第一篇：翻譯題(中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化)2

一、歷史文化

四大文明古國(guó)：中國(guó)位于亞洲東部，是世界上人口最多的國(guó)家。中國(guó)是世界四大文明古國(guó)之一，擁有大量的中華文化光輝的古跡，此外，中國(guó)地大物博，擁有茂密的森林、雄偉壯麗的瀑布、秀麗的湖泊以及如利劍直插云霄的山峰，所有這些都令世界各國(guó)人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中國(guó)以擁有五千多年的歷史而自豪，遺留下無(wú)數(shù)的歷史文物，其中包括珍貴珠寶、古跡名勝、宮殿及數(shù)不盡的雄偉建筑，令人驚嘆不已。這種種原因都促使中國(guó)成為許多人夢(mèng)寐以求的旅游勝地。China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world.China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords.All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world.But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won people’s admiration.You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land.中華傳統(tǒng)文化：中華民族的傳統(tǒng)文化博大精深，源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。早在2000多年前，就產(chǎn)生了以孔孟為代表的儒家學(xué)說(shuō)和以老莊為代表的道家學(xué)說(shuō)，以及其他許多也在中國(guó)思想史上有地位的學(xué)說(shuō)流派，這就是有名的“諸子百家”。從孔夫子到孫中山，中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化有它的許多珍貴品質(zhì)，許多人民性和民主性的好東西。比如，強(qiáng)調(diào)仁愛(ài)，強(qiáng)調(diào)群體，強(qiáng)調(diào)和而不同，強(qiáng)調(diào)天下為公。特別是“天下興亡，匹夫有責(zé)”的愛(ài)國(guó)情找，“民為邦本”，“民貴君輕”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐勞，勤儉持家，尊師重教的傳統(tǒng)美德，世代相傳。所有這些，對(duì)家庭，國(guó)家和社會(huì)起到了巨大的維系與調(diào)節(jié)作用。

The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course.More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters’ hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic.For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all.Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”;the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”;the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and

respecting

teachers

and

valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society.漢語(yǔ)：從某種意義上說(shuō)，漢語(yǔ)是一種很古老的語(yǔ)言，其最早的漢字已有近四千年的歷史了。漢字在其漫長(zhǎng)的發(fā)展史中演化成許多不同的書寫形式，例如篆書、隸書、楷書和行書。中國(guó)書法家往往使?jié)h字的字形夸張以取得藝術(shù)效果，例如旅游勝地的一些石刻碑文。中國(guó)書法是一門研究藝術(shù)，隨著各位學(xué)習(xí)興趣的提高，我們將適時(shí)介紹中國(guó)書法的流派，以及如何欣賞中國(guó)書法的藝術(shù)性。

In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago.During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script.Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts.Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study.As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy.孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中國(guó)儒 學(xué)(the Ru School)思想的創(chuàng)始人。儒學(xué)(Confucianism)，這個(gè)道德和 宗教哲學(xué)的大系統(tǒng)建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教學(xué)上。馮友蘭，中國(guó)思想史上20世紀(jì)偉大的的權(quán)威之一，把孔子在中國(guó)歷史上的影 響比作西方的蘇格拉底。

Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought.Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung.Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West.紅樓夢(mèng)：《紅樓夢(mèng)》問(wèn)世二百年以來(lái),通過(guò)漢文原文和各種譯文讀過(guò)此書的人,不知有多少億!這么多的讀者哪一個(gè)是先看批評(píng)家的文章,然而再讓批評(píng)家牽著鼻子走,按圖索驥地去讀原作呢?我看是絕無(wú)僅有的。一切文學(xué)作品,特別是象《紅樓夢(mèng)》這樣偉大的作品,內(nèi)容異常地豐富,涉及到的社會(huì)層面異常地多,簡(jiǎn)直象是一個(gè)寶山，一座迷宮。而讀者群就更加復(fù)雜，他們來(lái)讀《紅樓夢(mèng)》，會(huì)各就自己的特點(diǎn)，欣賞該書中的某一個(gè)方面，受到鼓舞，受到啟發(fā)，引起了喜愛(ài);也可能受到打擊，引起了憎惡?？傊乔Р钊f(wàn)別。

Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages.Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics' articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none.All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth.And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background.They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality.They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it.In short, the reactions vary.二、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日

春節(jié)：春節(jié)慶?；顒?dòng)是一年中最重要的慶?；顒?dòng)。中國(guó)人慶祝春節(jié)的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望幾乎是相同的，他們希望其家人和朋友來(lái)年健康和幸運(yùn)。春節(jié)慶?；顒?dòng)通常持續(xù)15天。慶?；顒?dòng)包括春節(jié)的年夜飯，放鞭炮，給兒童壓歲錢，春節(jié)鐘聲和春節(jié)問(wèn)候。大多數(shù)中國(guó)人將在春節(jié)的第7天停止慶?；顒?dòng)，因?yàn)槿珖?guó)性節(jié)假通常在這一天結(jié)束，但在公共場(chǎng)所的慶?；顒?dòng)可能最終持續(xù)到正月十五。

Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year.Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same;they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days.Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings.Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year.清明節(jié)：清明節(jié)的習(xí)俗是豐富有趣的，除了講究禁火、掃墓，還有踏青、蕩秋千、蹴鞠、打馬球、插柳等一系列風(fēng)俗體育活動(dòng)。相傳這是因?yàn)榍迕鞴?jié)要寒食禁火，為了防止寒食冷藏傷身，所以大家來(lái)參加一些體育活動(dòng)，以鍛煉身體。因此，這個(gè)節(jié)日既有祭掃新墳生別死離得悲酸淚，又有踏青游玩的歡笑聲，是一個(gè)富有特色的節(jié)日。

Ching Ming Festival(the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting.In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports.According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise.Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday.元宵節(jié)：與大多數(shù)中國(guó)節(jié)日一樣，元宵節(jié)同樣有自己的特色小吃，成為“湯圓”(也叫“元宵”)。湯圓外形圓圓的，外皮由糯米制成，內(nèi)陷或甜或辣。人們都說(shuō)湯圓有兩個(gè)象征之意，一為農(nóng)歷的第一個(gè)月圓，二為家庭團(tuán)聚圓滿。元宵節(jié)傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗中還有一部分是關(guān)于猜燈謎的游戲。在過(guò)去，這些謎語(yǔ)大多出自于模糊的文學(xué)典故和中國(guó)古典文學(xué)之中，所以猜燈謎以前多為知識(shí)份子的“領(lǐng)地”。踩高蹺，敲大鼓和舞龍獅也是元宵節(jié)主要的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)。

Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tang yuan”.These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings.The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness.Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns.In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes.Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival.端午節(jié)：端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠(chéng)和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國(guó)家?guī)?lái)了和平和繁榮。但最后因?yàn)槭艿秸u謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來(lái)，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.中秋節(jié)：農(nóng)歷八月十五日是中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日——中秋節(jié)。在這天，每個(gè)家庭都團(tuán)聚在一起，一家人共同觀賞象征豐裕、和諧和好運(yùn)的圓月。此時(shí)，大人們盡情吃著美味的月餅，品著熱騰騰的香茗，而孩子們則在一旁拉著明亮的兔子燈盡情玩耍。月宮里美麗的仙女嫦娥的神話故事賦予了這個(gè)節(jié)日神話色彩。傳說(shuō)古時(shí)候，天空曾有10個(gè)太陽(yáng)圍著地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。后翌射下了其中9個(gè)太陽(yáng)，拯救了地球上的生靈。他偷了長(zhǎng)生不老藥，卻被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，從而產(chǎn)生了嫦娥奔月的故事。The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month.It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoy the full moon, which is a symbol of abundance, harmony and luck.Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes of various kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children run around with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns.The festival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon.According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had 10 suns circling over it.Hou Yi, shot down 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth.He stole the elixir of life, which can make people immortal.However, his wife, Chang-E drank it.Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into the moon came into being.三、傳統(tǒng)事物

筷子：中國(guó)人使用筷子已經(jīng)有3 000多年的歷史了。中國(guó)的筷子夾菜的一端是圓的，象征著天；另一端是方的，象征著地。這是因?yàn)?，維持充足的食物供應(yīng)是天地之間最重要的事情。中國(guó)有個(gè)古老的風(fēng)俗，女子出嫁時(shí)要用筷子當(dāng)嫁妝，因?yàn)椤翱曜印迸c“快子”諧音。根據(jù)中國(guó)的餐桌禮儀，吃飯時(shí)一直握著筷子是不禮貌的。將菜送入口中后，應(yīng)立刻把筷子放下。吃飯時(shí)，用筷子指著別人會(huì)對(duì)其造成冒犯。

There has been a history of more than 3 000 years for the Chinese to have meals with chopsticks.Chinese chopsticks are round on the eating end which symbolizes the heaven, and the other end is square which symbolizes the earth.It is because maintaining an adequate food supply is the greatest concern between the heaven and the earth.There is an old custom in the past in China, that chopsticks should be a part of a girl’s dowry.Kuaizi(chopsticks)is pronounced the same as “kuai zi”.The latter symbolized “quick” and “son”.According to the Chinese traditional table manners, it is impolite to hold the chopsticks all the time over the meal.As soon as one person sends a bite into his mouth, he should put down the chopsticks.It would offend others to point at them with chopsticks over the meal.文房四寶：在中國(guó)，筆、墨、紙、硯（ink slab），就是人們所說(shuō)的“文房四寶”，在中華文明的傳承中起了重要作用。文房四寶不僅有實(shí)用價(jià)值，它們本身也是供人觀賞的藝術(shù)品，并逐步成為收藏品。文房四寶品類繁多，豐富多彩，選材制作不斷趨于完善、精美，歷代都有名品、名匠產(chǎn)生，成為一種深厚的文化積淀。在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，使用筆、墨、紙、硯進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)、寫作的人越來(lái)越少了，但是，在中國(guó)的書法、繪畫、收藏以及修身養(yǎng)性活動(dòng)中，它們?nèi)云鹬豢商娲淖饔?。In China, “four treasures of the study” refers to “writing brush”, “ink stick”, “paper” and “ink slab”, playing an important role in passing on Chinese civilization.They not only have their value of practical use, but also become the works of art for appreciation and collection.There is a large variety of these four treasures.Selecting of materials and making process have become increasingly delicate and perfect.Each dynasty of Chinese history saw famous craftsmen appear and works produced, which is a profound process of cultural accumulation.In contemporary times, “four treasures of the study” have been increasingly rarely used for study or writhing, but they are still playing an irreplaceable role in the field of Chinese calligraphy, painting, collection and in the activities of cultivating one's mind.中國(guó)結(jié)：中國(guó)結(jié)（The Chinese Knot）是一種古老的藝術(shù)形式。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，繩結(jié)可以追朔到10萬(wàn)年前。中國(guó)人不僅用繩結(jié)來(lái)固定、包裹、狩獵、捕魚，還用來(lái)記錄事件，而且有些繩結(jié)純粹起裝飾作用。中國(guó)結(jié)具有文化內(nèi)涵（cultural connotation）。由于結(jié)在漢語(yǔ)中的發(fā)音與“吉”相近。吉的意思是“福、祿、壽、喜、財(cái)、安、康”，這是中國(guó)人永恒的追求，因此有些中國(guó)結(jié)表達(dá)出人們的各種愿望。例如：新婚夫婦的房間通常用一個(gè)盤長(zhǎng)結(jié)（Pan-chang Knot）來(lái)裝飾，象征著永恒的愛(ài)情。

The Chinese Knot is an ancient art form and artifacts could be found as far back as 100 000 years ago.Chinese people used knots for more than just fastening,wraping,hunting,fishing.Knots were also to record events,and some knots had purely ornamentak functions.The Chinese Knot has cultural connotations.Since knot is pronouced as“jie” in Chinese similar with

that

of

“ji”,which

means

blessing,good salary,longevity,happpiness,fortune,safety and health and is the everlasting pursuit of Chinese people,some Chinese Knots espress people's various hopes.For example,the room of newlyweds is usually decorated with a Pan-Chang Knot to symbolize eternal love.八大菜系：中國(guó)一個(gè)幅員遼闊、資源豐富、歷史悠久的多民族國(guó)家，每個(gè) 民族都有其獨(dú)特的豐富菜肴。地域菜系在地理環(huán)境、氣候、文化傳 統(tǒng)、民族風(fēng)俗和其他因素的影響下經(jīng)過(guò)悠久歷史的發(fā)展已經(jīng)成形。最有影響力、最具代表性的是魯、川、粵、閩、蘇、浙、湘、徽菜系，這八種被人們稱為“八大菜系”。中國(guó)的“八大菜系”是以多種多樣 的烹飪方法區(qū)分的，各有其長(zhǎng)處。

China is a time-honored multi-ethnics nation with a vast territory and abundant resources, and every ethnic group has its unique abundant dishes.Regional cuisines have taken shape after long-history evolution under the influence of geographical environment, climate, cultural tradition, folk customs and other factors.The most influential and representative ones are Lu, Chuan，Yue, Min, Su，Zhe, Xiang and Hui Cuisines, which are commonly known as “Eight Major Cuisines”.Dishes in the “Eight Major Cuisines” in China are characterized by diversified cooking skills, with each having its strong points.四、傳統(tǒng)藝術(shù)

京?。壕﹦”环顬橹袊?guó)的國(guó)粹，來(lái)源于18世紀(jì)晚期的安徽和湖北的當(dāng)?shù)貏》N。京劇是中國(guó)所有劇種中最有影響力和代表性的，在中國(guó)乃至世界享有聲譽(yù)。京劇完美融 合了多種藝術(shù)形式。京劇集傳統(tǒng)音樂(lè)、舞蹈、詩(shī)歌、雜耍、武術(shù)于一身，以華麗的戲服、逼真的臉譜和程式化的演出套路而聞名。京劇臉譜上每一種圖形和亮麗的顏 色都有象征意義：紅色表示忠誠(chéng)，藍(lán)色表示殘暴，黑色表示正直。Known as China’s national opera, Peking Opera originated in the late 18th century from the basis of some local operas in Anhui and Hubei Provinces.Peking Opera is the most influential and representative of all operas in China.It has won great popularity not only in China but also throughout the world.Peking Opera is a harmonious combination of many art forms.It is a synthesis of traditional music, dancing, poetry, acrobatics and martial arts.It is famous for its exquisite costumes, beautiful make-up or painted face, and established performing conventions and rules.Each of patterns and brilliant colors on the painted face has a symbolic meaning: red suggests loyalty;blue suggests cruelty;black suggests honesty.武術(shù)：武術(shù)在我國(guó)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)，是中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化的瑰寶。我們知道，一個(gè)民族的優(yōu)秀文化遺產(chǎn)，不僅僅屬于一個(gè)民族，它會(huì)逐漸傳播到世界而成為人類的共同財(cái)富。// 為了更好的推廣武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，使其與奧運(yùn)項(xiàng)目接軌，中國(guó)武協(xié)和國(guó)際武聯(lián)做了大量的艱苦卓絕的工作?，F(xiàn)在武術(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)已被列為一種具有與保齡球運(yùn)動(dòng)和國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)舞同等地位的奧運(yùn)表演項(xiàng)目。//武術(shù)的蓬勃發(fā)展，除得益于其項(xiàng)目本身的吸引力之外，早期移居海外的一代武術(shù)大師功不可沒(méi)。//老一代武術(shù)家在海外播種下了武術(shù)的種子，使武術(shù)這門既可以自衛(wèi)又可以健身的運(yùn)動(dòng)很快就在新的土地上扎下了根。今天高超的武術(shù)大師已遍布世界各地，武術(shù)愛(ài)好者也與日俱增。Wushu, or Chinese martial art, can be traced back to ancient times.It is a gem of Chinese traditional culture.As well know, the fine culture of a nation does not belong to the nation alone and it will be spread to the rest of the world and shared by all humanity.// The Chinese Wushu Association and International Wushu Federation(IWUF)have been working very hard to popularize wushu and make the Chinese martial art closer to the Olympic Movement.Wushu was accepted to join bowling and international standard dance as an Olympic demonstration event.// The booming of wushu is attributed not only to the attractiveness of the sport but also to emigrant Chinese wushu masters over the years.// Martial artists of the older generation shave sown wushu seeds in foreign countries.Wushu, which can be used as self defense and can keep practitioners fit and strong, soon became popular on new lands.Today superb wushu masters are active all over the world, and amateurs are on the increase with each passing day.獅舞：獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國(guó)最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護(hù)人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來(lái)祈禱好運(yùn)、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.五、歷史景點(diǎn)

故宮：故宮，又名紫禁城，為明清共二十四位皇帝統(tǒng)治中國(guó)近500年的皇宮。它位于北京市中心，在天安門廣場(chǎng)的北側(cè)，形狀為長(zhǎng)方形。南北長(zhǎng)960米，東西寬750米，占地72公頃，總建筑面積達(dá)15萬(wàn)平方米。故宮是世界上現(xiàn)存規(guī)模最大、最完整的古代木構(gòu)宮殿。它分為外朝和內(nèi)廷兩部分，外朝是皇帝上朝處理國(guó)家大事的地方，內(nèi)廷是皇帝和皇室的居住地。1987年，故宮被聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織列入世界文化遺產(chǎn)。

The Imperial Palace, also called the Forbidden City was the palace where the 24 emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties ruled China for roughly 500 years.The Imperial Palace is located in the center of Beijing, on the northern side of Tian’anmen Square, rectangular in shape, 960 meters from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, with an area of 72 hectares and a total floor space of 150 000 square meters.It’s the world’s largest and most integral palace made of wood in existence.The Forbidden City is divided into two parts: the outer court and the inner court.The outer court was the place where the emperors gave audience and handled state affairs, while the inner court was the living quarters for the emperors and their families.In 1987 the Imperial Palace was listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Cultural Heritage sites.四合院：四合院（Siheyuan）是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)民居中最重要的形式。它數(shù)量多、分布廣，并且在漢族、滿族、白族以及其他少數(shù)民族中十分流行。大多數(shù)房屋采用木制框架。主屋建在南北走向的軸線上，兩個(gè)廂房則位于四合院的兩側(cè)。家庭中的長(zhǎng)者住在主屋中，而兩翼則是年輕一代的臥室。婦女住在內(nèi)院。客人和男仆住在外院。這種分布符合封建禮制（feudal regulations）。四合院遍布全國(guó)的城鄉(xiāng)，但由于各地自然條件和生活方式各有不同，因此發(fā)展出各自的特征。北京的四合院最具代表性的。

Siheyuan is the most important form of Chinese traditional residential house.It is great in number and wide in distribution,popular among the Han,Manchu，Bai,and some of other minority groups.Most of the houses are of wood framework.The principal room is biult on the south-north axis,and two wing rooms are located on both sides of it.The family elders live in the principal room and wings are the bedrooms for the younger generations.Women live in the inner yard.Guests and male servants live in the outer yard.This distribution is in accordance with feudal regulations.Siheyuan spreads over towns and villages throughout China,but each developed its own characteristics as result of respective natural conditions and different way of life.Siheyuan in Beijing is the most repesentative

絲綢之路：聞名于世的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路代表了古代中國(guó)的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國(guó)、南亞、歐洲和發(fā)揮這重要作用。正是通過(guò)絲綢之路，中國(guó)的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)傳遍各地。同樣，中國(guó)的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器也傳遍各地，歐洲也是通過(guò)絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的需要.The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.The Silk Road represents the ancient Chinese silk trade.The Silk Road trade played an important role in China, South Asia, Europe and Africa.It was through the Silk Road that Chinese papermaking, gunpowder, the compass and the printing press spread all over the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread all over the world through the Silk Road.And Europe exported all kinds of goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market。

茶馬古道：茶馬古道(Tea-horse Ancient Road)兩邊，生活著20多個(gè)少數(shù) 民族。不同的地方有著各自美麗而神奇的自然風(fēng)景和傳統(tǒng)文化，比 如:大理，麗江古城，香格里拉(Shangrila),雅魯藏布江大峽谷和布 達(dá)拉宮(Potala Palace)。古道的兩旁有廟宇、巖石壁畫、騷站(post house),古橋和木板路，還有少數(shù)民族舞蹈和民族服裝。時(shí)至今天，雖然這條古道的蹤跡都消失了，但它的文化和歷史價(jià)值仍然存在。?

Along the Tea-horse Ancient Road lived more than 20 minori?ties.Concentrations of beautiful and mysterious natural landscapes and traditional cultures developed in various sites，including Dali old city, Lijiang old city, Shangrila, Yarlung Zangbo River Grand Canyon, Potala Palace.The road features temples, rock paintings, post houses, ancient bridges and plank roads.It is also home to many national minorities and their dances and folk customs.Today, although the traces of the ancient road are fading away, its cultural and historic values remain.泰山：泰山稱東岳，以“五岳獨(dú)尊”的盛名享譽(yù)古今。按照“五行學(xué)說(shuō)”，東方屬木，主生發(fā)，有生命之源、萬(wàn)物之本的含義。這就是古代帝王通常在自己登基或晚年時(shí)到泰山封禪祭拜的原因。泰山拔地通天，氣勢(shì)磅礴，漢語(yǔ)又有“穩(wěn)如泰山”、“重于泰山”之說(shuō)。1987年，聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織將泰山列為世界自然與文化遺產(chǎn)。

Mount Tai, called “East Yue”, has a great reputation for the most important mountain of the Five Holy Mountains.According to the theory of five elements, the East belongs to mu, which means liveliness.Therefore, the East is a place where nature regulated and adjusted its procedures.This explains why important emperors made pilgrimages mostly to Mount Tai when they were crowned or in their later years.It is a symbol of loftiness and might, hence, there are the Chinese idioms: “as firm as Mount Tai” and “as weighty as Mount Tai”.Mount Tai was proclaimed world natural and cultural heritage by UNESCO in 1987.秦始皇陵墓：秦始皇陵墓(the Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang)坐落在 陜西省西安市臨潼區(qū)以東5公里的驪山北部，是中國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)皇帝的最終休眠之地。它于公元前246年開(kāi)始建造,工程持續(xù)了38年。它占地面積56.25平方公里，是中國(guó)歷史上最大的陵墓。

The Mausoleum of the Emperor Qin Shihuang, located at the northern foot of the Lishan Mountain five kilometers east of Lintong District, Xi’an City, Shanxi Province, is the final resting place of the first emperor in the history of China.Its construction lasted for 38 years, commencing in 246BC.With an area of 56.25 square kilometers, it’s the largest mausoleum in China’s history.六、中西文化

中西文化1：美國(guó)人強(qiáng)調(diào)效率、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，而中國(guó)人則將嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)劃放在首位，鼓勵(lì)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員之間的密切合作和無(wú)私奉獻(xiàn)。//在美國(guó)學(xué)校，討論享有至高無(wú)上的地位，討論是課堂教學(xué)的主旋律；而中國(guó)教師喜歡講課，喜歡考試，編寫千篇一律的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)教案，培養(yǎng)整齊劃一的高材生。//美國(guó)人的政治觀，經(jīng)濟(jì)觀以及社會(huì)觀的核心是個(gè)人道德自治觀。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的思想體系是以儒家學(xué)說(shuō)為基礎(chǔ)的，這種思想強(qiáng)調(diào)整體和諧。//現(xiàn)在，中美聯(lián)系比以往更加緊密，中國(guó)人學(xué)英語(yǔ)，玩保齡球，吃肯德基，美國(guó)人學(xué)漢語(yǔ)，練功夫，吃北京烤鴨，《泰坦尼克》駛進(jìn)中國(guó)，《牡丹亭》也在百老匯上演。//

American people emphasize efficiency,competition and originality while Chinese people give priority to careful planning and encourage close cooperation and altruistic dedication among team members.//In American schools, discussion is given top priority while Chinese teachers like to lecture in class,and a lot of them are obsessed with examinations.They write consistent and standardized teaching plans, and are

happy with bringing up identical and standardized talents.//Central to American political, economic and social thought is the concept of individual moral autonomy.Traditional Chinese philosophical systems are based on Confucianism,which sings high praises for communal harmony.//Nowadays, the relation of China and America become closer than ever.Chinese learn English, play bowling, enjoy KFC, while Americans learn Chinese, exercise Kung Fu, like Peking Duck.And Titanic sailed into China, while The Peony Pavilion has been performed on Broadway.//

中西文化2：越來(lái)越多受英文教育的海外華人父母，已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)到孩子在掌握不可或缺的英文的同時(shí)，也通曉中文的重要性。中國(guó)的崛起，讓他們充分認(rèn)識(shí)到孩子掌握雙語(yǔ)的好處——既能增加他們的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，也能讓他們接觸和熟悉東西方兩種不同的文化。這些人對(duì)中文的態(tài)度幾乎沒(méi)有完全改變。曾幾何時(shí)，他們還非常驕傲地宣稱自己只懂英文。現(xiàn)在，他們已開(kāi)始積極支持孩子學(xué)習(xí)中文和中國(guó)文化，而且還不時(shí)走訪中國(guó)，欣賞壯觀的自然風(fēng)光，認(rèn)識(shí)豐富的文化遺產(chǎn)。An increasing number of English-educated Chinese parents overseas have come to the realization that while English learning is indispensable to their children, it is essential that their kid shave a good command of Chinese.China’s rise has fully awakened their awareness of the fact that their kids can benefit rom their bilingual ability which can not only enhance their competitiveness in the job market, but also facilitate their exposure to and familiarity with the two different cultures between the East and the West.They have hardly changed their attitudes towards Chinese.At one time they proudly declared that they knew English only.Now, they have begun to give full support to their kids learning Chinese and its culture, and they also make occasional visits to China,where they can enjoy its magnificent natural landscape and get to know its rich cultural heritage.中西文化3：我贊同許多東亞學(xué)者的觀點(diǎn)，東方文明可以醫(yī)治盛行于西方世界的一些頑疾。西方世界個(gè)人自由主義泛濫導(dǎo)致了極端個(gè)人主義、性關(guān)系混亂以及過(guò)度暴力行為，對(duì)此我們不能視而不見(jiàn)。// 相反，東方社會(huì)的自我約束力，集體責(zé)任感以及溫厚儒雅的傳統(tǒng)倒可以消除西方社會(huì)的許多惡疾。// 在這個(gè)信息時(shí)代，世界已縮小成一個(gè)地球村。這個(gè)地球村里，不再有什么涇渭分明的東方世界和西方世界，我們是生活在同一個(gè)社區(qū)里的鄰里。// 因此，我們彼此之間無(wú)須沖突。我們之間的關(guān)系應(yīng)該是一種友好合作，平等互補(bǔ)的關(guān)系。我們應(yīng)該相互理解，相互學(xué)習(xí)，和睦共處。

I share the same view with many East Asian scholars that the Oriental civilization can heal some of the prevailing ,stubborn Western ills.We should not turn a blind eye to the fact that individual freedom has gone overboard in the West, resulting in extreme individualism, sexual promiscuity and excessive use of violence.// By contrast,self-discipline, corporate responsibility and the pacific tradition of East Asia can offset many Western vices.// At this age of information, the world has shrunk as a global village in which there will be no clear-cut worlds of the East and the West any more, but a world of one community with neighboring families.// Therefore,we do not necessarily have to come into clash with each other.Our relationship is one of friendly cooperation, equality and mutual complementarity and therefore,we should understand and learn from each other, and live in harmony.//

上海：朝氣蓬勃，充滿活力，豐富多彩的上海是現(xiàn)代中國(guó)的縮影。雖然上海的文化遺跡不能與北京媲美，但是上海迷人的城市風(fēng)貌，風(fēng)格各異的萬(wàn)國(guó)建筑為這座城市注入了無(wú)限的魅力。今日之上海，已經(jīng)成為享譽(yù)中外的國(guó)際大都市。漫步在這座日新月異的現(xiàn)代大都市里，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)許多精彩的歷史亮點(diǎn)，隱現(xiàn)在眾多摩天大樓背后的是上海發(fā)展變化的軌跡。它們記述了上海自十九世紀(jì)末開(kāi)埠以來(lái)，尤其是新中國(guó)成立以后，是如何迅猛發(fā)展的。

Shanghai is a dynamic, diverse and stimulating city-the very epitome of modern China.Though Shanghai cannot rival Beijing in cultural heritage, its varied architectural styles and cosmopolitan feel give it a charm of its own.Today's Shanghai has become a world-famous international metropolis.A walk through this booming city reveals many glimpses of its colorful past.Hidden a mongst the skyscrapers are remains of the original Shanghai.They keep on showing how Shanghai has been developing fast and enormously since its opening as a commercial port in the late 19th century, especially after the founding of new China.香港中文大學(xué)：香港中文大學(xué)，簡(jiǎn)稱“中大”，成立于1963年。中大是一所研究型綜合大學(xué)，以“結(jié)合傳統(tǒng)與現(xiàn)代，融匯中國(guó)與西方”為創(chuàng)校使命。//40多年來(lái)，中大一直致力于弘揚(yáng)中華傳統(tǒng)文化，堅(jiān)持雙語(yǔ)教育，并推行獨(dú)特的書院制度，在香港教育界卓然而立。中大校園占地134 公頃，是世界上最美麗的校園之一。//中大的師生來(lái)自世界各地。有教職員工 5200多人，近萬(wàn)名本科生、約2000多名研究生，其中約2500多人來(lái)自45個(gè)不同的國(guó)家和地區(qū)。//中大實(shí)行靈活的學(xué)分制，不僅有助于培養(yǎng)有專有博的人才，而且還賦予學(xué)生更大的學(xué)習(xí)自主權(quán)。中大的多元教育有助于充分發(fā)揮每一個(gè)學(xué)生的潛能。// The Chinese University of Hong Kong, CUHK for short, was founded in 1963.It is are search-oriented comprehensive university with a mission to combine tradition with modernity and bring together China and the West.//For more than40 years, we have been distinguished from other local universities by virtue of our rich Chinese cultural heritage, bilingual education, and our unique college system.134-hectare campus is one of the most beautiful campuses in the world.//CUHK’ s faculty and students come from all corners of the world.It has more than 5200 staff members,approximately10,000 undergraduates, and 2000 postgraduate students.Of these students, some2,500 are from 45 countries and regions outside Hong Kong.//The flexible credit unit system allows a balance between depth with breadth, and a high degree off ree choice of students in designing their own learning.The mufti-faceted education at CUHK helps to bring out the best in every student.//

七、社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)

中國(guó)夢(mèng)：幾千年的中國(guó)文化充實(shí)著中國(guó)夢(mèng)，同時(shí)，過(guò)去三十幾年的改革開(kāi)放也激勵(lì)著中國(guó)夢(mèng)。中國(guó)夢(mèng)最顯著的特征是包容性和雙贏合作。這些也是使中國(guó)夢(mèng)擴(kuò)大它的全球影響范圍和被其他國(guó)家的人民認(rèn)可的基本特征。中國(guó)夢(mèng)是民族復(fù)興的夢(mèng)。它是建設(shè)一個(gè)強(qiáng)大繁榮的國(guó)家，給中國(guó)人民帶來(lái)幸福生活的夢(mèng)。中國(guó)夢(mèng)需要維持穩(wěn)定健康的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，科學(xué)管理社會(huì)，以及有效應(yīng)對(duì)外部發(fā)展的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和挑戰(zhàn)。The Chinese dream has been enriched by thousands of years of Chinese culture and inspired among other things by the past three decades of reform and opening-up.The most noticeable features of the Chinese dream include inclusiveness and win-win cooperation.These are the very features that will enable the Chinese dream to expand its global reach and be recognized by people of other nations.The Chinese dream is the dream of national rejuvenation.It is the dream of building a powerful and prosperous state, a dream of bringing happiness in the lives of the Chinese people.It entails sustaining steady and healthy economic growth, scientifically managing the Chinese society, and effectively responding to the risks and challenges of external development.中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)：中國(guó)將進(jìn)一步發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、擴(kuò)大開(kāi)放，這對(duì)海外企業(yè)（enterprises）意味著更多的商機(jī)。改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國(guó)企業(yè)與海外企業(yè)一直積極開(kāi)展經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企業(yè)不僅幫助了中國(guó)企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)，而且也在合作中獲得了收益。中國(guó)政府將繼續(xù)提供有利的政策和條件，推動(dòng)中國(guó)企業(yè)與國(guó)外企業(yè)進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展合作。

China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises.Since China’s reform and opening upChinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology and have scored great achievement.Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth, but also benefited from the cooperation.Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.中國(guó)消費(fèi)：假日經(jīng)濟(jì)的現(xiàn)象表明：中國(guó)消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)觀正在發(fā)生巨大變化。根據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)，中國(guó)消費(fèi)者的消費(fèi)需求正在從基本生活必需品轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)π蓍e、舒適和個(gè)人發(fā)展的需求。同時(shí)，中國(guó)人的消費(fèi)觀在蓬勃發(fā)展的假日經(jīng)濟(jì)中正變得成熟。因此產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)做相應(yīng)調(diào)整，來(lái)適應(yīng)社會(huì)的發(fā)展。另一方面，服務(wù)質(zhì)量要改善，以滿足人們提高生活質(zhì)量的要求。

The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese people’s consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics, the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of

life

to

leisure，comfort

and

personal development.Therefore, the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand, services should be improved to satisfy people’s demand for an improved quality of life.中國(guó)城市化：中國(guó)城市化(urbanization)將會(huì)充分釋放潛在內(nèi)需（domestic demand)。一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家指出，在中國(guó)幾乎所有的發(fā)展中城市都面臨 著城市化的進(jìn)程。這使得許多人的生活水平有所提高，也為人們提 供更多的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。隨著越來(lái)越多的人向城市遷徙，住房及城市基 礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)(infrastructure construction),包括水源等能源的供應(yīng)將會(huì) 成為城市發(fā)展的焦點(diǎn)問(wèn)題。商品與服務(wù)的自由、快速流通是城市化 社會(huì)的一項(xiàng)基本特征。逐漸擴(kuò)張的城市需要更多的零售店來(lái)滿足消 費(fèi)者的需求。

China’s urbanization will release the full potential of domestic demand.Some economists point out that urbanization is a process that is occurring in nearly every developing city in the country.It will lead to a better quality of life for many people，and provide individuals with more job opportunities.The construction of housing and city infrastructure, in?cluding water and energy supplies, will be a focal point of urban develop?ment as more people migrate to cities.Urbanization means better access to educational and medical resources in the city.But it also predicts less use of personal vehicles and more use of public transportation.The fast, free flow of goods and services is a basic trait of an urbanized society.Ex-panding cities require more retail outlets to serve customers.大學(xué)生就業(yè)：許多剛畢業(yè)的大學(xué)生找不到工作，在校學(xué)生則擔(dān)心他們的未來(lái)。多個(gè)調(diào)查顯示，三分之二的中國(guó)畢業(yè)生想在政府或者國(guó)有企業(yè)工作，而不是為中國(guó)令人矚目的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)提供動(dòng)力的民營(yíng)企業(yè)。政府和國(guó) 有企業(yè)被認(rèn)為能免受經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條的影響。如今幾乎沒(méi)有大學(xué)生愿意放 棄政府的鐵飯碗而下海、加入初創(chuàng)企業(yè)或自己創(chuàng)業(yè)。

Many recent college graduates can’t find a job and students are fearful about their future.Two-thirds of Chinese graduates say they want to work either in the government or state-owned firms，which are seen as recession-proof, rather than at the private companies that have powered China’s remarkable economic climb, surveys indicate.Few college stu?dents today, according to the surveys, are ready to leave the safe shores of government work and jump into the sea to join startups or go into business.環(huán)境問(wèn)題：過(guò)去10年，海平面升高和森林看法的速度都是前所未有的；生態(tài)惡化、物種滅絕、臭氧層被破壞、溫室效應(yīng)、酸雨等一系列環(huán)境問(wèn)題已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重影響到人類的生存環(huán)境。// 環(huán)境惡化造成的問(wèn)題之一就是缺水。目前全世界 40%以上的人口，即 20 多億人，面臨缺水問(wèn)題。據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)，未來(lái) 25 年全球人口將有 60 億增長(zhǎng)到 80 億，環(huán)境保護(hù)面臨更大的壓力。// 中國(guó)作為一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，面臨著發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)和保護(hù)環(huán)境的雙重任務(wù)。從國(guó)情出發(fā)，中國(guó)在全面推進(jìn)現(xiàn)代化的過(guò)程中，將環(huán)境保護(hù)視為一項(xiàng)基本國(guó)策。// 眾所周知，對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境和生物多樣性的保護(hù)是環(huán)保工作的重點(diǎn)。我國(guó)野生動(dòng)植物物種豐富，僅脊椎動(dòng)物就有 6000 多種左右，高等植物 3 萬(wàn)多種。//

Sea level rose and forest were destroyed at an unprecedented rate during the last decade.A series of environmental problems such s the deterioration of ecosystem, the extinction of bio-species,damage to the ozone layer, the green-house effect, acid rain, have posed a serious threat to human living conditions.Environmental crisis leads to one of the serious problems, namely, water shortage.Presently, more than 40% of the world’s population, more than 2 billion people, now face water shortage.It is predicted hat with the global population expected to increase from six billion to eight billion over the next 25 years, more pressure on environmental protection stress is expected.As a developing country, china is confronted with the dual task of developing the economy and protecting the environment.Proceeding from its national conditions, china has, in the process of promoting its overall modernization program, made environmental protection one of its basic state policies.// It is known to all that protection of the ecological environment and biodiversity is the focal point of environmental protection work.China is rich in wildlife species.There are about 6,000 vertebrates alone and 30,000species of higher plants

亞洲發(fā)展：近代以來(lái)，亞洲經(jīng)歷了曲折和艱難的發(fā)展歷程。亞洲人們?yōu)楦淖冏约旱拿\(yùn)，始終以不屈的意志和艱辛的奮斗開(kāi)辟前進(jìn)道路。今天，人們所看到的亞洲發(fā)展成就，是勤勞智慧的亞洲人民不屈不撓、鍥而不舍奮斗的結(jié)果。亞洲人民深知，世界上沒(méi)有放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的發(fā)展模式，也沒(méi)有一成不變的發(fā)展道路，亞洲人民勇于變革創(chuàng)新，不斷開(kāi)拓進(jìn)取，探索和開(kāi)辟適應(yīng)時(shí)代潮流，符合自身實(shí)際的發(fā)展道路，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展打開(kāi)了廣闊前景。

In modern times, Asia experienced twists and turns in its development.To change their destiny, the people of Asia have been forging ahead in an indomitable spirit and with hard struggle.Asia's development achievements today are the result of the persistent efforts of the industrious and talented Asian people.The people of Asia re fully aware that there is no ready model or unchanging path of development that is universally applicable.They never shy away from reform and innovation.Instead, they are committed to exploring and finding development paths that are in line with the trend of the times and their own situations, and have opened up bright prospects for economic and social development.英語(yǔ)翻譯?？嫉闹袊?guó)文化詞匯

風(fēng)水：Fengshui;geomantic omen

陽(yáng)歷：solar calendar

陰歷：lunar calendar

閏年：leap year

十二生肖：zodiac

春節(jié)：the Spring Festival

元宵節(jié)：the Lantern Festival

清明節(jié)：the Tomb-sweeping Day

端午節(jié)：the Dragon-boat Festival

中秋節(jié)：the Mid-autumn Day

重陽(yáng)節(jié)：the Double-ninth Day

七夕節(jié)：the Double-seventh Day

春聯(lián)：spring couplets

春運(yùn)：the Spring Festival travel

把中國(guó)的漢字“?！弊值官N在門上(聽(tīng)起來(lái)像是福到)預(yù)示新年有好運(yùn)：turn the Chinese character for luck(fu)upside down to make “dao”(which sounds like arrival)and put it on your door to bring in good fortune for the new year

廟會(huì)：temple fair

爆竹：firecracker

年畫：(traditional)New Year pictures

壓歲錢：New Year gift-money

舞龍：dragon dance

舞獅：lion dance

元宵：sweet sticky rice dumplings

花燈：festival lantern

燈謎：lantern riddle

食物對(duì)于中國(guó)佳節(jié)來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要，但甜食對(duì)于農(nóng)歷新年特別重要，因?yàn)樗麄兡茏屝碌囊荒旮犹鹈邸?/p>

Food is central to all Chines festivals, but sugary snacks are especially important for Lunar New Year, since they sweetne up prospects for the coming year.傳統(tǒng)的佳節(jié)食物包括年糕、八寶飯、餃子、果脯和瓜子。

Traditional holiday treats include nian gao(rice pudding), ba bao fan(eight treasure rice), jiao zi(crispy dumplings), candied fruits and seeds.四合院：Siheyuan/ Quadrangle

亭/閣：pavilion/attic

刺繡：Embroidery

剪紙：Paper Cutting

書法：Calligraphy

針灸：Acupuncture

象形文字：Pictograms/Pictographic Characters

偏旁：radical

戰(zhàn)國(guó)：Warring States

人才流動(dòng)：Brain Drain/Flow

鐵飯碗：Iron Bowl

黃土高原：Loess Plateau

紅白喜事：Weddings and Funerals

儒家文化：Confucian Culture

孟子：Mencius

火鍋：Hot Pot

《詩(shī)經(jīng)》：the Book of Songs

《史記》：Historical Records/ Records of the Grand Historian

《西游記》：The Journey to the West

唐三彩：Tri-color Pottery of the Tang Dynasty/ The Tang Tri-colored Pottery

火藥：gunpowder

印/璽：Seal/Stamp

京劇：Beijing Opera/Peking Opera

秦腔：Crying of Qin People/Qin Opera

相聲：Cross-talk/ Comic Dialogue

電視小品：TV Sketches/TV Skit

太極拳：Tai Chi

天壇：Altar of Heaven in Beijing

故宮博物館：The Palace Museum

敦煌莫高窟：Mogao Caves

小吃攤：Snack Bar/Snack Stand

春卷：Spring Roll(s)

蓮藕：Lotus Root

北京烤鴨：Beijing Roast Duck

門當(dāng)戶對(duì)：Perfect Match/ Exact Match

《水滸》：Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh

文房四寶(筆墨紙硯)：”The Four Treasure of the Study”/ “Brush, Ink-stick, Paper, and Ink-stone”

兵馬俑：Cotta Warriour/ Terracotta Army

第二篇：新時(shí)代英語(yǔ)傳統(tǒng)文化翻譯

英語(yǔ)翻譯

Unit 1Book 3.中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日以中國(guó)的農(nóng)歷為依據(jù)。農(nóng)歷年的歲首稱為春節(jié)，俗稱“過(guò)年”，有祈年等多種習(xí)俗，是中國(guó)人民最隆重的傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，象征團(tuán)結(jié)興旺。其他主要的節(jié)日有元宵節(jié)、清明節(jié)、端午節(jié)、七夕節(jié)、中秋節(jié)、重陽(yáng)節(jié)、冬至節(jié)、臘八節(jié)等等。各個(gè)節(jié)日都有其來(lái)源講究和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日與農(nóng)歷中的二十四節(jié)氣不同。農(nóng)歷節(jié)日是中華民族凝聚力和生命力的體現(xiàn)

Traditional Chinese festivals are usually fixed to the Lunar calendar.January 1st on the lunar calendar has been designated as the Spring Festival(generally referred to as guonian).There are several customs during the Spring Festival, such as praying for a good harvest, etc.The Spring Festival is the most ceremonious traditional festival in China and symbolizes unity and prosperity.Some other significant Chinese festivals include the Lantern Festival, the Pure Bright Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival.the Double-Seventh Festival, the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Double-Ninth Festival, the Winter Solstice, and the Eight Day of the Twelfth Lunar Month, etc.Each festival has its own unique origin and custom.These Chinese festivals that follow the Lunar calendar are different from the 24 Solar Terms in the Lunar calendar.They embody China's cohesion and vitality.Unit 3Book3.中國(guó)古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫” 的畫特指國(guó)畫。其繪畫形式是用毛筆蘸水、墨、顏料作畫于絹、帛、宣紙之上，古代稱之為水墨丹青。為區(qū)別于西方的油畫而稱之為“中國(guó)畫”，簡(jiǎn)稱“國(guó)畫”。其題材有人物、山水、花鳥(niǎo)等。技法可分為工筆和寫意。國(guó)畫的藝術(shù)特質(zhì)在于“筆墨”，強(qiáng)調(diào)以形寫神，畫盡意在。國(guó)畫在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上反映了中化民族的審美意識(shí)和情趣。

The four art forms in ancient China are guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting.And painting particularly refers to traditional Chinese painting.Traditional Chinese painting is done with a brush dipped into black or colored ink and is painted on silk or xuan paper.In ancient China, it was called “ink-painting.” In order to distinguish it from Western oil-paintings, the Chinese people term their works “traditional Chinese painting”(abbreviated to “Chinese painting”.)The subject matters of Chinese paintings are typically figures, landscapes, birds and flowers.The drawing skills and techniques employed by the Chinese painters can be divided into two forms: fine brushwork and free-hand brushwork.The artistic characteristics lie in “the writing brush and ink.” Chinese painting emphasizes using the shape to convey the feelings of the painter.Even though a painting is a finished product, it endlessly conveys a meaning.In terms of the artistic creation, traditional Chinese painting is a reflection of the aesthetic consciousness and artistic sentiment of the Chinese people.5.中國(guó)石窟

中國(guó)石窟組要反映的是佛教文化藝術(shù)。敦煌莫高窟、大同云岡石窟、洛陽(yáng)龍門石窟、天水麥積山石窟，號(hào)稱中國(guó)四大石窟藝術(shù)景觀。佛教石窟隨山雕鑿、彩繪，形象生動(dòng)自然，將崇尚美與世俗情融為一體，把天然造化與人工創(chuàng)造有機(jī)結(jié)合，是由建筑、繪畫、雕塑等組成的博大精深、絢麗奪目的綜合藝術(shù)殿堂。其藝術(shù)成就為世界矚目，已成為重要的世界文化遺產(chǎn)。Chinese Grottoes

Chinese grottoes mainly reflect the art of Buddhist culture.In China，there are four major art landscape of grottoes:the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang, the Yungang Grottoes at Datong, the Longmen Grottoes at Luoyang, and the Maijishan Grottoes at Tianshui.Carved and painted on mountains, the Buddhist grottoes mingle both sublimity and secular feelings together, presenting us a vivid and natural appearance.They embody the systematic combination of both the exceptional artistry of great nature and the extremely fine craftsmanship of mankind.The Chinese Buddhist Grottoes are regarded as a profound and stunning general art gallery, which are composed of architecture, painting, sculptures, etc.The artistic achievements of Chinese grottoes have attracted the attention of the world, and have become important international cultural heritage.Unit 7Book3.中藥主要由植物藥（根、莖、葉、果）、動(dòng)物藥（內(nèi)臟、皮、骨、器官）和礦物藥組成。因以植物藥為主，故也稱中草藥。中藥的應(yīng)用理論獨(dú)特，認(rèn)為中藥有四氣五味。“四氣”指藥性的“寒熱溫涼”，“五味”指“辛酸甘苦咸”。中國(guó)人探索中草藥已有幾千年的歷史，如今中醫(yī)藥及其診療方法已傳播到世界各地。

Traditional Chinese medicine mainly consists of plant medicine(roots, stems, leaves, fruits), animal medicine(viscera, skins, bones, organs), and mineral medicine.Chinese herbal medicine is based on plant medicine.According to the unique application

theory of traditional Chinese medicine, it is believed that it contains “ four natures and five flavors.” “Four Natures” refers to the properties of “coldness, heat, mildness, and coolness,” while “five flavors” refers to the properties of being

“pungent, sour, sweet, bitter, and salty.” It is said that Chinese people have been conducting research into herbal medicine for thousands of years.Nowadays, traditional Chinese medicine and its therapeutic methods have extensively been spread to the far corners of the globe.Unit 1 Book 4

剪紙

剪紙又叫刻紙，窗花或剪畫。剪紙?jiān)诩埖陌l(fā)明之前就已經(jīng)流行，當(dāng)時(shí)人們運(yùn)用金箔，絹帛，皮革等片狀材料，通過(guò)鏤空雕刻的技法制成工藝品。漢代（前206-公元220），紙張的發(fā)明促使了剪紙的發(fā)展與普及。民間剪紙的題材多來(lái)源于現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，充滿納福迎祥的主題，表達(dá)對(duì)美好生活的向往。

Paper cutting(otherwise known as jianzhi)is also called kezhi, chuanghua or jianhua.Paper cutting was popular even before paper was invented.When there was no paper, people carved on gold leaf, silk , feathers , and so on, with a carving technique known as hollow-cutting to make handicrafts.In the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), the invention of paper promoted the development and popularity of paper-cutting.The folk themes of the paper-cutting are rooted in real life, filled with the themes of enjoying a life of ease and comfort, and expressing the desire for a happy life.Unit3 Book 4 中國(guó)象棋

中國(guó)象棋早在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期（前475-前221）就有記載，最初稱為六博，用象牙做成，到了北宋（960-1127）末期定型為近代模式。棋盤為九豎十橫線畫成的長(zhǎng)方形平面，是中國(guó)封建社會(huì)制度和文化的縮影——有軍中帳（九宮）、士位（士，仕），文官（象，相），武將（車，馬，炮），士兵（兵、卒）。是世界四大棋類（中國(guó)圍棋、中國(guó)象棋、國(guó)際象棋、日本將棋）之一.The earliest records of Chinese chess can be traced back to the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The early-stage Chinese chess was composed of six pieces carved out of ivory, and was therefore called “Six Boxing”.Its final form of play was fixed at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty(960AD-1127AD)after a long period of development.The chessboard is a rectangular board that is 9 lines wide by 10 lines long.Composed of marshal or general , advisors(scholar or official), civil officials(elephant or minister), military officers(chariots, horses, and cannons),and soldiers(soldiers or pawns), Chinese chess is Chinese social institution and culture in miniature.It is also one of the four most popular chess games in the world, the other three being the Chinese Weiqi, the game of chess, and shogi(or general’s chess)

Unit 5Book 4 中國(guó)書法

中國(guó)古代四大藝術(shù)“琴棋書畫”的“書”特指書法。它是用毛筆書寫篆、隸、行、楷、草等各種漢字的藝術(shù)。中國(guó)書法在技法上講究筆法、墨法、章法等，其藝術(shù)的和諧之美體現(xiàn)在字里行間。隸書的蠶頭燕尾，楷書的中規(guī)中矩，草書的龍飛鳳舞，行書的瀟灑飄逸，可謂異彩紛呈，千姿百態(tài)。中國(guó)書法體現(xiàn)了中華民族豪爽大氣、端莊含蓄的特點(diǎn)。Chinese Calligraphy The four ancient Chinese artistic forms are called guqin, chess, penmanship, and painting;and penmanship particularly refers to the Chinese calligraphy.Chinese calligraphy is a kind of art using a brush to write seal script, official script, regular script, cursive script, grass script, and other various writing styles of Chinese characters.The writing techniques of Chinese calligraphy are highlighted by the manner of using a brush, the way ink is used, the art of composition, and so on.Its harmonious beauty of art is reflected in between the lines.Chinese calligraphy exhibits its beauty in different poses, such as the uniqueness of the official script’s “silkworm head and swallow tail”, the regular script’s requirement to “stick to the norm and rules”, the characteristics of grass script’s “flying dragons and dancing phoenixes”, and the distinctive “natural grace” of the cursive script.Indeed, Chinese calligraphy reflects the personality of Chinese people’s straightforwardness, dignity, and reticence.Unit 7 Book 4十二生肖

十二生肖是中國(guó)用十二種動(dòng)物所組成的記年方法。我國(guó)自古就有“干支紀(jì)年法”，而我國(guó)西北地區(qū)游牧的少數(shù)民族則以動(dòng)物紀(jì)年，兩種紀(jì)年法相互融合，形成了現(xiàn)在的十二生肖，即：子鼠，丑牛，寅虎，卯兔，辰龍，巳蛇，午馬，未羊，申猴，酉雞，戌狗，亥豬。屬相的基本意義在于使人們圓融通達(dá)，和衷共濟(jì)。The Chinese Zodiac

The Chinese Zodiac is the Chinese way of numbering the years.It attributes an animal to each year, according to a 12-year cycle.Since ancient times, the Chinese people began to use the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to record the passing of years.At the same time, Chinese nomadic people(騾馬迪克)who lived in northwest China instead used animals to number the years.The two ways of numbering the years were smoothly integrated, and the Chinese Zodiac took shape.The 12 animals in the Chinese Zodiac are: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and pig.The meaning of the symbolic animal of the birth year is that it can make people magnanimous and be of one mind in times of difficulty.

第三篇：段落翻譯(中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化)

一、Chinese Dragon

對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開(kāi)拓變化的寓意和團(tuán)結(jié)凝聚的精神。

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko

秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動(dòng)作有力迅速。在農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽(tīng)到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來(lái)，中國(guó)東北某些城市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒(méi)有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢?！睂?shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)一中國(guó)后才將其連城長(zhǎng)城。然而，今天我們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個(gè)步驟。其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親待客、逢年過(guò)節(jié)都有包餃子吃的習(xí)俗，寓意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，來(lái)達(dá)到陰陽(yáng)歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調(diào)和之目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳撇∪说难ㄎ?，以達(dá)到刺激經(jīng)絡(luò)。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中國(guó)的“新四大國(guó)粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中華民族傳統(tǒng)文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵?jì)、內(nèi)外兼修，蘊(yùn)含著先哲們對(duì)生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese characters

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文字?，F(xiàn)存中國(guó)古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結(jié)構(gòu)“外圓內(nèi)方“，源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年?？曜庸艜r(shí)稱為箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊譽(yù)筷子是古老的東方文明。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時(shí)稱璽、印、寶、章等。據(jù)史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色 鈐蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測(cè)朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，而兩個(gè)朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個(gè)輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干支紀(jì)年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Chinese Beijing Opera

京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀(jì)末，京劇形成并成為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過(guò)程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當(dāng)。

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

道教是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經(jīng)》為主要經(jīng)典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無(wú)為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻溃浅５?。名可名，非常名。無(wú)名天地之始；有名萬(wàn)物之母。故常無(wú)，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)?！俺烧Z(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語(yǔ)是比詞大而語(yǔ)法功能又相當(dāng)于詞的語(yǔ)言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要從民間諺語(yǔ)、古代文學(xué)作品、詩(shī)歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)就已發(fā)展到相當(dāng)高的水平。西漢時(shí)張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，開(kāi)辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢以其卓越的品質(zhì)、精美的花色和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開(kāi)”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國(guó)園林歷史悠久、內(nèi)涵豐富，被譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國(guó)可追溯到五千年前。秦時(shí)已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的使用而發(fā)展。“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯?？梢哉f(shuō)文房四寶書寫了整個(gè)中華文明。

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Paper cutting

剪紙是中國(guó)最為流行的傳統(tǒng)民間藝術(shù)形式之一。中國(guó)剪紙有一千 五百多年的歷史，在明朝和清朝時(shí)期特別流行。人們常用剪紙美化居家環(huán)境。特別是在春 節(jié)和婚慶期間，剪紙被用來(lái)裝飾門窗和房 間，以增加喜慶的氣氛。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色，象征健康和興旺。中國(guó)剪紙?jiān)?世界各地很受歡迎，經(jīng)常被用作饋贈(zèng)外國(guó) 友人的禮物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.the Ming and Qing It was widespread Dynasties.particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.十八、Lion Dance

獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國(guó)最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)中，獅子被視為是能帶來(lái)好運(yùn)的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅(qū)趕邪惡、保護(hù)人類。據(jù)記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經(jīng)被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節(jié)（the Lantern Festival）和其他節(jié)日的習(xí)俗，人們以此來(lái)祈禱好運(yùn)、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.十九、The Duanwu Festival

端午節(jié)，又叫龍舟節(jié)，是為了紀(jì)念愛(ài)國(guó)詩(shī)人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠(chéng)和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國(guó)家?guī)?lái)了和平和繁榮。但最后因?yàn)槭艿秸u謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來(lái)，端午節(jié)的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.二十、hutong 北京有無(wú)數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅 是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大 廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來(lái)。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.二

十一、Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《三國(guó)演義》由羅貫中創(chuàng)作于14世紀(jì)，是一部中國(guó)歷史題材小說(shuō)。小說(shuō)以漢朝末年和三國(guó)時(shí)期的歷史演變?yōu)楸尘埃瑪⑹隽嗽谶@個(gè)動(dòng)蕩（turbulent）時(shí)期發(fā)生的一系列重大事情。整個(gè)故事情節(jié)從公元168年開(kāi)始一直到公元280年領(lǐng)土統(tǒng)一（reunification）時(shí)結(jié)束。小說(shuō)篇幅長(zhǎng)達(dá)80萬(wàn)字，分為120個(gè)章節(jié)，共描述了1,191個(gè)人物角色，堪稱中國(guó)文學(xué)史上四大經(jīng)典小說(shuō)之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century,is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters.·

第四篇：中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化翻譯--春節(jié)用語(yǔ)

一、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化之英語(yǔ)表達(dá)---有關(guān)春節(jié)的基本詞匯與短語(yǔ)

【Greeting Season】: 春節(jié) The Spring Festival 農(nóng)歷 lunar calendar 正月 lunar January;the first month by lunar calendar 除夕 New Year?s Eve;eve of lunar New Year

初一 the beginning of New Year 元宵節(jié) The Lantern Festival 【Customs】：

過(guò)年 Guo-nian;have the Spring Festival 對(duì)聯(lián) poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry 春聯(lián) Spring Festival couplets 剪紙 paper-cuts 買年貨 special purchases for the Spring Festival;do Spring Festival shopping 年畫 New Year paintings 敬酒 propose a toast 燈籠 lantern: a portable light 煙花 fireworks 爆竹 firecrackers(People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)紅包 red packets(cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth.)舞獅 lion dance(The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)舞龍 dragon dance(to expect good weather and good harvests)戲曲 traditional opera 雜耍 variety show;vaudeville 燈謎 riddles written on lanterns 燈會(huì) exhibit of lanterns 守歲 staying-up 禁忌 taboo 拜年 pay New Year?s call;give New Year?s greetings;New Year?s visit

去晦氣 get rid of the ill-fortune 祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to one?s ancestors

壓歲錢 gift money;money given to children as a lunar New Year gift 004km.cn 辭舊歲 bid farewell to the old year 掃房 spring cleaning;general house-cleaning 【Food names】：

年糕 Nian-gao;rise cake;New Year cake 團(tuán)圓飯 family reunion dinner 年夜飯 the dinner on New Year?s Eve

餃子 Jiao-zi;Chinese meat ravioli 八寶飯 eight treasures rice pudding 湯圓 Tang-yuan;dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings糖果盤 candy tray: 什錦糖 assorted candiesgrowth and good health 西瓜子 red melon seedprosperity 紅棗 red datesmany descendents to come 糖藕 candied lotus rootsweet 【Blessing】: Treasures fill the home 財(cái)源廣進(jìn)

Business flourishes 事業(yè)興隆

Peace all year round 歲歲平安

Wishing you prosperity 恭喜發(fā)財(cái)

Harmony brings wealth 家和萬(wàn)事興

May all your wishes come true 心想事成Everything goes well 萬(wàn)事如意 The country flourishes and people live in peace 國(guó)家富強(qiáng)、人民安康

Money and treasures will be plentiful 財(cái)源茂盛

Wishing you every success Promoting to a higher position 事業(yè)有成、更上一層樓、蒸蒸日上 Safe trip wherever you go 一帆風(fēng)順

Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!祝你新的一年快樂(lè)幸福

Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!事業(yè)成功，家庭美滿。

【中國(guó)新年禁忌】：

Dos and Donts of Chinese New Year Do's: Wish everyone you meet a happy New Year by saying “gong xi fa cai”, which translates to: “Have a happy and prosperous New Year!” 對(duì)每一個(gè)你遇到的人道一聲：“恭喜發(fā)財(cái)”，翻譯成英文就是：“在新的一年里擁有幸福繁榮的生活”；

Wear articles of red clothing because red symbolizes luck.穿紅色布料做成的飾品，因?yàn)榧t色昭示著幸運(yùn)；

Eat vegetarian food because it's not good to see blood.吃素食，因?yàn)橐?jiàn)血是不吉利的；

Buy new trousers because the Chinese word for trousers is “fu”,(Chinese homonym for wealth)買新褲子（衣服），因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)里褲子就是“服”，（在漢語(yǔ)里與財(cái)富的“富”諧音）；

Children should stay up as late as possible on New Year's Eve for it is believed that the later they stay up, the longer their parents will live.孩子應(yīng)該在除夕之夜盡可能晚睡、熬夜因?yàn)閾?jù)說(shuō)他們睡的越晚，他們的父母越長(zhǎng)壽；

Visit family(especially those older than yourself)and friends to pass on your wishes on good fortune for the New Year.(plus kids and single people will receive lai-see lucky red packets full of money.拜訪親戚朋友（尤其是比你年長(zhǎng)的），傳遞你對(duì)他們來(lái)年幸福的美好祝愿（另外孩子和單身的人將會(huì)得到裝滿錢的幸運(yùn)紅包，稱為“來(lái)喜”。）

Give two lai see to each child.Because happiness comes in two's, do not just give one.This is your way of passing good luck to the next generation.Business owners also give lai see to employees and associates.給每個(gè)孩子兩份“來(lái)喜”（我覺(jué)得應(yīng)該指錢是偶數(shù)的），因?yàn)楹檬鲁呻p，不要只給一份。這是你把祝愿?jìng)鬟f給下一代的方法。企業(yè)主（老板）也要給員工和同事紅包。

Don'ts: Don't wear white or black clothing, since they are the traditional colours of mourning.不要穿白色或黑色服裝，因?yàn)檫@是傳統(tǒng)意義上喪事的顏色；

Don't buy new shoes for the first month of the New Year, because the sound of shoe in Chinese is “hai”.“Hai” is similar to the sound of sighing, which Chinese believe is not a good way to start the year.不要在新年的第一個(gè)月買新鞋，因?yàn)樵跐h語(yǔ)里鞋的發(fā)音是“孩”（好像是四川地區(qū)的發(fā)音），它與嘆息”唉“相近，中國(guó)人認(rèn)為這不是新年伊始的好兆頭。

Don't wash your hair for the first three days of the New Year, because the Chinese word for hair is a homonym for the Chinese word for wealth.Therefore, Chinese believe it isn't a good thing to 'wash away your wealth' right at the start of the New Year.在新年的前三天里不要洗頭，因?yàn)闈h語(yǔ)里“頭發(fā)”的“發(fā)”和“發(fā)財(cái)”的“發(fā)”同音。因此，中國(guó)認(rèn)為在新年伊始把財(cái)富給沖走可不是好兆頭。

Floors may not be swept and garbage may not be disposed of on the first day of the New Year for fear of casting riches out the door.在新年第一天，不拖地，不扔垃圾，因?yàn)榕掳选柏?cái)”給送走了；

Don't swear or quarrel.不要詛咒發(fā)誓，也不愿吵架；

Don't break any dishes, otherwise you may incur more misfortune for the New Year.In the event of breaking a dish, quickly say “ Peace for all time”, and the bad luck will be warded away.不要打破碗碟，否則在來(lái)年你可能會(huì)遭遇不幸。一旦打破了，要馬上說(shuō)“歲歲平安”，這樣壞運(yùn)氣就會(huì)被趕走了；

Don't greet people who are in mourning.不要向服喪期的人們問(wèn)候（主要指不要說(shuō)喜慶的話吧？）

Don't drop your chopsticks.不要讓筷子掉地上；

Don't say the number 'four'(Chinese homonym for death)or mention death.不要說(shuō)數(shù)字“四”（漢語(yǔ)里和“死”諧音）或者提到死；

Don't borrow or lend money.不要借錢也不要借給別人錢。

拜年 Pay a New Year Call

An important activity during the Spring Festival is bainian（to pay a New Year call）.People start to pay New Year calls from the lunar New Year's Day，that is，the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar.Ever since the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century，ordinary people have begun to exchange greeting cards on this day.On the morning of the lunar New Year's Day，people get up very early and call on others.The earlier one does so，the more sincere he is.Moreover，people wear new clothes and a new cap，symbolizing that a new year has begun.The younger generation should call on their elders first，such as the grandfather，grandmother，father and mother，wishing them “Good health” and “Long life”.Then the elders give children some money in a red envelope as a New Year gift.After that，people call on their relatives，friends and neighbors.As “big tangerine” is a homonym for “very lucky” in Chinese，so people often present red big tangerines as a gift while paying a New Year call.Nowadays，besides greeting cards，people also use telephones and e-mails to pay New Year calls.一、藝術(shù) 1.畫類 壁畫 mural 國(guó)畫 Chinese traditional painting 水墨畫 ink and wash painting 絹畫 silk painting 木刻畫 wood engraving 版畫 engraving 貝雕畫 shell carving painting 年畫 new year picture 2.陶器類

陶器 pottery ware 玉器 jade article 瓷器 china ware 青瓷 celadon 青銅器 bronze ware 景泰藍(lán) cloisonné enamel 漆器 lacquer ware 彩陶 painted pottery 唐三彩 trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 3.雕刻類

冰雕 ice carving 玉雕 jade carving 石雕 stone carving 骨雕 bones carving 貝雕 shell carving 木雕 wood carving 根雕 tree root carving 瓷器雕 porcelain carving 象牙雕 ivory carving 4.塑像類

彩塑painted sculpture 畫塑 dough figurine 泥人兒 clay figure 5.扇類

絹扇 silk fan 檀香扇 sandal wood fan 折扇 folding fan 6.寶石類 珍珠 pearl 瑪瑙 agate 珊瑚 coral 翡翠 green jade 琥珀 amber004km.cn 玉 jade 7.工藝類

刺繡 embroidery 雙面秀 two-sided embroidery 掛毯 tapestry 蠟染 batik 藤條制品 wickerwork 真絲 pure silk 煙嘴 cigarette holder 鼻煙壺 snuff bottle 圖章 seal 盆景 potted landscape 屏風(fēng) screen

二、民俗詞匯 轎子sedans 風(fēng)車 pinwheel 雜技 acrobatics 魔術(shù) magic 撥浪鼓 shaking drum 竹苗 bamboo flute 皮影 shadow puppet 糖人 sugar-molded 四合院 courtyard homes 踩高蹺 stilt walk 武術(shù) martial arts 人力車 rickshaw 宮燈 palace lantern 猜拳 finger-guessing game 說(shuō)書 monologue story-telling 老字號(hào) time-honored 相聲 cross talk

三、傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日詞匯

拜年 pay a new year call 爆竹 firecracker 鞭炮 a string of small fire crackers 大掃除 year-end household 燈謎 lantern riddles 廟會(huì) temple fair 年畫 new year’ s picture

掛年畫 to hang out new year’s picture

年夜飯 family reunion dinner on lunar new year 守歲 to stay awake all night 年糕 glutinous cake for new year 大年初一 the first day of the first lunar month 八寶飯 eight-treasure rice pudding 對(duì)聯(lián) poetic couplets 貼春聯(lián) to put up antithetical couplets 糊窗花 to put up window paper-cuts 壓歲錢 money given to children as a lunar new year gift

四、京劇相關(guān)詞匯

地方戲：local opera 戲劇臉譜theatrical mask 生 male characters 旦 female characters 凈 painted face characters 末 middle-aged male characters 丑 clown

五、中國(guó)古代四大發(fā)明

火藥 gunpowder 指南針 compass 造紙術(shù) paper-making techniques 印刷術(shù) paper-printing techniques

六、中國(guó)特有的事務(wù)

武術(shù) martial arts 氣功 Qigong 打擂臺(tái) to fight a challenge fight in an arena 聽(tīng)評(píng)書 to listen to historical or traditional stories 下象棋 to play Chinese chess 練習(xí)書法 to make special studies of calligraphy 畫國(guó)畫 to do traditional Chinese painting 題詩(shī) to inscribe a poem 求對(duì) to match an antithetical couplet 元宵節(jié) the Lantern Festival 端午節(jié) the Dragon-Boat Festival 中秋節(jié) the Mid-autumn Day 荔枝節(jié) the Litchi Festival 西瓜節(jié) the Water Melon Festival 風(fēng)箏節(jié) the Kate Festival 國(guó)慶節(jié) the National Day 勞動(dòng)節(jié) the Labor Day004km.cn 婦女節(jié) the Women’s Day 兒童節(jié) the Children’s Day 教師節(jié) the Teachers’ Day 建軍節(jié) the Army Day 解放 the Liberation in 1949 建國(guó) the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 改革開(kāi)放 to carry out reforms and adopt open policies 基層 at grass-root level 干部 cadre 文革 the Cultural Revolution 上山下鄉(xiāng) to settle down in the mountainous areas and in the countryside 國(guó)民黨 the Kuomintang 四世同堂的大家庭 an extended family with four generations living under the same roof 獨(dú)生子女家庭 family with only one child 大齡未婚青年 elder unmarried youth 離退休人員 retired people 貧困地區(qū) poverty-stricken area 貧困戶 poverty-stricken family 承包 to adopt the responsibility system 致富 to become well-off 鐵飯碗 iron rice bowl/a secure job 吃大鍋飯 to eat from the same large caldron

七、其它

大觀園 Grand View Garden 龍舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 診脈 feel the patient’s pulse 衙門 yamen 磕頭 kowtow 人參 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韻大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民樂(lè) traditional instrumental music 楷體字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城計(jì) “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff 大觀園 Grand View Garden 龍舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 診脈 feel the patient’s pulse 衙門 yamen 磕頭 kowtow 人參 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韻大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民樂(lè) traditional instrumental music 楷體字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城計(jì) “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff

第五篇：英文寫作 中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化翻譯

? 段落翻譯考綱新增考點(diǎn)“中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化”必備詞句【背會(huì)典型16

更多13年12月四六級(jí)考綱關(guān)于翻譯題有兩點(diǎn)大綱變動(dòng)

1、句子翻譯改為段落漢譯英翻譯。

2、考試范圍由“校園文化、民生發(fā)展、科技興國(guó)、生命科學(xué)、求職就業(yè)”改為“校園文化、社會(huì)生命科學(xué)、求職就業(yè)、新興學(xué)科發(fā)展、中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化”，其中亮點(diǎn)就是新增了難度較大的文化領(lǐng)域化語(yǔ)句的通用表達(dá)，必背！背下這16句，傳統(tǒng)文化考點(diǎn)將一分不丟。

推薦大家復(fù)制到word中打印出來(lái)天天看！本文也適用于針對(duì)四六級(jí)作文考綱“民族傳統(tǒng)”的必背

一、對(duì)龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國(guó)大約已綿延了八千多年。中國(guó)龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動(dòng)物與云中國(guó)龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過(guò)程同步。在中國(guó)人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開(kāi)拓變化的Chinese DragonDragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The aloong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thundephenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion processdragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、秧歌舞是中國(guó)漢族的一種民間傳統(tǒng)舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的農(nóng)歷春節(jié)、元宵節(jié)等節(jié)日期間，人們一旦聽(tīng)到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會(huì)蜂擁到街上市的老年人自發(fā)組織了了秧歌隊(duì)，隊(duì)員常年通過(guò)跳秧歌舞來(lái)保持健康，同事他們也樂(lè)在其中。Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinclight costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Sprinthe sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appeople in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamerwhole year.三、長(zhǎng)城是人類創(chuàng)造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國(guó)卻沒(méi)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城，就想到了巴黎沒(méi)有去看看菲塔一樣。人們常說(shuō)：“不到長(zhǎng)城非好漢?！睂?shí)際上，長(zhǎng)城最初只是一些斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的城墻，直到秦朝統(tǒng)們看到的長(zhǎng)城——東起山海關(guān)，西至嘉峪關(guān)——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come tojust like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyrareach the Great Wall is not a true man.“In fact, it began as independent walls for different states the ”Great Wall" until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguthe west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.更多四六級(jí)資料 請(qǐng)加盧秋錢 111923747

4四、DumplingsDumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.Accordinwere first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in makinout of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.Withtender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of tim“Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidayChinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people whohaving dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of biddnew year.餃子是深受中國(guó)人民喜愛(ài)的傳統(tǒng)食品。相傳為古代醫(yī)圣張仲景發(fā)明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟其特點(diǎn)是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨(dú)特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過(guò)餃子”的俗語(yǔ)。中國(guó)人接親意吉利。對(duì)崇尚親情的中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內(nèi)容

五、AcupunctureAcupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In achannels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi ayang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chto be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles tobody, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channeadvantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spreacupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”針灸是中醫(yī)學(xué)的重要組成部分。按照中醫(yī)的經(jīng)絡(luò)理論，針灸療法主要是通過(guò)疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)、調(diào)和氣血，目的。其特點(diǎn)是“內(nèi)病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫?zé)岽碳频哪康?。針灸以其?dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì)，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽(yù)為中

六、Chinese Kung Fu Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese cultursport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a seChinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultione’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has amany different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weaponsinvolve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxin(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, twotomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.中國(guó)功夫即中國(guó)武術(shù)，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運(yùn)動(dòng)之中的中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)體育項(xiàng)目，承載著豐富的中國(guó)養(yǎng)氣之說(shuō)，同時(shí)兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國(guó)武術(shù)源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛?cè)岵⒅娴膮⑽?。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，七、Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember tit finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhywhich was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shforms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphiregular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside anChinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese char(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the tu漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡(jiǎn)單圖畫，經(jīng)過(guò)不斷演變發(fā)展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨(dú)特文文，被認(rèn)為是現(xiàn)代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經(jīng)歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

八、Chinese ChopsticksThe Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The rthan three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look decemulti-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, pok

taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tonemetaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks ahallmark of ancient oriental civilization.中國(guó)人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨(dú)樹(shù)一幟。有史記載箸，它看似簡(jiǎn)單，但卻同時(shí)具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國(guó)民間視筷子為子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結(jié)對(duì)的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊(yùn)。西方人贊

九、Chinese SealA seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seasuch as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of anciAccording to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-2fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and eas round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artwor印章就是圖章。中國(guó)歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王史料記載，印章在戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽(yáng)的形式雕刻而蓋，除日常應(yīng)用外，又多用于書畫題識(shí)，逐漸成為中國(guó)特有的藝術(shù)形式之一。

十、Chinese EraThe Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for rHeavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthchen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancientand wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 daStems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first inventenow.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.天干地支是中國(guó)歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測(cè)朔望月，發(fā)現(xiàn)月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數(shù)，與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個(gè)輪回。干支紀(jì)年法從古沿用至今。按干

十一、hinese Beijing OperaPraised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuinoriginated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southernCentury, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opeof performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijplot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opfemale), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).京劇被譽(yù)為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國(guó)國(guó)粹。它起源于中國(guó)多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的為中國(guó)最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術(shù)，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性

十二、Chinese TaoismTaoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Llived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose a

Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a hdiscarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivanourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden sayingan unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creaturethat rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never routcomes.道教是中國(guó)土生土長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的宗教。創(chuàng)始人是春秋末期的哲學(xué)家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道崇尚清靜無(wú)為，修身養(yǎng)性?！暗揽傻?，非常道。名可名，非常名。無(wú)名天地之始；有名萬(wàn)物之母。便是老子的至理名言。

十三、Chinese IdiomsChinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer thcomes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient worallusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that a中國(guó)成語(yǔ)是漢語(yǔ)中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語(yǔ)?！俺烧Z(yǔ)”中的“成”既是約定俗成。言單位。絕大多數(shù)的中國(guó)成語(yǔ)由四個(gè)漢字組成，例如：自強(qiáng)不息、青出于藍(lán)、厚積薄發(fā)。成語(yǔ)主要典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and ththe ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC),techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynastoutstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with thMediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communbecame well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the 中國(guó)是絲綢的故鄉(xiāng)。栽桑、養(yǎng)蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國(guó)古代人民的偉大發(fā)明。商周時(shí)期絲綢的生產(chǎn)技通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯(lián)系起來(lái)，開(kāi)辟了中外交流貿(mào)易的新紀(jì)元。從此中國(guó)的絲綢化內(nèi)涵聞名于世，成為中國(guó)文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

十五、Chinese Classical GardenThe Chinese classical garden is a precious treasuarchitecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artiand buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chineable to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscapeand rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese claorigins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.中國(guó)園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機(jī)結(jié)合的環(huán)境藝術(shù)，是我國(guó)古代建筑藝術(shù)開(kāi)”。游賞中國(guó)古典園林，能充分領(lǐng)略“假自然之景，創(chuàng)山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體譽(yù)為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

十六、The Four Treasures of the StudyThe writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, an

the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.Afterbamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as wrThe ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After ththe “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuanpapeXuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangcalled Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the who筆墨紙硯是中國(guó)古代文人書房當(dāng)中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國(guó)可追竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡(jiǎn)牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺(tái)則隨筆墨的湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯。可以說(shuō)文房四寶書寫了整個(gè)中華文明。

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