第一篇：淺談中西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

2016屆畢業(yè)論文

江 西 應(yīng) 用 科 技 學(xué) 院

畢 業(yè) 論 文（設(shè) 計(jì)）

中文題目：淺談中西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

外文題目:Comparison between Chinese and Western Business Etiquette

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摘要

商務(wù)禮儀是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的行為規(guī)范，它是一門行為科學(xué)，在商務(wù)交往中扮演著重要的角色,了解中西方的禮儀及其差異對(duì)促進(jìn)國(guó)際間商務(wù)交往的順利進(jìn)行有著舉足輕重的作用。隨著中國(guó)在國(guó)際交往的角色發(fā)生改變，中國(guó)的對(duì)外交流和合作日益頻繁，國(guó)際地位越來(lái)越明顯，國(guó)際間的交往，尤其是和西方國(guó)家的商務(wù)交往就更應(yīng)該規(guī)范化、禮儀化。本文主要介紹了中西方禮儀在問(wèn)候，拜訪，談判，等方面表現(xiàn)出的不同的形態(tài)，并從文化背景的不同，價(jià)值取向的差異，宗教信仰的影響等方面分析了影響中西方商務(wù)禮儀差異的因素。最后得出“和而不同”的態(tài)度對(duì)待中西方文化差異,將二者合理有效的融合，方能建立適合中國(guó)當(dāng)代社會(huì)的禮儀文化體系，達(dá)成和諧社會(huì)的理想。

摘要：商務(wù)禮儀；差異；商務(wù)交往

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Abstract

Business etiquette, a behavior science, is the norms in the business activities, which plays an important role in the business communication.Understanding Chinese and western etiquette and their distinctions is of great importance in promoting international business exchanges.With the changing role, China played in the international exchanges, We communicate and cooperate frequently with foreigners.It is the notable position that makes us have a more normative and courteous criteria in the international business communication especially in the business activities with westerners.This paper mainly introduces the different forms of Chinese and Western etiquette reflected in greeting,visiting,negotiation etc, and analyzed the factors that affect the difference of etiquette between East and West Only have a clear understanding of the cultural differences between Chinese and Western etiquette and merge them reasonably effectively,can we build the cultural system etiquette that is suitable for Chinese contemporary society, and achieve the ideal of harmonious society

Key words : business etiquette;distinction;business exchange

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Contents

摘要 ………………........……………………………………………………………...............i Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………..................ii Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..............….1 Chapter One : Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette ………………....….........2

1.1 Honesty and tolerance......................................................................................................2

1.2 The principle of moderate equality..................................................................................2

1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect..............................................................................3

1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline..................................................................................3

Chapter Two : Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and Westerners...............4

2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Greeting.............................................................4 2.1.1 Forms of Address........................................................................................................4

2.1.2 Position titles...........................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Professional title.........................................................................................................4 2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings...................................................................................................5

2.2 Comparison in Etiquette for Business Visiting................................................................5

2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation.........................................................6 2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies.........................................................................7 2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions.......................................................................7 2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal..........................................................................8 Conclusion.................................................................................................................................9 Works Cited……………………………………………………….........................................10 Acknowledgment ………………………………………………………………....................11

Introduction

Business etiquette is a code of conduct, which embodies mutual respect in the day-to-day business activities.It is also the norms for people who is engaged in commercial activities and business communications, in other words, how to master basic business activities, so you can meet the requirements for business;how to make yourself familiar with the norms and disclose your dignified demeanor;how to avoid the embarrassing questions you encountered : such as dress wrong ,dining at a loss;how to eliminate a small matter ,which will have the unexpected negative image to the individuals or companies.Only have you know some Chinese knowledge and English etiquette all these problems can be easily solved.Therefore business etiquette helps to create good personal image and corporate image.Business etiquette is made up of significantly more important things than just knowing which fork to use at lunch with a client.Unfortunately, in the perception of others, the devil is in the details.People may feel that if you can't be trusted not to embarrass yourself in business and social situations, you may lack the self-control necessary to be good at what you do.Etiquette is about presenting yourself with the kind of polish that shows you can be taken seriously.Etiquette is also about being comfortable around people(and making them comfortable around you)

People are a key factor in your own and your business' success.Many potentially worthwhile and profitable alliances have been lost because of an unintentional breach of manners.Dan McLeod, president of Positive Management Leadership Programs, a union avoidance company, says, “Show me a boss who treats his or her employees abrasively, and I'll show you an environment ripe for labor problems and obviously poor customers relations.Disrespectful and discourteous treatment of employees is passed along from the top.”(Dan McLeod：2008)Which strongly emphasize the importance of courtesy, therefore , it’s necessary to know etiquette, especially the business etiquette.Chapter One The Definition and Characteristics of Business Etiquette

As regional and historical reasons, understandings of people from different regions and ethnic varies , as the development of whole world.Chinese people have attached great importance to the foreigners , especially the westerners ,trading between the two regions is becoming more and more frequent ,establishing good relations with western people is of great importance ,therefore ,knowing the business etiquette is essential.As China's reform and opening up the pace accelerated, people’s living and working in foreign exchanges increased.Understanding the content of foreign-related rituals and requirements, and mastering the skills of contacts with foreigners is particularly important.In the business occasions , how to make business etiquette effect completely and how to create the best interpersonal relationships is closely related to the principles of business etiquette , which can be concluded into four aspects: 1.1 honesty and tolerance

Honesty stresses the principle of credibility , Confucius , a great philosopher ,made the statement : people can’t live without credit , if you affiliate with your friends,honesty should be laid in the first place;Which also emphasize the principle of keeping promises.Trustworthiness is the virtue of the Chinese nation , in particular ,it is necessary to stress punctuality , and people should not delay when they go to the fixed appointments, meetings , talks and conferences, etc.One should not make promise so easily ,unless you are really sure about it ,or else you would end with a bad image of dishonest , especially in the business activity , honesty is of great importance.Tolerance is a great human thinking , the idea of tolerance is a magic weapon to create a harmonious interpersonal relationship in interpersonal exchanges.Tolerate others ,understand others and do not always pursue perfection.For a famous saying goes : failure is the mother of success.All in all ,if you consider things from others’ position , I think you have found the best way to win friends ,to win business guests.1.2 The principle of moderate equality

In the social field ,ritual behavior is always expressed as the two sides , for instance, if you treat your business guests sincerely and thoughtfully , others would show the identical courteous respond to your hospitality ,and they would become the potential regular customers.If you performed impatiently and hasty ,there is no doubt that you would get the same response.The purposes of this protocol must emphasize the principle of equality, equal exchanges between the two parts, for equality is the foundation to establish emotion with other people.If you want to maintain a good interpersonal relationship with your business partners or your customers , you should locate modesty in the first place ,because it is the essential way to make more friends.Moderate principle requires us to measure the criteria of etiquette , in accordance with specific circumstance , specific situation and the exercise of the corresponding ritual.For instance ,when doing business with some people both warm and

urbane are required ,one can not be rude and frivolous ,lively and modest ,but lethargic and sophisticated.1.3 The principle of sincerity and respect

Socrates had made a very famous statement: “ there must not be a gift to a friend, you have to contribute to your sincere love ,learning how to use legitimate means to win a person’s heart.”(Voice of English，2005)Which tells us that if you contact with the people , sincere respect for the ritual is the primary principle.Only you treat others sincerely and courteously ,can you create a harmonious happy relations, for good faith and respect are complementary to each other.Sincerity is a practical and realistic approach to communicate with other people ,especially in the business activities , it can be directly reflected.Sincere and respect for the first performance with some people :do not lie ,not hypocrisy ,do not insult people ,the so called “cheating once ,for life no friends.” also the practical reflection of business dealing.Sincere dedication, be fruitful harvest, only sincere respect for the two sides can be affiliated, friendship for a long time.1.4 Self-confidence and self-discipline

The principle of self-confidence is a mental health principle in the social occasion , especially in the commercial contact.Only someone is self-confident ,can he master things freely.Self-confidence is a very valuable psychological quality, people who have full confidence will not discourage when they encounter difficulties , on the contrary , they will counterattack when they are reduced to a rattrap, they are also willing to show their helping hand to people who are involved in jeopardy.People who are not confident enough will run into snags everywhere , even despair of their life.In the process of social interaction and business communication , establishing a sense of moral values and norms of self-cultivation in the mind to our behaviors.Achieving the balance of self education ,self management and self-confidence correctly , placing a rational and active attitude to fulfill the great obligation the life leaves us , refusing self-righteous and arrogant.Nothing great can be achieved without these traits

Chapter Two Comparison of Business Etiquette between Chinese and

Westerner

With the increasingly close business contacts , people’ conduct in the business exchange reflected more frequently in the past ,the actions and manners in business interactions can be best and directly embodied during their communications ,therefore , learning and understanding the appropriate business behaviors between Chinese and foreigners become special significant.2.1 Comparison of Etiquette for Business greeting

All of us have heard of “start well and end well” sometimes before, so it is very important to make a good first impression in business communication to achieve the purpose desired.In this subsection several aspects in the interaction of business greeting will be examined to see common grounds Chinese and English-speaking peoples share and what dissimilarities they have.2.1.1 Forms of Address

In 2000 Ralph Fasold mentioned “When people use language, they do more than just try to get another person to understand the speaker's thoughts and feelings.At the same time, both people are using language in subtle ways to define their relationship to each other, to identify themselves as part of a social and to establish the kind of speech situation they are in.”From what he said we can conclude that address behavior is governed by politeness and successful maintenance of interpersonal relationships.So far,have been various definitions of address form made by various linguists and other scholars.2.1.2 Position titles

In formal occasion, the chief guest and the host are usually addressed in the way of position titles.To address people by their position titles is to address them according to the positions they hold.This is the unique feature in business setting.People often address others in the manner of title plus name when they address others by their position title.For example, Mr.White.List is the president of IP International Investment Bank.People often address him `President White List'.Equally, businessmen often address ”Hu Jian“(胡建)，the General Manager of ABC Company, as ”General Manager Hu Jian“(胡建總經(jīng)理).It is worth notice that some former mannish professional form of address gets changed with the social progress.As more and more women achieve inary achievement in many varied areas.For example, it is believed that `Chairman' in English language can serve as an obvious example.A lot of women believe that `Chairman' is a word with sex discrimination.Therefore, people often use ”Chairperson“ instead of ”Chairman“ in many modern businesses activities.2.1.3 Professional title

Businessmen in both China and the west often address others professional title.Compared with the position titles, the professional titles is much smaller.To address people

by way of professional titles is to address them according to what profession they are engaged in to the tradition and development of society some professional titles are regarded as honorific such as professors, doctors while some other are derogatory, such as peddler, waiter, boy.2.1.4 Nonverbal Greetings

Nonverbal greetings include nodding, smile, shaking hands, bowing and kissing.In different situation we choose different nonverbal greetings to show our graciousness and hospitality.American deaf-and-dumb woman once said: ”Hands can keep people thousands miles away;they can also be filled with sunshine and you can feel comfortable...” Shaking hands is the expression of mutual trust and respect, and it's a good way to send greetings in business situation.It is said that it was used by ancient knights to show his amicableness originally.When two knights met in the old times, they would put down the weapon in the hand and offer the hand in which the weapon had been held to each other and shake the hands with each other to show there was no weapon in the hand now.Gradually, this kind of ritual becomes a kind of etiquette of meeting to show friendliness to interact.In order to shake hands correctly in business.2.2 The Comparison in Etiquette of Business visiting

Business visiting plays a very important role in business interactions, but every nation has their own practice when one is paying a visit in business Occasion.In western cultural , the first step prior to visiting is to make an appointment for a visit to make sure whether the host is free or not.Due to the increasingly fast pace of life and work, business person in the west is afraid of interrupting others’ planned schedule unexpectedly, it's a common practice to make an appointment in advance.He/She often discusses the purpose , time and place before visiting.After mutual consultation, the two sides may decide on the time and place.Once the appointment is made, it must be rigidly observed.Chinese businessmen also observes the international practice to make an appointment before a formal visit, especially for the first formal visit in business setting.They, just as illustrated in E.Hall's theory of uncertainty avoidance, belong to those who try to avoid uncertainty.They may like to use “go-between” to get linked for initial business contacts, even though they may also get connected by telephone call or formal letter of request.If two Chinese business people have done business for many times, they will not make an appointment seriously before visiting.Sometimes they make an oral appointment like“我明天去你辦公室找你?！眔r“下午去你辦公室看看?！盜n Chinese tradition, advance notice or appointment is unnecessary between friends.Another reason is that they usually choose a day when the host is not much occupied to pay a visit according to the experience before.In China, hosts rarely ask the guests to take off their gloves and caps although it's polite to put off gloves and caps when entering into the office in western culture.After being asked to sit down, the host may offer something to drink like tea or coffee.The offer is normally

phrased as a question, such as“Would you like a cup of coffee?” The guest is expected to answer honestly, and if they say no, then the host will not offer any drink.If they accept the drink, they will be expected to drink it all before leaving.On the contrary,when the Chinese host ask the Chinese guest, “Would you like something to drink?”, the typical answer is“隨便(just any)“.Sometimes, the host will offer a cup of tea to the guest without asking.During the visit, if a visit is for business rather than a socially one, the Westerners expect the visitors to come straight to the point, rather than go through lengthy preliminary chatting.However, Chinese visitors prefer to make some preliminary remarks in business visits to soften the atmosphere, assume close relationship or show concern for the host.After finishing the business affairs, westerners often indulge a couple of minutes' small talk while preparing for leaving: On the other hand, the Chinese guest often stands up suddenly and moves to the door and bids farewell without giving notice in advance.The hosts always insist that the guests stay longer.Some fixed conversational formulas preceding leave-taking are:“請(qǐng)留步”, “不要送了” ,“再見(jiàn)”.And the common way for the host to respond,“請(qǐng)慢走”“請(qǐng)走好”.2.3 Comparison of Etiquette for Business Negotiation

Business negotiations play an important role in foreign trade business between he two sides.However, as cultural differences have a direct impact on all aspects of business negotiations, people who lack sensitivity of cultural differences will evaluate people's actions, viewpoints, customs with their own cultural models, and this often leads to cultural conflict.So culture difference plays a very important role in Sino-U.S.business negotiation.Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two Businessmen have more or less experience of negotiation in business intercourse.To win or lose in business activities always depends directly on people can carve out their way to success negotiation.Therefore, ”Negotiation is everywhere in business circles“ is a proverb that everyone knows in business circle.The negotiation which the businessmen hold is called business negotiation which is one of important activities in business.Broadly business negotiation is a debate between two parties for the purpose of reaching an agreement;haggling, bargaining and out are resorted to for passing an obstacle and bleaching out a conflict of opinion.According to conventional rules in business, business negotiation is counted as conciliating the conflicts of interest of the parties concerned.Just as John F.Kennedy said ”Let us begin anew一remembering on both sides that civility is not a

sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate“

2.3.1 Comparison of negotiation strategies

Based on objective differences, negotiators from different cultures presents the differences in decision-making form a sequential decision-making method and integrated decision-making method of conflict.Chinese-US negotiations, Chinese representatives at the outset by the parties concerned to abide by general principles and discuss common interests.Chinese negotiators think that general principle is the starting point for solving other problems.Only when the General principles identified, possible negotiations on the details of the contract.This ”first principles on details after“ way of negotiating, China's negotiating strategy is one of the most obvious features.Americans believe that the world is made up of facts rather than a concept, so they do not believe too much of something purely rational.Negotiations during them specific rather than General, when faced with a complex negotiation task, sequential decision making method of Americans used to break large tasks into a series of smaller tasks.Price, delivery, warranties and service contracts, problem solving, solving a problem at a time, from beginning to end with concessions and commitments, the final agreement is the sum of a series of small agreements.Negotiations start, they went straight to the point-specific payments.They think the overall principle is optional, only truly to make progress in negotiations on specific issues.Negotiation strategy reflects the difference between the two different ways of thinking.Chinese people attach importance to integrated mode of thinking stems from China's traditional culture.Therefore, the negotiations, the Chinese delegates from the whole to the part, from big to small, from the General to the specific, ”start with matters of principle, after the details".Americans favor a linear way of thinking.Therefore, they tend to pay great attention to details.They are practical, eager to discuss specific amounts at the outset, they regarded the contract which is integrated ,and to be legally binding.2.3.2.Comparison of Negotiation decisions

Different decision mechanisms have their own different reasons.Chinese culture belongs to the high power distance cultures, experience from person to person, position, educational level and other aspects of the different lines of vertical relationships.Member of the Chinese negotiating team can only act in their own right, final decisions are often made by the superiors did not participate in the negotiations.United States culture is a low power distance culture.In the United States under the influence of the concept of equality, relationships are generally horizontal, AC is equal on both sides.Negotiations between business landscape(equal)relationship.They are informal, as equals, on proper business etiquette, civility ,seating and less attention.Negotiations the United States highlighting the role of the individual, will often specify a person solely responsible for the negotiation, is responsible for establishing the 7

necessary decisions and to complete the necessary tasks, while the exercise of the corresponding rights, within its mandate, to make their own decisions.2.3.3 Comparison of the Negotiation goal

Chinese negotiators attached particular importance to the establishment of long-term business relationships.For them, negotiations process is the process of building relationships and negotiations is aimed more for the establishment and development of a long term relationship, signed the contract on behalf of the beginning of a long-term and mutually efficient cooperation.If negotiations fail to establish relations of mutual trust on both sides trading often ended in failure.Americans believe that the ultimate objective of the negotiations was signed the contract for the realization of economic benefits.For the US side, contract signing is the first and fundamental task of the negotiations, is the embodiment of value of their personal interests.They each signed the contract as a separate process.Unlike the Chinese emphasis on friendly and cooperative partnership established, they focus more on the actual value of.In the aspect of negotiation strategies, it is a common way for Chinese businessmen to discuss the general principle and common interest at the of the negotiation.They think the general principle is the point of solving all other problems and it is possible to discuss specific details Only when the is set down.On the western businessmen believe specific details are more important then the general principle.When the negotiation begins, they will go straight to discuss the specific details.When it comes to make decision in negotiation, there are also difference between the east and the west.The Chinese way is that decision comes from the result of collective negotiations.Generally, Chinese businessmen usually avoid making decision individually.Chinese businessmen will exchange their opinion with their colleagues or their leader before and after the negotiation.However, some in the west individual can represent Chinese culture, negotiators pay much attention to establish friendly relationship.They believe the course of negotiation is also the course of establishing relationship.The purpose of negotiation is to establish a long-term corporation.If the both sides fail to build the trust between them, the transaction will end up in nothing.In contrast, western businessmen consider the final result of negotiation is to sign a contract to realize economic benefits.represent the company to make decision after being empowered by the company.Last, thanks all of them again

Conclusion

With the globalization of the world economy, organizations are culturally diverse in handling all kinds of business activities, especially multinational cooperation.More and more business people have become aware of the strong impact from culture.And they should have a good understanding of the other business etiquette culture beforehand, which is beneficial for both sides of the business people.Only in this way will it be possible for them to expand their business and make it more prosperous.This thesis mainly tells us some principles of exchanging in business occasions，which would be beneficial to those who want to do business with people who from different areas and cultures ,meanwhile ,what you should remember is to be courteous and thoughtful to the people around you, regardless of the situation.Consider other people's feelings, stick to your convictions as diplomatically as possible.Address conflict as situation-related, rather than person-related.Apologize when you step on toes.You can't go too far wrong if you stick with the basics you learned in Kindergarten.(Not that those basics are easy to remember when you're in a hard-nosed business meeting!).With the development of society, the business relations are getting wider and wider.A variety of business contacts gradually formed a code of conduct and guidelines, which can help us survive in the society , coordinate human relations and human and social relations.It is also beneficial to promote communication and cooperation.The thesis will be helpful to us;especially to those who would like to engage themselves in international trade and business exchanges.Works Cited

[1]Martin, J.N.and Nakayama, T.K.2004, Experiencing Intercultural Communication: an Introduction [M].McGraw Hill: Boston.[2]De Mente, B.L.1994.Chinese Etiquette and Ethics in Business [M].Lincolnwood, IL;NTC Publishing.Corp.[3]Hsu, F.L.1981.American and Chinese:Passage todifferences.Honolulu [M].University of Hawaii.[4]Hall, E.T.1976.Beyond Culture [M].New York,NY:Random House.[5]胡文仲，1999, 文化與交際[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社.[6]胡文仲，1999, 文化交際學(xué)概論[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社.[7]胡文仲，2004, 超越文化的屏障[M].北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社.[8]郭桃桃，2004, 論跨文化交際中的文化障礙[M].湖南師范大學(xué)教育科.[9]賈玉新，2003，跨文化交流學(xué)[M].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社.[10]金正昆，1998, 商務(wù)禮儀教程[M].北京:中國(guó)人民大學(xué)出版社.Acknowledgment

At the point of finishing this paper, I would like to express my sincere thanks to all the people who have offered me generous help and valuable suggestions in the course of my writing this paper.My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to my dear supervisor, whose guidance and useful advice have ensured the accomplishment.In the past Three years, although Miss Xu had never given me lessons and did not know me, she was quite outgoing and kind when we met at the first time, and then gave me much advice about the title and outline of my paper.Later, she not only walk through and modify each draft again and again, but send me some new inform from school in time.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper could not have reached its present form.Last but not the least, my thanks would go to my beloved family, friends and my colleagues.The forth year may be my busiest year in my university.My loving family and friends offered their substantial support and relevant information to me on many aspects.Because in a foreign company, my colleagues generally told me many different customs and culture, which offered lots of first hand information about the topic of my paper.Finally, thank all of them again.

第二篇：中西方商務(wù)禮儀差異

武漢紡織大學(xué)外經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院

商務(wù)禮儀（小論文）

課題名稱：

完成期限： 2013年10月01日至 2013年10月31日

學(xué)院名稱 外經(jīng)貿(mào)學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí) 工商管理21102 學(xué)生姓名 江 津 學(xué) 號(hào) 1014221075 指導(dǎo)教師 陳曉燕 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 副教授 學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組組長(zhǎng)簽字

緒論?????????????????????????????????1

一、商務(wù)禮儀的內(nèi)涵??????????????????????????2

（一）禮貌????????????????????????????2

（二）禮節(jié)????????????????????????????2

二、中西語(yǔ)言文化差異?????????????????????????3

（一）中西方禮尚交往的區(qū)別????????????????????3

（二）不同文化背景下的商務(wù)禮儀??????????????????3

三、中西方文化背景的差異???????????????????????3

（一）交際語(yǔ)言的差異???????????????????????4

（二）餐飲禮儀的差異???????????????????????4

（三）中西方服飾禮儀的差異????????????????????4 結(jié)論?????????????????????????????????5 參考文獻(xiàn)???????????????????????????????6

緒論

中國(guó)一向是禮儀之邦，禮儀對(duì)每個(gè)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)是非常重要的，無(wú)論是會(huì)見(jiàn)親朋好友或者是在人與人的打交道上，都離不開(kāi)禮儀。禮儀被認(rèn) 為是一個(gè)人道德修養(yǎng)的表現(xiàn)，一個(gè)人若毫無(wú)禮儀可言，那么他在學(xué)習(xí)或工作時(shí)都將不會(huì)很順利，因?yàn)闆](méi)有人愿意和這樣一個(gè)人相處。如今隨著世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，特別是全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的不斷形成，各國(guó)間的聯(lián)系加強(qiáng)，商務(wù)往來(lái)增多，如何才能在眾多企業(yè)中脫穎而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，還要掌握有效溝通及妥善人際關(guān)系，建立良好優(yōu)雅的企業(yè)形象，此時(shí)，商務(wù)禮儀便起到了一個(gè)十分重要的作用。商務(wù)禮儀顧名思義就是商務(wù)活動(dòng)中對(duì)人的儀容儀表和言談舉止的普遍要求，體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的相互尊重，同時(shí)也約束了商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的某些方面。而在商務(wù)往來(lái)中，任何一個(gè)表現(xiàn)都可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致意想不到的結(jié)果，也許是一塊手表，也許是一頓晚餐。學(xué)習(xí)商務(wù)禮儀最主要的是可以提高個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)。比爾蓋茨曾講過(guò)，企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，是員工素質(zhì)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，進(jìn)而到企業(yè)，就是企業(yè)形象的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，教養(yǎng)體現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)，細(xì)節(jié)展示素質(zhì)?？梢?jiàn)一個(gè)人的素養(yǎng)高低對(duì)企業(yè)的發(fā)展是多么重要??！其次是為了交際應(yīng)酬，因?yàn)樯虅?wù)活動(dòng)中畢竟是離不開(kāi)這個(gè)的，在不同的交往活動(dòng)中我們會(huì)遇到不同的人，而面對(duì)不同的人怎樣進(jìn)行交往也是一門藝術(shù)，如何讓人感到舒服，卻又沒(méi)有拍馬屁的嫌疑是非常關(guān)鍵的。最后便是有助于維護(hù)企業(yè)形象。在商務(wù)交往中，個(gè)人便代表了整體，個(gè)人的所作所為，一舉一動(dòng)，一言一行，就是企業(yè)的典型活體廣告。

東西方商務(wù)禮儀的差異

一、商務(wù)禮儀的涵義

商務(wù)禮儀是指在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的禮儀規(guī)范和準(zhǔn)則。它是一般禮儀在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的運(yùn)用和體現(xiàn)，在內(nèi)容上比一般的人際交往禮儀更為豐富。同一般的人際交往禮儀相比，商務(wù)禮儀具有很強(qiáng)的規(guī)范性和可操作性，并且與商務(wù)組織的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益密切相關(guān)。商務(wù)禮儀具體表現(xiàn)為禮貌、禮節(jié)、儀表、儀式等方面。

（一）禮貌

禮貌是指人們?cè)谏虅?wù)活動(dòng)中展現(xiàn)出來(lái)的得體的風(fēng)度和風(fēng)范。禮貌是禮的行為規(guī)范，是指人在儀容、儀表、儀態(tài)、語(yǔ)言和動(dòng)作上待人接物的表現(xiàn)。禮貌主要通過(guò)言語(yǔ)和動(dòng)作表現(xiàn)對(duì)他人的謙虛和恭敬，它是一個(gè)人文化層次和文明程度的體現(xiàn)。良好的教養(yǎng)和道德品質(zhì)是禮貌的基礎(chǔ)，我們可以通過(guò)自覺(jué)的培養(yǎng)和必要的訓(xùn)練，養(yǎng)成良好的禮貌習(xí)慣。在日常生活和工作環(huán)境中，習(xí)慣的微笑、主動(dòng)打招呼、善意的問(wèn)候、得體的舉止等都是禮貌的反映。商務(wù)交往中有禮貌的人往往熱情大方、待人謙恭、行為舉止得體，顯得很有教養(yǎng)。在商務(wù)會(huì)面時(shí)，他會(huì)自覺(jué)地向?qū)Ψ絾?wèn)好，行致意禮或握手禮，說(shuō)話彬彬有禮，一切禮儀的運(yùn)用看上去自然和諧。

（二）禮節(jié)

禮節(jié)是指人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)交往過(guò)程中表示出的尊重、祝頌、問(wèn)候、哀悼等慣用的形式和規(guī)范。禮節(jié)是禮的慣用形式，是禮貌的具體表現(xiàn)方式。比如現(xiàn)代商務(wù)交往中，初次見(jiàn)面要行握手禮、交換名片等禮節(jié)。禮節(jié)從形式上看，具有嚴(yán)格規(guī)定的儀式；從內(nèi)容上看，它反映著某種道德原則，反映著對(duì)人的尊重和友善。在行握手禮時(shí)，長(zhǎng)輩、上級(jí)、女士先伸手，晚輩、下級(jí)、男士才能伸手相握；交換名片時(shí)一般是地位低的先向地位高的遞名片，對(duì)方人員較多時(shí)，先 將名片給職務(wù)高或年齡大的，分不清職務(wù)時(shí)，按照座次遞送名片，這都是禮節(jié)。在國(guó)際交往中，由于各國(guó)的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣和文化的不同，禮節(jié)的具體表達(dá)具有明顯的差異。例如，握手、點(diǎn)頭、擁抱、鞠躬、合十、碰鼻子、折肚皮等，都是禮節(jié)的表現(xiàn)形式，而且不同國(guó)家、地區(qū)和民族的表達(dá)形式不同。禮節(jié)是社會(huì)交往中人與人之間約定俗成的“法”，是必須遵守的表示禮儀的一種慣用形式。因此，我們平時(shí)應(yīng)十分注重不同禮節(jié)的具體運(yùn)用，以避免出現(xiàn)“失禮”行為而影響商務(wù)活動(dòng)的進(jìn)行。

二、中西語(yǔ)言文化差異

（一）中西方禮尚交往的區(qū)別

近代歷史上有兩則故事，相信大家會(huì)比較熟悉。故事一是：李鴻章曾應(yīng)俾斯麥之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐禮儀，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。當(dāng)時(shí)俾斯麥不了解中國(guó)的虛實(shí)，為了不使李鴻章丟丑，他也將洗手水一飲而盡，見(jiàn)此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。還有一個(gè)故事是：一個(gè)國(guó)民黨軍官攜夫人去機(jī)場(chǎng)迎接來(lái)自美國(guó)的顧問(wèn)。雙方見(jiàn)面后，美國(guó)顧問(wèn)出于禮貌說(shuō):“您的夫人真漂亮!”軍官甚感尷尬又不免客套一番：“哪里，哪里!”在中國(guó)，這本是一句很普通的客套話，可是蹩腳的翻譯卻把這句話譯成：where?where?美國(guó)顧問(wèn)聽(tīng)了莫明其妙，心想：我只是禮貌地稱贊一下他的夫人，他居然問(wèn)起我他的夫人哪里漂亮?于是他只好說(shuō)：“從頭到腳都漂亮!”這兩個(gè)故事都是由于中西文化差異鬧出的禮儀上的笑話。通過(guò)以上兩則小故事可體現(xiàn)出：了解中西方禮尚交往之間的習(xí)慣差異是很有必要的。往大處來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)國(guó)家無(wú)論是在政治上，還是在經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易中，了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的禮儀習(xí)慣，將有利于各國(guó)之間的交往。從小處來(lái)講，一個(gè)人了解對(duì)方的禮儀民間習(xí)慣，是對(duì)對(duì)方的尊重，容易給對(duì)方留下一個(gè)好印象，以便交往的順利進(jìn)行。隨著東西方文化的不斷發(fā)展，東西方的禮儀正在相互融合，西方人逐漸地接受了東方文化中重情感等合理因素，東方人也逐漸地接受了西方文化中先進(jìn)文明的禮儀和交往方式。

（二）不同文化背景下的商務(wù)禮儀

跨國(guó)商務(wù)活動(dòng)中,不同文化背景下的理解和溝通是極其重要的。人們?cè)谶M(jìn)行跨文化交流時(shí),很容易出現(xiàn)誤解。雖然將一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另外一種語(yǔ)言時(shí),基本上可以直接而準(zhǔn)確傳達(dá)信息,但是實(shí)踐中也出現(xiàn)過(guò)因語(yǔ)言差異而造成國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)失敗的案例。例如,百事可樂(lè)公司的“七-UP”(七喜)牌汽水在上海一直銷路不暢,經(jīng)過(guò)調(diào)查才發(fā)現(xiàn),這個(gè)品牌用上海方言來(lái)說(shuō)即為“去死”,上海人當(dāng)然是不會(huì)去買這“去死”牌汽水了。再比如,法國(guó)雪佛萊汽車公司對(duì)“諾瓦”牌轎車在拉美地區(qū)的銷售狀況很是沮喪,隨后才發(fā)現(xiàn)該品牌在西班牙語(yǔ)中的意思是“不

走”。最終,雪佛萊公司只好改變銷往拉美國(guó)家的汽車品牌。

所以從種種生活中的小例子可體現(xiàn)出：所以說(shuō),對(duì)商務(wù)活動(dòng)中難以理解事情的分析,從文化背景角度上考慮往往能得出正確的結(jié)論。與其他領(lǐng)域相比,許多國(guó)家的商界對(duì)跨文化活動(dòng) 較為敏感。來(lái)自《1995國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)報(bào)告》的研究顯示,對(duì)跨國(guó)文化的理解程度最高的是瑞士,其下依次是新加坡、荷蘭、馬來(lái)西亞和瑞典,中國(guó)排在墨西哥之后列第十六位。在跨越文化鴻溝時(shí),要有一雙傾聽(tīng)的耳朵,敞開(kāi)理解的胸懷,這樣雙方的溝通才不是一件難事。

三、中西方文化背景的差異

（一）交際語(yǔ)言的差異

日常打招呼，中國(guó)人大多使用“吃了嗎？”“上哪呢？”等等，這體現(xiàn)了人與人之間的一種親切感。可對(duì)西方人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種打招呼的方式會(huì)令對(duì)方感到突然、尷尬，甚至不快，因?yàn)槲鞣饺藭?huì)把這種問(wèn)話理解成為一種“盤問(wèn)”，感到對(duì)方在詢問(wèn)他們的私生活。在西方，日常打招呼他們只說(shuō)一聲“Hello”或按時(shí)間來(lái)分，說(shuō)聲“早上好！”“下午好！”“晚上好！”就可以了。而英國(guó)人見(jiàn)面會(huì)說(shuō)：“今天天氣不錯(cuò)??！”

（二）餐飲禮儀的差異

中國(guó)人有句話叫“民以食為天”，由此可見(jiàn)飲食在中國(guó)人心目中的地位，因此中國(guó)人將吃飯看作頭等大事。中國(guó)菜注重菜肴色、香、味、形、意俱全，甚至于超過(guò)了對(duì)營(yíng)養(yǎng)的注重，只要好吃又要好看，營(yíng)養(yǎng)反而顯得不重要了。西方的飲食比較講究營(yíng)養(yǎng)的搭配和吸收，是一種科學(xué)的飲食觀念。西方人多注重食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)而忽略了食物的色、香、味、形、意如何，他們的飲食多是為了生存和健康，似乎不講究味的享受。

在餐飲氛圍方面，中國(guó)人在吃飯的時(shí)候都喜歡熱鬧，很多人圍在一起吃吃喝喝，說(shuō)說(shuō)笑笑，大家在一起營(yíng)造一種熱鬧溫暖的用餐氛圍。除非是在很正式的宴會(huì)上，中國(guó)人在餐桌上并沒(méi)有什么很特別的禮儀。而西方人在用餐時(shí)，都喜歡幽雅、安靜的環(huán)境，他們認(rèn)為在餐桌上的時(shí)候一定要注意自己的禮儀，不可以失去禮節(jié)，比如在進(jìn)餐時(shí)不能發(fā)出很難聽(tīng)的聲音。

（三）中西方服飾禮儀的差異

古今中外，著裝從來(lái)都體現(xiàn)著一種社會(huì)文化，體現(xiàn)著一個(gè)人的文化修養(yǎng)和審美情趣，是一個(gè)人的身份、氣質(zhì)、內(nèi)在素質(zhì)的無(wú)言的介紹信。從某種意義上說(shuō)，服飾是一門藝術(shù)，服飾所能傳達(dá)的情感與意蘊(yùn)甚至不是用語(yǔ)言所能替代的。在不同場(chǎng)合，穿著得體、適度的人，給人留下良好的印象，而穿著不當(dāng)，則會(huì)降低人的身份，損害自身的形象。在社交場(chǎng)合，得體的服飾是一種禮貌，一定程度上直接影響著人際關(guān)系的和諧。影響著裝效果的因素，重要的一是要有文化修養(yǎng)和高雅的審美能力，即所謂“腹有詩(shī)書氣自華”。二是要有運(yùn)動(dòng)健美的素質(zhì)。健美的形體是著裝美的天然條件。三是要掌握著裝的常識(shí)、著裝原則和服飾禮儀的知識(shí)，這是達(dá)到內(nèi)外和諧統(tǒng)一美的不可或缺的條件。西方人注重身份，把衣服變成象征，中國(guó)注重韻味。如果說(shuō)西方服飾文化刻意追求表現(xiàn)人體美，而完全忽視了服飾倫理，那么，中國(guó)服飾文化由于受到傳統(tǒng)的倫理價(jià)值觀念的影響還或多或少地保留著一些道德上的體統(tǒng)。而最能代表我們國(guó)家的是中山裝，西方代表裝是西裝。

結(jié) 論

商務(wù)禮儀乃商務(wù)人員交往之藝術(shù)，只有在商務(wù)交往中做到“約束自己，尊重他人”才能使商務(wù)活動(dòng)在更輕松更愉快地氛圍中順利進(jìn)行?？梢哉f(shuō)，正確運(yùn)用商務(wù)禮儀既是一個(gè)人內(nèi)在修養(yǎng)和素質(zhì)的外在表現(xiàn)，又是企業(yè)展示形象，塑造企業(yè)文化的一種藝術(shù)。因此，只有正確掌握商務(wù)禮儀才能有助于提高我們自身素質(zhì)修養(yǎng)。從而，更好改善人際關(guān)系，通過(guò)自身良好的禮儀展示，樹(shù)立良好的企業(yè)形象。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1] 汪洪梅.禮儀在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的作用分析[J]；科技信息(學(xué)術(shù)研究)2007(33)[2] 呂維霞.現(xiàn)代商務(wù)禮儀及其發(fā)展的新特點(diǎn)[J]國(guó)際商務(wù);對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)報(bào) 2004(03)[3] 郭 華.淺談商務(wù)禮儀在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中的作用[J]；黑龍江科技信息 2009(26)

第三篇：淺談中西方飲食差異

淺談中西方飲食差異

眾所周知，中國(guó)是典型的農(nóng)業(yè)大國(guó)，地大物博，農(nóng)作物栽培歷史悠久。漢代時(shí)儒學(xué)成為官學(xué)，奠定了中國(guó)兩千多年的禮教文化?？偟恼f(shuō)來(lái)，中國(guó)古代社會(huì)是一個(gè)以小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)為主體兼以禮教化的國(guó)家，內(nèi)斂封閉。西方文明源自古希臘和古羅馬文明，宗教影響滲透到生活各方面，人類歷史上重大的思想運(yùn)動(dòng)和工業(yè)文明也都最先發(fā)生于此，海洋文明、工業(yè)文明還有近現(xiàn)代科學(xué)所造就的多元化文明，使得西方人顯得外向開(kāi)放。

中國(guó)飲食文化和西方飲食文化的不同起源，受人們的觀念影響不同，它們自然有很大差異。下面簡(jiǎn)要從三個(gè)方面談?wù)勚形鞣斤嬍澄幕牟町悺?/p>

一、飲食觀念的差異 俗語(yǔ)云：“民以食為天，食以味為先”。中國(guó)的飲食強(qiáng)調(diào)感性和藝術(shù)性，追求飲食的口味感覺(jué)。西方飲食觀念是一種理性的、講求科學(xué)的飲食觀念。西方人吃的是營(yíng)養(yǎng)，他們很少或幾乎不把飲食與精神享受聯(lián)系起來(lái)。

（一）中國(guó)的感性飲食觀念

中國(guó)飲食之所以有其獨(dú)特的魅力，關(guān)鍵就在于它的味。而美味的產(chǎn)生，在于調(diào)和，要使食物的本味，加熱以后的熟味，加上配料和輔料的味以及調(diào)料的調(diào)和之味，交織融合協(xié)調(diào)在一起，使之互相補(bǔ)充，互助滲透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中國(guó)烹飪講究的調(diào)和之美，是中國(guó)烹飪藝術(shù)的精要之處。菜點(diǎn)的形和色是外在的東西，而味卻是內(nèi)在的東西，重內(nèi)在而不刻意修飾外表，重菜肴的味而不過(guò)分展露菜肴的形和色，這正是中國(guó)美性飲食觀的最重要的表現(xiàn)。在中國(guó)，飲食的美性追求顯然壓倒了理性，這種飲食觀與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的哲學(xué)思想也是吻合的。作為東方哲學(xué)代表的中國(guó)哲學(xué)，其顯著特點(diǎn)是宏觀、直觀、模糊及不可捉摸。中國(guó)菜的制作方法是調(diào)和鼎鼐，最終是要調(diào)和出一種美好的滋味。這一講究的就是分寸，就是整體的配合。它包含了中國(guó)哲學(xué)豐富的辯證法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、諧調(diào)為度，度以內(nèi)的千變?nèi)f化就決定了中國(guó)菜的豐富和富于變化，決定了中國(guó)菜菜系的特點(diǎn)乃至每位廚師的特點(diǎn)。

（二）西方的理性飲食觀念

對(duì)比注重“味”的中國(guó)飲食，西方是一種理性飲食觀念。西方人最關(guān)心的是食物是否能夠提供營(yíng)養(yǎng)，補(bǔ)充人體所需的熱量、維生素、蛋白質(zhì)等，食物的顏色、味道、造型等方面對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)不太重要。這一飲食觀念同西方整個(gè)哲學(xué)體系是相適應(yīng)的。營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值高的食物即使味道不怎么好，他們也照吃不誤，而對(duì)于他們看來(lái)沒(méi)有營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值的食物，比如動(dòng)物內(nèi)臟等，他們通常棄之不用。雖然中國(guó)菜是世界公認(rèn)地好吃，但是得益于西方這種理性的飲食觀念，西方人普遍比中國(guó)人的個(gè)子高，體格健壯。

二、烹飪方式的差異

由于不同的自然地理環(huán)境、氣候條件、風(fēng)土人情以及獨(dú)特的歷史發(fā)展經(jīng)歷，中西方的飲食文化和飲食風(fēng)情迥然不同。中國(guó)人飲食的特點(diǎn)是美味，注重烹飪方式；西方人注重營(yíng)養(yǎng)，烹飪方式簡(jiǎn)單。

（一）中國(guó)復(fù)雜多變的烹飪方式

在中國(guó)人的眼里，味道是烹調(diào)的最高準(zhǔn)則，認(rèn)為烹飪是一種藝術(shù)，方式有六十種之多，如，爆炒、清蒸、香酥、麻辣、紅燒、魚香、糖醋、干蝙、油炸、砂鍋、拔絲等。此外，還有燴、扒、燉、垠、鹵、溜、悶、余、熏、煮。制作工藝比較復(fù)雜，較為費(fèi)時(shí)，同樣的食材用不同的方法烹飪，添加不同的佐料和配菜就會(huì)做出不同的菜肴，就連最普通的食材—魚，也能做成許多不同風(fēng)味的菜肴，如水煮魚、麻辣魚、糖醋魚、紅燒魚、清蒸魚、炸魚、烤魚、魚火鍋、糟魚、煎扒魚、剁椒魚頭等。

（二）西方簡(jiǎn)單機(jī)械的烹飪方式 西方人強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)與營(yíng)養(yǎng)，因此烹調(diào)的全過(guò)程都嚴(yán)格按照科學(xué)規(guī)范行事。西餐主要烹飪方法僅有煎、炸、烤、煮、拌等幾種。其中鐵扒、烤、煽最有特色。因?yàn)樽⒅貭I(yíng)養(yǎng)，西餐烹調(diào)注重工藝流程，講究科學(xué)化、程序化，菜肴制作工序嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。雖然不及中餐的復(fù)雜，但看重餐食的裝盤，選用立體感、可食性較強(qiáng)的元素，比如蔬果做的雕花、甜品等點(diǎn)綴食物，而這些點(diǎn)綴物作為配菜，都能食用。西餐側(cè)重新鮮、環(huán)保、天然，所以選擇的原料基本以這個(gè)為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，為了保證食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不被破壞掉，西餐烹飪的工序比較簡(jiǎn)單。

三、餐桌禮儀的差異

中西方飲食上最明顯的差異表現(xiàn)在餐桌禮儀上，無(wú)論是平常的家庭用餐，還是正式的宴會(huì)上都是如此。中國(guó)人用筷子夾食物，西方人用刀叉切割食物。不同的飲食方式不是偶然的，而是在不同文化引導(dǎo)下形成的。

（一）中餐共食制

由于飲食多為蔬菜和熟食，因此中國(guó)人可以靈活地使用筷子來(lái)取食。無(wú)論是日常的一日三餐還是過(guò)年過(guò)節(jié)招待賓客的正式宴會(huì)，人們都是團(tuán)團(tuán)圍坐，共享一席，互相禮讓，共享美食，這是我們中華民族的集體主義觀念和“大團(tuán)圓”心態(tài)的普遍反映。為了表達(dá)熱情好客，在客人進(jìn)食過(guò)程中，主人會(huì)不斷的勸客人多吃菜多喝酒，甚至還會(huì)主動(dòng)為客人夾菜添食倒酒。同時(shí)，賓客之間會(huì)高聲聊天，餐桌上氣氛活躍，人人都樂(lè)在其中。在招待客人時(shí)，如果準(zhǔn)備的飯菜太少，客人會(huì)覺(jué)得主人小氣，主人也會(huì)覺(jué)得沒(méi)面子。因此，中國(guó)人餐桌上的食物一般都會(huì)超出客人的需要，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)食物的浪費(fèi)。

（二）西餐分食制

西方人的飲食方式和他們對(duì)自由和獨(dú)立的追求一脈相承。為了方便切割肉食，西方人的餐具多是刀叉。在餐桌上，每個(gè)人的食物都是定量配置的，進(jìn)食的過(guò)程中客人按照各自的需要取食，不經(jīng)客人同意，主人是不會(huì)主動(dòng)為客人夾菜或者勸客人喝酒的，熱情的主人最多也只是會(huì)說(shuō)“try this one, it is very delicious”，吃不吃全靠客人的主觀意愿，主人不會(huì)像中國(guó)人那樣勉強(qiáng)客人吃菜或喝酒。人們輕聲交談、舉止優(yōu)雅端莊，整體環(huán)境和氣氛安靜浪漫，中國(guó)人餐桌上的大聲吵鬧在他們看來(lái)是不禮貌的。通常，西方人都會(huì)把自己那份飯菜吃完來(lái)表示對(duì)食物的喜歡以及對(duì)主人熱情招待的感謝。

綜上所述，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)中西方的飲食文化各有長(zhǎng)短。如今，中餐已開(kāi)始注重食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)性、健康性和烹飪的科學(xué)性；西餐也開(kāi)始向中餐的色、香、味、形等境界發(fā)展。隨著信息的交流，中西飲食文化也在互相滲透，人們將會(huì)享受到更美味、更快捷、更營(yíng)養(yǎng)、更健康、更綠色環(huán)保的食品，這是與人民大眾息息相關(guān)的，更是我們所密切關(guān)注的。

第四篇：中西方道德觀差異

從英漢諺語(yǔ)看中西方道德

觀的差異

姓名

韓

琨

系別

2012級(jí)數(shù)學(xué)（2）班

學(xué)號(hào)

124050102021

序號(hào)

18號(hào)

【摘要】諺語(yǔ)作為熟語(yǔ)的一種，表達(dá)著人民群眾在生產(chǎn)和日常生活中、各種社會(huì)活動(dòng)中積累的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)，閃耀著人民智慧的火花。中西方化在個(gè)自的傳承過(guò)程中都出現(xiàn)了大量諺語(yǔ)，兩種不同文化簡(jiǎn)的異同在諺語(yǔ)中也有所反映。本文主要分析這些諺語(yǔ)所反映的中西方道德觀念的差異。

【關(guān)鍵詞】中西方文化；諺語(yǔ)；差異

道德與法律一起，對(duì)社會(huì)行為加以約束。在法制不健全或法律意識(shí)淡薄的社會(huì)，道德通過(guò)家喻戶曉的準(zhǔn)則和行為規(guī)范以及社會(huì)輿論約束人的社會(huì)行為。無(wú)論東方還是西方，都在歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中形成了自己的道德價(jià)值體系，并在各自的文化中的體現(xiàn)。但是中西方的歷史發(fā)展與社會(huì)形態(tài)有著相對(duì)的獨(dú)立性，因此道德觀念也有所不同。這一點(diǎn)從廣為流傳的諺語(yǔ)中也有所體現(xiàn)。下面從不同歷史時(shí)期的道德觀念的差異在諺語(yǔ)上的反映進(jìn)行比較。

1、中西方交友觀念的差異在諺語(yǔ)中的反映

中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化特別是儒家學(xué)說(shuō)中，自身利益與國(guó)家、集體、家庭、朋友的利益比起來(lái)是小利益。在這種文化氛圍中，友情重于個(gè)人利益已成為公認(rèn)的道德觀君子必有為朋友兩肋插刀的義氣。因此有這樣的諺語(yǔ)：士為知己者死；

不求同日生，只愿同日死； 海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰； 在家靠父母，出門靠朋友。

而西方文化中，個(gè)人的利益總是超過(guò)其他利益，比起自己來(lái)，朋友是自己的，甚至?xí)?lái)不利。因此，英語(yǔ)中有這樣的諺語(yǔ)：

Love your friend,but look after yourself.(愛(ài)朋友但要照顧好自己）Friends are thieves of time.(朋友是偷時(shí)間的賊）

西方資本主義發(fā)展的結(jié)果之一是拜金主義，功利主義，交友講究互利互惠，對(duì)一些人來(lái)說(shuō)有著極重的功利色彩。不僅在饑餓時(shí)顧不到朋友，朋友落難時(shí)，也最好不要伸出援手，以免殃及自身。這些在諺語(yǔ)中也有所反映：

He that has a full purse never wants a friend.(錢包豐厚的人從來(lái)不需要朋友）

Never catch at a falling knife or a falling friend.（千萬(wàn)不要接正在落下的刀或正在落難的朋友）

2、中西方對(duì)待債務(wù)態(tài)度的差異在諺語(yǔ)上是反映

在中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)道德觀念中，非常重視仁義。仁就是要以慈悲為懷，樂(lè)善好施。義就是仗義疏財(cái)，助人為樂(lè)。當(dāng)別人與大困難時(shí)，伸出援手，主任一臂之力就是仁者所為。在中國(guó)的仁義教育中，“黃金不為貴，仁義值千金”直白表達(dá)出借出者的擔(dān)憂顯得不仁，勸人不要將錢財(cái)借出更顯得不義。但是借出者的擔(dān)憂是不可否認(rèn)的事實(shí)。在這種矛盾下，這類諺語(yǔ)多強(qiáng)調(diào)借入者的信，借貸者要如約還債。

互助互助，窮能變富。

求人須求大丈夫，濟(jì)人須濟(jì)急時(shí)無(wú)。借人一只鵝，還人一峰駝。有借有還，再借不難。

在西方重視自我，以自我利益為重的傳統(tǒng)下這些常情和常理在諺語(yǔ)中得到直白的表白：

Lend your moner and lose your friend.(借出你的錢，失去你的朋友）He who has but one coat,cannot lend it.(僅有一家外套的人是不能將他借出的）

Lend and lose,so play full.(借出等于失去，所以裝傻吧)Neither a borrower nor a lender be.(不要當(dāng)債務(wù)人，也不要當(dāng)債權(quán)人）

3、中西方在“面子”和“人言”態(tài)度的不同在諺語(yǔ)上反映

3.1 中國(guó)人非?？粗孛孀?。平時(shí)，受到別人尊敬是有面子的重要一環(huán)。任何讓自己失去尊重的行為都是令自己失去面子的行為。中國(guó)人在傳統(tǒng)道德觀念影響下，即重視名譽(yù)，也重視面子。有關(guān)諺語(yǔ)有：

人有臉，樹(shù)有皮，沒(méi)臉沒(méi)皮沒(méi)出息。死要面子活受罪。

由于在乎面子，中國(guó)人最怕不利于自己的流言。不少諺語(yǔ)表現(xiàn)了中國(guó)人害怕流言蜚語(yǔ)的心態(tài)：

人言可畏。

水浮不起石子，人擔(dān)不起閑話。害人的舌頭比魔抓還厲害。

西方的道德觀念認(rèn)為，名譽(yù)很重要，人應(yīng)該檢點(diǎn)自己的行為。但只要自己不危害他人和社會(huì)，不違反法律，他人如何評(píng)價(jià)自己并不是非重要。所以，英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)涉及流言蜚語(yǔ)時(shí)并不感到可怕，而是覺(jué)得無(wú)所謂：

Sticks and stones may break my bones,but words will hurt me.(棍棒石頭可能打斷我的骨頭，但話語(yǔ)絕不會(huì)傷害我）

Hard words break no bones.(難聽(tīng)的話不會(huì)傷筋動(dòng)骨）

3.2 中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化里，規(guī)矩的、有道德人沒(méi)有什么見(jiàn)不得人的事。而且，中國(guó)文化認(rèn)為，如果你做了什么見(jiàn)不得人的事，那是無(wú)法隱瞞的，當(dāng)然也無(wú)需隱瞞。

君子坦蕩蕩，小人長(zhǎng)戚戚。

若要人不知，除非己莫為。

肚里沒(méi)邪事，不怕冷風(fēng)吹。

西方人的傳統(tǒng)文化很重視隱私，在他們看來(lái)，每個(gè)人都有隱私，隱私是神圣不可侵犯的。所以他們不說(shuō)三道四，不干涉別人的隱私。所以有諺語(yǔ): A tattler is a worse than a thief.(搬弄是非的人比賊還可惡）Who chatters to you,will chatter of you.(對(duì)你說(shuō)是非的人也會(huì)說(shuō)你的是非）

4、中西方孝文化的差異在諺語(yǔ)上的體現(xiàn)

中國(guó)兩千多年的封建社會(huì)，在漢語(yǔ)中留下了宗法制度和禮教的印跡。子女對(duì)父母孝順需服從父母對(duì)自身事業(yè)婚姻的安排。不可抗拒。如：

不孝有三，無(wú)后為大。

父母教，須敬聽(tīng)；父母責(zé)，須順承。

千里燒香，不如在家敬爹娘。

西方資本主義道德中，雖然也要求兒女尊敬父母，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)父母言聽(tīng)計(jì)從，子女都有自己獨(dú)立的個(gè)人的人格，更沒(méi)有要求子女三從四德，以及把“無(wú)后”看作不孝的罪行。

Children when they are little make parents fools,when they are great they make them mad.(還小時(shí)候使父母變傻，長(zhǎng)大后把父母逼瘋）

Children are not to be blamed for the faults of their parents.(不能因父母之過(guò)使孩子受到責(zé)備）

5、中西方愛(ài)情觀的差異在諺語(yǔ)中的體現(xiàn)

中國(guó)封建社會(huì)的傳統(tǒng)禮教嚴(yán)重束縛男女的自由戀愛(ài)?；橐鰬{父母做主，聽(tīng)媒妁之言。做到明媒正娶，有的多則是買賣婚姻。反映這方面情況的諺語(yǔ)有： 爹娘做主，一世受苦。

少年媳婦年年有，只怕銅錢不湊手。取到的媳婦買到的馬，由人騎來(lái)由人打。

在這種情況下，婚姻是社會(huì)義務(wù)，談不上愛(ài)情的結(jié)晶。婦女要恪守婦道，順從丈夫，根本沒(méi)有談愛(ài)情的權(quán)利，感情完全遭到忽視。

嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗。

好馬不吃回頭草，好女不嫁二夫君。

在西方國(guó)家，早在文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期，人追求自由、追求人性解放的要求就受到肯定。資本主義社會(huì)更提倡自由戀愛(ài)，甚至達(dá)到愛(ài)情至上的地步。英語(yǔ)中有很多歌頌愛(ài)情，評(píng)論愛(ài)情的諺語(yǔ)：

Love is free.(愛(ài)情是自由的）

True love never grows old.(真正的愛(ài)情是不會(huì)過(guò)時(shí)的）

All stratagems are fair in love.(在愛(ài)情中，一切策略都是正當(dāng)?shù)模?/p>

6、結(jié)語(yǔ)

在中國(guó)社會(huì)，道德一直都是非常重要的，道德的訓(xùn)律也很多，有時(shí)與政治行為統(tǒng)一。在不同的歷史時(shí)期，道德概念也有變化；對(duì)不同的人，道德的要求也不盡相同。西方的資本主義發(fā)展較早，勢(shì)力較強(qiáng)，以前的封建主義道德影響已趨淡薄，又沒(méi)有進(jìn)入社會(huì)主義，幾乎不受共產(chǎn)主義道德影響。總體而言，中國(guó)與西方在道德觀念上有很多相似之處，但依然存在諸多不同，尤其是現(xiàn)代道德觀念。

參考文獻(xiàn)

【1】王德春，楊素英，黃月圓.《漢英諺語(yǔ)與文化》海外教育出版社，2003年版.【2】郭建民《英語(yǔ)諺語(yǔ)研究》甘肅教育出版社，2004年版.【3】周盤林《中西諺語(yǔ)比較研究》，臺(tái)灣師范大學(xué)2006年版.【4】楊樹(shù)國(guó).中西方文化差異在語(yǔ)言交流中的體現(xiàn).山西師大學(xué)報(bào).2010年s1期.【5】張彥鴿.中西方“面子”文化差異與跨文化交際.三門峽職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).2007年02期.

第五篇：中西方建筑差異

一建筑材料的差異

中西方建筑對(duì)于材料的選擇，除受其自然因素影響外，更重要的是受文化心態(tài)的影響。中國(guó)建筑自古以來(lái)以土木 為主要建筑材料，而西方主要以石頭為主要建筑材料。發(fā)源于黃河流域和長(zhǎng)江流域的華夏文明，由于地理環(huán)

境遼闊，而導(dǎo)致各個(gè)地域之間存在較大的自然差異，但是無(wú) 論民居或者宮殿等建筑，都不約而同地選擇了土木為建筑 材料。中國(guó)以農(nóng)業(yè)為主的原始經(jīng)濟(jì)，使得人們對(duì)土地和植物 有著特殊的眷念，造就了中國(guó)人自古以來(lái)重視人與自然和 諧共處的生活方式，所在從上古時(shí)期建筑材料的選擇上，人 們自然將十分常見(jiàn)的土木作為最為基本的建筑材料。而后 衍生而成的“天人合一”的宇宙觀，更是將人與自然看成一 個(gè)整體，可以說(shuō)，講求“天人之際，合二為一”的中國(guó)古人，將 土木結(jié)構(gòu)作為建筑的最基本的材料，從本質(zhì)上說(shuō)是重視生 命親和關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)。

據(jù)考證，我國(guó)古代的穴居、淺穴居、巢居等建筑，基本上 都是黃土與樹(shù)木建造而成的。隨著人類生產(chǎn)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，建 筑材料也在不斷進(jìn)步，然而以黃土樹(shù)木為主要建筑材料的 傳統(tǒng)，卻依然被沿襲至明清，成為中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)建筑最基本的特 征。例如，在中國(guó)南方，由于氣候濕潤(rùn)，植被茂盛，南方民居 除了采用青瓦覆頂，以磚砌墻外，大量的建筑材料都是木 材。以粉墻青瓦、磚木石雕、亭臺(tái)樓榭、層樓疊院等為主要建 筑基調(diào)的徽派，就是一個(gè)典型木質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)建筑形態(tài)。與此類似 的還有我國(guó)云貴高原一帶常見(jiàn)的木樓和竹樓。西南地區(qū)因 為氣候潮濕把民居抬離地面，便有了所謂的吊腳樓，這類民 居所用的材料都是木材。而我國(guó)的北方民居卻一般多用磚 瓦黃土作為建筑材料，例如西北地區(qū)的窯洞，東北地區(qū)的土 坯房，都繼承了我國(guó)古代穴居的傳統(tǒng)。

比較之下，位于地中海沿岸的古希臘、古羅馬地勢(shì)崎

嶇，河流短促，缺少平原，土質(zhì)稀松而石材豐富，蘊(yùn)藏有大量 石灰?guī)r和大理石等石材資源。這也成為古代西方人選擇以 石材作為建筑材料的自然環(huán)境基礎(chǔ)。加之，西方以狩獵為主 的原始經(jīng)濟(jì)，造就出西方人以人為中心的文化心態(tài)，而后衍 生成為“體分為二”的哲學(xué)傳統(tǒng)，都影響著西方人的社會(huì)文 化。西方人選擇石材作為建筑材料，一方面體現(xiàn)其追求真理 的理性精神，一方面在人與自然的關(guān)系中，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的力量能 夠戰(zhàn)勝一切。由于生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展和宗教觀念的影響，石材隱 喻著宗教的神秘感與神圣美感。這種產(chǎn)生于原始文化中的 “戀石情結(jié)”，使得石材建筑成為歐洲自古希臘到西方現(xiàn)代 崛起的20世紀(jì)初期，整整2500多年建筑史中的主流建筑 文化。古希臘的神廟、古羅馬的斗獸場(chǎng)、中世紀(jì)歐洲的教堂 等等，都是以石材為主要建筑材料的建筑。直到文藝復(fù)興時(shí) 期的古典主義建筑以及宮殿等官方建筑，都已經(jīng)以石材為 主要建筑材料。以土木為建筑材料的中國(guó)建筑，在質(zhì)感上偏于樸素、自 然而優(yōu)美和諧，更富有生命的情調(diào)和陰柔之美。而以石材為 主要建筑材料的西方建筑質(zhì)地堅(jiān)硬、可塑性很小，給人以力 量感、力度和剛度，體現(xiàn)了一種陽(yáng)剛之美。二建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的差異

北宋精于修造木塔的喻皓在營(yíng)舍之法的著作《木經(jīng)》中 說(shuō)：“凡屋有三分，自梁以上為上分，地以上為中分，階為下 分”。這里的“梁以上”指屋頂，“地以下，梁以上”指屋身，屋 身以下階梯、臺(tái)基便是屋基。喻皓的這種描述，明確指出了 中國(guó)建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的3個(gè)組成部分即：屋頂、屋身和屋基。無(wú)論 是以木材構(gòu)架的疊梁式和穿斗式，還是土木混合結(jié)構(gòu)混合 式建筑，作為中國(guó)建筑的個(gè)體，都是由這3個(gè)部分構(gòu)成。在 空間造型中，中國(guó)建筑最顯著的結(jié)構(gòu)特征莫過(guò)于屋頂之美。傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)建筑多采用梁柱支撐屋頂，同時(shí)為了防止以土 木為主要材料的構(gòu)件損壞或腐爛，而采用了斗拱技術(shù)使得 屋檐在斗拱的支撐下向外延長(zhǎng)，以便陰雨天氣將積水排出 屋頂。

梁思成曾有過(guò)這樣的闡釋：“歷來(lái)被視為極特異、極神

秘的中國(guó)屋頂曲線，其實(shí)只是結(jié)構(gòu)上直率自然的結(jié)果，并沒(méi) 有什么超出力學(xué)原則以外和矯揉造作之處，同時(shí)在實(shí)用及 美觀上皆異常的成功。這種屋頂全部的曲線及輪廓，上部巍 然高聳，檐部如翼輕展，使本來(lái)極無(wú)趣、極笨拙的實(shí)際部分，成為整個(gè)建筑美麗的冠冕，是別系建筑所沒(méi)有的特征。”正 如梁思成所說(shuō)，中國(guó)建筑的屋頂多種多樣，并且成為中國(guó)建 筑空間造型中最為精彩的一個(gè)部分。這種如翼輕展的具有 坡度的屋頂，在不同的歷史時(shí)期又各具特征，例如在大唐時(shí) 期，建筑的屋頂坡度平緩，屋檐出挑深遠(yuǎn)，在日照之下投下 美麗的陰影，使人深感其自然生動(dòng)之美。而清代的建筑屋頂 坡度陡峭，讓人深感其莊嚴(yán)肅穆?？傮w上，由于受儒家“中 和”思想的影響，中國(guó)建筑多表現(xiàn)出和諧含蓄之美，重視建 筑各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)部分的協(xié)調(diào)共生，統(tǒng)一通順。因此無(wú)論是損壞了 建筑中的哪個(gè)部分，小到一木一墻，都會(huì)給人以殘缺不全的 感覺(jué)。

比較而言，西方建筑追求一種與自然對(duì)立的結(jié)構(gòu)形式?？鋸埖某叨群途艿膸缀伪壤碌奈鞣浇ㄖ?，體現(xiàn)了西

方人改造自然的征服精神，這種“數(shù)的結(jié)構(gòu)”建筑，處處強(qiáng)調(diào)志W(wǎng)riter Magazine 2010 No.4藝術(shù)空間 的是人工偉力而非人與自然的和諧。例如古希臘帕提儂神 廟的立面、平面和剖面，在內(nèi)外部空間都有著相互適宜的幾 何比例，從而建造出一種“數(shù)的結(jié)構(gòu)”美。

就如中國(guó)建筑的屋頂之于中國(guó)建筑文化的重要性，西

方的雕塑藝術(shù)之于西方建筑，也是一種重要的文化力量。經(jīng) 過(guò)了巴洛克文化和洛可可文化以后，西方建筑開(kāi)始營(yíng)造一 種雕塑美。其注重建筑立面的雕塑，而不是結(jié)構(gòu)，這種雕塑 與結(jié)構(gòu)有著密切的聯(lián)系，可以說(shuō)結(jié)構(gòu)的美是透過(guò)雕塑來(lái)創(chuàng) 造的，結(jié)構(gòu)是內(nèi)在的，雕塑是外在的，因此從外表看，西方建 筑雕塑感十分強(qiáng)烈。這種雕塑感是富有重量和力度的頑強(qiáng) 的美感，偉大崇高而又震撼人心。例如柯布西埃充滿激情的 建筑作品“朗香教堂”，實(shí)際上是一座令人充滿想象的雕塑 品，這部經(jīng)典創(chuàng)世之作不僅體現(xiàn)了西方建筑追求雕塑感的 建筑文化理念，也在現(xiàn)代建筑文化中，體現(xiàn)了西方建筑對(duì)于 傳統(tǒng)建筑文化的傳承與發(fā)展。三建筑空間布局上的差異

中國(guó)社會(huì)自古以血親關(guān)系作為社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)的基本單位，這種血親家族關(guān)系對(duì)中國(guó)建筑的群體布局的影響深遠(yuǎn)。我 們常見(jiàn)于中國(guó)建筑的群體空間布局，多是以“四合院”的形 式出現(xiàn)，講究以和為貴的中國(guó)，建筑上體現(xiàn)了一種家族式集 體的美。王國(guó)維曾說(shuō)：“我們家族之制古矣。一家之中，有父 子，有兄弟，而父子兄弟各有匹偶焉。即就一男子而言，而其 貴者有一妻焉，有若干妾焉。一家之人，斷非一室所能容，而 堂與房又非可居之地也??然欲諸室相接，非四阿之屋不 可。四阿者，四棟也。為四棟之屋，使其堂各各東西南北，于 外則四堂，后之四室，亦自向南北湊于中庭矣??”王國(guó)維 的這段話，說(shuō)明了中國(guó)古代家族制對(duì)中國(guó)建筑群體布局的 影響，家族結(jié)構(gòu)與建筑布局的相互照應(yīng)，最常見(jiàn)的庭院是四 合院、三合院、二合院?？偟奶攸c(diǎn)是由數(shù)座建筑個(gè)體與墻、廊 等圍合而成，一個(gè)院落接著一個(gè)院落，構(gòu)成一個(gè)遞進(jìn)式的建 筑群體。多個(gè)庭院被組織到一個(gè)群體布局之中，表現(xiàn)在出一 種主從分明，軸線齊整。庭院建筑組接的過(guò)程中，體現(xiàn)了中 國(guó)建筑布局的條理性，也體現(xiàn)了一種根深蒂固的社會(huì)秩序 和清醒世俗的理性精神。

與中國(guó)建筑不同的是，歐洲建筑不受血親關(guān)系，家族觀 念的影響，不再追求中國(guó)式的封閉式的建筑文化形式。在西 方，廣場(chǎng)是市民生活的一部分，它與城市一起成長(zhǎng)，成熟。它 是城市政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)與文化交往的中心區(qū)域，在廣場(chǎng)的四周往 往建有政府大廈、教堂、劇場(chǎng)、商場(chǎng)、神廟等等。廣場(chǎng)是一種 富有民族個(gè)性的建筑文化，例如文藝復(fù)興時(shí)期的意大利圣 馬可廣場(chǎng)，是威尼斯一個(gè)中心廣場(chǎng)，周圍有市政府大廈、圣 西密尼安教堂，總督府與圣馬可圖書館等著名建筑。圣馬可 廣場(chǎng)為市民們提供一個(gè)開(kāi)放的娛樂(lè)休閑場(chǎng)所，是一個(gè)人們 用于嬉戲玩耍的露天客廳。廣場(chǎng)的開(kāi)放性，是西方人活潑、好動(dòng)的個(gè)性的體現(xiàn)。

另外，西方建筑在空間布局上呈現(xiàn)出一種高空垂直、挺 拔向上的形態(tài)。同時(shí)，重視主體意識(shí)，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體觀念的社會(huì) 文化心態(tài)，這決定著西方建筑重視個(gè)體特性的張揚(yáng)特點(diǎn)，在 空間布局上多努力突出其個(gè)性特征，盡可能建造得高大挺 拔。例如法國(guó)萊茵河畔的斯特拉斯堡主教堂，高達(dá)142米； 德國(guó)烏爾姆市教堂高達(dá)161米；古羅馬的萬(wàn)神廟，其穹頂直 徑和頂端高度均達(dá)43.3米，混凝土建造的墻體厚度達(dá)6.2 米，實(shí)為龐然大物。古羅馬城的一個(gè)平面呈橢圓形的大角斗 場(chǎng)，規(guī)模巨大。長(zhǎng)188米，短軸156米，觀眾席立面48.5米，分為四層，可容納8萬(wàn)觀眾。這些巍然聳立、雄偉壯觀的建 筑個(gè)體，在體積和高度上的龐大，突出了西方建筑的個(gè)性形 象。這樣的建筑空間布局，是西方世界開(kāi)放民主的社會(huì)文化 氛圍的有利體現(xiàn)，反映了西方人崇拜神靈的狂熱，利用技術(shù) 給人一種奮發(fā)向上的精神支撐。四精神層次的差異

布魯諾·塞維在《建筑空間》論一書中，對(duì)歐洲建筑文化 的人與神的沖突做了這樣的闡釋：“埃及=敬畏的時(shí)代，那 時(shí)的人致力于保存尸體，不然就不能求得復(fù)活；希臘=優(yōu)美 的時(shí)代，象征熱情激蕩中的深思安息；羅馬式=武力與豪華 的時(shí)代；早起基督教式=虔誠(chéng)和愛(ài)的時(shí)代；哥特式=渴慕的 時(shí)代；文藝復(fù)興式=雅致的時(shí)代；各種復(fù)興式=回憶的時(shí) 代。他指出在建筑史上這一主題是不斷轉(zhuǎn)換的，從精神層面 上來(lái)講，建筑和其他文化一樣，也是以人與神的文化沖突調(diào) 和作為文化主題的。

中國(guó)建筑文化中提及人與神的關(guān)系，當(dāng)然要從最原始 的天地宇宙觀開(kāi)始說(shuō)起。上古時(shí)代的中國(guó)建筑實(shí)際上就是 人們心中的宇宙，世人從天地宇宙中劃出一個(gè)人為的時(shí)空 領(lǐng)域，房屋建筑效法人們想象中的天地宇宙的外形?？梢哉f(shuō) 在古代中國(guó)，人與建筑的關(guān)系實(shí)際上就是人與宇宙的關(guān)系，中國(guó)天地宇宙起源于建筑文化的起源，原是合二為一的?！叭祟愔酰瑑H能取天然之物自養(yǎng)而已。稍進(jìn)，乃能從事于農(nóng) 牧。農(nóng)牧之事，資生之物，咸出于地，而其豐歉，則懸系于田。故天文之智識(shí)，此時(shí)大形進(jìn)步；而天象之崇拜，亦隨之而盛 焉”。早在殷商之際，地上的王權(quán)觀念放映到“天”上，便形成 了人們心中關(guān)于“天帝”的觀念。而后“，天帝”，“天”，在殷末 周初被奉為神靈，人們?cè)谛惺轮?，常常?wèn)卜于“天帝”。而 古代的皇帝就是“天帝”的替代，帝號(hào)統(tǒng)攝天下，進(jìn)而使得人 們對(duì)天地宇宙的崇拜，演變成對(duì)建筑營(yíng)造活動(dòng)的崇拜。相比較而言，在體現(xiàn)人與神的沖突調(diào)和關(guān)系時(shí)，西方建 筑有著比中國(guó)建筑更為明顯的特征。例如其宗教建筑，都在 空間的建構(gòu)中留下了“神”的痕跡。正如黑格爾所說(shuō)：“自由 地騰空直上，使得它的目的雖然存在等于消失掉，給人一種 獨(dú)立自足的印象”。“它具有而且顯示出一種確定的目的，但 是在它的雄偉與崇高的靜穆之中，它把自己提高到超出單 純的目的而顯示它本身的無(wú)限”。西方教堂人與神的沖突，基本上是以神的靈光壓倒人性為特征，卻不等于人性的徹 底毀滅。在神面前，人一方面變得渺小，一方面又把自己的 理想寄寓到神那里。而在中國(guó)，由于儒家傳統(tǒng)文化的強(qiáng)大和 頑強(qiáng)，中國(guó)自古就是一個(gè)淡泊宗教的民族，使得中國(guó)宗教建 筑，盡可能收斂神的靈光，舒展人的姿態(tài)