指出了路線，即任人唯賢，只要有才，不管親不親都要用。還要重視人的品德，必須德才兼?zhèn)洹＃ㄔ趺催x好人）選好人還要注重途徑，最根本的是堅(jiān)持群眾路線，樹立群眾觀點(diǎn)，充分發(fā)揚(yáng)民主，通過面向社會(huì)招聘，民主推薦，民主選舉等方式，注意聽取群眾意見，認(rèn)真調(diào)查研究，采取必要的考核考試，再綜合決定是否選用。
二是用人所長(zhǎng)，揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短。選好了人才，如果使用不當(dāng)，或者使用中不能充分調(diào)動(dòng)其積極性，那么人才的作用是不能很好發(fā)揮的，為此管理者必須擅長(zhǎng)用人之道。要清除人才的長(zhǎng)處和短處，揚(yáng)其所長(zhǎng)、避其所短，人盡其才。對(duì)不影響任務(wù)完成的短處，不比苛求，對(duì)影響人長(zhǎng)處發(fā)揮的短處，要采取措施方式發(fā)生副作用，對(duì)嚴(yán)重影響工作的必須采取措施杜絕危害。
三是充分信任，尊重關(guān)心。要使各種人才充分發(fā)揮積極性、主動(dòng)性和創(chuàng)造性，管理者必須充分的信任人才，尊重和關(guān)心人才。古語講，疑人不用、用人不疑。解釋信任、尊重和關(guān)心分別會(huì)怎樣激勵(lì)人才。
四是善于激勵(lì)，賞罰分明。要根據(jù)成績(jī)、賞罰分明，對(duì)成績(jī)突出的，要突出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，對(duì)成績(jī)不突出、玩忽職守的，要進(jìn)行懲罰。
五是合理搭配，整體效能。要人盡其用，盡量讓合適的人在一起工作，提高工作效率。
8、論述制定管理目標(biāo)應(yīng)堅(jiān)持什么原則。P66 答：管理目標(biāo)的制定，必須堅(jiān)持正確的原則。這些原則主要是： 一是科學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)的原則。管理目標(biāo)的制定，必須以科學(xué)預(yù)測(cè)為前提。必須要進(jìn)行定性和定量、技術(shù)預(yù)測(cè)和實(shí)地調(diào)研，這樣才能全面又準(zhǔn)確，既有定性、又有定量，保證管理目標(biāo)的制定科學(xué)性、可行性。
二是民主參與的原則。管理目標(biāo)的制定，不僅僅是管理者、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的事情，更是被管理者的事情，必須廣泛發(fā)動(dòng)群眾共同參與目標(biāo)的制定，更多地聽取群眾的意見建議，集中群眾的智慧，從而增強(qiáng)目標(biāo)的科學(xué)性、民主性，而且更利于目標(biāo)的執(zhí)行。
三是方案優(yōu)選的原則。制定目標(biāo)，必須堅(jiān)持方案優(yōu)選的原則。在這個(gè)原則的基礎(chǔ)上制定方案，首先要制定多個(gè)選擇方案，然后通過科學(xué)決策和可行性研究，從眾多的選擇方案中選擇出最滿意的方案。這個(gè)方案要具有效益型、先進(jìn)性和可行性。
四是信息反饋的原則。堅(jiān)持上述三個(gè)原則制定管理目標(biāo)，也不能保證目標(biāo)的科學(xué)性、先進(jìn)性和可行性，因?yàn)樵谀繕?biāo)制定過程中，人的認(rèn)識(shí)有局限性，必須靠實(shí)踐來檢驗(yàn)，情況也在不斷變化，因此必須堅(jiān)持信息反饋原則，在制定和執(zhí)行中不斷的進(jìn)行目標(biāo)修正。
第五篇：2011年在職研究生入學(xué)考試各科練習(xí)題
各科練習(xí)題
說明：此練習(xí)題僅供輔導(dǎo)教師和考生在復(fù)習(xí)過程中進(jìn)行練習(xí)及掌握考試題型之用，不是復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)考生按照大綱進(jìn)行全面復(fù)習(xí)。
政治理論
一、概念解釋題
哲學(xué)的基本問題、商品、抽象勞動(dòng)、價(jià)值規(guī)律、剩余價(jià)值、可變資本、實(shí)踐、人民內(nèi)部矛盾、黨的三大優(yōu)良作風(fēng)、和平共處五項(xiàng)原則、感性認(rèn)識(shí)、理性認(rèn)識(shí)、主要矛盾、矛盾的普遍性、民主集中制、社會(huì)主義核心價(jià)值體系
二、辨析題
1．實(shí)踐性是馬克思主義哲學(xué)的唯一特點(diǎn)。
2．對(duì)新事物要肯定一切，對(duì)舊事物要否定一切。
3．具體勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造使用價(jià)值，抽象勞動(dòng)創(chuàng)造價(jià)值，所以它們是兩類獨(dú)立存在的勞動(dòng)。
4．市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)以市場(chǎng)作為資源配置的基礎(chǔ)性手段，但它并不排斥國(guó)家對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的宏觀調(diào)控。
5．發(fā)展才是硬道理，這里所說的―發(fā)展‖是指經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。
6．馬克思主義認(rèn)識(shí)論是以實(shí)踐為基礎(chǔ)的能動(dòng)的革命的反映論。7．內(nèi)因和外因作為同時(shí)存在的內(nèi)部和外部的聯(lián)系，對(duì)事物發(fā)展起著相同的作用。8．社會(huì)主義公有制的實(shí)現(xiàn)形式可以而且應(yīng)當(dāng)多樣化。9．革命是解放生產(chǎn)力，改革是發(fā)展生產(chǎn)力。
10．中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的多黨合作與政治協(xié)商制度是中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度。
11、改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定三者之間的關(guān)系是辯證統(tǒng)一的。
12、實(shí)踐作為檢驗(yàn)真理的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既是絕對(duì)的又是相對(duì)的，是確定性和不確定性的統(tǒng)一。
13、社會(huì)主義民主政治只是為社會(huì)主義經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)的有力手段。14.未來社會(huì)是一個(gè)自由人聯(lián)合體。
15.代表中國(guó)最廣大人民的根本利益，必須妥善處理人民內(nèi)部的各種利益關(guān)系。16.我們黨的執(zhí)政地位不是一勞永逸、一成不變的。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1.簡(jiǎn)述馬克思主義產(chǎn)生的社會(huì)歷史條件。2.馬克思主義的三個(gè)理論來源是什么？
3.馬克思根據(jù)社會(huì)關(guān)系的歷史發(fā)展與人的個(gè)性發(fā)展的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系把人的發(fā)展劃分為哪三個(gè)大的歷史階段？
4.簡(jiǎn)述馬克思對(duì)生產(chǎn)與消費(fèi)之間關(guān)系的論述。5.列寧是如何論述唯心主義的認(rèn)識(shí)論根源的？
6.列寧是如何論證對(duì)立統(tǒng)一規(guī)律是辯證法的核心和實(shí)質(zhì)的？
7.列寧關(guān)于辯證法和形而上學(xué)兩種發(fā)展觀的論述。8.毛澤東是如何論述社會(huì)主義社會(huì)基本矛盾的？ 9.簡(jiǎn)述毛澤東關(guān)于人的自覺能動(dòng)性的論述。
10.毛澤東是如何闡述“一般和個(gè)別相結(jié)合”工作方法的？ 11.如何理解毛澤東提出的“獨(dú)立自主”方針？
12.鄧小平是如何論述解放思想與實(shí)事求是二者之間關(guān)系的？
13.鄧小平關(guān)于我國(guó)處在社會(huì)主義初級(jí)階段這個(gè)重要論斷的基本涵義是什么？ 14.為什么說社會(huì)主義和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)不存在根本矛盾？
15.為什么說沒有民主就沒有社會(huì)主義，就沒有社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化？ 16.科學(xué)發(fā)展觀的基本內(nèi)涵是什么？
四、論述題
1.馬克思關(guān)于資本主義積累的歷史趨勢(shì)的論述及其重大意義。
2.列寧關(guān)于“利用資本主義，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義”的思想及其重大意義。3.鄧小平對(duì)社會(huì)主義根本任務(wù)的論述及其重大意義。
4.運(yùn)用歷史唯物主義關(guān)于社會(huì)存在與社會(huì)意識(shí)辯證關(guān)系的原理說明大力發(fā)展社會(huì)主義先進(jìn)文化，建設(shè)社會(huì)主義精神文明的重大意義。
5.論如何把代表最廣大人民根本利益的要求落到實(shí)處。
6.毛澤東“關(guān)于事物矛盾問題的精髓”的論述及其重大意義。7.論黨的群眾路線及其重大意義。
8.論鄧小平關(guān)于“一國(guó)兩制”的構(gòu)想及其重大意義。
現(xiàn)代管理學(xué)
一、概念解釋題
一般意義上的管理、管理的系統(tǒng)觀念、管理的人本性、管理客體的系統(tǒng)性、確定型決策、管理的權(quán)變觀念、管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念、磋商激勵(lì)、不確定型決策、輿論監(jiān)督、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)型決策、尊重激勵(lì)、管理藝術(shù)、審計(jì)監(jiān)督、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督、管理的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法
二、辨析題
1、管理的二重性是指管理過程中既有科學(xué)性又有藝術(shù)性。
2、管理幅度與管理層次呈正比例關(guān)系，即管理幅度越大，管理層次越多；管理幅度越小，管理層次越少。
3、按管理者的職責(zé)，可分為高層管理者、中層管理者和基層管理者。
4、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)要堅(jiān)持精簡(jiǎn)效能的原則。
5、管理就是以信息處理為中心。
6、以實(shí)現(xiàn)戰(zhàn)略任務(wù)的途徑分類，可分為企業(yè)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、地區(qū)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、部門發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略和領(lǐng)域發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。
7、管理的權(quán)變觀念強(qiáng)調(diào)權(quán)宜應(yīng)變的科學(xué)性。
8、經(jīng)濟(jì)監(jiān)督就是指的財(cái)政監(jiān)督，即預(yù)算監(jiān)督、預(yù)算外資金監(jiān)督和財(cái)務(wù)監(jiān)督。
9、有了管理的主體和管理的客體，就可以構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的管理活動(dòng)。
10、管理的權(quán)變觀念的核心內(nèi)容，就在于管理效果完全取決于組織與環(huán)境之間的適應(yīng)性。
11、一切管理客體都是客觀存在的事務(wù)，因此一切客觀事物都可以成為管理的客體。
12、系統(tǒng)理論認(rèn)為，自然界和人類社會(huì)所構(gòu)成的一切系統(tǒng)都是開放的。
13、管理的擇優(yōu)觀念就是堅(jiān)持選擇最優(yōu)和最佳的方案，以及最優(yōu)的管理方法。
14、管理過程的最后一項(xiàng)職能是評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)價(jià)既是管理過程的歸宿，又是管理過程的出發(fā)點(diǎn)。
15、宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策，是國(guó)家中央政府為調(diào)控經(jīng)濟(jì)的有序和有效運(yùn)行而制定的，因而它的調(diào)節(jié)作用是直接的。
16、經(jīng)濟(jì)方法運(yùn)用的主要形式，就是通過市場(chǎng)來進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)要素的基礎(chǔ)性配置。
三、簡(jiǎn)答題
1、什么是管理的創(chuàng)新性？
2、管理者應(yīng)具備的職責(zé)是什么？
3、為什么要樹立組織適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念？ 4、20世紀(jì)60年代興起的系統(tǒng)管理學(xué)派，認(rèn)為系統(tǒng)管理有什么特點(diǎn)？
5、為什么說決策是管理工作的核心？
6、簡(jiǎn)要說明監(jiān)督的功能。
7、去年以來，中央銀行多次提高了存款準(zhǔn)備金率，這種舉措屬于哪個(gè)管理方法？對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)控有什么作用？
8、現(xiàn)代管理所講的決策是廣義的決策。理解廣義決策應(yīng)把握哪些要點(diǎn)？
9、管理機(jī)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)為什么要堅(jiān)持責(zé)、權(quán)、利相一致的原則？
10、目標(biāo)管理和傳統(tǒng)的計(jì)劃管理的主要區(qū)別是什么?
11、簡(jiǎn)述激勵(lì)的作用。
12、為什么說決策是各級(jí)管理者的主要職責(zé)？
13、為什么要堅(jiān)持超前監(jiān)督的原則？
14、簡(jiǎn)述實(shí)施的特點(diǎn)。
15、為什么要堅(jiān)持評(píng)價(jià)的激勵(lì)性原則？
16、權(quán)變觀念在管理中有什么作用？
四、論述題
1、人類社會(huì)的任何管理活動(dòng)都有其一定的目的，即要達(dá)到一定的目標(biāo)。因此，制定科學(xué)先進(jìn)的和切實(shí)可行的管理目標(biāo)是非常重要的。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合我們的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)勚贫繕?biāo)應(yīng)遵循的原則。
2、對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)發(fā)展等各個(gè)方面作出重大決策，是管理者特別是管理的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的重要職責(zé)，是管理工作的核心。決策正確與否，直接影響到經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)的發(fā)展水平和效率的高低。這方面，不論是企業(yè)還是地方各級(jí)政府，都有著成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和失敗的教訓(xùn)。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合實(shí)際，說明科學(xué)決策應(yīng)遵循的原則。
3、管理過程結(jié)束以后，需要對(duì)其所獲得的管理成績(jī)和效果進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)，從中汲取經(jīng)驗(yàn)和教訓(xùn)，以不斷提高管理工作的水平。但在現(xiàn)實(shí)工作實(shí)踐中，不少管理者往往對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)這一環(huán)節(jié)有所忽視，或者說重視不夠。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合實(shí)際，談?wù)勗u(píng)價(jià)在管理中的作用。
4、現(xiàn)代管理活動(dòng)中，復(fù)雜多變的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)及政治環(huán)境，要求管理者必須“高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚”，把握事物未來的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)；必須“胸有全局”，把握事物內(nèi)部和外部的本質(zhì)聯(lián)系。所謂“高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚”、“胸有全局”，就是指管理主體要確立管理的戰(zhàn)略觀念。請(qǐng)您聯(lián)系實(shí)際，談?wù)劥_立戰(zhàn)略觀念在現(xiàn)代管理中的地位和作用。
5、決策并不是簡(jiǎn)單的“拍板定案”，而是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的科學(xué)過程，要按照和遵循一定的程序進(jìn)行。現(xiàn)實(shí)工作中，有一些管理者對(duì)這一科學(xué)程序重視不夠，有的知之甚少。為了保證決策的科學(xué)化和民主化，請(qǐng)您說明決策過程中所要遵循的程序。
6、在過去漫長(zhǎng)的計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代里，我們習(xí)慣于用行政方法管理經(jīng)濟(jì)。但在今天的市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)條件下，固然也離不開行政的方法，但它有明顯的局限性，過分地運(yùn)用它，會(huì)妨礙經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合現(xiàn)實(shí)，談?wù)勑姓椒ǖ木窒扌砸约叭绾握_地運(yùn)用行政方法。
7、管理活動(dòng)的效果和效率，很大程度上取決于管理中的人，特別是作為管理主體的人。如何用人，既是一門科學(xué)，更是一門藝術(shù)。請(qǐng)您結(jié)合自己的工作實(shí)際，談?wù)動(dòng)萌说乃囆g(shù)。
8、近年來，中央一再提出以人為本、執(zhí)政為民的理念，強(qiáng)調(diào)重視和優(yōu)先解決民生問題。請(qǐng)您聯(lián)系實(shí)際，說明為什么要樹立以人為本的管理觀念，即樹立人本觀念的必然性。
英語
一、單項(xiàng)選擇
1.When I was young, I ________ to school every day.A.was walking B.walked C.had walked D.had been walking 2.Continuing education classes give some adults the chance ________ new skills.A.learn
B.to be learning
C.to learn
D.to have learned 3.Because of ________ you have done, things become much worse.A.that
B.whom
C.which
D.what 4.These questions ____C__ at tomorrow’s meeting.A.have been discussed
B.had been discussed C.will be discussed
D.shall be discussed
5.It is ____ in spring than in autumn.A.warmer
B.more warm
C.warmest
D.most warm 6.Miss White has been a secretary __________.A.every year
B.since 1997 C.ten years ago
D.in 1997 7.I called on her and found that she ________.A.went abroad
B.go abroad C.had gone abroad
D.has gone abroad 8 Telephone ________ in our everyday life.A.being used
B.uses C.is used
D.is using 9 The speaker raised his voice but still couldn’t make himself ________.A.hear of
B.to hear C.hearing from
D.heard 10.The Olympic Games, ________ in 776 B.C., did not include women players until 1912.A.first playing
B.to be first played
C.first played
D.to be first playing 11.When they arrived, the game ________.A.already start B.already started C.have already started D.had already started 12.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 13.I’m sorry, but smoking ________ here.A.is allowed
B.is not allowed C.will be allowed
D.will not allow 14.They got to the bus station ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 15.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 16.Excuse ________, may I ask you a question? A.I
B.my
C.me
D.us
17.They never knew that pollution ________ a big problem.A.become
B.would become C.is going to
D.does become 18.You ________ where you leave your things.A.always forgets B.forget C.will always forget D.are always forgetting 19.He doesn’t live in the city, ________ ?.A.isn’t he
B.doesn’t he C.is he
D.does he 20.Now she is leaving London.She has stayed here ________.A.after 1980 B.in 1980 C.for 1980 D.since 1980 21.________ meeting will be put off(推遲)till next Monday.A.Tomorrow’s
B.Tomorrows’ C.Tomorrow
D.Tomorrows 22.The house ________ is very nice, but the compound(院子)is too small.A.himself
B.herself
C.itself
D.oneself 23.I told him not to go, but he ________ not listen.A.will B.would C.shall D.should 24.This time last year, Tom ________ with his friends in London.A.stayed
B.was staying C.is staying
D.stays 25.Let’s ________ and get something to eat.A.to go
B.go
C.going
D.goes 26.When they arrived at the airport, the plane ________.A.already take off B.already took off C.have already taken off D.had already taken off 27.Those books ________ to the library next Monday.A.can return
B.can be returned C.can returned
D.can return to 28.They got to the airport ________ than you did.A.more late
B.later C.more later
D.late 29.He talked of the people and books ________ interested him.A.who
B.whose
C.that
D.whom 30.He was writing an e-mail ________ I was watch TV in the hotel room.A.as soon as
B.after C.until
D.while
二、閱讀理解
(1)I have often thought it would be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life.Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, silence would teach him the joys of sound.Now and then I have tested my seeing friends to discover what they see.Recently I was visited by a very good friend who had just returned from a long walk in the woods, and I asked her what she had observed.―Nothing is particular,‖ she replied.I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses, for long ago I became convinced that the seeing see little.How was it possible, I asked myself, to walk for an hour through the woods and see nothing worthy of note? I who cannot see find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I feel the delicate symmetry of a leaf.I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch, of the rough bark of a pine.In spring I touch the branches of trees hopefully in search of a bud, the first sign of awakening nature after her winter’s sleep.Occasionally, if I am very fortunate, I place my hand gently on a small tree and feel the happy quiver of a bird in full song.I am delighted to have the cool waters of a brook rush through my open fingers.To me the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama, the action of which streams through my finger tips.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.If I were president of a university, I should establish a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖.The professor would try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.He would try to awake their dormant and sluggish faculties.1.According to the text, it would be a blessing if________.A.every human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life
B.every human being is stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life C.every human being is stricken blind and deaf D.every human being were stricken blind and deaf 2.Which of the following is the author’s opinion about the seeing people? A.Most of the seeing people see little.B.The seeing people cherished their gift of sight very much.C.The seeing people use their power of sight to the full.D.The seeing people use their gift of sight as a means of adding color to life.3.The author could not see by sight, but she ______.A.could find hundreds of things to interest her through mere touch B.knew more than the seeing
C.was very optimistic and could ―see‖ more than the seeing D.both A and C
4.According to the text, why would it be a blessing if each human being were stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life? A.Because darkness would make him more appreciative of sight, and silence would teach him the joys of sound.B.Because people seldom cherish what they have and if they lose what they have for a short time they would cherish what they have much more.C.Because people are always longing for what they don’t have.D.both A and B 5.We can infer from the text that _______.A.though the author was blind, she loved life and she knew well how to add fullness to life B.the author was a president of a university C.the author established a compulsory course in ―How to Use Your Eyes‖ D.the author appreciated little what she had and longed for what she had not.（2)We use both words and body language to express our thoughts and opinions and to communicate with other people.We can learn a lot about what a person is thinking by watching his or her body language.Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms, or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings.Just like spoken language, body language varies from culture to culture.Making eye contact – looking directly into someone’s eyes – is in some counties a way to show interest.In other countries, however, eye contact is rude or disrespectful.The gesture of OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, has different meanings in different cultures.In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.In France, a person seeing the same gesture will think it means zero.In Brazil and Germany, however, the gesture is rude.The thumbs-up gesture, meaning ―great‖ or ―good job‖ in the US, is rude in Nigeria, but in Germany and Japan it means the number one.The ―crazy‖ gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means ―you have a phone call‖ in Brazil.While there are many different interpretations of our body language, some gestures seem to be universal.A good way of saying ―I am full‖ is moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal.If a person pats his or her stomach before a meal, it usually means ―I am hungry‖.Perhaps the best example of universally understood body language is the smile.A smile can help us get through difficult situations and find friends in a world of strangers.A smile can open doors and tear down walls.It can be used to express almost any emotion.We can use a smile to apologize, to greet someone, to ask for help or to start a conversation.We can smile at ourselves in the mirror to make ourselves feel happier and stronger.And if we are feeling down or lonely, there is nothing better than to see the smiling face of a good friend.6.We can get information about a person’s feelings from ________.A.his words B.the way he stands C.the way he folds his arms or move his hands D.both his words and his body language 7.Eye contact ________.A.has different meanings in different cultures B.is rude or disrespectful
C.has the same meaning in all the countries D.is a way to show interest 8.A good way of saying ―I’m full.‖ is ________.A.moving the hand in circles over the stomach after a meal B.resting one’s head on the back of one’s hand C.patting the stomach before a meal D.Both A and C 9.The ―crazy‖ gesture means ________ in Brazil.A.great B.the number one C.you have a phone call D.none of above 10.The gesture for OK, making a circle with one’s thumb and index finger, ________.A.all of the following B.means money in Japan C.means zero in France D.has different meanings in different cultures
(3)A man came home from work late again, tired and irritated, to find his 5-year-old son waiting for him at the door.―Daddy, may I ask you a question?‖
―Yeah, sure, what is it?‖ replied the man.―Daddy, how much money do you make an hour?‖
―That’s none of your business!What makes you ask such a thing?‖ the man said angrily.―I just want to know.Please tell me, how much do you make an hour?‖ pleaded the little boy.―If you must know, I make $20.00 an hour.‖
―Oh,‖ the little boy replied, head bowed.Looking up, he said, ―Daddy, may I borrow $10.00 please?‖
The father was furious.―If the only reason you wanted to know how much money I make is just so you can borrow some to buy a silly toy or some other nonsense, then you march yourself straight to your room and go to bed.Think about why you’re being so selfish.I work long, hard hours every day and don’t have time for such childish games.‖
The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really
didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.―No daddy, I’m awake,‖ replied the boy.―I’ve been thinking, maybe I was too hard on you earlier,‖ said the man.―It’s been a long day and I took my aggravation out on you.Here’s that $10.00 you asked for.‖ The little boy sat straight up, beaming.―Oh, thank you daddy!‖ he yelled.Then, reaching under his pillow, he pulled out some more crumpled up bills.The man, seeing that the boy already had money, started to get angry again.The little boy slowly counted out his money, then looked up at the man.―Why did you want more money if you already had some?‖ the father grumbled.―Because I didn’t have enough, but now I do,‖ the little boy replied.―Daddy, I have $20.00 now.Can I buy an hour of your time?‖ 11.What do you know about the man?
A.He made a lot of money.B.He often came home from work late.C.He often went to work late.D.He spent lots of time taking care of his son.12.Why was the boy waiting for his father at the door?
A.Because he missed his father very much.B.Because he was hungry.C.Because he wanted to borrow some money from his father.D.Because he had good news to tell his father.13.The man went to talk to his son because ________.A.he thought he might have been a little hard on his son.B.he wanted to ask his son some questions.C.he wanted to find out whether his son was asleep or not.D.his son was crying in his bedroom.14.The boy wanted to borrow some money from his father because ________.A.he wanted to buy a toy with the money
B.he wanted to buy a birthday present for himself
C.he didn’t have any money
D.he didn’t have enough money to buy an hour of his father’s time
15.What is the main idea of the passage?
A.Parents should give their children some pocket money.B.Parents should not neglect(忽視)their children no matter how busy they are.C.Parents should not be hard on their children.D.Children can buy time from their parents.(4)You may not realize it, but you are doing much more than just studying, when you are at school.School is also the place where you learn to get along well with people.But this is not always easy.What can you do if you just don’t like one of your classmates?
If you discover that you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends, the most important thing to learn is tolerance.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.We can not change the way that other people do, so it is important to learn to live happily with them.Tolerance will make everyone get on better with each other.Getting to know someone may help you understand why they do things differently.Something different does not exactly mean that it is bad.Tolerance teaches us to keep an even temper and open mind.You need to remember an old saying, ―treat others how you want to be treated‖.You would like to be treated kindly by your classmates, so it is important to treat them kindly too.If you tolerate something, it does not mean that you have to like it.No one is asking you to change who you are or what you believe in.Tolerance just means that you should respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.It is important to practice tolerance, because it will make everyone’s lives easier.Learn to accept people for their different abilities and interests.The world is very different, and practicing tolerance in your own school and city can help make a difference.16.According to the author, what is tolerance? A.Tolerance is the ability that we have to change the way that other people do.B.Tolerance is the ability to realize and respect the differences in others.C.Tolerance is a weapon to fight against the enemy.D.Tolerance is the way to discover whether you have problems getting along with your classmates or friends.17.What does tolerance function(起作用)in getting along with your friends? A.It makes you change who you are and what you believe.B.It can help us understand why people do things differently.C.It warns us to keep an even tempter and open mind.D.It is important for us to learn tolerance.18.Why is tolerance important? A.Because it will make everyone’s lives easier.B.Because it will make everyone get on better with each other.C.Because it teaches us to respect the differences in others and not try to make them change.D.All of the above.19.―Treat others how you want to be treated‖, what does the sentence mean?
A.If you want to be treated kindly, you should treat others kindly too.B.If someone treats you badly, you will treat them kindly.C.You should change yourself to tolerate others.D.Others should change themselves to tolerate you.20.Which of the following is true according to the passage? A.If you tolerate something, you must change yourself.B.Tolerance can make you get on better with your classmates or friends, for it teaches you to keep an even temper and open mind.C.We can live happily with other people by changing the way they do.D.Practicing tolerance can not make any change in your life for the world is different.(5)I found out one time that doing a favor for someone could get you into a lot of trouble.One time when I was taking a final test, the girl next to me whispered something, but I couldn’t understand.So I leaned over her way and found out that she was trying to ask me if I had an extra pen.She showed me that hers was out of ink and would not write.I happened to have an extra one, so I took it out of my pocket and put it on her desk.Later, after we turned in all the test papers, the teacher asked me to stay in the room.As soon as we were alone she began to talk to me about what it meant to grow up;she mentioned how important it was to stand on your own feet and be responsible for my own acts.For a long time she talked about honesty and emphasized that when people do something dishonest, they are really cheating themselves.She made me promise that I wouldn’t think seriously about what she said, and then she told me I could leave.I walked out of the room wondering why she chose to talk to me about all these things.Later on, I found out that she thought I was cheating on the test.I tried to explain about the pen, but what she said was that it seemed very strange to her that I didn’t mention anything about the pen the day she talked to me right after the test.To this day, I am sure she continues to believe that I had cheated on that test.Appearances can be deceiving and it is difficult to know how others will perceive our action.21.Why did the girl say something to me in a low voice? A.Because she wanted to have a look on my paper.B.Because she couldn’t work out the question on the paper.C.Because she wanted to ask me for a pen.D.Because she wanted me to give her the answer to the questions.22.Why did the teacher let me stay after class? A.She wanted to give me a gift.B.She wanted to talk with me.C.She wanted to tell me a story.D.She wanted to make me do some cleaning.23.What did the teacher think about me? A.She thought I was not mature(成熟的).B.She thought I was an honest person.C.She thought I did a right thing.D.She thought I was cheating in the exam.24.Why didn’t the teacher believe that I didn’t cheat on the test? A.She saw I was cheating with her own eyes.B.Someone else told her about it.C.She thought if I didn’t cheat I would tell her the truth of the pen.D.She couldn’t believe anything I said.25.What can you infer(推斷)from the passage? A.We can’t judge from the appearance(表面).B.We shouldn’t help others in the exam.C.We should tell the teacher in time if we help others.D.We shouldn’t cheat on the test.(6)We all have certain habits and we can have good habits or bad habits.This passage gives us some advice on how to be healthy.It tells us what we must do if we want to keep ourselves fit.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.This is an old English saying.It means that we must go to bed early in the evening and get up early in the morning.Is this true? Perhaps it is.The body must have enough sleep.Children, for instance, need ten hours’ sleep every night.If we do not go to bed early, we cannot have enough sleep.Then we cannot think or do our work properly.We will not be wise or live a comfortable life.Some people go to bed late at night and get up late in the morning.This is not good for them.We
must sleep at night when it is dark.The dark helps us to sleep well.When daytime comes, we must get up.It is the time for exercise.Exercise means doing something with the body.Walking, running, jumping, swimming, playing games are all good forms of exercise.If the body is not used, it becomes weak.Exercise keeps it strong.Exercise helps blood to move around inside the body.This is very important.Blood takes food to all parts of our bodies.The brains in our heads also need blood.We think with our brain.If we can keep our bodies healthy, and do exercises, we can think better!Our bodies also need air to breathe.Without air we cannot live.We must have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe if we want to be in good health.So, people often sleep with their room windows open because they want to have plenty of clean, fresh air to breathe.In brief, you don’t know what happiness is until you lose it;you don’t know what health is until you are ill.―Health is of vital importance to life‖ sounds like a cliché to everyone, but it is absolutely true.26.Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.What does this statement mean? A.If one goes to bed early, he would be a wise man.B.If one gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.C.If one goes to bed early and gets up early, he would be a wealthy man.D.It is very important for us to form healthy habits.27.According to the text, if we don’t have enough sleep, ________.A.we won’t live comfortably B.we will do our work correctly C.we will think properly D.we will be wise 28.Exercise is ________.A.to do something with the body B.to do more homework C.to do more drills(訓(xùn)練)D.to get up early in the morning 29.Why is exercise helpful for health? Because ________.A.it helps us to sleep properly.B.people will die soon if they do not have enough exercises C.it helps take nutrition(營(yíng)養(yǎng))to every part of the body with blood circulation(血液循環(huán))
D.it helps us to think and do our work properly.30.Why do people often sleep with their room window open? A.Because they want enough clean and fresh air to breathe.B.Because they feel hot at night.C.Because they want to look after their garden.三、英譯漢
1.At times my heart cries out with longing to see all these things.If I can get so much pleasure from mere touch, how much more beauty must be revealed by sight.Yet, those who have eyes apparently see little.The panorama of color and action which fills the world is taken for granted.It is human perhaps, to appreciate little that which we have and to long for that which we have not, but it is a great pity that in the world of light the gift of sight is used only as mere convenience rather than as a means of adding fullness to life.2.Which of your feelings do you let other people know about? Which do you keep to yourself? Sometimes it’s a good thing to say what you feel.At other times it’s better to keep quiet about your feelings.Sometimes it’s hard to know exactly what you feel.At other times feelings are so strong that you can not control them.People from different cultures have different ways of dealing with feelings.It is said that English people are cold.If they do feel anything, they will not let other people know.3.The little boy quietly went to his room and shut the door.The man sat down and started to get even madder about the little boy’s questioning.How dare he ask such questions only to get some money.After an hour or so, the man had calmed down, and started to think he may have been a little hard on his son.Maybe there was something he really needed to buy with that $10.00, and he really didn’t ask for money very often.The man went to the door of the little boy’s room and opened the door.―Are you asleep, son?‖ he asked.4.One hot summer day, Professor Rudd decided to take his children to the beach.The seaside town he planned to visit was a three-hour train ride away.To make the trip more interesting for his young children, he kept the name of the town a secret.Unfortunately, by the time Rudd had arrived at the train station, the poor forgetful man had forgotten the name of his destination himself.Luckily, a friend of his happened to be in the station.He offered to take care of the children while Rudd went back home to find out where he was going.5.The home of bees is called a bee-hive.Here hundreds — even thousands — of bees live.They work day and night building small walls of wax.Here they make their honey.This is the same honey that we eat.Where does the honey come from? Bees live on food from flowers.Have you ever seen bees flying around a flower garden? When a bee rests on a flower, it tries to go to the center of it.There it takes in as much food as its body can hold.Then it carries the food back to the hive.6.How do bees know where to find the best food in the sweetest flowers? One bee acts as a guide.When it discovers good flowers, it flies back to the hive to tell the others.It does this by dancing for them.The bee dances on one side.This tells the other bees which way to go to find the flowers, but that is not all.The bee dances for some time, and the length of its dance tells the other bees how far they must fly to reach the flowers.When the other bees see the dance, they know where the flowers are.They fly away and return with more food for the hive.
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