第一篇：新概念二76到96課摘要寫作

Lesson73(一)A boy who played truant travelled 1,600 miles.He hitchhiked to Dover where he slept in a boat, only to find himself in Calais next morning.A lorry driver gave him a lift and something to eat and the boy got off near Paris, he stopped another car, but instead of not being taken to Paris, he was taken to Perpignan.After being picked up by a policeman, he was sent home by authorities.（二）

A boy played truant and travelled 1,600 miles.After hitchhiking to Dover, he slept in a boat.Next morning, he found himself in Calais where a lorry drive gave him a lift and something to eat.On getting off near Paris, he stopped another car which didn’t take him to Perpignan but to Paris.There he was picked up by a policeman and sent home by authorities.Lesson74

（一）After a bus stopped by a river bed, film stars descended, they dressed in dark glasses and old clothes so as not to be recognized.They carried picnic things to a shady spot and sat down.Just then, Jeriff appeared and said rudely: ‘You must leave here because camping is not allowed there.Even when they told him who they were, Jeriff didn’t believe them.（二）

A bus stopped by a river bed, a party of film stars descended, they dressed in dark glasses

and old clothes, in order that they wouldn’t be recognized.They carried the picnic things to a shady spot, everyone had sat down when Sheriff appeared and asked them rudely to leave, as camping is not allowed there.They told him who they were but Jeriff didn’t believe them.Lesson75

（一）A plane crashed in the mountains but the only passengers, a woman and baby daughters didn’t hurt, and it was extremely cold in midwinter, so she put the children in a case and covered them with clothes.When the planes passed next morning, she stamped ‘SOS’ in the snow.This was seen by a pilot who sent a message to the nearest town and they were rescued by a helicopter.（二）

When a plane crashed in mountains, the only passengers, a woman and her baby daughters didn’t hurt.However, it was in midwinter and extremely cold, the woman kept close all night.On hearing planes next morning, the woman stamped ‘SOS’ in the snow which was seen by a pilot, he sent a message and they were rescued by a helicopter.Lesson76

（一）In the end of news bulletin, the television announcer showed viewers fields of Calabria when grew Macaroni for six hundred years.Harvesting began earlier this year and the whole village were working hard before September rains.The crops were processed in

the factory.After the harvest, there was a famous competition which Signor Fratelli has won since 1991.That was the end of bulletin on April 1st.（二）

In the end of news bulletin, the television announcer showed viewers fields of Calabria.Here Macorroli grew for six hundred years.This year, harvesting began earlier, the whole village were working hard before the September rains so that the crop was processed in the factory.After the harvest, there was a famous competition.This Signor Fratelli has won it since 1991.With that end of bulletin, it was April 1st.Lesson77

（一）Doctors operated a mummy: an Egyptian woman who died in 800B.C..Doctors wanted to find out whether she died of a rare disease.After removing a section, doctors sent it to a laboratory.During the operation, they unexpectedly found a small wax figure of the god Duamutef which was inside the mummy.Though they were afraid that the mummy would fall to pieces, the mummy survived the operation.（二）

Doctors operated on a mummy: an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C..In order that they could find out if she died of a rare disease, they removed a section of the mummy which was sent to a laboratory.Inside the mummy, they unexpectedly found a figure of the god Duamutef.They were afraid that the mummy would fall to pieces, but it survived the operation.Lesson78

（一）Having read an article about smoking, the writer decided to smoke last cigarette.He didn’t smoke for a week and his wife suffered terribly, because he had a bad temper and a large appetite.Meanwhile, his friends kept on offering him cigarettes and they were amused to see his sweets.When he went to a party, he accepted a cigarette which was offered by his friend and since then things returned to normal.(二)The writer read an article about smoking and he decided to smoke last cigarette.He didn’t smoke for a week and his wife suffered terribly because of her husband’s bad temper and large appetite.Whenever his friends offered cigarettes, they were amused because he produced sweets.However, at a party, he accepted a cigarette from his friend.Now, things returned to normal.Lesson79(一)The plane took off and flew over the city.When gaining height, the plane had to return to the airport.Meanwhile, a flight attendant told them to keep clam.After disembarking, they learnt that there was a very important person on board.The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane.The plane was searched thoroughly, nothing was found, the plane took off five hours later.(二)After having taken off, the plane flew low over the city.Although it gained height, it had

to return to the airport.During this time, a flight attendant told them to keep calm until it disembarked.They learned that there was an important person on board.Because the police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane, they searched the plane thoroughly.However, they found nothing, so the plane took off five hours later.Lesson80(一)The Crystal Palace which was built for the exhibition was different from others, because it was made of iron and glass, a great many goods were sent from the world as well as the machinery.So many visitors were taken to the Palace by boat or train that it was possible to build colleges and museums from the profits.After the exhibition, it was moved to South London where remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.(二)The Crystal Palace was built for the exhibition，made of iron and glass, it was different from others.Not only the goods but also the machinery was sent from the world.This attracted the visitors who went there by boat or train.Later, the colleges and museums were built from the profits.The Crystal Palace was moved to South London and remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until 1936 when it was burnt down.Lesson81

(一)After having killed the guard, the prisoner of war dragged him into the bushes and changed into the man’s clothes.Then he put a rifle over his shoulder and marched in front of the camp.A short time afterwards, four officers got off a car and stopped at the camp gates, so the prisoner stood to attention and saluted.When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him and after the prisoner knocked him out, he jumped into the car and drove away.(二)As soon as he had killed the guard, dragged the dead man into the bushes and changed into the dead man’s clothes, with a rifle over his shoulder, he marched in front of camp.Four officers got out of the car and he stood to attention and saluted.When the driver came towards him, he knocked the driver out.Then jumping into the car, he drove away.Lesson82(一)A strange fish was caught near Madagascar after having pulled the fishing boat out at sea.Making effort not to damage it, the fisherman brought it to shore.The fish, which was thirteen feet long with a head like horse, was sent to a museum.It is being examined by a scientist who said that it is an oarfish and they live at a depth of six hundred feet.(二)A strange fish was caught near Madagascar.Though the fishing boat was pulled out to sea, the fisherman made effort not to damage it.On being brought to shore by the fisherman, the fish was found to be over thirteen feet long and was sent to a museum.Now that is being examined by a scientist.It is called oarfish and lives at a depth of six hundred feet.Lesson 83(一)After having been defeated in the recent elections, Prime Minister retired and has gone abroad, Patrick, who has been a fanatical opponent of Mr.Lane’s Radical Progressive Party, went to the former Prime Minister’s house three times and asked the policeman whether it was Mr.Lane’s house.When it was third time, the angry policeman told him that Mr.Lane was defeated and had his retirement abroad.Patrick said that it was something he loved to hear.(二)Since the former Prime Minister was defeated in the recent elections, he has retired and gone abroad.As Patrick has been a fanatical opponent of Mr.Lane’s Party, he went to Mr.Lane’s house three times.Each time he asked the policeman if it was Mr.Lane’s house.The third time, he was told that Mr.Lane was defeated and had his retirement abroad by the angry policeman.Patrick said that he knew it, but it was something he loved to hear.Lesson84(一)Busmen’s strike begins on Tuesday which may last for a week.Because of this, car owners offer free rides to people who are going to work, university students have volunteered to drive buses too, but they will have to pass a special test.Though it is difficult to get to work, the public has expressed that they are grateful.Only one or two

people have objected that the students will drive too fast.(二)Because busmen’s strike begins on Tuesday, which may last a week.Car owners offer free rides to people going to work.University students who have volunteered to drive buses will have to pass a special test.Despite the fact that it is difficult to get to work, the public feels grateful, except for one or two who have objected that the students will drive too fast.Lesson 85(一)Now that the former headmaster Mr.Page will be retiring, pupils of the school will be sending him a gift and a large album of students’ signatures.After having attended a farewell dinner in his honor, he completed as a teacher for forty years.He will devote himself to gardening which is a new hobby for him but he has often remarked one is never too old to learn.(二)After twenty eight years as a teacher, former headmaster, Mr.Page will be retiring, pupils will sent him not only a gift but also an album of their signatures.He will attend a farewell dinner in the honor of a man who completed as a teacher for forty years.Now he will devote himself to gardening.Though it is a new hobby, it doesn’t matter because he always remarks that one is never too old to learn.Lesson86(一)The moment the speedboat had struck a buoy, both men jumped into the water.As it moved off, both men had just begun to swim towards the shore.Turning in a circle, it came straight towards them.After it just missed them, they swam as quickly as they could until they swam out of danger.When the boat returned, it lost speed.Soon the petrol was used up, it floated.(二)Because the speedboat struck a buoy, both men fell into the water.It moved off and while the men swam to the shore.Moving in a circle, it roared towards them and only just missed them, they had no sooner swum out of danger than the boat returned.This time, however, the boat lost speed, because the petrol was used up and floated.Lesson87(一)At the time of the murder that the man claimed that he was travelling on the 8 o’clock train to London and arrived to work on time.When the inspector asked if a later train would get him to work on time, the man agreed it would, but he always travelled early.The inspector suggested that he was lying because the 8 o’clock train broke down, so the man caught the 8.25.(二)When the murder happened, the man claimed that he was travelling on the 8 o’clock train to London.He said that he arrived to work on time.Then the inspector asked if a later

train would get him to work on time.Though the man agreed it would, he always travelled early.In reply, the inspector suggested he was lying as the 8 o’clock train broke down ,therefore the man caught the 8.25.Lesson 88(一)Six men who have been trapped for seventeen hours may lose lives, because the rescue operations are difficult.Since the explosives are used, vibrations will cause the roof of the mine to collapse.The rescues workers are drilling a hard rock but the progress is slow.Two hours ago, a microphone was lowered and has enabled the men to keep in touch with their relatives, they are running short of food, but they are in good spirits.(二)Six men have been trapped for seventeen hours and may lose lives.The rescue operations are difficult, as the explosives are used, it will cause the roof of the mine to collapse.Because of this, they are drilling a hard rock，yet the progress is slow.Now that, a microphone was lowered, it has enabled the men to keep in touch with their relatives.Though they are running short of food, they are in good spirits.Lesson89(一)The writer’s local cinema packed a lot of people because a comedy show would be

presented by the P.&U.Bird Seed Co.As many artists who should have appeared failed to turn up.The show was very dull, the funniest thing was the advertiser who introduced program said that ‘ This is the Poo and Ee Seed Bird Company.Good ladies, evening and gentlemen!’(二)The local cinema packed lots of people, because the P.&U.Bird Seed Co.would present free comedy show but many artists who should have appeared failed to turn up.Because of this, the show was very dull, the funniest thing was that the advertiser who introduce at the beginning of the program said that ‘This is the Poo and Ee Seed Bird Company.Good ladies, evening and gentlemen!’

Lesson 90(一)Divers working on North Sea oil rigs were terrified by a giant fish that bumped into them when they worked in deep water.The fish are not sharks or whales.On the contrary, they are favourite eating varieties that grow to unnatural sizes.There are three factors to cause the fish to grow so large.The first is the warmth from hot oil-pipes.The seconds is the plentiful food, the third is the absence of fishing.(二)Divers who worked on North Sea oil rigs were terrified by a giant fish bumping into them while they were working in deep water but the fish are not sharks or whaled, they are favorite eating varieties which grow to unnatural sizes.Three factors have caused the fish to grow so large: warmth from the oil-pipes, plentiful food and the absence of

fishing.Lesson 91(一)While circling the balloon for some time, the pilot saw three men in a basket，one of them was holding a pair of binoculars.When the balloon flew over the station, they took photographs.Then the balloon landed near an airfield but the police didn’t arrest anyone, because the basket contained two members of Parliament and Commanding officer.Afterwards, the officer explained that one half of the station didn’t know what the other half was doing.(二)A pilot circled the balloon under which there were three men in the basket containing one of them with a pair of binoculars.Before landing on, it flew over the station and took photos.It landed near an airfield.As two of the men were two members of Parliament and the other was the Commanding Officer, the police didn’t arrest them.The mystery was explained that one half of the station didn’t know what the other half was doing.Lesson92(一)The writer returned home about two a.m.and rang the doorbell.Having failed to wake up his wife, he put a ladder against the wall and climbed towards the bedroom window.Suddenly a policeman called out, the writer answered rudely, he told the policeman that he had forgotten his key, the shouting woke up his wife and she opened the window just

as the policeman had started climbing the ladder after him.(二)On returning home at two a.m., the writer rang the doorbell, but he failed to wake up his wife.After having put a ladder towards the wall, he climbed towards the bedroom window when a policeman called out.Answering rudely, he told the policeman that he lost his key.The shouting woke up his wife who opened the window at the moment when the policeman had started climbing the ladder after him.Lesson93(一)The statue of Liberty which was presented to the U.S.A.by French people in 19th century was designed by Bartholdi and had been built on a metal frame by Eiffel.The site chosen was an island at New York Harbour where the Pedestal was built.The statue was erected in Paris in 1884 and re-erected two years later in America.It was presented to America on October 1886.(二)The statue of Liberty was presented to the U.S.A.by French people in 19th century.Though it was designed by Bartholdi, it had been built on a metal frame by Eiffel.The site chosen was an island at New York Harbour and the pedestal was built there.The statue was first erected in Paris in 1884 but it was re-erected two years later in America and it was presented to America before October 1886.Lesson 94(一)At a swimming pool in Los Angels, the children are taught to hold breath under water before they can walk.They begin learning swimming when they are two months old and they can pick up weights from the bottom of pool.A game they enjoy is a race which takes place seven feet under water.Some pedal their bikes, others push or pull them and a few children can get across the race without coming up for air.(二)At a swimming pool in Los Angels, the children who are taught to hold breath under water before they can walk often begin learning swimming at two months old.Though they pick up weights at the bottom of the pool, the game they enjoy is the underwater tricycle race.This takes place seven feet under water and they pedal their tricycles, push or pull them.A few get across the race without coming up for air.Lesson 95(一)While the Ambassador of Escalopia was in office, university students set the Embassy on fire.When the Ambassador went to investigate, a man called Horst aimed a fire extinguisher at him, because he thought the Ambassador was on fire.Moreover, there was a big hole in the Ambassador’s hat which was made when someone fired a shot through the window.The Ambassador was lucky, for he wasn’t wearing it.(二)The Ambassador of Escalopia was in office when students set a fire in the basement.After the Ambassador went to investigate, a man called Horst aimed a fire extinguisher at him under the impression that he thought the Ambassador was on fire.In addition to this, there was a hole in his hat.It was made when someone fired a shot through the window.The Ambassador was lucky that he wasn’t wearing it.Lesson 96(一)Japanese annual festival for dead men is a cheerful occasion.As the dead are said to return home, food is laid out and lanterns are lit to guide them.People dance and sing all night and the uneaten food is thrown into a river or the sea next morning.The lanterns were hung in some places near the sea and people watch on the shore until the lanterns drift out of sight.(二)Japanese annual festival for the dead is a cheerful occasion for the dead are said to return home.Food is not only laid out but the lanterns are lit to guide them as well while people are dancing and singing all night.The uneaten food is thrown into the sea or a river next morning.Lanterns are hung in some places near the sea.People watch on the shore as they drift out of sight.

第二篇：摘要寫作指引

科 技 論 文 摘 要 寫 作 指 引

鐘

似

璇

摘要是論文的梗概，是不加評(píng)論和解釋，簡(jiǎn)明、準(zhǔn)確地記述文章內(nèi)容的短文。“一篇好的摘要能使讀者快速而準(zhǔn)確地了解文章的基本內(nèi)容，確定其是否是自己感興趣的內(nèi)容，從而決定是否需要進(jìn)一步閱讀全文”(American National Standards Institute, 1979)。

一、摘要的基本性質(zhì)

當(dāng)今信息廣泛繁多，絕大部分的讀者都會(huì)通過文摘來決定信息是否與興趣相關(guān)。隨著科技和IT技術(shù)的發(fā)展，在數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里文摘通常和文章本身分開發(fā)表，因此，為了保證不使這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)丟失，為了能夠吸引讀者，以下幾點(diǎn)是科技文摘不可缺少的：

(1)完整性。摘要自身應(yīng)具有完整性，也就是說，它應(yīng)當(dāng)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)獨(dú)立的個(gè)體而存在，為讀者提供對(duì)全文的完整的描述。

(2)可讀通俗。對(duì)文章中關(guān)鍵性概念或重要內(nèi)容的陳述應(yīng)使人易于理解。(3)精練準(zhǔn)確。摘要中對(duì)名詞術(shù)語的使用應(yīng)當(dāng)力求簡(jiǎn)明、精確和正確。

(4)清晰、緊湊、客觀。摘要應(yīng)條理清楚、語言簡(jiǎn)潔，不應(yīng)對(duì)所作研究進(jìn)行評(píng)論，切記摘要只是對(duì)內(nèi)容的客觀描述。

(5)結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯性。對(duì)所選取的數(shù)據(jù)及信息的陳述應(yīng)結(jié)構(gòu)合理，具有邏輯性。

二、摘要的內(nèi)容

摘要通常分為指示性摘要(Indicated Abstract)和信息性摘要(Information Abstract)兩種。前者簡(jiǎn)要說明文章的內(nèi)容，不涉及對(duì)所使用的方法及所得結(jié)果的報(bào)道。后者是大多數(shù)學(xué)術(shù)性期刊所普遍采用的文摘類型。Ei公司需要的是informative abstract.信息性摘要的內(nèi)容包括以下幾方面：研究目的、研究的過程和所采用的方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論。(1)研究目的——闡明文章的寫作目的或擬解決的具體問題，明確文章所涉及的主題范圍。

(2)研究的過程和所采用的方法——對(duì)作者的研究過程及研究過程中所采用的方法、手段、典型儀器設(shè)備等進(jìn)行說明。

(3)結(jié)果——主要闡述研究所得結(jié)果，包括所獲得的數(shù)據(jù)、所確定的關(guān)系、效果和性能等。

(4)結(jié)論——結(jié)論是對(duì)結(jié)果的分析和評(píng)價(jià)，以及由此所得到的啟發(fā)和建議等。中文摘要的篇幅以200至300字為宜，英文摘要一般不超過150個(gè)單詞。

三、摘要寫作的一般原則

(1)摘要反映的是具創(chuàng)新性的研究?jī)?nèi)容和作者特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的觀點(diǎn)，因此應(yīng)當(dāng)盡量減少背景信息（如歷史或其他注釋）；摘要是對(duì)所研究?jī)?nèi)容的客觀報(bào)道，因此一般不要對(duì)文章內(nèi)容作詮釋或評(píng)論，尤其是自我評(píng)價(jià)；摘要應(yīng)具有科學(xué)性——使用意義明晰的語言，給出確定性的結(jié)論。

(2)摘要的敘述要完整、清晰，句型應(yīng)盡量簡(jiǎn)單，多用短句，特別是摘要第一句要力求簡(jiǎn)單，以免令讀者費(fèi)解。摘要的第一句應(yīng)避免與文章題名重復(fù)。

(3)語言要樸實(shí)，盡量不用形容詞來進(jìn)行修飾（如果將一篇摘要中的形容詞去掉，讀者還能看懂內(nèi)容，才可以稱得上是一篇有內(nèi)容的摘要）。

(4)采用第三人稱書寫摘要，切忌以“本文”、“作者”等作為主語。

(5)要采用規(guī)范化的表達(dá)，盡量不出現(xiàn)數(shù)學(xué)公式和化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式，而改為用文字表達(dá)或敘述。摘要中不能出現(xiàn)圖表、公式及參考文獻(xiàn)號(hào)等。

以上是摘要寫作的一般原則。除此之外，在英文摘要的寫作中，還應(yīng)注意的是：時(shí)態(tài)和句型的運(yùn)用應(yīng)遵循簡(jiǎn)練這一基本原則，常用一般過去時(shí)敘述作者所做的工作，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)敘述研究目的、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。應(yīng)盡量采用主動(dòng)語態(tài)和短句進(jìn)行表達(dá)。不要使用俚語，慎用行話和口語。

以下是一個(gè)成功的摘要寫作范例，其中各部分的內(nèi)容已清楚標(biāo)明：

Dryland Grain Sorghum Water Use, Light Interception, and Growth Responses

to Planting Geometry

J.L.Steiner ABSTRACT Rationale(基本原理)Crop yields are primarily water-limited under dryland production systems in semiarid regions.Objectives(目的)This study was conducted to determine whether the growing season water balance could be manipulated through planting geometry.Methods(方法)The effects of row spacing, row direction, and plant population on the water use, light interception, and growth or grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moenchl were investigated at Bushiand, TX, on a Pullman clay loam(fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll)].Results(結(jié)果)In 1983, which had a dry growing season, narrow-row spacing and higher population increased seasonal evapotranspiration(ET)by 7 and 9cvo, respectively, and shifted the partitioning of ET to the vegetative period.Mediurti population crops yielded 6.2 and 2.3 Mg/ha of dry matter and grain, respectively.High population resulted in high dry matter(6.1 Mg/ha)and low grain yield(1.6 Mg/ha), whereas low population resulted in low dry matter(5.4 Mg/ha)and high grain yield(2.3 Mg/ha).Row direction did not affect water use or yield.In 1984, dry matter production for a given amount of ET and light interception was higher in the narrow-row corps.Evapotranspiration was less for a given amount of light interception in the narrow-row crops and in the north-south row crops.Conclusion(結(jié)論)Narrow row planting geometry appears to increase the partitioning of ET to the transpiration component and may improve the efficiency of dryland cropping systems.按照以上幾個(gè)方面編寫的摘要，才能成為一篇好文摘，才可能有機(jī)會(huì)能把科研結(jié)果傳播出去，才有可能吸引住有關(guān)的讀者。作者的辛勤勞動(dòng)才可能受到重視，成績(jī)受到承認(rèn)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。摘要寫得不完整，目的不清楚，或者對(duì)研究過程和結(jié)果描述不清楚甚至不描述，文章和研究結(jié)果就得不到重視，也可能流失掉，應(yīng)該得到的功勞可能落到別人那里。

第三篇：摘要寫作規(guī)范

摘要寫作規(guī)范

[轉(zhuǎn)載自交通運(yùn)輸工程學(xué)報(bào)]

1、摘要的目的

簡(jiǎn)潔、具體的摘要是論文的梗概，反映論文的實(shí)質(zhì)性內(nèi)容，展示論文內(nèi)容足夠的信息，明確論文的創(chuàng)新性，方便讀者檢索，提高論文被國(guó)內(nèi)外檢索系統(tǒng)收錄的概率。

2、摘要的要素

科技論文摘要一般由具體的對(duì)象、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論組成。

對(duì)象是說明作者寫此文章的研究、研制、調(diào)查等所涉及的主題范圍；

方法是說明作者主要工作過程及所用的原理、理論、條件、材料、工藝、結(jié)構(gòu)、手段、裝備、程序等；

結(jié)果是作者實(shí)驗(yàn)、研究的結(jié)果、數(shù)據(jù)，被確定的關(guān)系，觀察結(jié)果，得到的效果、性能等；

結(jié)論是作者對(duì)結(jié)果的分析、研究、比較、評(píng)價(jià)、應(yīng)用、提出的問題等。

3、摘要的寫法

正確全面地掌握論文研究的主題范圍，認(rèn)真地進(jìn)行主題分析，從摘要的四要素出發(fā)，找出論文所研究的具體對(duì)象、作者運(yùn)用的具體方法、得出的具體結(jié)果及對(duì)結(jié)果進(jìn)行剖析而得出的具有創(chuàng)新性的結(jié)論，正確地組織好這些主題內(nèi)容，簡(jiǎn)明地寫出來。尤其是信息性摘要敘述要完整，清楚，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，摘要邏輯性要強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整。

4、摘要的風(fēng)格

（1）中文摘要字?jǐn)?shù)為200~300字，英文摘要為100~150 words；

（2）第一句的開頭部分，不要與論文標(biāo)題重復(fù)，用重要的事實(shí)開頭；

（3）突出新的信息，刪去背景與過去的研究信息，不要用文學(xué)性修飾；

（4）敘述要完整，清楚，簡(jiǎn)明扼要，邏輯性要強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)完整；

（5）不應(yīng)包含作者將來的計(jì)劃；

（6）涉及其他人的工作或研究成果時(shí)，盡量列出他們的名字；

（7）不能出現(xiàn)“圖×”、“方程××”和“參考文獻(xiàn)××”等句；

（8）不用特殊字符及由特殊字符組成的數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式；

（9）詞語拼寫，用英美拼法都可以，但每篇中須保持一致；

（10）中、英文對(duì)應(yīng)，避免用詞與前言和結(jié)論重復(fù)。

5、英文摘要的特點(diǎn)

（1）盡量用短句子，避免句形單調(diào)；

（2）用過去時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者所做的工作，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)敘述作者得出的結(jié)論；

（3）可用動(dòng)詞的情況下盡量避免用動(dòng)詞的名詞形式；

（4）注意冠詞的用法，不要誤用、濫用或隨便省略冠詞；

（5）避免使用一長(zhǎng)串形容詞或名詞來修飾名詞，可將這些詞分成幾個(gè)前置短語，用連字符連接，作為單位形容詞（一個(gè)形容詞）；

（6）不使用俚語外語表達(dá)概念，應(yīng)用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語；

（7）盡量用主動(dòng)語態(tài)代替被動(dòng)語態(tài)；

（8）盡量用簡(jiǎn)短、詞義清楚并為人熟知的詞；

（9）慎用行話和俗語；

（10）組織好句子，使動(dòng)詞盡量靠近主語；

（11）對(duì)那些已經(jīng)為大眾所熟悉的縮寫詞，可以直接使用。對(duì)于那些僅為同行所熟悉的縮略語，應(yīng)在題目、文摘或關(guān)鍵詞中至少出現(xiàn)一次全稱。

6、英文題目要求

摘要的題目力求簡(jiǎn)單、明了，直接反應(yīng)論文的主題。

（1）英文題目開頭第一字不得用 The、And、An 和 A ；

（2）英文題目第一個(gè)字母大寫，其余小寫，下列情況除外：專用名詞首字母大寫，首字母縮略詞全大寫，德語名詞第一個(gè)字母應(yīng)大寫，句號(hào)后任何首寫字母均大寫；

（3）主副標(biāo)題(題目)必須用句號(hào)分開，不得用分號(hào)或破折號(hào)；

（4）題目中不要用縮略詞；

（5）題目不用特殊字符，即數(shù)學(xué)符號(hào)和希臘字母。

7、實(shí)例分析

根據(jù)以上寫作規(guī)范，給出中文摘要與英文摘要寫作的具體范例，以供作者參考。

（1）中文摘要實(shí)例

題目：聲帶振動(dòng)功能模式識(shí)別

摘要：應(yīng)用小波變換估計(jì)傳導(dǎo)語音的諧波噪聲比（具體方法），研究了不同發(fā)聲方式、發(fā)音及聲帶病變對(duì)傳導(dǎo)語音諧波噪聲比的影響，并與口腔語音的諧波噪聲比進(jìn)行了對(duì)比研究（具體對(duì)象），發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)不同元音時(shí)，傳導(dǎo)語音諧波噪聲比的變化范圍是5dB，口腔語音諧波噪聲比的變化范圍為20dB；不同發(fā)聲方式的傳導(dǎo)語音諧波噪聲比的變化范圍可達(dá)18 dB，口腔語音的變化范圍為12dB（具體結(jié)果）。結(jié)果表明傳導(dǎo)語音諧波噪聲比能夠更好地反映聲帶振動(dòng)模式，是一種研究聲帶振動(dòng)功能和模式及喉部疾病診斷的有效方法（具體結(jié)論）。

關(guān)鍵詞：口腔語音；傳導(dǎo)語音；諧波噪聲比；小波變換

（2）英文摘要實(shí)例

THEME：Identification of vocal cords vibration functions and modes

Abstract: This paper studied the estimation of harmonic to noise ratio(HNR)in transmitted sound signals(具體對(duì)象)by wavelet transform(具體方法).When normal and laryngeal pathological subjects phonate sustained vowels in breathy , falsetto , leakage and pressed modes in normal loudness , these HNRs in transmitted sound signals were estimated and compared with the HNR in human voice.It is pointed that for normal subjects in a variety of vowels , the variation of HNR in transmitted sound signals is within 5 dB，and in human voice signals is within 20 dB.For normal subject in a variety of phonation modes , the variation of HNR in transmitted sound signals exceeds 18 dB and in human voice signals is within 12 dB(具體結(jié)果).The results indicate that the NHR in transmitted sound signals could more accurately image vocal cords vibration characteristics and could be an effective measurement for studying vocal cords vibration and clinical laryngeal disease diagnosis（具體結(jié)論）.Keywords: human voice；transmitted sound；harmonic to noise ratio；wavelet transform

第四篇：英語摘要寫作

英語摘要寫作應(yīng)試要點(diǎn)

寫文章摘要，最忌諱逐字逐句地翻譯漢語原文中的一些句子。不幸的是，許多考生往往這么做，尤其喜歡翻譯第一句，這是因?yàn)樗麄儾坏脤懳恼抡囊I(lǐng)。在英語寫作水平還沒有到達(dá)高級(jí)程度的情況下，死譯的結(jié)果就是寫出來的東西錯(cuò)誤百出，讓人不忍卒讀。由于時(shí)間和英語水平的限制，許多考生翻譯的句子往往是東一句西一句，寫出來的摘要沒有邏輯，雜亂無章，成績(jī)自然不會(huì)好。寫好摘要的要點(diǎn)是：

總結(jié)出原文的中心思想。拿到原文，不要馬上動(dòng)筆，要用5――10分鐘對(duì)原文進(jìn)行再加工。這點(diǎn)非常重要，考生千萬要記住。首先，看看闡述的是什么事物或事情，也就是文章的主題?？纯词钦f明或描寫事物的客觀性質(zhì)、作用、特征、前因后果、過程、意義、及方法，還是表明對(duì)事物的主觀看法與態(tài)度。這樣，找出作者的主要觀點(diǎn)或論點(diǎn)。其次，看看作者是如何表達(dá)他的中心思想的，是描述、說明、比較、例證、定義、還是分類，并找出主要的論點(diǎn)。這里特別要注意的是，由于中文寫作的散點(diǎn)思維的特點(diǎn)或者作者的思維素質(zhì)，醫(yī)學(xué)博士生英語入學(xué)考試所節(jié)選的中文文章，往往顯得內(nèi)容雜亂、觀點(diǎn)不明，條理不清，很難總結(jié)。但無論如何，考生必須總結(jié)出一個(gè)條理大致清楚的、有若干主要論點(diǎn)支持的中心思想來。再加工是關(guān)鍵。在總結(jié)的過程中，考生可以將原文中的帶有結(jié)論性的重要句子用筆劃出來，幫助自己整理思想。近年來寫作考試反映出來的考生的一個(gè)最大問題是，寫出來的東西雜亂無章，東一句西一句，大大影響了考生作文的得分。記住，一定要使你寫出來的摘要有一個(gè)明確中心思想，語句要連貫，有邏輯。

最好寫出一個(gè)粗略的非常簡(jiǎn)單的漢語提綱和中心思想，形式不拘。漢語提綱和中心思想必須簡(jiǎn)單。語言和思想都要簡(jiǎn)單，否則考生無法用簡(jiǎn)單的規(guī)范的英語表達(dá)出來。可以說，總結(jié)再加工就是簡(jiǎn)化?？忌獣r(shí)刻想象，你的短文的讀者是小學(xué)三年級(jí)的學(xué)生，你寫出的東西要讓他們明白。做到這一點(diǎn)，考生要擺脫原文語句的影響和束縛，因?yàn)槟鞘菫槌赡耆丝吹摹?/p>

漢語提綱和中心思想必須要有足夠的概括性和總結(jié)性。概括性和總結(jié)性的語句往往是原文中沒有的，需要考生自己寫出來。許多考生往往受原文語句的影響和束縛，愛用原文中的一些語句，這樣寫出來的話缺乏概括性和總結(jié)性，影響了摘要的質(zhì)量。

說你會(huì)說的。同一篇文章，不同人有不同的概括和總結(jié)；同一個(gè)意念，不同人有不同的語言表達(dá)。所以，文摘寫作是允許有合理的個(gè)人再加工的差異的?？忌谶x擇表達(dá)的語句時(shí)，要考慮自己的英語表達(dá)能力。也就是說，考生要盡量展示自己會(huì)的東西，盡量用有把握的表達(dá)方式表達(dá)原文的意思，或者說，盡量把原文的意思往自己掌握的句型上靠。

在以后的實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)部分，將用例證說明如何寫出粗略的非常簡(jiǎn)單的漢語提綱和中心思想。

考生在進(jìn)行英語寫作時(shí)，往往是先用漢語思維，再經(jīng)過一個(gè)翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的過程，表達(dá)成英語的。這樣寫出的英語毫無疑問地會(huì)受到漢語語句的表達(dá)方式的影響。面對(duì)一篇漢語原文時(shí)，情況就更是如此了。中國(guó)學(xué)生的英語寫作中出現(xiàn)的種種毛病，根源就在此。

然而，英語思維的能力，或者說習(xí)慣，決不是一年半載能夠培養(yǎng)出來的。那么，考生首先要做到的是，有意識(shí)地盡量克服漢語語句對(duì)自己英語語句寫作的束縛和不良影響。頭腦中出現(xiàn)的要寫成英語的漢語語句，不能基本上字對(duì)字地直接轉(zhuǎn)換成英語的語句。要找一個(gè)規(guī)范的符合英語思維表達(dá)習(xí)慣的英語句型，來表達(dá)大體相當(dāng)?shù)囊馑?。字面上不要相等，但只要意思或者說意念大體相同就行了。這是一個(gè)從漢語思維到英語思維的過渡階段，這種過渡能力就是我們考生應(yīng)該慢慢培養(yǎng)的能力和習(xí)慣。有了這種能力和習(xí)慣，考生寫出的英語才能象英語，才基本規(guī)范。

考生怎樣才能培養(yǎng)和運(yùn)用這種過渡能力呢？

就目前考生的水平而言，我們提出一條很實(shí)用很奏效的建議，希望考生牢記心中，尤其是在開始階段以及考試的時(shí)候，那就是，寫你會(huì)寫的，不要寫你想寫的。這一點(diǎn)前面提到過，這里再詳細(xì)說明。

出現(xiàn)在考生頭腦中的，首先是具有成人特點(diǎn)的地道的漢語思維的語句，把這種語句直接寫成英語，難度很大，結(jié)果往往弄巧成拙、適得其反、出力不討好。我們需要把具有成人思維特點(diǎn)的地道的漢語的語句轉(zhuǎn)換成具有兒童思維特點(diǎn)的簡(jiǎn)單的漢語語句，再轉(zhuǎn)換成我們能夠掌握和表達(dá)的規(guī)范的簡(jiǎn)單英語，這樣就容易多了。

具體到醫(yī)學(xué)博士生英語入學(xué)考試的摘要寫作，要做到“寫你會(huì)寫的，不要寫你想寫的”，有兩個(gè)技巧。一是規(guī)避，二是變通。下面舉例說明規(guī)避。

規(guī)避不僅僅是因?yàn)橐馑技罢Z句復(fù)雜，難以用英語表達(dá)，而且因?yàn)槠湟馑技罢Z句不屬于主要論點(diǎn)，避而不談之后，對(duì)中心思想的完整性影響不大。例如：

在97年的考題中，“碳水化合物是最主要也是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的功能營(yíng)養(yǎng)素。1克碳水化合物能提供的熱量為16.7千焦。蛋白質(zhì)的供熱量雖與碳水化合物相同，但價(jià)格較貴。1克脂肪能提供的熱量為37.7千焦，但食物易產(chǎn)生飽膩感，無法攝入過多?！?，“但是在碳水化合物提供熱量不足的情況下，蛋白質(zhì)和脂肪將首先被消耗以提供熱量，不能發(fā)揮它們?cè)械墓δ?，從而?dǎo)致肌體生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育遲滯。嚴(yán)重者可引起營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良，表現(xiàn)為體重不增、食欲不振、各器官功能低下、容易反復(fù)感染等。”，“以3歲小兒為例，每日應(yīng)得到的總熱量為5.86兆焦，其中碳水化合物提供的熱量應(yīng)為3.5兆焦，約需碳水化合物210克，折合大米約280克?！保@些句子都可以避而不寫。

又如，在04年的考題中，“民營(yíng)醫(yī)院的出現(xiàn)讓人想起十幾年前人們對(duì)超市的概念認(rèn)識(shí)也是比較模糊的。即使總認(rèn)為里面裝修豪華、高檔，但因貨物很貴而不愿意進(jìn)門。而今超市大大普及了，人們紛紛進(jìn)入購(gòu)物，因?yàn)槲镉兴怠Ｃ駹I(yíng)醫(yī)院或許正有類似的經(jīng)歷，它也將有一個(gè)自然成長(zhǎng)的過程。而2002年我國(guó)政府又提出了在衛(wèi)生資源相對(duì)過剩的地方，鼓勵(lì)投資者通過收購(gòu)、重組現(xiàn)有公立醫(yī)院的方式舉辦贏利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)和民辦非贏利性醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)，提出了社會(huì)資本投資著重于目前服務(wù)能力較欠缺的老年慢性病護(hù)理、康復(fù)、嬰幼兒保健等領(lǐng)域”，“不同于民營(yíng)醫(yī)院的是，醫(yī)藥費(fèi)還可以報(bào)銷?！?，這些大段的話都可以基本不去考慮怎么用英語表達(dá)。

有時(shí)原文的語句很重要，不能規(guī)避，但用英語表達(dá)又有困難，這時(shí)可以考慮部分規(guī)避，也就是簡(jiǎn)化。如在04年的考題中，“隨著社會(huì)觀念的變化和政策環(huán)境的改善，民營(yíng)醫(yī)院必能與公立醫(yī)院相輔相成，互爭(zhēng)高低，成為醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生界一道獨(dú)特的風(fēng)景，從而為人民群眾提供更多更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)?！笔且痪渲匾慕Y(jié)論性的句子，最好用英語表達(dá)出來。那么可以簡(jiǎn)化為“隨著社會(huì)觀念的變化和政策的改善，民營(yíng)醫(yī)院必能與公立醫(yī)院一道為人民提供更好的醫(yī)療服務(wù)。”還有，“為了留住病人，公立醫(yī)院開始實(shí)施全方位的改革措施，不僅在管理體制上、人事制度上進(jìn)行改革，而且更多的是紛紛打起了技術(shù)、服務(wù)、環(huán)境、價(jià)格牌。”也可以簡(jiǎn)化為“為了留住病人，公立醫(yī)院在管理上開始實(shí)施全面改革”。

在摘要寫作的考試中，規(guī)避是比較容易掌握的技巧，但規(guī)避得恰到好處還需要有意識(shí)的注意，考生可以通過實(shí)戰(zhàn)練習(xí)提供的參考摘要細(xì)心揣摩。

一個(gè)意念功能，可以用幾種大體相當(dāng)?shù)恼Z言方式表達(dá)出來，這是語言能力熟練的表現(xiàn)和結(jié)果。英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生，都經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的這方面的訓(xùn)練，才達(dá)到熟練的英語表達(dá)能力。這種訓(xùn)練叫paraphrase。Paraphrase的能力，就是變通的能力。非英語專業(yè)的學(xué)生，往往沒有這種訓(xùn)練，也就很難用多種不同形式來表達(dá)同一種意念。但他們?cè)谂囵B(yǎng)英語寫作能力的過程中，要有意識(shí)地注意練習(xí)和培養(yǎng)這種能力。

一個(gè)重要的意念，我們不能規(guī)避，但它的漢語表達(dá)形式讓我們感到用英語表達(dá)不出來，或者感到硬用英語表達(dá)出來，結(jié)果多半是錯(cuò)的。這時(shí)，我們就需要運(yùn)用變通的技巧，或者說能力。變通就是將漢語的意念，用我們能夠掌握的英語形式大體相當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)出來。變通的原則是把不會(huì)的變成會(huì)的，把復(fù)雜的變成簡(jiǎn)單的。這和上面說講的“寫你會(huì)寫的，不要寫你想寫的”原則是一致的。后面課文中的句型講解與練習(xí)，有大量的變通的實(shí)例，尤其是斜體標(biāo)明的句子，考生們可以自己體會(huì)。

變通有詞與詞組層面上的和句子層面上的兩種，下面再舉例說明。

雌激素（estrogen）可以用female hormone來表示，沖動(dòng)（impulse）可以用sudden excitement來表示，悲?。╰ragedy）可以用sad result來代替，誘發(fā)（induce）可以lead to或result in來代替，慢跑（jog）可以用slow running 來表示?！按蚣夹g(shù)、管理牌”肯定不能說成“play technological and management cards”，可以根據(jù)不同上下文，變通成“改善技術(shù)、管理”（improve technology and management）或者“利用技術(shù)、管理”（make use of technology and management）。

要表達(dá)“鄉(xiāng)村一級(jí)衛(wèi)生院醫(yī)療質(zhì)量無法保證?！?，如果有考生覺得“質(zhì)量無法保證”不好說，一下子又想不起來“保證”如何拼寫，最好變通一下，說一個(gè)大概類似的意念就行了：“鄉(xiāng)村一級(jí)衛(wèi)生院醫(yī)療質(zhì)量通常不好?！被蛘摺澳銦o法有好的醫(yī)療質(zhì)量在鄉(xiāng)村一級(jí)衛(wèi)生院?！弊兺ǔ晌覀兪煜さ男问街螅磉_(dá)起來成功的把握就大多了：You can not have good medical services in village clinics.，或者The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor.另外，同一種意念有多種表達(dá)方式時(shí)，我們的選擇要注意使得文章中的句式有變化，或者是我們最有把握的那一種。如果原句為“洋醫(yī)院的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于，病人能得到醫(yī)務(wù)人員的尊重和周到的服務(wù)。”，可以表達(dá)的句式有“The advantage of foreign-invested hospitals is that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（表語從句），“It is to the advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（主語從句），“It is a great advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（主語從句），以及“Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（同位語從句），“Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage, because a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（原因狀語從句）?？忌梢愿鶕?jù)自己的具體情況來選擇。再例如，“忽視人的心理社會(huì)背景，影響了醫(yī)療服務(wù)的質(zhì)

量。”可以有以下表達(dá)：“If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can be weakened.”（條件關(guān)系、忽視），“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.”（忽視、影響），“Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.”（忽視、有害），“When a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can not provide good medical services.”（注意、提供），以及“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can result in poorer outcome of the medical service.”（忽視、因果關(guān)系）。考生可以根據(jù)自己所掌握的句型的熟練程度或上下文，在心中作出選擇。

變通是一種必需的、有效的寫作策略，考生在后面的句型講解和練習(xí)中可以看到更多的運(yùn)用。隨著英語語言能力的提高，變通的能力和技巧也會(huì)日益熟練，寫作不再是一件讓人頭痛的苦差事。

第五篇：論文摘要寫作格式

隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，越來越多的學(xué)者涉及到學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫作領(lǐng)域，那么怎樣寫學(xué)術(shù)論文、學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作是怎樣要求的、格式如何，下面就介紹一下學(xué)術(shù)論文的寫作，希望能對(duì)您論文寫作有所幫助。

１ 摘要的概念和作用

摘要又稱概要、內(nèi)容提要。摘要是以提供文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容梗概為目的，不加評(píng)論和補(bǔ)充解釋，簡(jiǎn)明、確切地記述文獻(xiàn)重要內(nèi)容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、結(jié)果和結(jié)論。具體地講就是研究工作的主要對(duì)象和范圍，采用的手段和方法，得出的結(jié)果和重要的結(jié)論，有時(shí)也包括具有情報(bào)價(jià)值的其它重要的信息。摘要應(yīng)具有獨(dú)立性和自明性，并且擁有與文獻(xiàn)同等量的主要信息，即不閱讀全文，就能獲得必要的信息。對(duì)一篇完整的論文都要求寫隨文摘要，摘要的主要功能有：

1)讓讀者盡快了解論文的主要內(nèi)容，以補(bǔ)充題名的不足。現(xiàn)代科技文獻(xiàn)信息浩如煙海，讀者檢索到論文題名后是否會(huì)閱讀全文，主要就是通過閱讀摘要來判斷；所以，摘要擔(dān)負(fù)著吸引讀者和將文章的主要內(nèi)容介紹給讀者的任務(wù)。

2)為科技情報(bào)文獻(xiàn)檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建設(shè)和維護(hù)提供方便。論文發(fā)表后，文摘雜志或各種數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)對(duì)摘要可以不作修改或稍作修改而直接利用，從而避免他人編寫摘要可能產(chǎn)生的誤解、欠缺甚至錯(cuò)誤。隨著電子計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)和Internet網(wǎng)的迅猛發(fā)展，網(wǎng)上查詢、檢索和下載專業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)已成為當(dāng)前科技信息情報(bào)檢索的重要手段，網(wǎng)上各類全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、文摘數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，越來越顯示出現(xiàn)代社會(huì)信息交流的水平和發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。同時(shí)論文摘要的索引是讀者檢索文獻(xiàn)的重要工具。所以論文摘要的質(zhì)量高低，直接影響著論文的被檢索率和被引頻次。

2　摘要的分類

按摘要的不同功能來劃分，大致有如下3種類型。

2.1　報(bào)道性摘要

報(bào)道性摘要是指明一次文獻(xiàn)的主題范圍及內(nèi)容梗概的簡(jiǎn)明摘要，相當(dāng)于簡(jiǎn)介。報(bào)道性摘要一般用來反映科技論文的目的、方法及主要結(jié)果與結(jié)論，在有限的字?jǐn)?shù)內(nèi)向讀者提供盡可能多的定性或定量的信息，充分反映該研究的創(chuàng)新之處?？萍颊撐娜绻麤]有創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容，如果沒有經(jīng)得起檢驗(yàn)的與眾不同的方法或結(jié)論，是不會(huì)引起讀者的閱讀興趣的；所以建議學(xué)術(shù)性期刊(或論文集)多選用報(bào)道性摘要，用比其他類摘要字?jǐn)?shù)稍多的篇幅，向讀者介紹論文的主要內(nèi)容。以“摘錄要點(diǎn)”的形式報(bào)道出作者的主要研究成果和比較完整的定量及定性的信息。篇幅以300字左右為宜。

2.2　指示性摘要

指示性摘要是指明一次文獻(xiàn)的論題及取得的成果的性質(zhì)和水平的摘要，其目的是使讀者對(duì)該研究的主要內(nèi)容(即作者做了什么工作)有一個(gè)輪廓性的了解。創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容較少的論文，其摘要可寫成指示性摘要，一般適用于學(xué)術(shù)性期刊的簡(jiǎn)報(bào)、問題討論等欄目以及技術(shù)性期刊等只概括地介紹論文的論題,使讀者對(duì)論文的主要內(nèi)容有大致的了解。篇幅以100字左右為宜。

2.3　報(bào)道-指示性摘要

報(bào)道-指示性摘要是以報(bào)道性摘要的形式表述論文中價(jià)值最高的那部分內(nèi)容，其余部分則以指示性摘要形式表達(dá)。篇幅以100～200字為宜。

以上3種摘要分類形式都可供作者選用。一般地說，向?qū)W術(shù)性期刊投稿，應(yīng)選用報(bào)道性摘要形式；只有創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容較少的論文，其摘要可寫成報(bào)道-指示性或指示性摘要。論文發(fā)表的最終目的是要被人利用。如果摘要寫得不好，在當(dāng)今信息激增的時(shí)代論文進(jìn)入文摘雜志、檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，被人閱讀、引用的機(jī)會(huì)就會(huì)少得多，甚至喪失。一篇論文價(jià)值很高，創(chuàng)新內(nèi)容很多，若寫成指示性摘要，可能就會(huì)失去較多的讀者。在這種情況下，如果作者摘要寫得過簡(jiǎn)，編輯在退修時(shí)應(yīng)提醒其修改。

3　摘要的寫作注意事項(xiàng)

1)摘要中應(yīng)排除本學(xué)科領(lǐng)域已成為常識(shí)的內(nèi)容；切忌把應(yīng)在引言中出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容寫入摘要；一般也不要對(duì)論文內(nèi)容作詮釋和評(píng)論(尤其是自我評(píng)價(jià))。

2)不得簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)題名中已有的信息。比如一篇文章的題名是《幾種中國(guó)蘭種子試管培養(yǎng)根狀莖發(fā)生的研究》，摘要的開頭就不要再寫：“為了……，對(duì)幾種中國(guó)蘭種子試管培養(yǎng)根狀莖的發(fā)生進(jìn)行了研究”。

3)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)明，語義確切。摘要先寫什么，后寫什么，要按邏輯順序來安排。句子之間要上下連貫，互相呼應(yīng)。摘要慎用長(zhǎng)句，句型應(yīng)力求簡(jiǎn)單。每句話要表意明白，無空泛、籠統(tǒng)、含混之詞，但摘要畢竟是一篇完整的短文，電報(bào)式的寫法亦不足取。摘要不分段。

4)用第三人稱。建議采用“對(duì)……進(jìn)行了研究”、“報(bào)告了……現(xiàn)狀”、“進(jìn)行了……調(diào)查”等記述方法標(biāo)明一次文獻(xiàn)的性質(zhì)和文獻(xiàn)主題，不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作為主語。

5)要使用規(guī)范化的名詞術(shù)語，不用非公知公用的符號(hào)和術(shù)語。新術(shù)語或尚無合適漢文術(shù)語的，可用原文或譯出后加括號(hào)注明原文。

6)除了實(shí)在無法變通以外，一般不用數(shù)學(xué)公式和化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式，不出現(xiàn)插圖、表格。

7)不用引文，除非該文獻(xiàn)證實(shí)或否定了他人已出版的著作。

8)縮略語、略稱、代號(hào)，除了相鄰專業(yè)的讀者也能清楚理解的以外，在首次出現(xiàn)時(shí)必須加以說明。科技論文寫作時(shí)應(yīng)注意的其他事項(xiàng)，如采用法定計(jì)量單位、正確使用語言文字和標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)等，也同樣適用于摘要的編寫。目前摘要編寫中的主要問題有：要素不全，或缺目的，或缺方法；出現(xiàn)引文，無獨(dú)立性與自明性；繁簡(jiǎn)失當(dāng)。

4　英文摘要

這里要討論的主要是中文科技論文所附的英文摘要，其內(nèi)容包含題名、摘要及關(guān)鍵詞。GB 7713—87規(guī)定，為了國(guó)際交流，科學(xué)技術(shù)報(bào)告、學(xué)位論文和學(xué)術(shù)論文應(yīng)附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原則上講，以上中文摘要編寫的注意事項(xiàng)都適用于英文摘要，但英語有其自己的表達(dá)方式、語言習(xí)慣，在撰寫英文摘要時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意。

4.1　英文題名

1)題名的結(jié)構(gòu)。英文題名以短語為主要形式，尤以名詞短語(noun phrase)最常見，即題名基本上由1個(gè)或幾個(gè)名詞加上其前置和(或)后置定語構(gòu)成。例如： The Frequent Bryophytes in the Mountain Helanshan(賀蘭山習(xí)見苔蘚植物)；Thermodynamic Characteristics of Water Absorption of Heattreated Wood(熱處理木材的水分吸著熱力學(xué)特性)。短語型題名要確定好中心詞，再進(jìn)行前后修飾。各個(gè)詞的順序很重要，詞序不當(dāng)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致表達(dá)不準(zhǔn)。題名一般不應(yīng)是陳述句，因?yàn)轭}名主要起標(biāo)示作用，而陳述句容易使題名具有判斷式的語義；況且陳述句不夠精練和醒目，重點(diǎn)也不易突出。少數(shù)情況(評(píng)述性、綜述性和駁斥性)下可以用疑問句做題名，因?yàn)橐蓡柧淇捎刑接懶哉Z氣，易引起讀者興趣。例如：Can Agricultural Mechanization be Realized Without petroleum?(農(nóng)業(yè)機(jī)械化能離開石油嗎?)。

2)題名的字?jǐn)?shù)。題名不應(yīng)過長(zhǎng)。國(guó)外科技期刊一般對(duì)題名字?jǐn)?shù)有所限制。例如，美國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)規(guī)定題名不超過2行，每行不超過42個(gè)印刷符號(hào)和空格；美國(guó)國(guó)立癌癥研究所雜志J Nat　Cancer Inst要求題名不超過14個(gè)詞；英國(guó)數(shù)學(xué)會(huì)要求題名不超過12個(gè)詞。這些規(guī)定可供我們參考?？偟脑瓌t是，題名應(yīng)確切、簡(jiǎn)練、醒目，在能準(zhǔn)確反映論文特定內(nèi)容的前提下，題名詞數(shù)越少越好。

3)中英文題名的一致性。同一篇論文，其英文題名與中文題名內(nèi)容上應(yīng)一致，但不等于說詞語要一一對(duì)應(yīng)。在許多情況下，個(gè)別非實(shí)質(zhì)性的詞可以省略或變動(dòng)。例如：工業(yè)濕蒸汽的直接熱量計(jì)算，The Direct Measurement of Heat Transmitted Wet Steam。英文題名的直譯中譯文是“由濕蒸汽所傳熱量的直接計(jì)量”，與中文題名相比較，二者用詞雖有差別，但內(nèi)容上是一致的。

4)題名中的冠詞。在早年，科技論文題名中的冠詞用得較多，近些年有簡(jiǎn)化的趨勢(shì)，凡可用可不用的冠詞均可不用。例如：The Effect of Groundwater Quality on the Wheat Yield and Quality．其中兩處的冠詞the 均可不用。

5)題名中的大小寫。題名字母的大小寫有以下3種格式。

全部字母大寫。例如：OpTIMAL DISpOSITION OF ROLLER CHAIN DRIVE

每個(gè)詞的首字母大寫，但3個(gè)或4個(gè)字母以下的冠詞、連詞、介詞全部小寫。例如：The Deformation and Strength of Concrete Dams with Defects

題名第1個(gè)詞的首字母大寫，其余字母均小寫。例如：Topographic inversion of interval velocities．

目前b.格式用得最多，而c.格式的使用有增多的趨勢(shì)。

6)題名中的縮略詞語。已得到整個(gè)科技界或本行業(yè)科技人員公認(rèn)的縮略詞語，才可用于題名中，否則不要輕易使用。

4.2　作者與作者單位的英譯

1)作者。中國(guó)人名按漢語拼音拼寫；其他非英語國(guó)家人名按作者自己提供的羅馬字母拼法拼寫。

2)單位。單位名稱要寫全(由小到大)，并附地址和郵政編碼，確保聯(lián)系方便。前段時(shí)間一些單位機(jī)構(gòu)英譯紛紛采取縮寫，外人不知所云，結(jié)果造成混亂。FAO,WHO,MIT盡人皆知，而BFU是Beijing Forestry University,恐怕只有“圈內(nèi)”人知。另外，單位英譯一定要采用本單位統(tǒng)一的譯法(即本單位標(biāo)準(zhǔn)譯法)，切不可另起爐灶。

4.3　英文摘要

1)英文摘要的時(shí)態(tài)。英文摘要時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用也以簡(jiǎn)練為佳，常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)，少用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)和其他復(fù)合時(shí)態(tài)基本不用。

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。用于說明研究目的、敘述研究?jī)?nèi)容、描述結(jié)果、得出結(jié)論、提出建議或討論等。分別舉例如下：This study(investigation)is(conducted, undertaken)to…The anatomy of secondary xylem(次生木質(zhì)部)in stem of Davidia involucrata(珙桐)and Camptotheca acuminata(喜樹)is compared.The result shows(reveals)…，It is found that…The conclusions are…The author suggests…．涉及到公認(rèn)事實(shí)、自然規(guī)律、永恒真理等，當(dāng)然也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

一般過去時(shí)。用于敘述過去某一時(shí)刻(時(shí)段)的發(fā)現(xiàn)、某一研究過程(實(shí)驗(yàn)、觀察、調(diào)查、醫(yī)療等過程)。例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow(樹干液流)of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in July and August,1996.需要指出的是，用一般過去時(shí)描述的發(fā)現(xiàn)、現(xiàn)象，往往是尚不能確認(rèn)為自然規(guī)律、永恒真理的，而只是當(dāng)時(shí)如何如何；所描述的研究過程也明顯帶有過去時(shí)間的痕跡。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)。完成時(shí)少用，但不是不用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過去發(fā)生的或過去已完成的事情與現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來，而過去完成時(shí)可用來表示過去某一時(shí)間以前已經(jīng)完成的事情，或在一個(gè)過去事情完成之前就已完成的另一過去行為。例如：Concrete has been studied for many years.Man has not yet learned to store the solar energy.

2)英文摘要的語態(tài)。采用何種語態(tài)，既要考慮摘要的特點(diǎn)，又要滿足表達(dá)的需要。一篇摘要很短，盡量不要隨便混用，更不要在一個(gè)句子里混用。

主動(dòng)語態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在主張摘要中謂語動(dòng)詞盡量采用主動(dòng)語態(tài)的越來越多，因其有助于文字清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔及表達(dá)有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically語感要強(qiáng)。必要時(shí)，The author systematically都可以去掉，而直接以Introduces開頭。

被動(dòng)語態(tài)。以前強(qiáng)調(diào)多用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，理由是科技論文主要是說明事實(shí)經(jīng)過，至于那件事是誰做的，無須一一證明。事實(shí)上，在指示性摘要中，為強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作承受者，還是采用被動(dòng)語態(tài)為好。即使在報(bào)道性摘要中，有些情況下被動(dòng)者無關(guān)緊要，也必須用強(qiáng)調(diào)的事物做主語。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be obtained.　3)英文摘要的人稱。原來摘要的首句多用第三人稱This paper…等開頭，現(xiàn)在傾向于采用更簡(jiǎn)潔的被動(dòng)語態(tài)或原形動(dòng)詞開頭。例如：To describe…，To study…，To investigate…，To assess…，To determine…，The torrent classification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based on the geography information system.行文時(shí)最好不用第一人稱，以方便文摘刊物的編輯刊用。

4)注意事項(xiàng)。應(yīng)避免一些常見的錯(cuò)誤。

冠詞。主要是定冠詞the易被漏用。the用于表示整個(gè)群體、分類、時(shí)間、地名以外的獨(dú)一無二的事物、形容詞最高級(jí)等較易掌握，用于特指時(shí)常被漏用。這里有個(gè)原則，即當(dāng)我們用the時(shí)，聽者或讀者已經(jīng)確知我們所指的是什么。例如：The author designed a new machine.The machine is operated with solar energy.由于現(xiàn)在縮略語越來越多，要注意區(qū)分a和an，如an X ray.數(shù)詞。避免用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字作首詞，如：Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeformis larvae are collected…中的 Three hundred不要寫成300.

單復(fù)數(shù)。一些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式不易辨認(rèn)，從而造成謂語形式出錯(cuò)。

盡量使用短句。因?yàn)?，長(zhǎng)句容易造成語義不清；但要避免單調(diào)和重復(fù)?？萍计诳婕皩I(yè)多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各業(yè)甚至表達(dá)方式、遣詞造句都有區(qū)別。如果有機(jī)會(huì)，要多與英語國(guó)家同行接觸，多請(qǐng)他們改一些國(guó)人所撰寫的摘要或論文，積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)，摸索規(guī)律。如果缺少這樣的機(jī)會(huì)，多看英文文獻(xiàn)，也會(huì)有助于我們英文寫作及水平的提高?！禘I》對(duì)英文摘要的基本要求

5.1　英文摘要的完整性

目前，大多數(shù)作者在寫英文摘要時(shí)，都是把論文前面的中文摘要(一般都寫得很簡(jiǎn)單)翻譯成英文。這種做法忽略了這樣一個(gè)事實(shí)：由于論文是用中文寫作的，中文讀者在看了中文摘要后，不詳之處還可以從論文全文中獲得全面、詳細(xì)的信息，但由于英文讀者(如《EI》的編輯)一般看不懂中文，英文摘要成了他唯一的信息源。因此，這里要特別提出并強(qiáng)調(diào)英文摘要的完整性，即英文摘要所提供的信息必須是完整的。這樣，即使讀者看不懂中文，只需要通過英文摘要就能對(duì)論文的主要目的，解決問題的主要方法、過程，及主要的結(jié)果、結(jié)論和文章的創(chuàng)新、獨(dú)到之處,有一個(gè)較為完整的了解。注重定量分析是科學(xué)研究的重要特征之一。這一點(diǎn)也應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)在英文摘要的寫作中。因此，在寫作英文摘要時(shí)，要避免過于籠統(tǒng)的、空洞無物的一般論述和結(jié)論。要盡量利用文章中的最具體的語言來闡述你的方法、過程、結(jié)果和結(jié)論，這樣既可以給讀者一個(gè)清晰的思路，又可以使你的論述言之有物、有根有據(jù)，使讀者對(duì)你的研究工作有一個(gè)清晰、全面的認(rèn)識(shí)。當(dāng)然，這并不意味著中文摘要就不必強(qiáng)調(diào)完整性。事實(shí)上，在將中文摘要單獨(dú)上網(wǎng)發(fā)布或文章被收入中文文摘期刊時(shí)，中文摘要所提供的信息也必須具有完整性。另外，由于東、西方文化傳統(tǒng)存在很大的差別，我國(guó)長(zhǎng)期以來的傳統(tǒng)教育都有些過分強(qiáng)調(diào)知識(shí)分子要“謙虛謹(jǐn)慎、戒驕戒躁”，因此我國(guó)學(xué)者在寫作論文時(shí)，一般不注重(或不敢)突出表現(xiàn)自己所做的貢獻(xiàn)。這一點(diǎn)與西方的傳統(tǒng)恰恰相反。西方的學(xué)者在寫論文時(shí)總是很明確地突出自己的貢獻(xiàn)，突出自己的創(chuàng)新、獨(dú)到之處。西方的讀者在閱讀論文時(shí)也總是特別關(guān)注論文有什么創(chuàng)新獨(dú)到之處，否則就認(rèn)為論文是不值得讀的。由于中、英文摘要的讀者對(duì)象不同，鑒于上述兩方面的因素，筆者認(rèn)為論文中的中、英文摘要不必強(qiáng)求一致。

5.2　《EI》對(duì)英文摘要的寫作要求

目前，由作者寫作的英文摘要，絕大多數(shù)都比較粗糙，離參與國(guó)際交流的要求相距甚遠(yuǎn)，需要進(jìn)行大的修改，有時(shí)甚至是重寫。這一方面是由于作者英文寫作水平有限;另一方面也由于大多數(shù)作者對(duì)英文摘要的寫作要求和國(guó)際慣例不甚了解。下面就根據(jù)《EI》對(duì)英文摘要的寫作要求，談?wù)勅绾螌懞每萍颊撐牡挠⑽恼?/p>

《EI》中國(guó)信息部要求信息性文摘(Information Abstract)應(yīng)該用簡(jiǎn)潔、明確的語言(一般不超過150 words)將論文的“目的(purposes)”，主要的研究“過程(procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”，由此得到的主要“結(jié)果(Results)”和得出的重要“結(jié)論(Conclusions)”表達(dá)清楚。如有可能，還應(yīng)盡量提一句論文結(jié)果和結(jié)論的應(yīng)用范圍和應(yīng)用情況。也就是說，要寫好英文摘要，作者必須回答好以下幾個(gè)問題：

1)本文的目的或要解決的問題(What I want to do?)

2)解決問題的方法及過程(How I did it?)

3)主要結(jié)果及結(jié)論(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)

4)本文的創(chuàng)新、獨(dú)到之處(What is new and original in this paper?)

5.3　英文摘要各部分的寫作

根據(jù)《EI》對(duì)英文摘要的寫作要求，英文摘要的寫作并沒有一成不變的格式，但一般來說，英文摘要是對(duì)原始文獻(xiàn)不加詮釋或評(píng)論的準(zhǔn)確而簡(jiǎn)短的概括，并要求它能反映原始文獻(xiàn)的主要信息。

5.3.1　目的（What I want to do?）

目的。主要說明作者寫作此文的目的，或本文主要解決的問題。一般來說，一篇好的英文摘要，一開頭就應(yīng)該把作者本文的目的或要解決的主要問題非常明確地交待清楚。必要時(shí)，可利用論文中所列的最新文獻(xiàn)，簡(jiǎn)要介紹前人的工作，但這種介紹一定要極其簡(jiǎn)練。在這方面，《EI》提出了兩點(diǎn)具體要求：

1）Eliminate or minimize background information(不談或盡量少談背景信息)．

2）Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract(避免在摘要的第一句話重復(fù)使用題目或題目的一部分)。

5.3.2　過程與方法(How I did it?)

過程及方法。主要說明作者主要工作過程及所用的方法，也應(yīng)包括眾多的邊界條件，使用的主要設(shè)備和儀器。在英文摘要中，過程與方法的闡述起著承前啟后的作用。開頭交待了要解決的問題(What I want to do)之后，接著要回答的自然就是如何解決問題(How I did it)，而且，最后的結(jié)果和結(jié)論也往往與研究過程及方法是密切相關(guān)的。大多數(shù)作者在闡述過程與方法時(shí)，最常見的問題是泛泛而談、空洞無物，只有定性的描述，使讀者很難清楚地了解論文中解決問題的過程和方法。因此，在說明過程與方法時(shí)，應(yīng)結(jié)合(指向)論文中的公式、實(shí)驗(yàn)框圖等來進(jìn)行闡述，這樣可以既給讀者一個(gè)清晰的思路，又給那些看不懂中文(但卻可以看懂公式、圖、表等)的英文讀者以一種可信的感覺。

5.3.3　結(jié)果和結(jié)論(What results did I get and what conclusions can I draw?)

結(jié)果和結(jié)論部分代表著文章的主要成就和貢獻(xiàn)，論文有沒有價(jià)值，值不值得讀者閱讀，主要取決于你所獲得的結(jié)果和所得出的結(jié)論。因此，在寫作結(jié)果和結(jié)論部分時(shí)，一般都要盡量結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果或仿真結(jié)果的圖、表、曲線等來加以說明，使結(jié)論部分言之有物，有根有據(jù)；同時(shí)，對(duì)那些看不懂中文的英文讀者來說，通過這些圖表，結(jié)合英文摘要的說明就可以比較清楚地了解論文的結(jié)果和結(jié)論。也只有這樣，論文的結(jié)論才有說服力。如有可能，在結(jié)尾部分還可以將論文的結(jié)果和他人最新的研究結(jié)果進(jìn)行比較，以突出論文的主要貢獻(xiàn)和創(chuàng)新、獨(dú)到之處(回答What is new and original in this paper)。

5.3.4　如何提高英文摘要的文字效能

《EI》很看重英文摘要的文字效能。為了提高文字效能，應(yīng)盡量刪去所有多余的字、句。在這方面，《EI》提出了兩個(gè)原則：

1)Limit the abstract to new information(摘要中只談新的信息)。

２）trive for brevity(盡量使摘要簡(jiǎn)潔)。就目前來看，由于大多數(shù)作者在英文寫作方面都比較欠缺，因此，由作者所寫的英文摘要離《EI》的要求相距甚遠(yuǎn)。有的作者寫出很長(zhǎng)的英文摘要，但文字效能很低，多余的字、句很多；有的作者寫的英文摘要很短，但也存在多余的字句?？偠灾褪俏淖值男畔⒑可?。因此，《EI》中國(guó)信息部還對(duì)英文摘要的寫作提出了以下幾點(diǎn)具體要求。

5.3.5 關(guān)于英文摘要的句法

關(guān)于英文摘要的句法，《EI》提出了以下三個(gè)一般原則：

1)盡量用短句(use short sentences)。

2)描述作者的工作一般用過去時(shí)態(tài)(因?yàn)楣ぷ魇窃谶^去做的)，但在陳述由這些工作所得出的結(jié)論時(shí)，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)。

3)一般都應(yīng)使用動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：寫成A exceeds B比寫成B is exceeded by A更好。