第一篇：英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文。趙以國(guó)

高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)實(shí)踐

高復(fù)年級(jí)---趙以國(guó) 2017.11 高中英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)是整個(gè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)，失去詞匯教學(xué)的過(guò)程等于丟掉了英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的根本。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)得詞匯者得天下。因此，英語(yǔ)課堂教學(xué)中，詞匯教學(xué)就像一條線連接語(yǔ)音，語(yǔ)句，語(yǔ)篇及寫(xiě)作整個(gè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)過(guò)程，其教學(xué)意義和重要性可見(jiàn)一斑！

高中英語(yǔ)教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀。

（1）注重語(yǔ)篇，輕視詞匯

大多數(shù)英語(yǔ)老師在教學(xué)時(shí)太過(guò)注重語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)，忽略詞匯的積累。他們認(rèn)為在課上不能耽誤太多的時(shí)間，單詞只需要記憶就好了，而語(yǔ)篇，語(yǔ)法才是學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的關(guān)鍵，老師的這種觀念會(huì)影響學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)方法。而且講解語(yǔ)法，語(yǔ)篇分析需要耗費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間和精力，既給老師帶來(lái)壓力也給學(xué)生帶來(lái)負(fù)擔(dān)。因此我們老師要適當(dāng)調(diào)配學(xué)習(xí)安排，注重詞匯講解，更好的幫助學(xué)生理解文章。

（2）注重口語(yǔ)，輕視詞匯

在閱讀課上，很多老師注重學(xué)生的口語(yǔ)交際能力，而輕視詞匯這一塊，殊不知詞匯是口語(yǔ)對(duì)話的基礎(chǔ)，簡(jiǎn)單的幾句口語(yǔ)會(huì)話確實(shí)不需要太多的詞匯，但是口語(yǔ)與書(shū)寫(xiě)形式不同，口語(yǔ)一般用詞都是非正式的，我們要教導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)用詞，在不同的場(chǎng)合運(yùn)用不同的表達(dá)。

（3）閱讀講解與詞匯教學(xué)分道揚(yáng)鑣

有的老師習(xí)慣在講文章之前先教詞匯，他們認(rèn)為詞匯是學(xué)生看懂課文的基礎(chǔ)，只要將詞匯的意思帶入文章，讀懂文章的意思就算可以了；另一些老師習(xí)慣先講課文，認(rèn)為課文是教學(xué)的主要內(nèi)容，詞匯只要學(xué)生讀讀背背，會(huì)寫(xiě)就算過(guò)關(guān)了。這兩種教學(xué)方法都是錯(cuò)誤的，詞匯與閱讀是相輔相成的，互相交融的，在學(xué)習(xí)文章的時(shí)候，借助關(guān)鍵詞有助于學(xué)生理解文章的整體思路，把握文章的中心思想，有時(shí)還可以借著關(guān)鍵詞順藤摸瓜聯(lián)想到接下來(lái)發(fā)生的故事，而詞匯在文章的通篇語(yǔ)境解讀下，其記憶也更加深刻了，理解更加清晰準(zhǔn)確。教師應(yīng)增加推測(cè)詞義的教學(xué)內(nèi)容。在沒(méi)有上下文背景知識(shí)的情況下推斷詞義是很難的，可能會(huì)望文生義而導(dǎo)致理解的偏差或錯(cuò)誤的理解。一個(gè)語(yǔ)境只賦予單詞一個(gè)確切的意義，對(duì)于多義詞來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)每個(gè)意義的理解是通過(guò)該詞在不同語(yǔ)境里以不同的意義出現(xiàn)，多次從不同的角度激活、豐富大腦對(duì)這個(gè)詞的記憶，再經(jīng)過(guò)大腦的加工處理以后而獲得的，并不是通過(guò)教師一次性對(duì)各種意義的羅列能解決的。所以詞匯教學(xué)不宜脫離語(yǔ)境，把詞匯學(xué)習(xí)放在某個(gè)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中，能夠使學(xué)生通過(guò)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境更加深刻地理解單詞的用法和多種意義，記憶也更牢固。

（4）學(xué)習(xí)模式欠科學(xué) 機(jī)械式操練形成了教學(xué)模式的單一性，導(dǎo)致教學(xué)的層次基本停留在記憶和領(lǐng)會(huì)兩個(gè)層次。學(xué)生始終處于被動(dòng)的狀態(tài)，接觸的詞匯數(shù)量越多遺忘的速度越快，漸漸喪失對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的積極性和興趣，還容易產(chǎn)生厭學(xué)情緒。事實(shí)證明，許多學(xué)生投入了大量的時(shí)間和精力學(xué)習(xí)詞匯卻沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果，其主要原因就是他們?nèi)狈τ行У脑~匯學(xué)習(xí)策略，不懂得如何有效的記憶和鞏固詞匯。學(xué)生是教學(xué)活動(dòng)的主體，在詞匯學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中，教師應(yīng)采用能激發(fā)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)興趣和積極性的方式開(kāi)展教學(xué)活動(dòng)，同時(shí)有效地指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的課后詞匯學(xué)習(xí)，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生主動(dòng)思考，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，使其真正成為詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的主體。貝爾納曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“良好的方法可使我們發(fā)揮天賦和才能，而拙劣的方法可能阻礙才能的發(fā)揮”。因此，教師要充分激發(fā)學(xué)生的主動(dòng)性和積極性，注重對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行記憶策略的指導(dǎo)，使其掌握記憶規(guī)律，積極尋找詞匯之間的聯(lián)系，學(xué)會(huì)科學(xué)的記憶方法，提高記憶效果。

音、義、形相結(jié)合，提高學(xué)生記憶單詞的能力音指詞的發(fā)音，形指詞的拼法，義指詞的意義，詞匯教學(xué)一般采取由音到義再到形的順序。音是學(xué)生接觸一個(gè)詞的最初印象，如果讀不出音就記不住形。因此，要牢記一個(gè)單詞，就必須掌握好音、義、形這三個(gè)要素。入學(xué)初期，就把英語(yǔ)48個(gè)音素交給學(xué)生，并訓(xùn)練學(xué)生利用音標(biāo)及重音熟練拼讀單詞。在詞匯教學(xué)中，教師要盡量把讀音、拼寫(xiě)和意義聯(lián)系起來(lái)，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生按發(fā)音規(guī)則拼讀、記憶單詞的能力和習(xí)慣。堅(jiān)持每節(jié)課抽出幾分鐘，讓學(xué)生根據(jù)讀音規(guī)則快速拼讀所學(xué)的單詞，反復(fù)訓(xùn)練、不斷循環(huán)，加強(qiáng)學(xué)生記憶單詞的能力。

(五)缺乏文化意識(shí)的培養(yǎng)

語(yǔ)言是文化的載體，語(yǔ)言體現(xiàn)文化，是文化的編碼手段之一。不同的文化有著不同的語(yǔ)言表述習(xí)慣，了解英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的文化有利于促進(jìn)對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言本身的理解和使用。許多學(xué)校的詞匯教學(xué)以音、形、義為重點(diǎn)，卻忽略了詞匯所承載的極為豐富的各種文化內(nèi)涵，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生不能全面、真正地理解詞匯的含義，并影響了詞匯的得體運(yùn)用。在教學(xué)中，教師可以利用各種語(yǔ)境來(lái)加強(qiáng)詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)，在語(yǔ)境中深入挖掘詞匯的文化內(nèi)涵進(jìn)而使學(xué)生有效地掌握詞匯。同時(shí)通過(guò)增進(jìn)文化理解、形成文化意識(shí)，從而為跨文化交際能力的發(fā)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。

英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)對(duì)策略（1）通過(guò)大量閱讀增加詞匯量。

詞的意義和用法中國(guó)學(xué)生沒(méi)有理想的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，所以大量閱讀是擴(kuò)大詞匯量的有效途徑，教師可以要求學(xué)生每天課外閱讀30分鐘的分級(jí)讀物，堅(jiān)持每周做六到八篇規(guī)范閱讀理解訓(xùn)練，將會(huì)對(duì)所學(xué)詞匯起到良好的鞏固作用。一旦遺忘了某些單詞，學(xué)生可以通過(guò)回憶閱讀過(guò)的文章內(nèi)容，聯(lián)想起詞義，從而大大提高記憶效果。

（2）通過(guò)作文法

作文法復(fù)現(xiàn)所學(xué)的新詞匯，教師可要求學(xué)生用所學(xué)的新詞匯編寫(xiě)一個(gè)小文章，經(jīng)教師批改后，返回給學(xué)生，然后全班進(jìn)行交流。學(xué)生通過(guò)自己主動(dòng)思考編寫(xiě)出的文章，對(duì)新詞匯的輸出起到輔助作用，能激活學(xué)生大腦中已有的知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提高學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力。同時(shí)，學(xué)生在使用詞的過(guò)程中還能關(guān)注到相關(guān)詞匯的語(yǔ)境，體會(huì)英漢表達(dá)方式之間的異同和文化差異。

（3）采用分層教學(xué)

降低學(xué)習(xí)難度分層處理詞匯是體現(xiàn)面向全體學(xué)生，力求滿足不同類(lèi)型和不同層次學(xué)生的需求理念的重要舉措。教師設(shè)計(jì)教案時(shí)應(yīng)有明確的詞匯分層要求，明確哪些是本節(jié)課必須掌握的重點(diǎn)詞匯，哪些是非重點(diǎn)詞匯，僅要求那些學(xué)有余力的學(xué)生掌握或允許學(xué)生在之后的學(xué)習(xí)中再掌握，這樣可以降低學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的難度，滿足不同層次學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的需求，提升學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。

（4）改進(jìn)詞匯評(píng)價(jià)方式，增強(qiáng)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的動(dòng)力

教師對(duì)學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)效果的日常檢查非常必要，但不能停留在傳統(tǒng)單一的聽(tīng)寫(xiě)、默寫(xiě)或英漢互譯的檢查方式上，而是要把對(duì)詞匯的日常檢查轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楦腥さ脑~匯學(xué)習(xí)活動(dòng)，否則很容易引發(fā)學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的畏難情緒。評(píng)價(jià)檢查中可以增加諸如單詞記憶競(jìng)賽、運(yùn)用所學(xué)詞匯創(chuàng)編故事、文本校對(duì)、完形填空等，一方面能提高學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的興趣，另一方面也為詞匯在真實(shí)情景中的運(yùn)用提供了機(jī)會(huì)，而且體現(xiàn)了課堂評(píng)價(jià)和教學(xué)的一致性。需要注意的是，教師的教學(xué)方式要重視詞塊的輸入和輸出，因此評(píng)價(jià)方式也要檢測(cè)學(xué)生對(duì)詞塊的識(shí)記和運(yùn)用。

在閱讀文章的時(shí)候，學(xué)生一看到生詞就會(huì)畏懼，結(jié)果就會(huì)影響接下來(lái)的文章閱讀。其實(shí)讀文章并不需要知道文章的每個(gè)詞的意思，要學(xué)會(huì)猜詞來(lái)理解文章內(nèi)容。首先，找到關(guān)鍵詞所在的位置，聯(lián)系上下文，多讀幾遍，知道大致所講的內(nèi)容，那么關(guān)鍵詞的意思也就很容易猜到了。再者，我們可以依照英語(yǔ)的構(gòu)詞法，詞匯并不是雜亂無(wú)章、互不相關(guān)的群體，而是一個(gè)嚴(yán)密的體系。構(gòu)詞法一共四種：合成法（兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞合成的新詞）、轉(zhuǎn)化法（不借助詞綴，把一個(gè)單詞從一個(gè)詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種詞類(lèi)的方法）、派生法（在一個(gè)單詞前或后加上前綴“prefixes”或后綴“suffixes”構(gòu)成新的單詞）、縮略法、同義詞，近義詞的歸類(lèi)法，等等，多種策略并用才能有效幫助學(xué)生提高學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的效率，擴(kuò)大詞匯量。

分組比賽，學(xué)生是學(xué)習(xí)的主體，在課堂上老師要安排足夠的空間讓學(xué)生自由踴躍地提出和回答問(wèn)題，不能是老師在講臺(tái)上講課，學(xué)生在座位上記記筆記，背背單詞就了事，必須要調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的興趣，由他們自己完成自己的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)。老師可以設(shè)定一些課堂活動(dòng)，豐富教學(xué)內(nèi)容。比如：按照班級(jí)人數(shù)的多少，分成若干小組，小組成員數(shù)量與水平應(yīng)當(dāng)接近，每組都有標(biāo)號(hào)，小組內(nèi)可選出組長(zhǎng)作為每組代表，然后按照中國(guó)詩(shī)詞大會(huì)的比賽模式，看在同一時(shí)間內(nèi)，那一小組被淘汰的人最少，即為勝者。內(nèi)容有：詞匯與詞匯解釋之間的連線、詞匯的拼寫(xiě)、課文的背誦、選詞填空等形式。這樣的教學(xué)活動(dòng)不僅易于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)，及時(shí)掌握學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容，同時(shí)也培養(yǎng)學(xué)生集體榮譽(yù)感，在比賽中增進(jìn)友誼。而老師既能順利地完成教學(xué)任務(wù)，也能在比賽中察覺(jué)學(xué)生的薄弱之處，并對(duì)其采取相應(yīng)的教學(xué)對(duì)策。

結(jié)語(yǔ)

詞匯是語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的基礎(chǔ)，是提高學(xué)生聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)、譯各項(xiàng)能力的必要保證。教師要及時(shí)反思自身詞匯教學(xué)中存在的問(wèn)題，正確評(píng)估各種因素給學(xué)生詞匯學(xué)習(xí)帶來(lái)的不利影響，耐心幫助學(xué)生跨越詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的障礙，消除學(xué)生對(duì)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)的恐懼感，鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生根據(jù)自身情況選擇合適的詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生自主學(xué)習(xí)詞匯的能力，提高英語(yǔ)詞匯教學(xué)效果。

詞匯的學(xué)習(xí)僅僅靠課堂時(shí)間是遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠的，學(xué)生的自主學(xué)習(xí)起著至關(guān)重要的作用。高中英語(yǔ)教師應(yīng)該深入學(xué)習(xí)新課標(biāo)，更新教學(xué)理念，從認(rèn)知的角度努力探索提高英語(yǔ)教學(xué)效益的有效學(xué)習(xí)模式，并幫助學(xué)生掌握各種詞匯學(xué)習(xí)策略，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進(jìn)行自主學(xué)習(xí)，從而達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)效果的最佳狀態(tài)。

第二篇：英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper。

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx

4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for

structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第三篇：英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window

6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx

strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in

15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching

18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx

11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx

4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with

xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in

methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as

38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which

40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken

44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/

Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by []

48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by []

52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development

54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of

59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in

analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems

67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed

69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to

76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第四篇：學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作英語(yǔ)總結(jié)

學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作課程總結(jié)

科研的進(jìn)步在于科研工作之間交流，討論，閱讀。在第一節(jié)課，老師就告訴我們，面對(duì)全球眾多的科研工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，本領(lǐng)域?qū)W者之間的交流多以文字的形式進(jìn)行。英語(yǔ)作為世界各國(guó)人們交流的一種流通語(yǔ)言，讓那些非英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)和以英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)國(guó)家的科研人員不會(huì)對(duì)我們投稿的英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容產(chǎn)生歧義，才能達(dá)到學(xué)術(shù)交流與進(jìn)步的目的。

在本次的英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作課程學(xué)習(xí)中，我們組經(jīng)歷了第一次的細(xì)致分工，到以后的分工與合作相結(jié)合的進(jìn)步。由于我的研究方向?yàn)镮nSAR監(jiān)測(cè)礦區(qū)，在本次論文寫(xiě)作中主要負(fù)責(zé)我們‘空天地一體化礦區(qū)環(huán)境災(zāi)害監(jiān)測(cè)’中D-InSAR監(jiān)測(cè)礦區(qū)部分的實(shí)驗(yàn)以及數(shù)據(jù)分析的工作。同時(shí)，在小組匯報(bào)的過(guò)程中共同進(jìn)行了第一部分Introduction部分的匯報(bào)，完成了Authors and Keywords部分PPT的制作與匯報(bào)工作。從選擇匯報(bào)PPT模板、搜集資料、總結(jié)資料，再到最后制作修改完成終稿，最后是臺(tái)下的匯報(bào)演練，每個(gè)步驟的實(shí)踐經(jīng)歷都給了我彌足珍貴的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

回首這學(xué)期本門(mén)課程的學(xué)習(xí)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在慢慢地積累中有了很多的收獲。首先，作為一個(gè)學(xué)制只有2年的工程碩士，在本學(xué)期已經(jīng)完成了自己學(xué)位論文的開(kāi)題工作，在下一個(gè)學(xué)期就要著手于自己學(xué)位論文的撰寫(xiě)工作。無(wú)論是發(fā)表期刊論文，還是撰寫(xiě)自己的學(xué)位論文，插入、添加參考文獻(xiàn)都曾經(jīng)是寫(xiě)作的一大難題。本次課程老師給我們介紹了幾款文獻(xiàn)管理器（Noteexpress，Endnote）。通過(guò)對(duì)文獻(xiàn)管理器軟件的學(xué)習(xí)與使用，讓我熟悉了文獻(xiàn)管理器，在本學(xué)期的其他專(zhuān)業(yè)課程中的論文寫(xiě)作中已經(jīng)可以熟練使用，極大的方便了論文寫(xiě)作。其次，語(yǔ)料庫(kù)的檢索分析，制定自己論文寫(xiě)作方向，都對(duì)我的論文寫(xiě)作有著十分重要的作用。

接著就是自己關(guān)于學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作方面的收獲。從第一節(jié)課開(kāi)始，老師給我們寫(xiě)學(xué)術(shù)論文的正確態(tài)度，給初入學(xué)術(shù)寫(xiě)作的我論文寫(xiě)作方面奠定了很好的基礎(chǔ)。原來(lái)對(duì)英語(yǔ)論文的態(tài)度就是從中文的論文通過(guò)翻譯軟件直接進(jìn)行翻譯。在本次課程中，我們?cè)诶蠋煹膸ьI(lǐng)下，通過(guò)小組合作的形式，對(duì)

introduction，methodology,results,conclusion等幾個(gè)論文的主體部分，以及title，authors,abstract，keywords進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的學(xué)習(xí)，理解了每個(gè)部分在論文中所起到的作用，以及寫(xiě)作這些部分的英文論文的時(shí)候所需要注意的時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)人稱(chēng)等方面的問(wèn)題。也讓我明白，英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫(xiě)作，不應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)單的中譯英，而更重要的是自己的學(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容與思想能夠清晰而又高效的傳達(dá)出來(lái)，進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)學(xué)術(shù)交流與提高的作用。

最后，在本次課程學(xué)習(xí)結(jié)束之后，仍有許多改進(jìn)以及進(jìn)步的空間。對(duì)目標(biāo)期刊閱讀量沒(méi)有達(dá)到預(yù)期的效果，是急需要改進(jìn)的問(wèn)題。但是課程中讓我學(xué)習(xí)到查閱、參考英文文獻(xiàn)的方法。作為一個(gè)日?？蒲袑W(xué)習(xí)停留在國(guó)內(nèi)文獻(xiàn)的研究生，深刻的意識(shí)到了此中不足。在今后的科研學(xué)習(xí)中需要更加注重吸收國(guó)外先進(jìn)的研究成果。同時(shí)，在課堂上其他小組的匯報(bào)時(shí)，缺少深入的探討與交流，這也是在今后課題組學(xué)習(xí)與研究中應(yīng)該注意與改進(jìn)的問(wèn)題。

第五篇：《英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作》作業(yè)要求

12英語(yǔ)雙學(xué)位《英語(yǔ)學(xué)術(shù)論文寫(xiě)作》作業(yè)要求

一、查資料

找一篇可靠的、正規(guī)的、有價(jià)值的、符合英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)研究范圍的論文，中英文版的皆可。建議找稍微長(zhǎng)一點(diǎn)，這樣分析起來(lái)有話可說(shuō)。

二、寫(xiě)分析

運(yùn)用上課學(xué)到的知識(shí)和自己的認(rèn)識(shí)，分析該文章作為一篇學(xué)術(shù)論文而具有的特點(diǎn)，不要遺漏重要方面，盡量做到重點(diǎn)突出、層次分明、思路清晰。該分析本身也是一篇完整的文章，應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)完整，具有較好的邏輯性和連貫性。分析文章用中英文寫(xiě)皆可。字?jǐn)?shù)視找到的文章的性質(zhì)和特點(diǎn)而定，可多可少，但建議不要少于2000字為宜。分析文章的題目可以參考：《XXXXXXXXXX》的學(xué)術(shù)論文特點(diǎn)分析，或Characteristics of Academic Paper XXXXXXXXXX。

三、排版和裝訂

分析文章的題目用四號(hào)字加粗；正文用小四號(hào)字常規(guī)體；正文中的小標(biāo)題用小四號(hào)加粗，一律左對(duì)齊。中文用宋體，英文用Times New Roman。行間距為2倍。段首縮進(jìn)四個(gè)字符。文章底端右下角署上班級(jí)（雙學(xué)位班級(jí)）和姓名。

找到的文章和你自己的分析文章裝訂在一起，源論文在前，你的分析文章在后。左側(cè)訂兩個(gè)釘子。

四、提交

需同時(shí)提交紙質(zhì)稿和電子稿。

紙質(zhì)稿在最后一堂課帶來(lái)交給班長(zhǎng)。

電子稿：將分析文章的電子稿和找到的源文章的電子稿打包壓縮后在最后一堂課之前發(fā)到班長(zhǎng)郵箱。文件名和郵件名統(tǒng)一用自己的姓名。