視譯練習(xí)方式（優(yōu)秀范文五篇）

第一篇：視譯練習(xí)方式

視譯練習(xí)有以下三種不同方式：

1）學(xué)員手持講稿，邊默讀邊連貫地大聲說出譯文，做到看到哪兒說到哪兒，中間不得有過多的猶豫和停頓。2）合作者和學(xué)員各執(zhí)一份講稿，前者朗讀文稿，后者根據(jù)前者的朗讀速度和節(jié)奏，對照著文稿輕聲譯出講話人已說出的內(nèi)容。3）待上述練習(xí)做得比較熟練后，合作者在朗讀過程中故意偏離講稿適度臨場發(fā)揮，為學(xué)員的聽辨和閱讀過程設(shè)置障礙，學(xué)員則隨機(jī)應(yīng)變悉數(shù)譯出。

在視譯練習(xí)的起始階段，學(xué)員應(yīng)先認(rèn)真閱讀講稿，待掃清了理解和語言障礙后再進(jìn)行看稿口譯。經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的適應(yīng)后，學(xué)員應(yīng)逐漸壓縮譯前準(zhǔn)備的時(shí)間，最終做到拿起講稿便能口譯。做視譯練習(xí)時(shí)學(xué)員的聲音不能蓋過合作者的聲音，否則便聽不清源語講話，無法跟上講話人的節(jié)奏。與影子練習(xí)和倒數(shù)練習(xí)不同的是：視譯練習(xí)不僅是一種有效的同傳訓(xùn)練手段，也是一種真實(shí)的口譯工作方式，因?yàn)椤霸谖覈鞯嘏e行的國際會(huì)議上，90%左右的發(fā)言者都有發(fā)言稿，至少也有發(fā)言提綱。”盡管視譯練習(xí)是一種真實(shí)的口譯形式，但它與同聲傳譯仍有諸多不同。1）同聲傳譯要求譯員在同傳箱里戴著耳機(jī)接聽會(huì)議發(fā)言，并通過話筒將口譯文同步傳達(dá)給聽眾；而學(xué)員在做視譯練習(xí)時(shí)由于設(shè)備條件的限制往往無法這樣做。2）視譯訓(xùn)練通過文字和圖像刺激使譯員獲得源語信息，同聲傳譯則通過語音刺激使譯員辨識(shí)和理解源語講話的意義和情感，因此視譯訓(xùn)練從工作方式上看仍有別于同聲傳譯。

3）聽、看、譯同時(shí)進(jìn)行的視譯練習(xí)，迎合了中國人學(xué)外語時(shí)先將聲音符號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成文字后再領(lǐng)悟其意義的習(xí)慣；同時(shí)由于文字和圖像對人腦刺激后產(chǎn)生的激蕩和停留期要比語音刺激長，所以做視譯練習(xí)時(shí)譯員易受源語文稿的詞序和句子結(jié)構(gòu)的干擾，難于迅速脫離源語詞語外殼的束縛，進(jìn)行法國釋意學(xué)派所倡導(dǎo)的“解釋性翻譯”。

盡管如此，視譯練習(xí)與同聲傳譯仍有許多相似之處：

1）視譯要求譯語產(chǎn)出與源語發(fā)布同步進(jìn)行，因此譯員在聽完一段講話后，無法按目的語表達(dá)習(xí)慣對源語詞序先作出較大調(diào)整，然后再給出譯文，他只能按源語講話的句子順序?qū)⑾嚷牭降暮涂吹降南茸g；此外由于時(shí)間的限制，譯員也無法對剛剛發(fā)布的譯語進(jìn)行過多的修正和補(bǔ)充，他必須盡量讓譯語的產(chǎn)出一次成型。這一點(diǎn)與同聲傳譯非常相似。

2）由于時(shí)間限制，視譯與同傳譯員都必須做到眼、耳、口并用，以便在同一時(shí)間處理好雙耳分聽、信息預(yù)測、斷句、試譯以及譯語的重組、發(fā)布、修正與監(jiān)聽等多重任務(wù)；同時(shí)譯員還需靈活運(yùn)用推理、概括、解釋、挪位、添加、刪簡、重復(fù)等技巧，保證譯語的順利產(chǎn)出。

3）通過視譯練習(xí)，學(xué)員學(xué)會(huì)在領(lǐng)受口譯任務(wù)之后認(rèn)真分析講稿，并通過有針對性的閱讀積累主題知識(shí)，掃除口譯過程中可能遇到的理解和術(shù)語障礙，并盡可能地事先準(zhǔn)備好發(fā)言稿的譯文（至少也應(yīng)打好譯文腹稿），以取得更好的傳譯效果。這一過程與同傳譯員的譯前準(zhǔn)備工作非常相似。

第二篇：視譯材料

China is Australia’s Land of Opportunity

On January 31, 2014, the Chinese ambassador to Australia MA Zhaoxu published in The Australian Financial Review a signed article with the title of ―China is Australia‘s land of opportunity‖.The full text is as follows:

Last week China released economic data for 2013, which shows GDP grew by 7.7 per cent, a mid-to-high growth rate in global terms.More than 13 million new urban jobs were created, more than in any previous year.Total imports approached $US2 trillion.Overseas direct investment by Chinese enterprises exceeded $US90 billion.Given the lingering international financial crisis, the unrecovered world economy and China‘s effort of economic restructuring, such a ―score report‖ is a hard-won achievement.Moreover, with uncertainties in the global economy and unusual sensitivities of the international market to macro-policy developments in major economies, China‘s stable fiscal and monetary policies as well as reasonable liquidity have sent a clear signal of stability to international market expectations.This is an act of responsibility by China in the interest of the world economy.The figures also mean an upgrading of China‘s economic growth and show that huge opportunities may arise for the global and the Australian economy.China‘s service sector accounted for 46.1 per cent of the country‘s GDP in 2013, up from 44.6 per cent in 2012, outperforming the industrial sector for the first time.The service sector has become a new growth engine, setting economic growth on a healthier, long-term trajectory.China-Australia co-operation in the service sector is moving forward fast.China has been Australia‘s largest export market for service products for three years in a row.Our two-way trade in services reached $8.5 billion and Australia exported $6.7 billion worth of service products to China in 2012-2013.China is Australia‘s largest source of international students, second-largest source of inbound tourists as well as the fastest-growing inbound tourism market.Far-sighted Australian enterprises have been capitalising on opportunities provided by the new momentum.ANZ won approval for a sub-branch in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone last November.Andrew Whitford, Westpac‘s head of Greater China, said Australian companies should establish themselves in the new zone as there are ―enormous opportunities‖.In 2013, the GDP of central and western parts of China was 44 per cent of China‘s total, up by 0.2 per cent on the previous year.The per capita net income of rural residents grew by 9.3 per cent in real terms, 2.3 per cent higher than that of urban residents.The income gap between urban and rural residents shrank from 3.10 in 2012 to 3.03.This trend for four consecutive years is a sign that regional development disparity has been easing, unleashing huge market potential for the vast hinterland areas.Australian enterprises have been increasingly active in the development of central and western China, which will help Australia gain a head start in China‘s economic restructuring.Despite a softening of its economy, with 2013 growth the same as 2012, China still has robust demand for Australian energy and resources.China‘s economic aggregate is now on a much larger base than before, with a GDP of US$9.18 trillion, the second largest economy for four years running.A larger, better-quality and more stable Chinese economy will bring even more opportunities to the world.The urbanisation rate rose by 1.16 per cent to 53.73 per cent in 2013 which shows China still has a large demand for infrastructure building.China‘s outbound trade and investment will continue to expand with outbound investment expected to reach $US500 billion over five years.This is good news to Australian businesses in energy, resources and agriculture.This year is going to be vital to world economic recovery.It will also be an important year for upgrading China-Australia economic ties.Both nations should work together to seize new opportunities and fully tap co-operation potential.澳大利亞經(jīng)濟(jì)的新機(jī)遇

2014年1月31日，中國駐澳大利亞大使馬朝旭在當(dāng)?shù)刂髁髅襟w《澳大利亞金融評論報(bào)》發(fā)表題為《澳大利亞經(jīng)濟(jì)的新機(jī)遇》的署名文章。全文如下：

上周中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局發(fā)布數(shù)據(jù)顯示，2013年中國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GDP）增長了7.7%。這個(gè)數(shù)字從全球范圍看，保持了中高速增長。全年城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)人數(shù)超過1300萬，是歷年最多的。去年中國進(jìn)口額接近2萬億美元，中國企業(yè)對外直接投資也超過了900億美元。這一成績來之不易，是在國際金融危機(jī)余波未平、世界經(jīng)濟(jì)尚待復(fù)蘇和中國經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的背景下產(chǎn)生的。在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)不確定因素較多、國際市場對主要經(jīng)濟(jì)體宏觀政策動(dòng)向異常敏感的情況下，中國穩(wěn)定財(cái)政、貨幣政策，保持合理的流動(dòng)性，向國際市場發(fā)出了明確的穩(wěn)定預(yù)期的信號(hào)，這也是中國對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的負(fù)責(zé)任之舉。

新公布的數(shù)據(jù)也釋放出中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化，以及這種轉(zhuǎn)變對世界和澳大利亞經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來巨大機(jī)遇的積極信息。根據(jù)中國國家統(tǒng)計(jì)局的數(shù)據(jù)，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)占中國GDP比重從2012年的44.6%上升為2013年46.1%，首次超過以工業(yè)、采礦業(yè)、建筑業(yè)為代表的第二產(chǎn)業(yè)。中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)已由過去依靠制造業(yè)的“單輪驅(qū)動(dòng)”發(fā)展到如今制造業(yè)、服務(wù)業(yè)雙增長的“雙輪驅(qū)動(dòng)”，服務(wù)業(yè)正成為中國經(jīng)濟(jì)長期持續(xù)健康發(fā)展與優(yōu)化升級(jí)的新引擎和新動(dòng)力。中澳服務(wù)業(yè)合作正處于快速發(fā)展時(shí)期。中國已連續(xù)3年成為澳最大的服務(wù)產(chǎn)品出口市場。2012-2013財(cái)年雙邊服務(wù)貿(mào)易近85.3億澳元，其中，澳對華出口66.6億澳元。中國已成為澳大利亞最大的留學(xué)生來源國、第二大海外游客來源國，也是增長最快的旅客市場。一些有戰(zhàn)略眼光的澳大利亞企業(yè)已經(jīng)敏銳捕捉到了商機(jī)。澳新銀行在去年11月正式登陸上海自貿(mào)區(qū)。西太銀行（Westpac）大中華區(qū)總裁魏安德（Andrew Whitford）認(rèn)為，澳洲企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮將進(jìn)駐上海新自貿(mào)區(qū)作為與中國投資者產(chǎn)生聯(lián)系的一種方式。

2013年，中國中西部地區(qū)GDP總量占全國的44.4%，比2012年提高0.2個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。中國農(nóng)村居民人均純收入實(shí)際增長9.3%，比城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入實(shí)際增速高2.3個(gè)百分點(diǎn)，增速連續(xù)四年快于城鎮(zhèn)，城鄉(xiāng)居民人均收入倍差由上年的3.10縮小為3.03。這些數(shù)據(jù)表明長期困擾中國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的城鄉(xiāng)失衡、區(qū)域失衡問題正得到逐步緩解，中國龐大的中西部和農(nóng)村市場潛力正不斷釋放。我們看到，澳企業(yè)正日益積極地參與到中國西部地區(qū)的發(fā)展中來。我相信這將幫助澳在中國經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型中占得先機(jī)。

中國對澳能源資源等需求依然強(qiáng)勁穩(wěn)健。盡管2013年中國經(jīng)濟(jì)增速與2012年持平，較過去有所下降，但總體增量卻比以前要大得多。中國GDP總量已經(jīng)達(dá)到9.18萬億美元，連續(xù)4年成為世界第二大經(jīng)濟(jì)體。一個(gè)總量更大、增長質(zhì)量更高、增長速度更穩(wěn)的中國經(jīng)濟(jì)將為世界、為澳大利亞帶來更多機(jī)遇。2013年，中國城鎮(zhèn)化率同比提高1.16%，達(dá)53.73%，并有望在未來十年保持年均1.2%的提升速度。中國仍需進(jìn)行大量的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)。同時(shí)，中國對外貿(mào)易與投資不斷擴(kuò)大，未來五年，中國對外投資規(guī)模將達(dá)到5000億美元。這對于澳能源資源的開發(fā)與出口、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品國際市場的開拓等，無疑都是好消息。

2014年是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)走向復(fù)蘇的重要年份，也是中澳經(jīng)貿(mào)合作升級(jí)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵一年。中澳雙方應(yīng)該攜手努力，發(fā)掘合作潛力，為兩國人民帶來更多實(shí)實(shí)在在的利益。

Secretary-General’s Message Calling for the Observance of the Olympic Truce for the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in Sochi, Russian Federation, 7-23 February & 7-16

March 2014

New York, 31 January 2014

On the eve of the Winter Olympic and Paralympic Games in Sochi, I join the International Olympic Committee in calling on all those engaged in armed hostilities around the world to lay down their weapons and observe the Olympic Truce.The participants in the Sochi Games may carry the flags of many nations, but they come together under the shared banner of equality, fair play, mutual respect and non-discrimination.I encourage all those involved in the games—Governments, groups, organizations and individuals—to uphold and defend these core Olympic ideals.In calling for this year‘s Truce, my thoughts are with the people of Syria, the Central African Republic, South Sudan and all others suffering from senseless violence, including the families who lost loved ones in the recent bombings that took place in Volgograd, not far from Sochi.I call on all combatants everywhere to respect the Olympic Truce, which has been adopted by all 193 United Nations Member States.Overcoming conflict is a constant struggle—but we must persist in doing our utmost to win adherence to it.The Olympic Truce is rooted in the hope that if people and nations can put aside their differences for one day, they can build on that to establish more lasting cease-fires and find paths towards durable peace, prosperity and human rights.For these next few weeks, may the torch of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in Sochi remind us what is possible when nations unite.呼吁在冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)和殘奧會(huì)期間遵守奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)致辭

2014年2月7日至23日和3月7日至16日在俄羅斯聯(lián)邦索契舉行

在索契冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)和殘奧會(huì)前夕，我和國際奧林匹克委員會(huì)一道，呼吁世界各地武裝敵對行動(dòng)的參與方放下武器，遵守奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)。

世界各國運(yùn)動(dòng)員和工作人員，高舉平等、公平競爭、相互尊重和互不歧視的旗幟，前來索契參加冬奧會(huì)和殘奧會(huì)。我鼓勵(lì)各國政府、團(tuán)體、組織和個(gè)人等參加冬運(yùn)會(huì)的各個(gè)方面，堅(jiān)持并捍衛(wèi)奧林匹克的核心理想。

在今年發(fā)出奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)呼吁之際，我想到了敘利亞、中非共和國、南蘇丹三國人民，想到了其他所有遭受無謂暴力的人民和家庭，想到了最近在伏爾加格勒爆炸襲擊中失去親人的家庭。

聯(lián)合國193個(gè)會(huì)員國通過了奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)專項(xiàng)決議，我呼吁世界各地的所有戰(zhàn)斗人員尊重奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)。消除沖突固然無法一蹴而就，但是我們必須竭盡全力遵守奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)。

奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)的理念深深扎根于世界人民的希望之中，即如果各族人民和各個(gè)國家能夠克服分歧，哪怕只有一天的時(shí)間，也能夠建立起更加持久的奧林匹克休戰(zhàn)，并找到實(shí)現(xiàn)持久和平、繁榮和人權(quán)的道路。我希望索契冬奧會(huì)和殘奧會(huì)的火炬，在未來數(shù)周的時(shí)間里時(shí)刻提醒我們，如果世界各國能夠齊心協(xié)力，那么世界上的任何挑戰(zhàn)都是可以戰(zhàn)勝的。

Statement by Secretary Kerry on 2014 Lunar New Year

January 31, 2014

On behalf of President Obama and the American people, I am delighted to extend best wishes to the many people around the world who celebrate the arrival of the Lunar New Year on January 31.In this festive time, we should all take a moment to pause and reflect on the shared humanity that ties us together – not just here in America, but around the world.As a Pacific nation, the United States is deeply committed to strengthening our partnerships throughout the Asia-Pacific.That‘s why President Obama recently announced the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative.That‘s why we‘re investing in the Fulbright Program.And that‘s why we‘re deepening our economic cooperation, improving regional security, and advancing mutual understanding across cultures, faiths, and nations.As millions around the world welcome the Year of the Horse, the United States sends heartfelt wishes for good health and prosperity.May the New Year bring ever greater cooperation in pursuit of our common goals.國務(wù)卿約翰·克里（John Kerry）2014陰歷新年聲明

2014年1月31日

我很高興代表歐巴馬總統(tǒng)和美國人民向世界各地在1月31日慶祝陰歷新年的眾多人民表示最良好的祝愿。

在節(jié)日到來之際，我們應(yīng)該利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)思考把我們聯(lián)系在一起的共同人性—不僅在美國，而且在全世界。

作為一個(gè)太平洋國家，美國高度承諾加強(qiáng)我們在整個(gè)亞太地區(qū)的伙伴關(guān)系。正是因?yàn)槿绱?，歐巴馬總統(tǒng)不久前宣布了“東南亞青年領(lǐng)袖行動(dòng)計(jì)劃”（Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative）。正是因?yàn)槿绱?，我們正為富布賴特?xiàng)目（Fulbright Program）投入資源。正是因?yàn)槿绱?，我們正在深化我們的?jīng)濟(jì)合作，加強(qiáng)地區(qū)安全，促進(jìn)與各種文化、信仰和國家的相互理解。

值此全世界各地千百萬人迎來馬年（Year of the Horse）之際，美國衷心祝愿諸位身體健康，興旺發(fā)達(dá)。愿新的一年為我們實(shí)現(xiàn)共同目標(biāo)促成更大程度的合作。

Secretary-General’s Message on International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital

Mutilation February 2014

As Secretary-General of the United Nations, I hold high the banner of empowering women and girls, promoting their health and defending their rights.The International Day of Zero-Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation is an opportunity to confront this persistent problem – and to find hope in initiatives proving that it can end.We should strive to preserve the best in any culture, and leave harm behind.There is no developmental, religious or health reason to cut or mutilate any girl or woman.Although some would argue that this is a ?tradition,‘ we must recall that slavery, socalled honour killings and other inhumane practices have been defended with the same weak argument.Just because a harmful practice has long existed does not justify its continuation.All ?traditions‘ that demean, dehumanize and injure are human rights violations that must be actively opposed until they are ended.FGM causes grave harm to individuals.The immediate and long-term health consequences include constant pain, infections, incontinence and sometimes deadly complications in pregnancy and childbirth.The practice is declining in almost all countries but it is still frighteningly widespread.Although firm statistics are difficult to obtain, it is estimated that more than 125 million girls and women alive today have been cut in 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East, where FGM is most prevalent and data exist.If current trends continue, some 86 million young girls worldwide are likely to experience some form of the practice by 2030.Asia, Europe, North America and other regions are not spared and must be equally vigilant in addressing the problem.Fortunately there are positive signs of progress in our global push to end this harmful practice.Girls themselves instinctively understand the dangers of being cut, and many mothers who have seen or experienced the trauma want to shield their daughters from suffering.It is encouraging that an increasing number of communities are coming together and agreeing publically to end FGM and ensure a better life for their girls.Recently, Uganda, Kenya and Guinea-Bissau adopted laws to end FGM.In Ethiopia, those responsible have been arrested, tried and penalized, with full media coverage further raising public awareness.The United Nations and our partners are engaged in valuable, culturally sensitive activities that aim to stop FGM without scolding or shame.In Sudan, we are seeing social change from a campaign called ―Saleema,‖ the Arabic word that implies complete, intact, whole and untouched.One father moved by the effort who decided to leave his daughters uncut explained simply, ―A girl is born Saleema, so leave her Saleema.‖ Hundreds of communities have embraced this initiative, expressing their support through songs, poetry and clothes in the campaign‘s trademark bright colours.Other countries are emulating Saleema or coming up with solutions tailored to their local needs, such as Kenya, where Meru community elders have prohibited FGM and vow to impose a fine on anyone who conducts or abets the practice

In addition to prevention, the United Nations is working with partners to help those who have been affected by FGM.Pioneering medical advances now allow doctors to repair women‘s bodies and restore their health.I recall the words of one physician working in Burkina Faso who described ―the relief that overwhelms women‖ following the surgery, which she said is 100 per cent effective.The many women who lack the resources needed to travel to the right facilities and the programmes that offer proper treatment deserve generous support.The General Assembly‘s landmark resolution proclaiming this commemorative Day was sponsored by every country in Africa and embraced by the entire membership of the United Nations.This breakthrough shows the great value of the United Nations in rising as one to defend universal human rights.Now our challenge is to give real meaning to this Day by using it to generate public support, trigger legal and practical advances, and help girls and women at risk of or affected by FGM.The effect on individuals will be profound, sparing them pain and spurring their success.The benefits will reverberate across society as these girls and women thrive and contribute to a better future for all.殘割女性生殖器零容忍國際日致辭

2014年2月6日

“保存文化精華，揚(yáng)棄有害做法”

我作為聯(lián)合國秘書長，要大張旗鼓地增強(qiáng)婦女和女童的權(quán)能，推動(dòng)維護(hù)她們的健康，捍衛(wèi)她們的權(quán)利。殘割女性生殖器零容忍國際日為我們提供了機(jī)會(huì)，來正視這個(gè)長期問題，通過各種證明可以解決問題的舉措來找到希望。

我們應(yīng)努力保存文化精華，揚(yáng)棄有害做法。

無論殘割任何女童或婦女，都沒有任何成長、宗教或健康方面的理由。雖然有些人爭辯說，這是一個(gè)“傳統(tǒng)”，但我們必須提醒人們，這個(gè)蒼白無力的理由也同樣被用來為蓄奴、所謂名譽(yù)殺人和其他不人道做法辯解。不能僅僅因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)有害的做法存在多年，就以此為理由把它繼續(xù)下去。所有侮辱人格、把人不當(dāng)人和傷害人的“傳統(tǒng)”都是侵犯人權(quán)，必須積極予以反對，直至將其杜絕。

殘割女性生殖器的行為給個(gè)人造成嚴(yán)重傷害。立即出現(xiàn)和長期的健康后果包括持續(xù)疼痛、感染、失禁，有時(shí)還會(huì)在懷孕和分娩期間導(dǎo)致致命的并發(fā)癥。

這個(gè)做法正在幾乎所有國家逐漸減少，但仍令人非常不安地普遍存在。雖然難以獲得確鑿的統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字，但據(jù)估計(jì)，在盛行殘割女性生殖器而且可以得到數(shù)據(jù)的29個(gè)非洲和中東國家，當(dāng)今生活著1.25億以上受過殘割的女童和婦女。如果當(dāng)前的趨勢繼續(xù)下去，到2030年，世界各地很可能又有大約8 600萬年幼的女童遭受某種形式的殘割。亞洲、歐洲、北美和其他地區(qū)也未幸免，必須同樣保持警惕，解決這個(gè)問題。

幸運(yùn)的是，我們?yōu)橥苿?dòng)結(jié)束這個(gè)有害做法而開展的全球努力出現(xiàn)了積極的進(jìn)展跡象。女童們自己本能地懂得殘割的危險(xiǎn)，很多曾親眼目睹或親身遭受這種殘害的母親也希望保護(hù)自己的女兒，使其免于苦難。我們感到鼓舞地看到，正有越來越多的社區(qū)齊心協(xié)力，公開同意結(jié)束殘割女性生殖器的做法，確保本社區(qū)的女童享有更美好的人生。

最近，烏干達(dá)、肯尼亞和幾內(nèi)亞比紹通過了法律，結(jié)束殘割女性生殖器的做法。在埃塞俄比亞，那些應(yīng)承擔(dān)罪責(zé)的人受到逮捕、審判和懲罰，而且媒體做了全面報(bào)道，以提高公眾的認(rèn)識(shí)。

聯(lián)合國和我們的合作伙伴們正在開展意義重大和注意文化特點(diǎn)的活動(dòng)，爭取不橫加指責(zé)或羞辱地制止殘割女性生殖器的做法。

在蘇丹，稱為“沙利瑪”的宣傳運(yùn)動(dòng)正帶來社會(huì)變化，阿拉伯語的這個(gè)詞意味著完整無缺、完美如初。有一個(gè)父親為這項(xiàng)努力所感動(dòng)，決定不讓自己的女兒受到殘割，他的解釋很簡單：“女孩生下來是完美的，應(yīng)該讓她永遠(yuǎn)完美”。成百上千的社區(qū)接受了這個(gè)倡議，譜寫歌曲和詩歌，并用在這次宣傳運(yùn)動(dòng)中作為標(biāo)志的鮮艷色彩做成衣服，來表示支持。其他一些國家效仿了沙利瑪運(yùn)動(dòng)的辦法，或是想出了適合本地情況的解決辦法。例如，在肯尼亞，梅魯社區(qū)的長老們已經(jīng)禁止殘割女性生殖器，并誓言對任何施行這個(gè)做法的人或教唆者處以罰款。

除了預(yù)防之外，聯(lián)合國正與合作伙伴們一道努力，幫助那些受害于殘割女性生殖器做法的人。現(xiàn)在，醫(yī)學(xué)的開拓性進(jìn)展使得醫(yī)生們能夠修復(fù)女性的身體，恢復(fù)她們的健康。一個(gè)在布基納法索工作的醫(yī)生曾形容，婦女們在經(jīng)過手術(shù)之后如何“因痛苦的解除而激動(dòng)不已”。她說，這一手術(shù)達(dá)到100%見效。很多缺乏必要資源，無法前往正確的設(shè)施和方案接受適當(dāng)治療的婦女應(yīng)該得到慷慨資助。

宣布這一紀(jì)念日的重要大會(huì)決議的提案國包括了每一個(gè)非洲國家，決議得到聯(lián)合國全體會(huì)員國的支持。這一突破顯示了聯(lián)合國通過一體行動(dòng)，捍衛(wèi)世界人權(quán)所產(chǎn)生的巨大作用。我們現(xiàn)在面對的挑戰(zhàn)是使這個(gè)紀(jì)念日實(shí)際收效，為此利用這項(xiàng)活動(dòng)來爭取全體公眾支持，促成法律和實(shí)踐方面的進(jìn)步，并幫助那些有可能或已經(jīng)受害于殘割女性生殖器做法的女童和婦女。

這將使個(gè)人受到深刻的影響，讓她們免于痛苦，促使她們?nèi)〉贸晒?。隨著這些女童和婦女茁壯成長，為所有人的更美好未來做出貢獻(xiàn)，整個(gè)社會(huì)都將受益。

China is Australia’s Land of Opportunity On January 31, 2014, the Chinese ambassador to Australia MA Zhaoxu published in The Australian Financial Review a signed article with the title of ―China is Australia‘s land of opportunity‖.The full text is as follows:

Remembering the Past, Safeguarding the Future

By John Kerry

―It was so terrible.It was hard for the mind to absorb it.‖ Those were the words of U.S.Master Sergeant Marvin Josephs as he entered Buchenwald on April 12, 1945, along with military chaplain Rabbi Herschel Schachter.Decades later, Josephs still remembered vividly the words ―You‘re free‖ reverberating from Rabbi Schachter‘s bullhorn.He remembered seeing the crematoria and the house of the commandant and his notorious wife, Ilse Koch, the ―Beast of Buchenwald.‖ Above all, he remembered the survivors—emaciated and tortured—coming forward at the sound of the rabbi‘s bullhorn.The scenes of liberated prisoners were so overwhelming that Gen.Dwight D.Eisenhower ordered every man in the U.S.4th Armored Division to walk the grounds of Buchenwald.Josephs immediately understood why: ―He didn‘t want people to ever deny what happened.‖

Nearly 70 years after World War Two ended, 70 years after the world‘s collective horror at the Holocaust, anti-Semitism remains a global menace.It is not enough to remember the millions of innocent lives lost in one of the darkest chapters in all of world history.We must reaffirm our vow never to forget the evil that comes from bigotry and intolerance and turn that commitment into action.Many of us in the United States have personal and family connections to this difficult history —and to the cause of action now.My brother‘s interest in our family‘s genealogy took him back to the Czech Republic just months ago to learn more about the history of ancestors we had never even heard about until the last decade, stories of a great uncle Otto and his sister Jenni who perished in the Holocaust.I‘ll never forget, on my first trip to Berlin as Secretary of State, meeting with a group of young Germans.They told me something I never knew about the city where I‘d spent time growing up in the aftermath of World War Two.Throughout the city, they‘ve placed ―stumbling stones‖ to mark where Jews were murdered in the streets and other victims of the Holocaust.Every day, passers-by remember what happened—and equally important—they never forget or deny it.Holocaust Remembrance Day calls us to condemn anti-Semitism in every form—whether it‘s the disturbing rise of xenophobic and anti-Semitic parties in Europe or the uptick of violence against Jewish people anywhere in the world.The EU‘s Agency for Fundamental Rights 2013 Report on Anti-Semitism underscores the stakes.One third of those surveyed experienced some form of anti-Semitic harassment over the past five years, with 26 percent enduring verbal assault or harassment over the past year alone— just because they were Jewish.What‘s more, 4 percent reported physical violence and 23 percent said they avoid Jewish events or sites because they don‘t feel safe.Of course, the numbers don‘t tell the full story.In Italy, police are tracking down the culprit who sent pig heads last week to Rome‘s Grand Synagogue, the Israeli Embassy, and a museum sponsoring a Holocaust exhibit.In Romania, a government-owned television channel aired a profoundly anti-Semitic Christmas song, which claimed that Jews are only good ―in the chimney as smoke.‖

If these acts of hate don‘t hit you in the gut, I don‘t know what will.If this isn‘t a call to action, I don‘t know what is.We need to be forceful about what is right and what is wrong.But we also need to work to recognize our common humanity in others, and to start the conversations that will help others recognize ours.That‘s why the Obama Administration has launched the Atrocities Prevention Board.That‘s why we‘re working hand in glove with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum‘s Center for the Prevention of Genocide so that we can detect and highlight this global scourge.And that‘s why, last year, Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Ira Forman and President Obama‘s Special Envoy to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation Rashad Hussain joined an historic interfaith visit to the concentration camps at Dachau and Auschwitz-Birkenau.The United States is committed to having the difficult conversations across cultures and religions that can actually change people‘s opinions.Pope Francis calls it ―the dialogue of life,‖ and we reaffirm today that there are indeed millions of lives that depend on it.We—each of us—have a responsibility to stand up and affirm human dignity.In an interconnected world, anti-Semitism that goes unanswered anywhere is a threat to people everywhere.That is a collective challenge we all face in the 21st century.記住歷史，保衛(wèi)未來

約翰·克里

1945年4月12日，美軍軍士長（Master Sergeant）馬文·約瑟夫斯（Marvin Josephs）與隨軍牧師赫歇爾·沙克特（Herschel Schachter）拉比走進(jìn)布痕瓦爾德（Buchenwald）時(shí)說：“太可怕了。令人難以置信。”

歷經(jīng)數(shù)十載后，約瑟夫斯依然清楚地記得從沙克特拉比的擴(kuò)音器中傳出的“你們自由了”這句余音不絕的話語。他記得當(dāng)時(shí)看到的焚尸房以及那里的指揮官和他外號(hào)“布痕瓦爾德的野獸”（Beast of Buchenwald）的臭名昭著的妻子伊爾斯·科赫（Ilse Koch）的住房。他記得最清楚的則是那些幸存者——瘦骨嶙峋、備受折磨——聽到拉比的喊話后走上前來。

解放囚犯的場面極如此震撼人心，使得德懷特·艾森豪威爾（Dwight D.Eisenhower）將軍命令美軍第4裝甲師（4th Armored Division）的每一個(gè)人在布痕瓦爾德集中營里走一遭。約瑟夫斯立刻領(lǐng)會(huì)了他的用意：“他不想讓人們有朝一日否認(rèn)所發(fā)生的一切?！?/p>

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)（World War Two）結(jié)束近70年后，在全世界一同經(jīng)歷了大屠殺的恐怖的70年之后，反猶太主義（anti-Semitism）依然是一項(xiàng)全球性威脅。僅僅緬懷在整個(gè)世界歷史上最黑暗的一個(gè)時(shí)期中喪生的數(shù)百萬無辜生命是不夠的。我們必須重申我們的誓言——永遠(yuǎn)不忘偏執(zhí)和不寬容所造成的邪惡，并將這個(gè)承諾化為行動(dòng)。

我們美國的很多人與這段慘痛的歷史——以及當(dāng)前的行動(dòng)路線——有著個(gè)人和家庭的聯(lián)系。出于對我們家族家譜的興趣，我的兄弟數(shù)月前剛?cè)ミ^捷克共和國，更多地了解了直到上個(gè)10年我們還從未聽說過的祖先的歷史，一位名叫奧托（Otto）的叔伯祖父和他的姐妹詹妮（Jenni）死于大屠殺的故事。

我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記在我作為國務(wù)卿首次出訪柏林（Berlin）時(shí)與一批年輕德國人的會(huì)面。他們告訴我一些我從未聽說過的有關(guān)該城市的事情，而我是在二次大戰(zhàn)后在那里長大的。他們在整個(gè)城市放置了“絆腳石”，以標(biāo)出猶太人和大屠殺的其他受害者當(dāng)街被殺害的位置。每天，過路的人都會(huì)記住發(fā)生過什么——同樣重要的是——他們永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記或否認(rèn)發(fā)生過的事。

國際大屠殺紀(jì)念日（International Holocaust Remembrance Day）敦促我們譴責(zé)各種形式的反猶太主義——不論是歐洲的仇外和反猶太黨派令人不安的抬頭，還是世界任何地方針對猶太人的暴力的升級(jí)。

歐盟（EU）基本權(quán)利局（Agency for Fundamental Rights）發(fā)布的《2013年反猶太主義報(bào)告》（2013 Report on Anti-Semitism）突顯了種種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。接受調(diào)查的人中有三分之一在過去五年中經(jīng)歷過某種形式的反猶太人的騷擾，單在過去一年里就有26%的人遭受過言語攻擊或騷擾——僅僅因?yàn)樗麄兪仟q太人。

此外，4%的人報(bào)告遭到人身暴力，23%的人表示由于感到不安全，他們避免參加猶太人的活動(dòng)或去相關(guān)的地點(diǎn)。

當(dāng)然，這些數(shù)字只是冰山一角。

在意大利，警方正在追查上周把豬頭送至位于羅馬的猶太會(huì)堂（Grand Synagogue）、以色列大使館（Israeli Embassy）以及舉辦大屠殺展覽的一家博物館的罪犯。

在羅馬尼亞，一家政府擁有的電視臺(tái)播放了一首極度反猶太人的圣誕歌曲，歌曲唱道，猶太人只配當(dāng)“煙囪中的煙”。

如果這些仇恨行為不令人痛心疾首的話，我不知道還有什么會(huì)。如果這不能促使我們采取行動(dòng)，我不知道還有什么能。

我們必須更堅(jiān)決地闡明是非。但我們也必須努力認(rèn)識(shí)到他人與我們的共同人性，并開啟幫助他人認(rèn)識(shí)到我們擁有的共同人性的對話。

正因?yàn)槿绱?，歐巴馬政府（Obama Administration）發(fā)起了防止暴行委員會(huì)（Atrocities Prevention Board）。正因?yàn)槿绱?，我們正在與美國大屠殺遇難者紀(jì)念館（United States Holocaust Memorial Museum）防止種族滅絕中心（Center for the Prevention of Genocide）密切合作，以便能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)并曝光這一全球性禍患。

也正因?yàn)槿绱?，去年，監(jiān)控及打擊反猶太主義活動(dòng)特使（Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism）艾拉·福曼（Ira Forman）與歐巴馬總統(tǒng)派駐伊斯蘭合作組織的特使（Special Envoy to the Organization of Islamic Cooperation）拉沙德·侯賽因（Rashad Hussain）參加了不同宗教團(tuán)體一同對達(dá)豪（Dachau）和奧斯威辛-比克瑙（Auschwitz-Birkenau）集中營進(jìn)行的具有歷史意義的跨宗教訪問。

美國致力于進(jìn)行能真正改變?nèi)藗冇^念的跨文化和跨宗教的艱難對話。教皇弗朗西斯（Pope Francis）將其稱為“生命對話”（dialogue of life）。我們今天重申，確實(shí)有數(shù)百萬的生命有賴于此。

我們——我們中的每一個(gè)人——都有責(zé)任堅(jiān)決重申人類的尊嚴(yán)。在一個(gè)互連互通的世界上，反猶太主義若在任何一個(gè)地方肆虐，便會(huì)對所有地方的人民構(gòu)成威脅。這是我們在21世紀(jì)共同面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。

Secretary-General’s Message on International Day of Commemoration in Memory of the

Victims of the Holocaust January 2013

Every year on the anniversary of the liberation of the Auschwitz concentration camp, we commemorate the victims of the Holocaust.We recall the suffering of millions of innocent people, and highlight the perils of anti-Semitism and hatred of any kind.This year we focus on journeys through the Holocaust – and I recall a recent journey of my own.Last November, I walked through the infamous ―arbeit macht frei‖ gate at Auschwitz-Birkenau.I will never forget my visit.I saw the horrific remnants of the machinery of genocide, as well as moving images of European Jewish life in the 1930s--weddings, family meals, rituals, other scenes of simple daily life--all extinguished through systematic murder unique in human history.I saw the barracks where Jews, Roma, Sinti, homosexuals, dissidents, prisoners of war and persons with disabilities spent their final days in the most brutal conditions.The United Nations was founded to prevent any such horror from happening again.Yet tragedies from Cambodia to Rwanda to Srebrenica show that the poison of genocide still flows.We must be ever vigilant against bigotry, extremist ideologies, communal tensions and discrimination against minorities.And we must teach our children well.The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme has developed effective educational materials and strong partnerships that help convey these lessons to students around the world.Standing near the crematorium at Auschwitz, I felt deeply saddened by all that had happened within.But I was also inspired by all those who liberated the death camps for all humanity.Let us join forces today on a shared journey to a world of equality and dignity for all.緬懷大屠殺受難者國際紀(jì)念日致辭

2014年1月27日

每年在解放奧斯威辛集中營的紀(jì)念日，我們都緬懷大屠殺受難者。我們回顧千百萬無辜人的痛苦，并強(qiáng)調(diào)反猶太主義和任何仇恨的危險(xiǎn)。

今年，我們側(cè)重于了解大屠殺的旅行，我要回顧最近的一次旅行。

去年11月，我走過了在奧斯威辛-比克瑙的臭名昭著的“勞動(dòng)獲得自由”之門。我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記這次訪問。

我目睹了滅絕種族機(jī)制遺留的可怕后果，以及歐洲猶太人在1930年代生活的感人影像——婚禮、家庭聚餐、儀式和其他簡單的日常生活場景——所有這些均被人類歷史上罕見的有計(jì)劃屠殺所摧毀。

我看到了猶太人、羅姆人、辛提人、同性戀者、持不同政見者、戰(zhàn)俘和殘疾人在最殘酷的條件下度過最后日子的營房。

聯(lián)合國的成立是為了防止任何此類恐怖事件再次發(fā)生。然而，從柬埔寨到盧旺達(dá)再到斯雷布雷尼察的悲劇表明，種族滅絕的毒害仍在泛濫。

我們必須始終警惕，防止偏見、極端主義的意識(shí)形態(tài)、族裔間緊張關(guān)系和對少數(shù)群體的歧視。我們必須給予后代良好教育。大屠殺和聯(lián)合國外聯(lián)方案已編制有效的教材，并建立了強(qiáng)有力的伙伴關(guān)系，協(xié)助將這些經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)傳播給世界各地的學(xué)生。

站在奧斯威辛火葬場附近，我對于該火葬場發(fā)生過的一切感到萬分悲痛。但我也被所有那些為全人類解放死亡營的人感到鼓舞。讓我們從現(xiàn)在起攜手努力，共同開啟通往一個(gè)人人享有平等和尊嚴(yán)的世界的旅程。

Statement to Geneva Conference on Syria

Foreign Secretary William Hague January 2014

Thank you very much Secretary General.We meet today with the urgent task of implementing the Geneva communiqué agreed 18 months ago, as a roadmap to end the conflict in Syria.At that time, 15,000 people had been killed and there were 87,000 registered Syrian refugees in the region.These numbers seemed appallingly high at the time.But the failure to implement the Geneva communiqué has meant that at least 110,000 other innocent people have now died, and 2.3 million more people have had to flee as refugees – including a staggering one million children.These facts should be seared into our consciences.They are a devastating reminder of the human cost of this war, and they give overriding urgency to the task before us.For we can be absolutely certain that if this peace process fails, then thousands more innocent Syrians will pay the price.I urge both Syrian delegations to approach these negotiations in that spirit—recognising that the entire future of Syria is at stake.And the Syrian government bears a particular responsibility for this crisis and can do the most to end it.I call on them to commit themselves to the aim of a mutually agreed settlement;and to stop actions on the ground which undermine the negotiations.At a time of relentless attacks on their homes and their families, the National Coalition have agreed to participate in this Conference, which was not an easy decision for President al-Jarba and the National Coalition leadership and I commend them for taking this step and for endorsing today the Geneva Communiqué as their basis of our work.They have our full support in doing that.And we should be absolutely clear that the Syrian conflict did not begin with terrorism.This began with ordinary people calling for greater political and economic freedom, who were met with brute force and oppression rather than the offer of peaceful change.And there must be accountability for the appalling crimes committed in this conflict, including those reported by distinguished jurists this week.And it was because of that repression that those protests escalated into a mass uprising and civil war, and it is this instability that has created a foothold for extremists.But they are in a tiny minority compared to the millions of Syrians who have taken no part in this conflict and who want and deserve lives of dignity, and safety, and freedom.The only way to end the bloodshed and to deal with extremist threats, is to reach an inclusive political settlement that takes into account the needs and aspirations of all Syria‘s communities with a Syrian-led political process, leading to a transition enabling the Syrian people independently and democratically to determine their future.All of us who have endorsed the Geneva Communiqué know what the goal is: a transitional governing body in Syria with full executive powers, formed by mutual consent, which means no one included without the agreement of the others, including a President who has destroyed his own legitimacy.And we know what the steps are that are needed to reach that goal, including a firm timetable for a Syria-led transition for a future for Syria that is genuinely democratic and pluralistic;and ceasefire agreements enabling immediate and full humanitarian access.We have provided ￡500 million pounds in aid as the United Kingdom and pledged ￡100m more but aid must be able to reach the people who need it most.The deliberate obstruction of humanitarian aid is utterly unacceptable and a flagrant disregard of the UN Security Council presidential statement of last October.The UN estimates that 2.5 million people inside Syria are currently receiving no or extremely limited assistance, including 250,000 people trapped in besieged or hard-to-access areas.Urgent efforts are required to improvement this situation.The transition in Syria should also include full participation for women, as set out in the Geneva communiqué.As the United Kingdom we would have liked to see a formal role for Syrian women‘s groups and civil society at this meeting.But I welcome the Secretary General‘s and Mr Brahimi‘s strong support for the inclusion of women in both delegations.There can be no lasting settlement in Syria that does not involve Syria‘s women at every stage of the process and as the UK we will work to achieve their full participation in this process.These talks are only the start of a process, so will require commitment and courage, but I urge both sides to remain at the negotiating table.And to them I say, this is your opportunity to put an end to the devastation of your country.Now is the time to choose to save a generation of Syrian children from violence and trauma;to end the sieges being laid to ancient towns and cities;to begin to repair the rich fabric of Syrian society;and to spare millions of refugees the prospect of years of exile, homelessness and deprivation.We have no illusions about how difficult and challenging this process is likely to be but we should all do everything possible to help the people of Syria achieve peace.在日內(nèi)瓦會(huì)議上就敘利亞問題的講話

外交大臣威廉?黑格

2014年1月12日

非常感謝秘書長。

今天，我們開會(huì)討論一項(xiàng)緊迫的任務(wù)，即實(shí)施18個(gè)月前達(dá)成一致的《日內(nèi)瓦公報(bào)》，該公報(bào)是結(jié)束敘利亞沖突的路線圖。

當(dāng)時(shí)，敘利亞已有1.5萬人被殺害，而該地區(qū)登記在案的敘利亞難民有8.7萬人，這些數(shù)字在當(dāng)時(shí)看起來已經(jīng)高得驚人。

但未能實(shí)施《日內(nèi)瓦公報(bào)》則意味著現(xiàn)在另有至少11萬無辜平民已經(jīng)死亡，另有230萬人被迫逃離該國成為難民，其中兒童難民的數(shù)量達(dá)到驚人的100萬。

這些事實(shí)在拷問著我們的良心，有力地提醒我們這場戰(zhàn)爭所造成的人類的生命損失，并且使擺在我們面前的這一任務(wù)具有壓倒一切的緊迫性。

我們絕對可以肯定，如果這一和平進(jìn)程失敗的話，還將有成千上萬無辜的敘利亞人成為戰(zhàn)爭的犧牲品。我敦促敘利亞雙方代表本著這樣的精神進(jìn)行談判，即雙方需要認(rèn)識(shí)到，敘利亞的整個(gè)未來正處于極其危險(xiǎn)之中。

而敘利亞政府則對本次危機(jī)負(fù)有特別重要的責(zé)任，并且可以盡一切所能結(jié)束危機(jī)。我呼吁雙方致力于達(dá)成彼此同意的解決辦法的目標(biāo)，并為此停止可能破壞談判的行動(dòng)。

當(dāng)其家園和家屬都在遭受無情攻擊的時(shí)候，全國聯(lián)盟就已經(jīng)同意參加本次會(huì)議，而這對于主席賈爾巴和全國聯(lián)盟的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層來說并不是輕易能夠做出的決定。他們能夠采取這一步驟并且現(xiàn)在贊同《日內(nèi)瓦公報(bào)》、將其作為他們參與我們這項(xiàng)工作的基礎(chǔ)，對此我表示贊賞，我們對他們的這種行為給予全力支持。

我們還應(yīng)絕對清楚這一點(diǎn)，即敘利亞沖突并不是開始于恐怖主義，而是開始于普通民眾，他們要求獲得更大的政治和經(jīng)濟(jì)自由，但沒有獲得和平變革，反而遭到了殘酷的打擊和壓迫。對于這場沖突中所發(fā)生的駭人聽聞的罪行，包括本周由重要的法學(xué)家所報(bào)告的那些罪行，都必須進(jìn)行問責(zé)。

正是因?yàn)殒?zhèn)壓，使得抗議活動(dòng)升級(jí)為一場大規(guī)模的起義和內(nèi)戰(zhàn)；而正是這種不穩(wěn)定成為了產(chǎn)生極端分子的土壤。但是相對于幾百萬敘利亞人來說，極端分子只是極少數(shù)，大多數(shù)敘利亞人并沒有參與這場沖突，他們希望的是過上有尊嚴(yán)、有安全、有自由的生活，這也是他們應(yīng)該享有的。

停止流血和應(yīng)對極端分子威脅的唯一途徑，是需要通過政治途徑進(jìn)行解決：一個(gè)由敘利亞人領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的政治進(jìn)程，包含敘利亞各方需求和愿景并使之實(shí)現(xiàn)，最終成功政治過渡，使敘利亞人能夠獨(dú)立地、民主地決定他們的未來。

我們所有人都贊同《日內(nèi)瓦公報(bào)》，我們知道該公報(bào)的目標(biāo)是，在敘利亞建立一個(gè)具有充分的行政權(quán)力、經(jīng)各方協(xié)商組成的過渡管理機(jī)構(gòu)。這意味著未經(jīng)其他方的同意，任何人將不會(huì)進(jìn)入該機(jī)構(gòu)，這也包括了一個(gè)破壞了自身合法性的總統(tǒng)。

我們知道要達(dá)到該目標(biāo)所要采取的步驟，包括為敘利亞主導(dǎo)的、向真正民主多元的未來的過渡制定一個(gè)明確的時(shí)間表，和能夠立即全面進(jìn)行人道主義援助的?；饏f(xié)議。英國已經(jīng)提供了5億英鎊的援助，并承諾再援助1億英鎊，但是援助必須能夠到達(dá)最需要援助的人民手中。對人道主義援助的蓄意阻撓是完全不可接受的，這種阻撓行為是對去年10月的聯(lián)合國安理會(huì)主席聲明的公然挑釁。據(jù)聯(lián)合國估計(jì)，敘利亞境內(nèi)目前有250萬人沒有得到任何援助或者所得到的援助極其有限，其中有25萬人處于包圍之中或者難以接近的區(qū)域?，F(xiàn)在急需采取行動(dòng)改善這種狀況。

根據(jù)《日內(nèi)瓦公報(bào)》的精神，敘利亞的過渡還應(yīng)包括婦女的全面參與。對于英國來說，我們本希望看到敘利亞婦女團(tuán)體和民間團(tuán)體能以正式的身份參與此次會(huì)議。不過我對會(huì)議秘書長和卜拉希米先生為將婦女納入雙方代表團(tuán)進(jìn)行強(qiáng)有力的支持表示歡迎。如果不能將敘利亞婦女納入每一個(gè)進(jìn)程階段，就不可能產(chǎn)生持久的解決辦法。對于英國，我們將在這一進(jìn)程中努力實(shí)現(xiàn)婦女的全面參與。

這些會(huì)談只是進(jìn)程的開始，需要人們有決心和勇氣來參與。但是我敦促雙方將談判進(jìn)行下去。我想對他們說，這是你們結(jié)束你們國家破敗局面的一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)?，F(xiàn)在是選擇拯救一代敘利亞兒童免于暴力和創(chuàng)傷的時(shí)候，是結(jié)束古老城鎮(zhèn)擺脫圍攻的時(shí)候，是開始修復(fù)敘利亞社會(huì)的各種組織結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，是使數(shù)百萬難民不再繼續(xù)背井離鄉(xiāng)、無家可歸、極度貧困生活的時(shí)候。

我們對這一進(jìn)程的困難程度和挑戰(zhàn)性非常清楚。但是我們應(yīng)該盡一切可能幫助敘利亞人民實(shí)現(xiàn)和平。

New Development in China, New Opportunities for the World

--Speech by Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2014 January 2014, Davos, Switzerland

Dr.Joseph Nye, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends，Good afternoon.It gives me great pleasure to discuss with you what China‘s development means to the world.China has always been the focus of attention at the World Economic Forum(WEF), and more so this year with China unveiling a new round of comprehensive reform 35 years after the launch of its reform program.This will not only herald a new era for China‘s development but also have extensive and positive impacts on the world.The day before yesterday, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang sent a special message to this year‘s WEF annual meeting which you can find on the WEF website.It gives a comprehensive and authoritative explanation of the current state, reform and prospect of the Chinese economy.In his message, Premier Li pointed out that the sustained and sound development of the Chinese economy would offer new opportunities and inject new impetus to development of the world.China‘s new round of reform will take place in political, economic, cultural, social and ecological dimensions.More than 300 major reform measures have been announced, covering over 60 fields under 15 categories.The reform is unprecedented in terms of its scope, depth and difficulty.I guess the questions you want to ask the most are: Will this round of reform be a great success just like the previous one? What will the reform bring to the world?

Here, I want to tell you in clear terms that China has every confidence in the success of its reform.Our confidence comes from the fine tradition of constant self-improvement and the splendid civilization of the Chinese nation over 5,000 years.The Chinese nation has gone through many hardships and sufferings, but it has always emerged stronger.An important reason is that our nation has the fortitude to reform and improve itself.The Chinese people, at all times, have the courage, will and ability to carry out reform.Our confidence comes from the right path China has chosen.In the past 65 years since the founding of the People‘s Republic of China, we have explored tirelessly and eventually found a development path that is suited to China‘s conditions and supported by the entire Chinese nation.It is a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.Our practice has proven and will continue to prove that as long as we remain steadfastly committed to this path, China will remain dynamic and acquire the driving force for development.Our confidence comes from the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC).The fact that the CPC is a ruling party with 86 million members represents our unique strength and most important resource.As long as the 86 million party members work in unison, they will generate an unrivalled force of positive energy that will enable us to surmount whatever difficulties and challenges in the reform process.Our confidence comes from the solid foundation China has laid and the rich experience it has gained.Since the start of reform and opening-up, China has progressed from poverty to prosperity.We used to ―cross the river by feeling our way from one stone to another‖.Today, we have the support of a comprehensive system of theories and policies.We know very well where our problems exist, and more importantly, we know how to have them resolved.Our confidence comes from China‘s huge development space and potential.China is a big country with 1.3 billion people and an area of 9.6 million square kilometers.It thus has broad space for development whose great potential is yet to be tapped.At present, the gaps between urban and rural areas and between the central and western and the eastern regions in China remain wide.This is a major challenge China faces, but more importantly, it also spells hope for China‘s future development.As reform deepens in China, waves of enormous demand will be unleashed, propelling China‘s strong momentum of economic growth.Our confidence comes from China‘s win-win strategy of opening-up.The most successful experience of China‘s reform is that it is always carried out in parallel with China‘s opening-up.Through reform, we have increased China‘s openness, which, in turn, has promoted China‘s reform.Our reform will bring more benefits to the world, as China continues to draw impetus to its reform from the world.Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Friends，China, a major country with a population of 1.3 billion, is moving fast toward modernization.This is an extraordinary historic process unfolding before our eyes and the greatest contribution of the Chinese nation to human progress.We are not just responsible for our own country and people, but also ready to honor our due obligations to the world.The new round of reform in China serves both the interests of the Chinese people and the need of countries of the world.We will speed up the shift of the growth model, intensify efforts to upgrade and improve the quality and efficiency of growth, get beyond the ―middle income trap‖ and achieve sustainable development.An increasingly prosperous China that is committed to deepening reform means the following to the world:

--China will provide the world‘s development with more ―Chinese opportunities‖.First, market opportunities.Despite the lack of effective global demand, the potential of the Chinese market is still growing.Last year, the Chinese people bought 21 million cars, more than a quarter of global car sales.China‘s annual imports are approaching US$2 trillion.And China is expected to import over US$10 trillion of goods in the next five years.Second, investment opportunities.Despite financial constraints facing the real economy in the world, Chinese businesses are becoming a major source of international investment and financing.Last year, China‘s non-financial outbound direct investment topped US$90 billion.In its new round of reform, China will encourage businesses and individuals to invest abroad and enter a new stage of overseas investment.Third, growth opportunities.Despite the sluggish world economy, the Chinese economy, with a size of over US$9 trillion, remained one of the fastest-growing economies among the G20 last year with a growth rate of 7.7%.Moreover, the growth was achieved in the course of accelerated structural adjustment and therefore it was growth in real terms.Estimates show that as long as China continues to grow at 7%, it will contribute to the growth of the world economy by one percentage point more each year.This is certainly great news to the world economy, given that the new round of reform will maintain China‘s mid-to-high growth rate for a fairly long time to come.Fourth, cooperation opportunities.Against the backdrop of tortuous global governance reform, the new round of reform in China will serve to safeguard the open world economy and the free trade regime.It will facilitate the healthy development of economic globalization and economic policy coordination among different countries.--China will contribute more of the ―Chinese power‖ to world peace.First, China will remain committed to the path of peaceful development, and will encourage other countries to jointly uphold peaceful development.Peaceful development is the only choice we can make in an era of globalization, and it represents the direction of development and progress of mankind.Second, China will undertake more international obligations.China will seek and uphold justice and equality in international and regional affairs, and play an even more active and productive role in resolving hotspot issues.China will develop itself through upholding world peace and will promote world peace through its own development.Third, China will continue to handle disagreements and differences through equal-footed consultations.Under the prerequisite that the nation's fundamental interests are safeguarded, we are ready to show our utmost sincerity and patience and remain committed to resolving differences through dialogue.Fourth, China will work with other countries to safeguard human conscience and international justice.Past aggressors must never be allowed to reverse the history of aggression;past powers must never be allowed to once again embark on the evil path of expansion;and fascist or militarist ideas must never be allowed to revive, not in whatever form.Distinguished Guests, Dear Friends，Last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping outlined the vision of the Chinese dream, which is to achieve the great renewal of the Chinese nation.The new round of reform launched in China serves just as the right path that will lead us to this goal.The steady process of attaining the Chinese dream will not only benefit China;it will benefit the world at large.As President Xi Jinping pointed out, the Chinese dream of national renewal is about the pursuit of happiness by every Chinese, and it has much in common with the dream of the people in other countries.China is an important member of the international community.While striving to realize its own dream, China will work with other countries in the world and make its due contribution to the development and progress of mankind.Thank you.中國新發(fā)展世界新機(jī)遇

——王毅外長在世經(jīng)論壇2014年年會(huì)上的演講

2014年1月24日，瑞士達(dá)沃斯

尊敬的約瑟夫奈博士，女士們，先生們，朋友們，大家下午好，很高興與大家共同探討中國發(fā)展對世界的意義。

中國歷來是世界經(jīng)濟(jì)論壇關(guān)注的熱點(diǎn)。今年更不例外。因?yàn)闀r(shí)隔35年之后，中國吹響了新一輪全方位改革的號(hào)角。這不僅預(yù)示著中國的發(fā)展將進(jìn)入一個(gè)新的時(shí)代，也將對整個(gè)世界產(chǎn)生廣泛和積極的影響。

前天，中國國務(wù)院總理李克強(qiáng)先生專門在本屆論壇官網(wǎng)上發(fā)表了文章，對中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)狀、改革和前景做了全面和權(quán)威的介紹。李總理在文中明確指出，中國經(jīng)濟(jì)的持續(xù)健康發(fā)展，將為世界發(fā)展帶來新機(jī)遇，增添新動(dòng)力。

中國新一輪的改革涵蓋政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)、生態(tài)文明五大方向，涉及15個(gè)方面、60多個(gè)領(lǐng)域，共形成300多項(xiàng)重要舉措。改革的范圍之廣、程度之深、難度之大可謂前所未有。大家可能最想知道的是，這一輪改革能否再獲成功，續(xù)寫輝煌？改革將給世界帶來什么？我愿明確告訴大家，我們對于中國改革的成功充滿自信。

——自信來自于中華民族5000年自強(qiáng)不息的優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)和博大精深的文明底蘊(yùn)。中華民族曾歷經(jīng)無數(shù)危難，面對各種考驗(yàn)，卻始終百折不撓，生生不息，一個(gè)重要的原因就是我們這個(gè)民族勇于自我革新，敢于自我超越。中國人在任何時(shí)候都不怕改革，樂于改革，善于改革。

——自信來自于中國業(yè)已選擇的正確道路。新中國成立65年來，我們經(jīng)過上下求索，找到了一條完全符合中國國情并且得到全體人民擁護(hù)的發(fā)展道路，這就是中國特色社會(huì)主義道路。實(shí)踐已經(jīng)并將繼續(xù)證明，只要堅(jiān)持這一方向，不偏離這條道路，中國就能保持發(fā)展活力，獲得發(fā)展動(dòng)力。

——自信來自于中國共產(chǎn)黨的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)有力領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。作為執(zhí)政黨，中國共產(chǎn)黨擁有8600萬黨員。這是中國發(fā)展最獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢和最重要的資源。只要8600萬黨員團(tuán)結(jié)一心，就能迸發(fā)出無與倫比的強(qiáng)大正能量，就能在改革進(jìn)程中無堅(jiān)不摧，無難不克。

——自信來自于中國業(yè)已打下的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)和積累的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)。改革開放以來，中國從貧窮走向富裕，從摸著石頭過河到形成系統(tǒng)理論支撐和完整政策體系。我們不僅清晰地把握了自身存在的各種問題，也完全具備了解決這些問題的能力。

——自信來自于中國巨大的發(fā)展空間與潛力。中國是一個(gè)擁有13億人口和960萬平方公里領(lǐng)土的大國，發(fā)展空間極為廣闊，發(fā)展?jié)摿h(yuǎn)未發(fā)掘。目前，中國的城鄉(xiāng)差距、中西部與東部差距還很大，這既是中國面臨的重大課題，更是未來發(fā)展的希望所在。隨著改革的深入，中國的巨大需求將波浪式持續(xù)釋放，長久地推動(dòng)中國經(jīng)濟(jì)保持強(qiáng)勁發(fā)展勢頭。

——自信來自于中國奉行的互利共贏開放戰(zhàn)略。中國改革最成功的一條經(jīng)驗(yàn)就是，改革與開放并行推進(jìn)，通過改革擴(kuò)大開放，又通過開放促進(jìn)改革。中國的改革成果將更多惠及世界，同時(shí)也會(huì)從世界不斷汲取改革的動(dòng)力。

各位來賓，各位朋友，13億人口的大國快速走向現(xiàn)代化，這是一幅多么波瀾壯闊的歷史畫卷，更是中華民族對人類文明進(jìn)步的最大貢獻(xiàn)，我們不僅要對自己的國家和民族負(fù)責(zé)，也愿對世界承擔(dān)應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。中國新一輪改革既符合中國人民的利益，也符合世界各國的需求。我們將加快轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方式，強(qiáng)化提質(zhì)增效升級(jí)，跨越中等收入陷阱，實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展。而一個(gè)深化改革、日益繁榮的中國對世界意味著：

——中國將為世界發(fā)展提供更多“中國機(jī)遇”。

一是市場機(jī)遇。在全球有效需求不足背景下，中國的市場吸納力卻在不斷擴(kuò)容。中國人去年一年就購買了2100萬輛汽車，超過全球汽車銷量的四分之一。中國的年進(jìn)口總額已接近2萬億美元，預(yù)計(jì)今后5年將進(jìn)口超過10萬億美元商品。

二是投資機(jī)遇。在實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)面臨融資難題背景下，中國企業(yè)成為國際投融資新的生力軍。去年中國非金融類對外直接投資已超過900億美元。新一輪改革將鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)和個(gè)人對外投資，推動(dòng)中國對外投資邁入新階段。

三是增長機(jī)遇。在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)增速低迷背景下，中國作為一個(gè)規(guī)模超過9萬億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)體去年仍實(shí)現(xiàn)了7.7%的快速增長，在G20國家中繼續(xù)名列前茅。而且這一增長是在加快調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)程中實(shí)現(xiàn)的，是實(shí)實(shí)在在、真金白銀的增長。據(jù)推算，只要中國保持7%的增長率，就將拉動(dòng)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。新一輪改革將使中國保持較長時(shí)間的中高速增長，這對世界經(jīng)濟(jì)無疑是重大利好。

四是合作機(jī)遇。在全球治理改革舉步維艱背景下，中國新一輪改革將維護(hù)開放型世界經(jīng)濟(jì)和自由貿(mào)易體制，有利于經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的健康發(fā)展，有助于各國經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的相互協(xié)調(diào)。

——中國將為世界和平貢獻(xiàn)更多“中國力量”。

首先，中國將堅(jiān)持走和平發(fā)展道路，同時(shí)也將推動(dòng)各國共同堅(jiān)持和平發(fā)展，這既是全球化背景下的唯一選擇，也是人類發(fā)展進(jìn)步的必然方向。

第二，中國將積極承擔(dān)更多國際責(zé)任，在世界和地區(qū)事務(wù)中主持公道，伸張正義，踐行平等，更加積極有為地參與熱點(diǎn)問題的解決，通過維護(hù)和平來發(fā)展自己，同時(shí)又以自身發(fā)展促進(jìn)世界和平。

第三，中國將繼續(xù)通過平等協(xié)商處理矛盾和分歧。我們愿在維護(hù)國家根本利益前提下，以最大誠意和耐心，堅(jiān)持對話解決分歧。

第四，中國將與世界各國共同維護(hù)人類良知與國際公理。決不允許過去的侵略者為侵略歷史翻案，決不允許昔日的強(qiáng)權(quán)再度走上對外擴(kuò)張邪路，也決不允許法西斯主義和軍國主義思想以任何形式死灰復(fù)燃。

各位來賓，各位朋友，去年，中國國家主席習(xí)近平提出了中華民族偉大復(fù)興“中國夢”的奮斗目標(biāo)，而中國的新一輪改革正是實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)的必由之路。中國夢的逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)，將惠及中國，也將惠及世界。正如習(xí)近平主席所指出的，民族復(fù)興的中國夢既是每一個(gè)中國人追求幸福的夢，也與世界人民的夢想息息相通。作為國際社會(huì)的重要成員，中國將在自己追夢、圓夢的奮斗過程中，與世界各國一道，共同為人類的發(fā)展與進(jìn)步做出應(yīng)有貢獻(xiàn)。

謝謝大家。

Report to the Executive Board at its 134th Session

Dr Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization

Geneva, Switzerland January 2014

Madam chairperson, distinguished members of the Executive Board, colleagues in the UN system and sister agencies, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen，I wish you all a happy and healthy 2014.I will be brief.This session of the Executive Board has 67 items on its agenda, with 17 resolutions.This is by far the highest number of items ever scheduled for a non-budget year.We will all need to use our time with discipline and efficiency.We have a crowded agenda and a crowded room, with a record-breaking number of registered participants.The heavy agenda for this session shows the diversity of your concerns and also some measure of confidence that WHO is the right agency to address those concerns.I interpret the large number of participants as an indication of the high level of interest in global health.Both are good, but outstrip the capacity of the Secretariat to prepare for this session and serve it well.And there are other, more serious problems.A lean, effective, and flexible WHO must be strategic and highly selective in the work it undertakes.I would rather see outstanding performance in a limited number of high-impact areas than a full menu approach that dilutes our energy and resources.This is an easy trap to fall into, and it is dangerous.If this happens, WHO will have a lot to say, but little to show, especially in terms of health outcomes in your countries.Keep in mind: one reason for the success of the Millennium Development Goals was their limited number.Keep in mind: the Twelfth General Programme of Work, which you approved last May, includes just six leadership priorities.Part of the problem stems from the simple fact that the determinants of health have become broader and much more complex in a world where not only countries, but also policy spheres are closely interconnected.We are all aware that some new challenges, especially those driven by the globalization of unhealthy lifestyles, can only be addressed through collaboration with multiple sectors, including some industries.But WHO and its Member States must resist the temptation to cover every issue in the vast domain of public health.Please help us stick to those high-impact areas where we can get and measure results.Doing so becomes all the more important as the international community transitions to the post-2015 era.The demands on WHO and ministries of health will only grow as noncommunicable diseases increase, populations age, cities become more crowded, and the climate changes.Public expectations for health care are rising and costs are soaring.Some new medicines and medical devices are unaffordable, even for the wealthiest countries in the world.Last year‘s G8 summit on dementia, organized by the United Kingdom, made it clear that some major and very costly health problems have virtually no effective interventions for their prevention, early detection, or cure.WHO will need to perform extremely well in order to steer countries through these challenges.Ladies and gentlemen，In recent years, the Health Assembly has approved a number of global strategies and action plans for addressing specific diseases or needs.This is good.All have clearly defined objectives, targets, and indicators, and this helps ensure that countries and their partners align activities in a tightly focused and coordinated way.As we all know, the large number of health initiatives and actors has led to fragmentation, duplication of efforts, high transaction costs, and heavy reporting and monitoring requirements for countries.All of these global strategies and plans set out highly ambitious goals.This is also good, as it helps maintain the momentum for better health.But it has a downside.Like the many partnerships and health initiatives, these strategies and plans impose a heavy burden on health system capacities and carry heavy expectations for monitoring and reporting.Last year, the Regional Committees discussed their capacity to implement the recently approved Global monitoring framework and targets for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases.In one region, not one single country was routinely producing the data needed to monitor some of the indicators.We should be ambitious with these strategies and plans, but also pragmatic and realistic.As we have learned since the start of this century, sustainable health improvements depend on a well-functioning health system.We must build the capacities of countries, not overburden them.I welcome the attention our governing bodies have given to the strengthening of health systems.Initiatives such as the International Health Partnership Plus are especially important as they help build capacity and self-reliance, which is the foundation for true country ownership.We have much work to do.According to our latest estimates, only 81 of our 194 Member States regularly submit useable death registration data.Of these 81 countries, only 34 submit data of high quality.The need for stronger systems for regulatory control and enforcement runs like a common thread through many of your documents, whether concerning antimicrobial resistance, the mandatory notification of diseases, or access to opioid analgesics for palliative care.For medicines, only around 20% of our Member States have a well-functioning regulatory authority, 50% have variable regulatory quality, and 30% have virtually no or only very limited capacity.Worldwide, an estimated 2.7 billion people live in countries with no safety net to cover health care costs.In such a situation, how can health work as a poverty-reduction strategy, especially as the costly burden of NCDs shifts to the developing world?

When I think about these statistics, I also think about people, the many millions of people being left behind in our highly unequal world.I thank Member States and partner agencies for their strong commitment to universal health coverage.In my view, this is one of the most positive and powerful trends in global health.Ladies and gentlemen，The world again faces simultaneous humanitarian crises.This time there are four: in the Syrian Arab Republic, the Philippines, the Central African Republic, and South Sudan.These crises are testing WHO‘s emergency performance in a highly visible way.Given the challenges, I believe we are doing well.Vigilance is our watchword as we continue to monitor sporadic cases of MERS coronavirus, and H7N9 and other avian influenza viruses, including North America‘s first case of H5N1 reported earlier this month.Nothing can be predicted with certainty, but on present evidence, none of these viruses shows a potential to spread widely or cause an explosive outbreak.Nonetheless, this situation reinforces the importance of building the core capacities of the International Health Regulations to detect cases, report, and respond.As I said, WHO must be strategic and highly selective in responding to these and many other challenges.This is one central purpose of WHO reform.Let me summarize a few achievements as the reform process continues to mature.Two financing dialogues have now been held with frank and open discussions.These discussions have included the identification of areas where resources can be used more efficiently and recommendations for some novel remedial actions that can help save money.A new web portal to support the programme budget offers open access to data on monies coming into the Organization, where those monies go, and what they are expected to deliver.The web portal was welcomed as a major contribution to transparency.Further financing reforms aim to strengthen coordinated resource mobilization at all levels of the Organization.Human resource reforms, including streamlined recruitment and selection processes, are being aligned with programmatic needs, staff needs for learning and development and, of course, fiscal realities.Ladies and gentlemen，Let me conclude by illustrating what I mean by outstanding performance in high-impact areas.To date, WHO has prequalified more than 400 medical products, including 62 last year.Thanks to these and other efforts, WHO estimates that 97% of the global vaccine supply is currently of assured quality.Worldwide, 65% of babies are immunized using WHO pre-qualified vaccines.Last year, the ―Lancet‖ published the largest study to date, coordinated by WHO, on severe complications and ―near misses‖ in pregnancy.The study concluded that having life-saving interventions available in health facilities will not reduce maternal mortality in the absence of overall improvements in the quality of maternal care and emergency services.This tells us clearly that we must focus more sharply on improving the quality of care.The WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist, which is now undergoing trials in more than 100 hospitals, can help move us in this direction.This is a simple checklist, but evidence to date suggests it can have a major impact on the quality of care for mothers and their babies.The accountability framework, developed to support the Every Woman, Every Child strategy, has given us a new model for results-driven structuring and monitoring of development work.The framework incorporates the safeguard of rigorous independent monitoring, another important innovation.As we are seeing, getting and using better information can set off a chain of events, with improved health outcomes as the end result.We have seen this most dramatically in Niger, one of the poorest countries in the world, where the availability of high-quality data was instrumental in reducing child mortality by a stunning 43%.In fact, I think we have enough evidence to conclude that any country, no matter how poor, can improve health if it really wants to.In December of last year, the WHO certification commission that oversees the eradication of guinea worm disease declared that four African countries are now free from this disease.Nigeria is one of them.When the eradication initiative was launched, Nigeria was the epicentre of this disease, with more than 650 000 cases reported each year.Going from that number to zero is a major achievement that must be praised.Those who follow the African media will know how much certification means to Nigeria and its President, who has expressed his commitment to do the same for polio.Nigeria‘s certification also has some lessons.Surveillance for cases and the investigation of rumours were done hand-in-hand with polio immunization teams.This is the kind of joined-up effort that makes the most effective use of our human and financial resources, which will always be limited, and has a dramatic and measurable impact.For polio eradication, India, which has not seen a case for three years, is another shining example.This achievement sets the stage to certify all of South-East Asia polio-free very soon.There are many more examples, but I promised to be brief.Thank you.在執(zhí)委會(huì)第134屆會(huì)議上的報(bào)告

世界衛(wèi)生組織總干事陳馮富珍博士

瑞士日內(nèi)瓦

2014年1月20日

主席女士、尊敬的執(zhí)行委員會(huì)委員們、聯(lián)合國系統(tǒng)和姊妹機(jī)構(gòu)的同仁、各位閣下、女士們、先生們：

首先祝各位2014年幸福健康。

我的講話會(huì)很簡短。本屆執(zhí)行委員會(huì)議程上有67個(gè)項(xiàng)目，其中涉及17項(xiàng)決議。這是非預(yù)算安排議程項(xiàng)目最多的一屆。我們大家都需要嚴(yán)格、高效地利用時(shí)間。

我們的日程很緊，會(huì)議室里人也很多，因?yàn)樽耘c會(huì)者的數(shù)量又創(chuàng)下了歷史記錄。本屆會(huì)議的緊張議程表明，各位關(guān)心的議題非常多樣化，而且你們也相信世衛(wèi)組織正是處理這些關(guān)切的機(jī)構(gòu)。我認(rèn)為，與會(huì)者數(shù)量眾多這一點(diǎn)也表明各國對全球衛(wèi)生非常感興趣。

這兩件事都是好事，不過確實(shí)也超出了秘書處籌備本屆會(huì)議并為其做好服務(wù)的能力。而且，還有其它更為嚴(yán)重的問題。

精簡、有效、靈活的世衛(wèi)組織必須具有戰(zhàn)略性，其所開展的工作必須具有高度選擇性。我更愿意看到我們在少數(shù)高影響領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)出眾，而不是面面俱到，使精力和資源無法集中。

這是個(gè)很容易落入的陷阱，而且非常危險(xiǎn)。如果發(fā)生這種情況，世衛(wèi)組織可能會(huì)說的太多而做的太少，特別是對各國的衛(wèi)生成果而言。

請記住：千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)取得成功的原因之一是目標(biāo)數(shù)量有限。請記住：各位去年五月批準(zhǔn)的第十二個(gè)工作總規(guī)劃只有六個(gè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)重點(diǎn)。

部分問題來源于這樣一個(gè)簡單事實(shí)：當(dāng)今世界，各國和各政策領(lǐng)域之間相互關(guān)聯(lián)密切，因而健康的決定因素也更為廣泛、更為復(fù)雜。

我們都知道，只有通過多部門合作包括與企業(yè)界合作才能應(yīng)對一些新挑戰(zhàn)，特別是那些不健康生活方式的全球化所帶來的挑戰(zhàn)。

但是，世衛(wèi)組織及其會(huì)員國必須抵制覆蓋公共衛(wèi)生廣泛領(lǐng)域內(nèi)每個(gè)問題的誘惑。請幫助我們堅(jiān)守我們可以取得并且衡量結(jié)果的高影響領(lǐng)域。隨著國際社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)向2015年以后的時(shí)代，這樣做越發(fā)重要。

隨著非傳染性疾病增加、人口老齡化、城市更為擁擠、氣候發(fā)生變化，對世衛(wèi)組織和各國衛(wèi)生部的需求只會(huì)越來越多。

公眾對于衛(wèi)生保健的期望值越來越高，而衛(wèi)生保健成本也在飆升。一些新藥和醫(yī)療器械價(jià)格讓人負(fù)擔(dān)不起，即使對于世界上最富裕的國家也是如此。

去年英國組織了有關(guān)癡呆癥問題的八國集團(tuán)峰會(huì)。會(huì)議清楚地表明，一些重大且費(fèi)用昂貴的健康問題最終并沒有有效的預(yù)防、早期發(fā)現(xiàn)或治愈措施。

要指導(dǎo)各國迎接這些挑戰(zhàn)，世衛(wèi)組織需要表現(xiàn)極為出色才行。

女士們、先生們，近年來，衛(wèi)生大會(huì)批準(zhǔn)了一些針對具體疾病或需求的全球戰(zhàn)略和行動(dòng)計(jì)劃。這很好。所有有關(guān)戰(zhàn)略和計(jì)劃都有明確的總體和具體目標(biāo)以及指標(biāo)，這有助于確保各國及其伙伴重點(diǎn)明確、相互協(xié)調(diào)地開展活動(dòng)。

眾所周知，大量衛(wèi)生行動(dòng)和行動(dòng)者的存在導(dǎo)致工作分散、重復(fù)，交易成本高以及各國面臨沉重的報(bào)告和監(jiān)測要求。

所有這些全球戰(zhàn)略和計(jì)劃都列出了雄心勃勃的目標(biāo)。這也是件好事，有助于為實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的衛(wèi)生保持住勢頭。但它也有不利的一面。

與眾多伙伴關(guān)系與衛(wèi)生行動(dòng)一樣，這些戰(zhàn)略和計(jì)劃給衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)的能力帶來沉重負(fù)擔(dān)，而且?guī)в斜O(jiān)測和報(bào)告的沉重期望。

去年，各區(qū)域委員會(huì)討論了其落實(shí)預(yù)防控制非傳染性疾病全球監(jiān)測框架和具體目標(biāo)的能力。在其中一個(gè)區(qū)域，沒有一個(gè)國家定期產(chǎn)生監(jiān)測有關(guān)指標(biāo)所需的數(shù)據(jù)。

我們需要有雄心的戰(zhàn)略和計(jì)劃，但同時(shí)也要?jiǎng)?wù)實(shí)和切合實(shí)際。自本世紀(jì)初以來，我們已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到，可持續(xù)的衛(wèi)生改進(jìn)取決于運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好的衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)。我們必須建設(shè)各國的能力，而不是給它們過重的負(fù)擔(dān)。

我歡迎理事機(jī)構(gòu)關(guān)注加強(qiáng)衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)問題。國際衛(wèi)生伙伴關(guān)系后續(xù)程序等倡議尤為重要，因?yàn)樗鼈冇兄谀芰ㄔO(shè)和自力更生，而那正是真正實(shí)現(xiàn)國家自主的基礎(chǔ)。

我們有許多工作要做。

根據(jù)最近的估算，194個(gè)會(huì)員國中只有81個(gè)國家定期提交可用的死亡登記數(shù)據(jù)。這81個(gè)國家中，只有34個(gè)國家提供的數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量較高。

不論是在抗菌素耐藥性、疾病法定通報(bào)還是為姑息治療獲得阿片類鎮(zhèn)痛藥領(lǐng)域，你們的許多文件都提到有必要建立更強(qiáng)大的監(jiān)管控制和執(zhí)法體系。

對于藥品而言，只有約20%的會(huì)員國建立了運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)良好的監(jiān)管當(dāng)局，50% 的會(huì)員國監(jiān)管質(zhì)量參差不齊，還有30%幾乎沒有或者只有非常有限的監(jiān)管能力。

全世界約有27億人生活在沒有社會(huì)安全網(wǎng)覆蓋衛(wèi)生保健費(fèi)用的國家。在這種情況下，特別是隨著非傳染性疾病的昂貴負(fù)擔(dān)向發(fā)展中國家轉(zhuǎn)移，衛(wèi)生怎么能發(fā)揮減貧的作用呢？

每當(dāng)我想起這些數(shù)據(jù)，我想到的是人，在我們這個(gè)高度不平等的世界上被拋在后面的人。我要感謝會(huì)員國和伙伴機(jī)構(gòu)致力于實(shí)現(xiàn)全民健康覆蓋。在我看來，這是全球衛(wèi)生領(lǐng)域最積極、最有力的趨勢之一。

女士們、先生們，全世界再次面對同時(shí)發(fā)生的人道主義危機(jī)。這回是發(fā)生在敘利亞阿拉伯共和國、菲律賓、中非共和國和南蘇丹的四場危機(jī)。這些危機(jī)在眾目睽睽之下考驗(yàn)著世衛(wèi)組織的突發(fā)事件處理能力?？紤]到挑戰(zhàn)巨大，我認(rèn)為我們表現(xiàn)不錯(cuò)。

我們繼續(xù)監(jiān)測中東呼吸綜合征冠狀病毒以及H7N9和其它禽流感病毒（包括本月早些時(shí)候北美報(bào)告的第一例H5N1病毒）。我們的口號(hào)是保持警戒。

雖然不能確定地預(yù)測任何事情，但根據(jù)現(xiàn)有證據(jù)，這些病毒均未表現(xiàn)出有能力廣泛傳播或引起爆炸性疫情。但是，這種情況更加表明建設(shè)《國際衛(wèi)生條例（2005）》規(guī)定的發(fā)現(xiàn)、報(bào)告和應(yīng)對病例的核心能力的重要性。

如我所言，世衛(wèi)組織在應(yīng)對這些和諸多其它挑戰(zhàn)時(shí)必須具有戰(zhàn)略性和高度選擇性。這是世衛(wèi)組織改革的中心目的之一。請?jiān)试S我總結(jié)一下改革進(jìn)程迄今所取得的一些成就。

已經(jīng)舉辦了兩次籌資對話會(huì)，并進(jìn)行了坦率、開放的討論。討論確定了資源可以更高效利用的領(lǐng)域，并就有助于節(jié)約資金的新補(bǔ)救措施提出了建議。

支持規(guī)劃預(yù)算的新網(wǎng)絡(luò)門戶公開提供相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，使人可以了解本組織收到的資金、資金去向和資金使用的預(yù)期結(jié)果。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)門戶被認(rèn)為對提高透明度大有裨益，因而受到歡迎。

進(jìn)一步籌資改革措施將加強(qiáng)本組織各層級(jí)相互協(xié)調(diào)的資金籌措工作。正采取措施使人力資源改革（包括簡化招聘和選拔過程）與規(guī)劃需求、職員學(xué)習(xí)和發(fā)展需求及財(cái)政現(xiàn)狀相一致。

女士們、先生們，最后，我想談一談什么是在高影響領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)出眾。

迄今，世衛(wèi)組織已經(jīng)對400余種醫(yī)療產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行了資格預(yù)審，包括去年的 62種產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)世衛(wèi)組織估計(jì)，這些努力和其它工作使全球疫苗供應(yīng)的 97%是質(zhì)量有保證的。全世界65%的嬰兒接種的是用經(jīng)世衛(wèi)組織資格預(yù)審的疫苗。

去年，《柳葉刀》雜志發(fā)表了由世衛(wèi)組織協(xié)調(diào)進(jìn)行的有關(guān)妊娠期嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥和“僥幸脫險(xiǎn)”情況的最大規(guī)模研究成果。該研究的結(jié)論是，如果不能從整體上提高孕產(chǎn)婦護(hù)理和急診服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，僅由醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生機(jī)構(gòu)提供挽救生命的干預(yù)措施本身并不能降低孕產(chǎn)婦死亡率。

這就清楚地告訴我們，我們必須專注于提高衛(wèi)生保健質(zhì)量?，F(xiàn)正在100余家醫(yī)院試用的世衛(wèi)組織《安全分娩核對表》將幫助我們在這方面取得進(jìn)步。這是一個(gè)簡單的核對表，但迄今所獲得的證據(jù)表明，它可以對母嬰護(hù)理質(zhì)量產(chǎn)生重大影響。

為支持“每個(gè)婦女，每個(gè)兒童”戰(zhàn)略建立的問責(zé)框架為我們提供了以結(jié)果為導(dǎo)向組織并監(jiān)督發(fā)展工作的新模式。該框架確保進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格的獨(dú)立監(jiān)督，這也是一個(gè)重要?jiǎng)?chuàng)新。

我們看到，獲得并利用更好的信息可以觸發(fā)一系列事件，最終使衛(wèi)生結(jié)果得到改善。這一點(diǎn)在尼日爾表現(xiàn)得最為突出。作為世界上最窮的國家之一，獲得高質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)對于該國將兒童死亡率令人吃驚地降低43%發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。

事實(shí)上，我想我們有足夠證據(jù)表明，無論一個(gè)國家有多窮，只要它真正想改善衛(wèi)生，它就可以做到。

去年12月，世衛(wèi)組織監(jiān)督消滅麥地那龍線蟲病工作的認(rèn)證委員會(huì)又宣布四個(gè)非洲國家無麥地那龍線蟲病。尼日利亞是其中之一。

消滅工作剛開始時(shí)，尼日利亞是該病的重點(diǎn)地區(qū)，每年報(bào)告65萬余例麥地那龍線蟲病。從那個(gè)數(shù)字降到零是一項(xiàng)巨大成就，必須加以贊揚(yáng)。關(guān)注非洲消息的人會(huì)知道無麥地那龍線蟲病認(rèn)證對尼日利亞及其總統(tǒng)意味著什么。尼總統(tǒng)還承諾也消滅脊灰。

尼日利亞的認(rèn)證讓我們總結(jié)了經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。病例監(jiān)測和謠言調(diào)查是與脊灰免疫團(tuán)隊(duì)攜手進(jìn)行的。

正是這種攜手使我們能夠最有效地使用總是非常有限的人力和財(cái)政資源，并產(chǎn)生巨大的可衡量影響。

在消滅脊灰方面，印度也是我們的光輝榜樣。該國已三年未出現(xiàn)病例。這樣，整個(gè)東南亞區(qū)域?qū)⒑芸炜梢垣@得無脊灰認(rèn)證。

當(dāng)然還有許多其它例子，但我承諾發(fā)言要簡短。

謝謝大家。

第三篇：視譯練習(xí)開幕致辭

中國商務(wù)部長陳德銘在中英經(jīng)貿(mào)合作研討會(huì)致辭

尊敬的曼德爾森大臣，尊敬的傅瑩大使，各位企業(yè)家，女士們，先生們：

下午好！

今天，由中國機(jī)電產(chǎn)品進(jìn)出口商會(huì)和英中貿(mào)易協(xié)會(huì)組織的中英經(jīng)貿(mào)合作研討會(huì)在這里隆重開幕。在此，我謹(jǐn)代表中華人民共和國商務(wù)部表示衷心的祝賀！今天，中英兩國政府和工商界的人士聚集在這里，圍繞“新挑戰(zhàn)、新機(jī)遇”這一主題，深入探討應(yīng)對危機(jī)、共謀發(fā)展的重大舉措，具有十分重要的現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。在此，我預(yù)祝研討會(huì)取得成功！

毋庸置疑，這場國際金融危機(jī)，使世界經(jīng)濟(jì)陷入上世紀(jì)大蕭條以來最困難的境地。作為一個(gè)外向度較高的發(fā)展中國家，中國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，特別是對外貿(mào)易投資也受到了較大的沖擊。從2008年11月份開始，中國進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易連續(xù)三個(gè)月出現(xiàn)負(fù)增長，吸收外商直接投資出現(xiàn)了明顯下滑趨勢。我們也注意到，英國經(jīng)濟(jì)增長和就業(yè)也遭受了嚴(yán)重打擊。雙邊貿(mào)易也受到負(fù)面影響，今年1月，中英雙邊貿(mào)易額同比下降21.6%，下降幅度之大、速度之快是罕見的。

當(dāng)前，為應(yīng)對危機(jī)和挑戰(zhàn)，世界各國紛紛出臺(tái)了應(yīng)對措施，這對提振信心、緩解危機(jī)起到了重要作用。但在危機(jī)面前，僅僅依靠單個(gè)國家的努力遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn) 不夠，因?yàn)樵诮?jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢下，當(dāng)今的世界經(jīng)濟(jì)舞臺(tái)已經(jīng)形成了“你中有我，我中有你”的局面。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的歷史早已證明，在危機(jī)面前，封閉與保護(hù)沒有出路，開放與合作才是正途。此次我率領(lǐng)中國貿(mào)易投資促進(jìn)團(tuán)訪英，就是落實(shí)溫家寶總理本月初“信心之旅”的一次重要后續(xù)活動(dòng)，充分表明了中國政府在困難形勢下，以實(shí)際行動(dòng)反對貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義的態(tài)度與決心。

新挑戰(zhàn)中往往蘊(yùn)含著新的機(jī)遇。對于中英兩國來說，危機(jī)將促使我們延伸和拓寬互利合作的內(nèi)涵。目前，中國各級(jí)政府和部門，正在積極落實(shí)保持經(jīng) 濟(jì)穩(wěn)定增長的各項(xiàng)舉措。伴隨大規(guī)模民生工程、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和生態(tài)環(huán)境等領(lǐng)域的建設(shè)，包括英資企業(yè)在內(nèi)的數(shù)十萬家在華外資企業(yè)將分享這些新的商機(jī)。我在中國各地調(diào)研過程中，感受到許多中國企業(yè)特別是民營企業(yè)，對歐優(yōu)勢技術(shù)和裝備的采購具有濃厚的興趣。作為中國在歐盟中的第三大貿(mào)易伙伴和累計(jì)第一大對華投資國，中英兩國在生物、信息、環(huán)保、低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)、能源科技、新材料、醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生等領(lǐng)域，擁有巨大的合作潛力。中國還是世界服務(wù)貿(mào)易和高檔消費(fèi)品增長最快的市場。這意味著英國大量知名品牌產(chǎn)品以及金融、分銷、設(shè)計(jì)、咨詢等服務(wù)業(yè)企業(yè)，會(huì)有更多機(jī)會(huì)參與中國市場的競爭。當(dāng)然，也會(huì)有越來越多的中國企業(yè)具備與英國企業(yè)合作的實(shí)力。我們鼓勵(lì)中英雙方企業(yè)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)大交流和深化合作，共同分享寶貴的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。

盡管當(dāng)前我們遇到了嚴(yán)峻的挑戰(zhàn)，但以科技進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)要素全球配置為基礎(chǔ)的經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化趨勢不會(huì)逆轉(zhuǎn)，各國經(jīng)濟(jì)相互聯(lián)系和依賴的程度仍將繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)。英國是自由貿(mào)易思想的發(fā)源地，亞當(dāng)?斯密的理論影響了200多年來的國際貿(mào)易實(shí)踐。選擇在這里作為我們此次貿(mào)易投資促進(jìn)團(tuán)的最后一站，賦予了此次活動(dòng) 更加特殊的意義。我們一路走過來，無論是老朋友還是新伙伴，無論是簽訂合同或者僅僅是洽談意向，大家都進(jìn)行了坦誠而深入的溝通，取得了許多有形和無形的豐碩成果。更為重要的是，我們向外界傳遞了秉持開放心態(tài)、攜手合作、共渡難關(guān)的誠意和信心。我們堅(jiān)信，未來商機(jī)無限，春天終將來臨。

謝謝大家。

第四篇：視譯介紹

視譯（Sight Interpreting）|何為視譯?

視譯(sight interpreting)是指同傳譯員拿著講話人的發(fā)言稿，邊聽發(fā)言、邊看原稿、邊進(jìn)行同聲傳譯。視譯也被稱為“有稿同傳”(Simultaneous Interpreting with Text)

同聲傳譯中的視譯一般有以下幾種情況：(1)會(huì)議的組織者既提供發(fā)言的原稿同時(shí)也提供發(fā)言的譯語稿；(2)會(huì)議的組織者只提供發(fā)言的原稿；(3)會(huì)議的組織者提供發(fā)言人講稿的提綱或幻燈片。

視譯是同聲傳譯中經(jīng)常使用的一種翻譯方式，也是同聲傳譯訓(xùn)練不可逾越的一個(gè)階段，一般的同聲傳譯訓(xùn)練都是從注意力的分配訓(xùn)練(如影子跟讀聯(lián)系)到視譯然后再過渡到無稿同聲傳譯。

如何對視譯進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)備工作?

無論是以上哪一種情況，譯員都應(yīng)該在拿到相關(guān)材料后認(rèn)真按口譯的譯前準(zhǔn)備工作要求認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備。視譯中有源語與譯語稿件的情況非常少，即便在兩稿都有的情況下，也要認(rèn)真準(zhǔn)備，不能掉以輕心，因?yàn)榘l(fā)言人因?yàn)榘l(fā)言時(shí)間的限制或現(xiàn)場情況的變化，很可能在閱讀發(fā)言稿時(shí)跳過一些段落，或在報(bào)告中間增加一些內(nèi)容。還有的發(fā)言者可能會(huì)臨時(shí)更換了發(fā)言稿。為了應(yīng)付這些意外，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的譯員經(jīng)常使用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字簡單地將兩種稿子對應(yīng)落標(biāo)記清楚，在翻譯過程中可以清楚地識(shí)別發(fā)言的進(jìn)度。

通常會(huì)議提供的發(fā)言稿是單語的。在時(shí)間充裕的情況下，可以先把稿件中的難點(diǎn)(詞語、語句等)事先筆譯出來，把原稿做一定的語篇分析與分隔(Segmentation)，這樣在翻譯的時(shí)候就可以做到胸有成竹了。也可以在時(shí)間來不及或譯員對稿件的內(nèi)容較有把握的情況下，在稿子上做一些“標(biāo)識(shí)”(markers)，即用諸如箭頭、五角星、線條等各種筆記符號(hào)有重點(diǎn)地標(biāo)出源語發(fā)言人的思路及語篇標(biāo)識(shí)，把需要下工夫才能譯好的重要語段“標(biāo)”出來，把關(guān)鍵的詞語(如術(shù)語、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、職務(wù)頭銜等)先譯出來。如果時(shí)間允許的話還應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)譯一下一些難譯的句子和語段。

如果發(fā)言稿在會(huì)議開始前才送來，又是在短時(shí)間內(nèi)通過跳讀(skimming)與尋讀(scanning)都無法看完的長稿，譯員可以簡單看一下大意，重點(diǎn)看一下引言和結(jié)尾。如果碰巧有時(shí)問還可以把引言與結(jié)尾中出現(xiàn)的重要詞語翻譯一下。這是因?yàn)?，?zhǔn)備引言的內(nèi)容可以幫助譯員建立翻譯的語境，而準(zhǔn)備結(jié)尾中的內(nèi)容則可以幫助譯員了解發(fā)言中的重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。另外，譯好引言與結(jié)尾也容易給聽眾留下良好的印象，給譯員的工作帶來信任感和信心。

在原稿并無參考價(jià)值的情況下，可以忽略原稿，把精力集中在無稿同聲傳譯的技術(shù)工作中，利用口譯筆記等，進(jìn)行無稿同傳。

口譯的視譯準(zhǔn)備工作有時(shí)要在口譯箱中進(jìn)行，譯員可以事先準(zhǔn)備好詞典(或詞條較多的電子詞典)對那些較難同時(shí)有反映重要信息的詞語進(jìn)行一定程度的準(zhǔn)備。但一般由合作伙伴負(fù)責(zé)查找難詞、生詞，而且除了非查不可的詞匯，一般盡量不查詞典，以免分散注意力。

譯員在準(zhǔn)備過程中如果發(fā)現(xiàn)講稿實(shí)在難以理解、過于深?yuàn)W或冷僻的地方，在時(shí)間允許的情況下，最好能請教一下演講人或有相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)的人。在國際會(huì)議中，譯員對于遇到的特殊的觀念、思想、概念等，一定要虛心請教，不能望文生意。如何練習(xí)視譯

在練習(xí)時(shí)，第一步可以找一些有譯文的發(fā)言稿，邊聽發(fā)言錄音，邊做‘‘同聲傳讀”。逐漸過渡到脫離譯稿只看原文進(jìn)行口譯。視譯時(shí)可以用很短時(shí)間對原文通讀一次，了解發(fā)言的主要內(nèi)容并對語言、專業(yè)難點(diǎn)做“譯前準(zhǔn)備”。

視譯訓(xùn)練的要求則是邊看稿邊進(jìn)行口頭翻譯，要盡量做到意思準(zhǔn)確、用詞貼切。視譯其實(shí)是翻譯在日常工作中經(jīng)常會(huì)碰到的工作，因?yàn)橛泻芏鄨龊蠈Ψ降臅姘l(fā)言稿是在活動(dòng)開始前的最后一刻才遲遲出現(xiàn)的，翻譯根本沒有充裕的時(shí)間事先將其翻成中文，只能在對方念稿的同時(shí)匆匆地瀏覽一下文章的內(nèi)容。在視譯訓(xùn)練中最大的問題就是中外文句子結(jié)構(gòu)差異懸殊，用外文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)翻中文必然會(huì)顯得不倫不類，因此就必需在平時(shí)多加訓(xùn)練，掌握好視譯過程中中外文互換的問題。

第五篇：視譯訓(xùn)練材料

瑞士“火箭人”成功飛越美國大峽谷

Swiss 'JetMan' makes Grand Canyon flight A Swiss adventurer has finally made a “historic” jetpack-powered flight above the Grand Canyon, organizers claimed Tuesday, days after he canceled a bid saying he had not trained enough.Yves Rossy, dubbed “JetMan,” completed the eight-minute flight at the weekend, his support team said in a press release four days after Friday's failed attempt, which journalists had been invited to watch.Pictures and videos released by organizers showed him being dropped from a helicopter and then soaring above the world-famous landmark, his jet-pack wing strapped to his back, before deploying a parachute to land on the canyon floor.He flew at speeds of up to 190 mph(304 kilometers an hour), skimming the rockscape just 200 feet(65 meters)above the rim of the canyon, the statement said.“My first flight in the US is sure to be one of the most memorable experiences in my life, not only for the sheer beauty of the Grand Canyon but the honor to fly in sacred Native American lands,” Rossy was quoted as saying.“Thank you Mother Nature and the Hualapai Tribe for making my lifelong dreams come true,” he said according to the press release, referring to the Native American tribe over whose territory he made the flight.On Friday the 51-year-old--who has previously flown across the English Channel between Britain and France and over the Swiss Alps--invited media to a remote spot on the Grand Canyon's western end to watch his flight.But at the last minute he announced he had only just been given formal Federation Aviation Authority(FAA)approval to fly, and had therefore not had enough time to train.On Tuesday Rossy's organizers stressed that the FAA delay had prevented him from flying last Friday, adding that he had made the successful flight over the weekend, without announcing it to journalists who attended Friday's attempt.“It was his date with destiny, and ultimately the uniquely complex certification process could not prevent(Rossy)from making his historic flight through Grand Canyon West this past weekend.” 組織者本周二稱，瑞士探險(xiǎn)家伊夫?羅西身背噴氣動(dòng)力翼，成功飛越美國科羅拉多大峽谷。幾天前，羅西曾因熱身時(shí)間不夠，取消了原定飛行計(jì)劃。伊夫?羅西的支持團(tuán)隊(duì)發(fā)表聲明稱，綽號(hào)“火箭人”的伊夫?羅西上周末完成了這次歷時(shí)8分鐘的飛行。上周五，他未能完成首次試飛，當(dāng)時(shí)有媒體到場。據(jù)公布的圖片和視頻展示，伊夫?羅西身背噴氣動(dòng)力翼跳出直升機(jī)機(jī)艙，之后飛越世界著名的科羅拉多大峽谷，隨后打開降落傘降落到谷底。

聲明稱，伊夫?羅西的飛行最高時(shí)速為每小時(shí)190英里（合每小時(shí)304公里），飛行高度為峽谷上方200英尺（合65米）。

聲明援引羅西的話說：“我在美國的首次飛行將終身銘記，不僅是因?yàn)閸{谷的壯美，還是因?yàn)槲绎w過了印第安人的圣地?！?/p>

羅西在聲明中說：“感謝大自然和瓦拉派部落，使我一生的夢想成真。”羅西飛過的領(lǐng)土正屬于瓦拉派印第安部落。

在上周五，51歲的羅西邀請媒體前往大峽谷西端的一處較遠(yuǎn)的地點(diǎn)觀看飛行。羅西曾飛越英法之間的英吉利海峽，以及瑞士阿爾卑斯山。

但在最后關(guān)頭，他卻宣布自己剛剛接到美國聯(lián)邦航空管理局的批準(zhǔn)，沒有足夠的時(shí)間熱身。

本周二，羅西飛行活動(dòng)的組織者強(qiáng)調(diào)指出，上周五未能完成飛行是因?yàn)槊绹?lián)邦航空管理局沒有按時(shí)批準(zhǔn)，并補(bǔ)充稱羅西在周末成功完成了飛行，并未通知參加上周五試飛的記者。

他說：“這一天是他命中注定的。極其復(fù)雜的飛行證明程序最終沒能阻止羅西在上周末歷史性地飛越了大峽谷西緣?！?/p>

五月天空將現(xiàn)“六星連珠”奇觀

Six planets align in May but no doomsday is foreseen A planetary alignment is a rare spectacular event that has always been a topic of great interest and speculations.Some predict the end of the world, others see the start of a new golden era.This May the world will witness the alignment of six planets, with May 11 being the best out of all.Every morning in May the naked eye will be able to spot Mars, Jupiter, Venus and Mercury, and with a small telescope one can see Uranus and Neptune.30 minutes before sunrise, the morning sky will show all the planets aligned across the sun’s path, except Saturn.The planets line up was expected on December 21, 2012, that’s when fortune tellers predicted the end of the world and scientists awaited a spectacular show in the sky.However modern equipments and tools have showed that in 2012 no alignment will occur.Instead, a visible alignment will be seen throughout the entire month of May.For the past two months Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Uranus and Neptune were not visible because of their location behind the sun, but starting May all planets started to line up above the rising sun.The best morning for the largest and tightest conjunction of planets this century is May 11th.That's when the two brightest planets in our own solar system, Venus and Jupiter, will almost unite.Uranus and Neptune will be shining green but will need a good binocular to be seen.“The very closest grouping will come Tuesday, May 10, when Venus, Jupiter and Mercury will be in a very close-knit triangle, with Mars to the left and below the triangle.Then on Wednesday May, 11, Jupiter, Venus and Mercury will be in a very straight line”, said David L.DeBruyn.On May 13th, Mercury, Venus and Jupiter will form a “bright celestial triangle”, and on May 20th, a new triangle will form.The show will end on May 30th, when the moon will join the four planets, and five “heavenly lights” will be seen at once in the morning sky.Planetary conjunctions are rare events, therefore people who have the chance to enjoy the changing alignment of the planets every day in May, should not waste the chance.No worries, it doesn't mean that the world is ending.Interesting is how the doomsayers' predictions never seem to come true.行星連成一線這種罕見奇觀一直是人們關(guān)注和爭相猜測的焦點(diǎn)。有人認(rèn)為這預(yù)示著世界末日，有人則認(rèn)為這預(yù)示著一個(gè)新的黃金時(shí)代的到來。今年五月世界將目睹“六星連珠”的奇觀，5月11日是觀看這一景觀的最佳日期。

在五月期間，人們每天早晨都可以用肉眼看見火星、木星、金星和水星，用小型望遠(yuǎn)鏡還可以看見天王星和海王星。在日出30分鐘前，在清晨的天空可以看見各大行星排列在太陽路徑上（土星除外）。

曾有人預(yù)測行星連珠會(huì)在2012年12月21日出現(xiàn)，科學(xué)家們期待的這一天空奇景發(fā)生時(shí)也就是算命師所預(yù)言的世界末日到來之時(shí)。然而，現(xiàn)代儀器的觀測表明，在2012年不會(huì)發(fā)生行星連珠景觀。

但是，在今年整個(gè)五月期間都可以看見明顯的行星連珠景觀。在過去兩個(gè)月，人們都無法看見火星、木星、金星、水星、天王星和海王星，因?yàn)樗鼈兊奈恢谜幱谔柋趁?。但從五月開始各大行星將太陽升起位置的上方連成一線。本世紀(jì)行星之間最大最緊密的會(huì)合景觀的最佳觀測時(shí)機(jī)是在5月11日早晨。到那時(shí)我們太陽系最亮的兩顆行星——金星和木星將密切會(huì)合，天王星和海王星將發(fā)出綠光，不過需要一架好的雙筒望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能看到。

戴維?L?狄布恩說：“行星最緊密的會(huì)合將在5月10日（周二）發(fā)生，金星、木星和水星將形成一個(gè)緊密會(huì)合的三角，火星在左邊，位于三角下方。5月11日（周三）那天，木星、金星和水星將形成一條筆直的線?！?/p>

5月13日，水星、金星和木星將形成一個(gè)“閃亮天體三角”，之后在5月20日，還會(huì)形成一個(gè)新的三角。這一系列天體景觀將在5月30日結(jié)束，月亮將加入這四個(gè)行星，五大“天光”將一同在早晨的天空出現(xiàn)。

行星連珠是罕見的景觀，因此有機(jī)會(huì)欣賞五月每日行星排列變化的人千萬不要錯(cuò)過這一良機(jī)。不用擔(dān)心，行星連珠并不意味著世界末日。有趣的是，末日預(yù)言家們的預(yù)言似乎從來沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)過。

撞衫！英新王妃婚紗被指“抄襲”

Royal wedding: Europe cries 'copycat Kate' over wedding dress The Duchess of Cambridge’s wedding dress is certain to inspire a raft of imitations but in mainland Europe there have been claims that the gown was itself copied from another recent royal weddingThe Duchess’s Alexander McQueen dress, designed by Sarah Burton, bears a striking resemblance to the outfit worn by the actress Isabella Orsini when she married Belgian Prince Edouard de Ligne two years ago.Ms Orsini’s dress was designed by Gerald Watelet, the Belgian designer.Newspapers and magazines across Europe have dubbed the Duchess “copycat Kate” due to the similarity between her dress and that of Ms Orsini, who is the goddaughter of Silvio Berlusconi.Both dresses have a v-neck line with a lace bodice that was both long sleeved and high-necked.Both women are pretty slim brunettes who complemented their gowns with a tiara that held their veil in place.Ms Orsini, 36, told the Italian magazine Novella 2000: “As soon as the Duchess of Cambridge went out to go to church, I thought her dress was a copy of mine.It means Kate Middleton has good taste.”

The wedding of Prince Edouard and his bride was a far more low-key affair however with only a few hundred people turning out onto the streets to watch them.It is thought that up to 2 billion people watched the royal wedding when it took place last month on television and online.Both bridal gowns pay homage to an earlier dress worn by Grace Kelly on her wedding day to Prince Rainer of Monaco in 1956.Fevered speculation over the identity of Miss Middleton's dress designer finally ended with confirmation that Sarah Burton, creative director of Alexander McQueen, had won the coveted commission.The ivory satin dress had a nipped in waist, 9ft train and long-sleeved bodice of handmade lace by the Royal School of Needlework, based at Hampton Court Palace.The team of workers had to wash their hands every 30 minutes to keep the lace and threads pristine, and the needles were renewed every three hours to ensure they remained sharp and clean.The lace design incorporated rose, thistle, daffodil and shamrock — the emblems of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.French Chantilly lace, combined with English Cluny lace, was the only fabric from foreign shores.The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are currently on honeymoon in the Seychelles where they are staying on a private island.英國新王妃劍橋公爵夫人的婚紗勢必引發(fā)一陣模仿潮。但歐洲大陸的一些媒體指出這款婚紗本身就抄襲了最近另一場皇室婚禮的婚紗。

新王妃的這件亞歷山大?麥昆品牌婚紗由莎拉?伯頓設(shè)計(jì)，和女演員伊莎貝拉?奧爾西尼兩年前嫁給比利時(shí)王子愛德華?德?里涅時(shí)所穿的婚紗簡直如出一轍。奧爾西尼的婚紗由比利時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)師杰拉德?瓦特雷設(shè)計(jì)。

由于兩件嫁衣高度相似，歐洲各媒體紛紛給凱特取綽號(hào)為“模仿者凱特”。奧爾西尼是意大利總理西爾維奧?貝盧斯科尼的教女。兩件婚紗均采用V領(lǐng)鏤空上衣、長袖高領(lǐng)設(shè)計(jì)。

兩位新娘都很苗條、皮膚略黑，還都用王冠挽住了面紗。

36歲的奧爾西尼接受意大利雜志《Novella 2000》采訪時(shí)說：“劍橋公爵夫人去教堂前一亮相，我就覺得她的婚紗抄襲了我的。這說明凱特?米德爾頓很有品位?！?/p>

愛德華王子的婚禮低調(diào)得多，僅有幾百人沿街觀看。而據(jù)稱全球有多達(dá)20億人通過電視和網(wǎng)絡(luò)觀看了上月舉行的威廉王子大婚。

兩件婚紗都效仿了格蕾絲?凱利1956年嫁給摩納哥王子雷尼爾三世時(shí)所穿的婚紗。

米德爾頓的婚紗由亞歷山大?麥昆創(chuàng)意總監(jiān)莎拉?伯頓設(shè)計(jì)，這也終于平息了大家對婚紗設(shè)計(jì)師人選的激烈討論。這款乳白色的緞紋婚紗配有9英尺長的掐腰式拖裙，長袖上衣的蕾絲都是由漢普頓宮皇家刺繡學(xué)院的工作人員手工縫制。制作者每半小時(shí)就要洗一次手，以免弄臟蕾絲和針線，每3小時(shí)還要換一次針，以保證針的尖銳和清潔。

蕾絲圖案上有玫瑰、薊、水仙花和三葉草（英格蘭、蘇格蘭、威爾士和北愛爾蘭的象征）。和英國的克倫尼花邊交織在一起的法國尚蒂伊花邊是唯一的外國裝飾。

威廉和凱特目前正在塞舌爾的一座私人小島上度蜜月。

天價(jià)英國游讓英國本地游客望而卻步

Need a holiday? Welcome to rip-off Britain Britain is crammed with overpriced restaurants, plagued by expensive hotels and let down by overrated tourist attractions, according to the latest edition of the Lonely Planet Guide.In a warts and all review of the country as a holiday destination the well-known travel bible concludes it “has had its day” especially for cash-strapped natives.“If you're on a tight budget, there's no getting away from it--Britain ain't cheap,” said lead author David Else who dispatched contributors to every corner of the land in search of good deals, but found few.While some places are deemed to be “fantastic” finds and the country was still “one of the most fascinating places in the world to explore” many destinations simply didn't cut it.“Public transport, admission fees, restaurants and hotel rooms all tend to be expensive compared with their equivalents in many other European countries,” Else said.“Unfortunately at a time when everyone is in desperate need of a great value summer getaway some of Britain's tourism industry just doesn't deliver,” he added.The picture was particularly bleak for Britons hoping to forget the government's austerity-driven budget cuts, underlying inflationary pressures and a battered pound.The guide says some good value deals can be found if families do their homework, but many may, in the end, regret opting for a “staycation.” London was singled as being particularly over-priced when it came to dining out.“You're often better spending five pounds on a top-notch curry in Birmingham(central England)or a homemade steak-and-ale pie in a country pub in Devon(southwest England)than forking out 30 pounds in a restaurant for a 'modern European' concoction that tastes like it came from a can.” Overseas visitors, however, are undoubtedly the winners, flocking to the island in the last couple of years to take advantage of the weak pound.Must-sees included Canterbury in the southeast which “tops the charts” when it comes to English cathedral cities, the city of Cambridge whose leafy green meadows “give it a far more tranquil appeal” than its rival Oxford, Glasgow a “byword for chic” and London with “endless reserves of cool”.Less flattering reviews were saved for the county of Surrey, close to London, “made up of uninspiring towns and dull, sprawling suburbs,” while the city of Cardiff in Wales was slated as “a prodigious boozing town.” 根據(jù)《孤獨(dú)星球指南》的最新版本，英國到處是高價(jià)飯館和昂貴的酒店，英國旅游景點(diǎn)的價(jià)值也被高估了。

這一著名的旅游圣經(jīng)在列出了英國度假勝地的種種缺點(diǎn)后，得出結(jié)論說，對于囊中羞澀的本國游客而言，英國作為旅游地的“輝煌時(shí)代已經(jīng)結(jié)束了”。《孤獨(dú)星球指南》主要作者戴維?埃爾斯說：“如果你手頭緊的話，就會(huì)吃不消——英國可不便宜?！卑査箤⒆迦伺傻接鞯貙ふ覄澦愕馁I賣，但是沒多少發(fā)現(xiàn)。

盡管某些地區(qū)被視為“絕妙”的好去處，英國也依然是“世界上最引人入勝的地方之一”，但是許多旅游目的地確實(shí)不理想。

埃爾斯說：“公共交通費(fèi)、入場費(fèi)、飯館花費(fèi)、酒店入住費(fèi)用比歐洲許多其他國家都貴?！?/p>

他還說：“在這個(gè)時(shí)候，大家都很需要超值的夏日度假地，不幸的是，英國的一些旅游業(yè)做不到這一點(diǎn)。”

對于那些希望借度假把政府的預(yù)算削減政策拋到腦后的英國人來說，這一前景顯得特別凄涼。英國的緊縮政策是為了節(jié)制消費(fèi)，以應(yīng)對通脹壓力和英鎊貶值?！豆陋?dú)星球指南》說，如果英國人下一些功夫，還是可以找到一些超值的旅游消費(fèi)地，但是很多人最后可能會(huì)為自己選擇在國內(nèi)度假而感到懊悔。倫敦還被選為超昂貴的外出就餐地?！巴ǔ?，你花5英鎊在伯明翰（英國中部）吃一流的咖喱菜，或在德文郡（英國西南部）的鄉(xiāng)村酒館吃自制的牛排啤酒餡餅都好過在倫敦飯店里花30英鎊吃所謂的‘現(xiàn)代歐洲’大餐，那味道和罐頭食品差不多?！?/p>

不過，海外游客無疑是贏家，過去幾年許多外國游客都趁英鎊貶值來到英國島度假。

英國的必游之地包括東南部的坎特伯雷，它是英國擁有大教堂的城市中排行居首的旅游地，還有劍橋市，那里的茵茵綠草地使其擁有比競爭對手牛津市“寧靜得多的氣息和魅力”。不可錯(cuò)過的還有“時(shí)髦雅致的代表”格拉斯哥和“源源不絕的涼氣儲(chǔ)備地”倫敦。

倫敦附近的薩里郡沒獲得什么好評，“到處是沒有生氣的城鎮(zhèn)和單調(diào)、雜亂的郊區(qū)”，而威爾士的加地夫則被批為“超級(jí)酒鬼城市”。

瑞士：協(xié)助自殺禁令遭拒仍是“自殺天堂”

Zurich voters reject ban on “suicide tourism” Voters in Zurich overwhemingly rejected on Sunday proposed bans on assisted suicide and “suicide tourism”--foreigners traveling to Switzerland to receive help ending their lives.Only 15.5 percent of voters in the local referendum backed a ban on assisted suicide, while nearly 22 percent supported a ban on suicide tourism, final results showed.About 200 people commit assisted suicide each year in Zurich.Assisted suicide has been allowed in Switzerland since 1941 if performed by a non-physician who has no vested interest in the death.Euthanasia, or “mercy killing,” is legal only in the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the US state of Oregon.Many terminally ill foreigners--particularly from Germany, France and Britain--travel to Switzerland to commit suicide, taking advantage of the Swiss rules which are among the world's most liberal.But a rise in the number of foreigners seeking to end their lives in Switzerland, and a study showing that more and more people seeking assisted suicides in the country do not suffer from a terminal illness, have provoked heated debate.The Swiss Evangelical People's Party, which had supported the bans, said it regretted the outcome but was pleased it had prompted so much discussion.“We now need to make sure that assisted suicide isn't just extended without limit and also that suicide tourism with foreigners is critically monitored,” it said in a statement.The Swiss government has said it is looking to change the law on assisted suicide to make sure it was used only as a last resort by the terminally ill, and to limit “suicide tourism.” Right-to-die group Exit has agreed rules to govern assisted suicide with prosecutors in Zurich in the hope they might eventually form the basis of national regulation.Foreigners are not explicitly excluded under the new rules, but a Swiss doctor who prescribes the deadly anesthetic must have met the person twice over a period of time to be sure of their wishes.上周日，蘇黎世選民以壓倒性多數(shù)投票否決了禁止協(xié)助自殺和“自殺旅游”的議案。不少外國游客前往瑞士“自殺旅游”，尋求幫助結(jié)束生命。

此次地方投票結(jié)果顯示，僅有15.5%的選民支持協(xié)助自殺禁令，近22%的選民支持終止自殺旅游。每年大約有200人在蘇黎世選擇協(xié)助自殺。

自1941年以來，協(xié)助自殺在瑞士就已合法化，但協(xié)助者不能是醫(yī)生，而且不能從病人的死亡中獲利。“安樂死”目前僅在荷蘭、盧森堡、比利時(shí)、以及美國俄勒岡州合法。

很多晚期患者利用瑞士的這一法規(guī)前來協(xié)助自殺，尤以來自德國、法國、英國的游客居多。瑞士擁有全球最自由的法規(guī)。

但前往瑞士協(xié)助自殺的外國人越來越多，而且有調(diào)查表明，希望在瑞士協(xié)助自殺的人中，并未患有晚期疾病的人數(shù)也在增多，這引起了熱議。

支持此項(xiàng)禁令的瑞士人民福音黨對投票結(jié)果表示遺憾，但很高興看到這激起了熱烈討論。

該黨在聲明中稱：“我們需要確保協(xié)助自殺沒有無限制增多，以及外國人自殺旅游受到嚴(yán)格監(jiān)管。”

瑞士政府稱，正尋求修改協(xié)助自殺的法律，以確保協(xié)助自殺僅在疾病晚期時(shí)不得以而為之，另外還要限制“自殺旅游”。

協(xié)助自殺組織“解脫”已同意了由蘇黎世檢察官管控協(xié)助自殺行為的條例，并希望他們最終可以出臺(tái)全國條例。

按照新法規(guī)，外國人不會(huì)被直接排除在外。但提供致命麻醉劑的瑞士醫(yī)生必須在規(guī)定的時(shí)間段內(nèi)探望要求自殺者兩次，以確定其自殺愿望。

名人微博可能會(huì)降低名人吸引力

Tweeting celebrities risk boring fans – survey Celebrities who bombard fans with Twitter updates are likely to have shorter careers than those who maintain an aura of mystique, according to a survey.Easy access to stars through social networking websites has made them less appealing and increases the likelihood of followers getting bored, music consumer research by publishers Bauer Media said.“In this social media age, it's all too easy to follow your musical icons on a minute-by-minute basis.There's a consensus within the industry that this ease of access is leading to artists losing appeal more quickly,” the report said.The music industry is starting to consider restricting access to certain types of artists in an attempt to boost their staying power in popular culture and lengthen their careers, it added.Although younger fans surveyed said they were thrilled by the idea of 24-hour access to their favourite stars, older respondents said their interest was tempered by a hankering for the days when stars were “more special.” “Meeting bands isn't about waiting for 10 hours outside a gig these days--you can buy a day out with your favourite band.But separation can be good--knowing too much can kill off rock stars,” said Nichola Browne, former editor of music magazine Kerrang!Many celebrities have embraced Twitter as a way of communicating day-to-day musings as well promotional material with fans.Tweets on US singer Katy Perry's page include: “What does it mean when you see the number 33 all the time? For instance, I've seen it over 7 times today.” While US actress Demi Moore, one of Twitter's most prolific celebrity users with over 3.5 million followers, wrote on Friday: “Kind of digging soft curls with a side part.A good change from straight with a middle part?” 根據(jù)一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，頻繁更新Twitter、讓粉絲隨時(shí)知道動(dòng)態(tài)的名人有可能比那些保持神秘感的名人的藝術(shù)生涯短。

鮑爾傳媒出版集團(tuán)開展的音樂消費(fèi)者調(diào)查稱，能夠輕易地通過社交網(wǎng)站接觸到明星降低了明星的吸引力，并會(huì)使粉絲們更容易對明星感到厭倦。報(bào)告稱，“在社會(huì)媒體時(shí)代下，想了解你的音樂偶像每分鐘的動(dòng)態(tài)太容易了。業(yè)內(nèi)一致認(rèn)為，讓粉絲能夠輕易地接觸藝人，會(huì)讓藝人更快地失去吸引力?！?報(bào)告還稱，音樂產(chǎn)業(yè)開始考慮限制粉絲們和某些類型的藝人的接觸，從而讓藝人在流行文化中的生命力更持久，延長他們的藝術(shù)生涯。

盡管接受調(diào)查的年輕粉絲們說，他們對于能夠24小時(shí)接觸自己喜愛的明星感到很興奮，但是年紀(jì)較大的被調(diào)查者認(rèn)為這使他們的熱情降溫了，他們還是向往過去的日子，那時(shí)感覺明星“更特別”。

曾擔(dān)任過音樂雜志《Kerrang!》編輯的尼古拉?布朗尼說：“如今和樂隊(duì)見面不需要在演唱會(huì)門外等上個(gè)十小時(shí)，你只要花些錢就能和自己最喜歡的樂隊(duì)共度一天。但是分離是有好處的，知道得太多會(huì)毀掉搖滾歌星的前途。”

許多名人都很喜歡用Twitter，將其視為和歌迷交流每日心得和發(fā)布宣傳材料的途徑。

這是美國歌星凱蒂?佩瑞在自己的Twitter頁面上發(fā)布的信息：“如果你總是看到數(shù)字33，這意味著什么呢？要知道，我今天已經(jīng)不止7次看到這一數(shù)字了?！?美國女演員黛米?摩爾是Twitter最多產(chǎn)的名人用戶之一，擁有350多萬粉絲。她上周五在Twitter上寫道：“有點(diǎn)想弄個(gè)帶卷的偏分頭。也許比中分的直發(fā)要好？”

霍金：天堂、來世只是童話故事

Heaven is a fairy tale, says physicist Hawking Heaven is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark, the eminent British theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking said in an interview published on Monday.Hawking, 69, was expected to die within a few years of being diagnosed with degenerative motor neurone disease at the age of 21, but became one of the world's most famous scientists with the publication of his 1988 book “A Brief History of Time.” “I have lived with the prospect of an early death for the last 49 years.I'm not afraid of death, but I'm in no hurry to die.I have so much I want to do first,” he told the Guardian newspaper.“I regard the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail.There is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers;that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark.” When asked how we should live he said: “We should seek the greatest value of our action.” Hawking gave the interview ahead of the Google Zeitgeist meeting in London where he will join speakers including British finance minister George Osborne and Nobel prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz.Addressing the question “Why are we here?” he will argue tiny quantum fluctuations in the very early universe sowed the seeds of human life.The former Cambridge University Lucasian Professor of Mathematics, a post once also held by Isaac Newton, has a history of drawing criticism for his comments on religion.His 2010 book “The Grand Design” provoked a backlash among religious leaders, including chief rabbi Lord Sacks, for arguing there was no need for a divine force to explain the creation of the universe.As a result of his incurable illness Hawking can only speak through a voice synthesizer and is almost completely paralyzed.He sparked serious concerns in 2009 when he was hospitalized after falling seriously ill following a lecture tour in the United States but has since returned to Cambridge University as a director of research.英國著名理論物理學(xué)家史蒂芬?霍金在本周一刊登的一次采訪中稱，天堂是“為害怕黑暗的人編造的童話”。

霍金在21歲時(shí)被診斷患有退行性運(yùn)動(dòng)神經(jīng)元病，當(dāng)時(shí)預(yù)期壽命不長，但如今他已年屆69歲，1988年出版《時(shí)間簡史》后躋身全球最著名科學(xué)家之列。他告訴《衛(wèi)報(bào)》記者：“過去49年我一直覺得自己活不長。我不怕死，但我也不想死太早。我還有那么多要做的事情。”

“我把大腦看成一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)，零件壞了之后就會(huì)停止工作。對壞掉的電腦來說，根本沒有天堂和來世，那是給怕黑的人編的童話?！?/p>

當(dāng)被問及我們應(yīng)如何生活時(shí)他說：“我們應(yīng)尋求自身的最大價(jià)值。” 霍金參加在倫敦舉行的谷歌排行榜會(huì)議前接受了此次采訪。將在此次會(huì)議上發(fā)言的還有英國財(cái)政大臣喬治?奧斯本、諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)獎(jiǎng)獲得者約瑟夫?斯蒂格利茨等人。

在回答“人類為什么會(huì)存在”這一問題時(shí)，霍金稱宇宙形成初期的微小量子波動(dòng)為人類的出現(xiàn)播下了“種子”。

霍金之前的言論屢次招致宗教界的批評。他曾擔(dān)任劍橋大學(xué)盧卡斯數(shù)學(xué)教授。艾薩克?牛頓也曾擔(dān)任這一職務(wù)。

他在2010年出版的《偉大的設(shè)計(jì)》一書中提出，宇宙的存在不需要上帝去解釋，遭到宗教領(lǐng)袖的猛烈抨擊，其中包括（英國猶太人教會(huì)領(lǐng)袖）首席拉比薩克斯勛爵。

由于身患無法治愈的疾病，霍金只能通過語音合成器講話，而且?guī)缀跞戆c瘓。2009年，霍金在美國巡回演講時(shí)曾大病一場，被送往醫(yī)院，引起了人們的擔(dān)憂。此后他重返劍橋大學(xué)，擔(dān)任研究主管。

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