第一篇：美國概況習(xí)題

美國概況

Part One Geography

Chapter IIPopulation

Exercises

? New York is the largest state in the US.(T/F)

? Why is the U.S.A.called “Melting Pot”?

Answers

? F(Alaska)

? Because the U.S.A.is country where there are many different races, and these races mixed and assimilated after they

immigrated into this country “Melting Pot” just signifies this mixture and assimilation.Chapter VReligion in the U.S.A.Exercises

? The popular American belief is___

A.part-time working

B.self-made man

C.manual labor

D.being extravagant

? The largest religious group in America is___

A.Roman CatholicsB.Protestants

C.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians

?the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

Answers

? BB

?the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

People are proud of doing everything by themselves.Most of the American families seldom hire people to do housework though they are rich.They try to do what they can do, such as housework, gardening and they enjoy doing them.Part twoHistory

Chapter IColonization of North America

Exercises

? The history of the U.S.is generally agreed to have begun in the year of ____

A.1620B.1607C.1776D.1492

? The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.A.YorktownB.Saratoga

C.Bunker HillD.Lexington

? Lexington Fire was the ___of American War of Independence

A.turning pointB.endingC.causeD.prelude

Answers

BBD

Chapter IVThe American Civil War(1861-1865)

Exercises

? Abraham Lincoln

? In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important measures.One

was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.Homework

? Why was there the New Deal program? What was it? And how did it aid the recovery of the American economy? ? What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?

Chapter VThe U.S.Imperialism and the First World War

Exercises

? The first imperialist war took place between theU.S.and ___in 1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

? The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President___.A.Theodore RooseveltB.Franklin Roosevelt

C.William MckinleyD.Thomas Woodrow Wilson

? President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-knownpolicy called___ to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New Deal

C.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the “Big Stick”

AnswersCAB

PartTheresociallife

Chapter IIICustoms and Traditions

Exercises

? Easter:

Easter falls on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March or in April.It commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus.The custom of dying eggs is very popular among children.The main meat on Easter Sunday are lamb and ham.? Thanksgiving Day:

It falls on the fourth Thursday of November.It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered.? Abraham Lincoln

? In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important

measures.One was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.

第二篇：美國政治制度概況

美國政治制度概況

Political institution（政治制度）

1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美國憲法是世界上最早的成文憲法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，國會召開各州代表參加的大會，主要目的是修

改有明顯缺點的《聯(lián)邦條款》。

3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美國政府

被分為3部分：立法機構(gòu)，行政機構(gòu)和司法機構(gòu)。

4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有兩種情可以提出修改憲法條款，但不管是哪種，修正案

必須經(jīng)過3/4的批準才能生效。

5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The president election was held every 4 years.憲法規(guī)定總統(tǒng)必須是美國本土出生的美國公民，至少年滿35歲，總統(tǒng)選舉每四年舉行一次。

6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美國，嬴者全贏的制度適用于除緬因州外的各州。

7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50個州加上哥倫比亞特區(qū)共有

538位總統(tǒng)候選人，他們組成選舉團，要成為美國總統(tǒng)，候選人則要獲得270票。

8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, whichis administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.A president can be elected to office only twice.美國總統(tǒng)任期為4年，每位總統(tǒng)任期最多只能兩屆，總統(tǒng)宣誓就職儀式是由美國首席大法官主持的。

9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of

Representatives.The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.國會由參議院和眾議院組成，參議院由各州派出兩名議員共同組成，眾議院

成員數(shù)則按各州人口及大小而定，因此眾義員數(shù)憲法沒有具體規(guī)定。

10． The Constitution requires that U.S.Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected.The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.憲法規(guī)定美國參議員必須是年滿30歲有美國公民資格9年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，參議員任期為6年，且每月年改選1/3的議員。

11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.Today, the House is composed of 435 members.Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.憲法規(guī)定美國眾議員必須是年滿25歲有美國公民資格7年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，現(xiàn)在，眾議院由來35名議員組成，由于眾議員任期為2年，所以國會任期往往被認為是2年。

12． Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除

了稅收法案必須首先由眾議院提出，國會的兩院各自有權(quán)就任何提議立法。

13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate.He has no vote, except in a case of a tie.The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.憲法規(guī)定由美國副總統(tǒng)擔(dān)任參議院議長，議長不參加投票，除非出現(xiàn)兩派票數(shù)相等的情況，眾議院則選出他自己的主持官員，-眾議院議長。

14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court.The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根據(jù)憲法規(guī)定，美國的司法權(quán)屬于最高法院，司法體系結(jié)構(gòu)為：最高法院，11個上訴法院，91個地方法院，3個有特殊司法權(quán)的法院，美國的法官是由總統(tǒng)任命并由參議院批準的。

15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists

of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美國最高等的法院，也是惟

一有權(quán)解釋的機構(gòu)，目前法院由一名首席大法官和顏悅色名助理法官組成。

16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: thoseinvolvingforeign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高

等法院最初只對兩種案件擁有司法權(quán)：涉及國外達官貴人，一個州為一方當(dāng)事人。

17． In general, American has a two-party system.There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般說來，美國實行的是兩黨制，兩大主要政黨為：民主黨和共和黨，美國政黨的歷史可分為四個時期。

18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美國政黨制的第一階段出現(xiàn)了兩個主要黨派，聯(lián)邦派各反聯(lián)邦派，第三階段從容不迫9世紀60年代到達9世紀20年代，絕大部分時間是共和黨執(zhí)政。

（2002，21題）

19．In the 28 terms of the House of Representativesfrom 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.從1933年到1989年的確屆眾議院中，民主黨在于6屆中擁有多數(shù)席位，在參議院中民主黨在于23屆中擁有多數(shù)席位。

20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德魯。杰克遜當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)后，民主共和黨分裂，由安德魯。杰克遜領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的主派自稱為民

主黨，反對杰克遜的一派于1834年另立輝格黨 待續(xù)。。。

英國國體：以生產(chǎn)資料私有制為主，資產(chǎn)階級掌權(quán)的資本主義國家政體：君主立憲制國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式：單一制

4國家機構(gòu)的組成及相互關(guān)系

①國家元首 虛偽元首 僅扮演儀式性角色

②立法機構(gòu) 議會

③行政機構(gòu) 內(nèi)閣

④司法機構(gòu) 法院

關(guān)系：

英國君主立憲制的主要機構(gòu)有國王、議會和內(nèi)閣。其中議會是國家最高立法機關(guān)，主要扮演立法者和監(jiān)督者的角色。內(nèi)閣是國家最高行政機關(guān)，從議會產(chǎn)生，由占議會多數(shù)席位的政黨組成，并對議會負責(zé)。國王按內(nèi)閣的意志行使形式上的權(quán)利，承擔(dān)國家元首等禮儀性職責(zé)。國王議會和內(nèi)閣三者之間，既有分權(quán)也有制約，體現(xiàn)了英國政體運行的特點。

5政黨制度

①主要黨派：主要黨派有自由黨, 工黨, 國家黨, 民主黨等.其中自由黨和工黨為朝野的兩大黨派。

②政黨制度類型：兩黨制

近代資產(chǎn)階級革命后，英國逐步成為君主立憲制國家，其政治制度以議會內(nèi)閣制為核心，以兩黨制、常任文官制以及地方自治為主要特點。它對其他資本主義國家政治制度的建立產(chǎn)生了很大影響。

同其他國家的憲法相比，英國的憲法有以下幾個特點：

1、英國的憲法是不成文的憲法。英國憲法的最大不同之處是它從未以一部單一法典的形式出現(xiàn)，而是由13、14世紀以來，在各個不同時期通過的各種成文或不成文的、形式上多種多樣的具有憲法性的法律構(gòu)成。主要有《大憲章》、《人民公約》、《權(quán)利請愿書》、《權(quán)利法案.》等。

2、英國憲法是柔性憲法。英國的憲法性文件的制定和修改程序同普通法律一樣，其法律地位也是同議會制定的其他法律一樣。這一現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因是由于英國憲法的非法典化，但最主要的原因是沒有任何一屆議會能夠約束它的繼任議會，也沒有任何議會不能改變它的前任議會的立法，這樣，在英國的政治實踐中，很難形成關(guān)于憲法限制或權(quán)限的統(tǒng)一模式。

3、政治習(xí)慣的作用。政治習(xí)慣是在長期的政治實踐中形成的，為人們認可和接受的行為規(guī)范。在英國，政治習(xí)慣是幾個世紀的有意識的努力的結(jié)果。這樣的政治習(xí)慣有：國王必須委任下議院的多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖組建政府，內(nèi)閣必須向議會負責(zé)并向議會報告工作等等。這些習(xí)慣被政治實踐者認真遵守，以至于它們成了英國憲法的重要組成部分。

英國并不是嚴格意義上的三權(quán)分立國家。首相可以被看作當(dāng)代英國政治中最有權(quán)勢的人，首相是政府的首腦，是內(nèi)閣的主持人，是議會的議員，同時也是女王的最高政治顧問。首相、內(nèi)閣、議會三者之間的關(guān)系是：

議會（多數(shù)黨）←←←←←←←負責(zé)←←←←↑

↓領(lǐng)↑

↓袖↑

首相 —領(lǐng)導(dǎo)— 內(nèi)閣 —領(lǐng)導(dǎo)— 政府

與其他國家相比,英國的政治制度既古老而又有鮮明的特色,這主要體現(xiàn)在它的君主制與民主制的結(jié)合、“議會至上”的議會內(nèi)閣制。

英國選舉制度是單選區(qū)相對多數(shù)票取勝，這對兩大黨有利。一般而言，在大選中獲勝的大黨，都沒有得到總票數(shù)的50％，但當(dāng)選的議席超過一半以上而單獨執(zhí)政。不論工黨或保守黨獲勝都是如此。而自由黨最吃虧，它取得不低的得票率，但所獲得的國會議席很少，與得票率完全不成比例。（自由黨在1988年與從工黨分裂出去的社會民主黨合并，改稱為自由民主黨）。

英國的兩黨制并不是鐵板一塊、完美無缺的，它也存在著很多弊端。首先，從兩黨制中產(chǎn)生出來的執(zhí)政黨不能充分代表民意。英國兩黨制是由英國的選舉制度作保障的。英國現(xiàn)行選舉制度是單選區(qū)出線制，以大選中獲議席多少定勝負，而不是依選票情況。這就造成這樣一種矛盾現(xiàn)象：有時反對黨所得選票反而會超過執(zhí)政黨，其次，兩黨制對小黨的成長、發(fā)展極為不利。小黨在選舉中的得票率同其在下院所得席位不成比例。第三，兩黨制造成英國政治上的保守。最后，兩黨制促進了英國公眾中的政治冷淡主義傾向。兩大壟斷政權(quán)，使得許多對兩黨都不喜歡的人無從選擇。在大選中，一部分這種人把選票投給了他較不討厭的那個大黨，而相當(dāng)一部分選民根本就不參加投票。投票率低是英國的一個突出現(xiàn)象。盡管投票率在整個西方國家都有下降趨勢，但英國屬于最低的國家之一。

今年的英國大選，打破了兩黨制傳統(tǒng)。

第三篇：概況試題-美國

1、Puritanism

Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God.These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.the American Revolution

Between 1689 and 1815, france and Britain fought Seven Years’ war, and North American was drawn into everyone of them.Britain’s victory led directly to a conflict with its American colonies.The British government argued that Britain had spent large sums of money to defend their American colonies in those wars, and that the colonists therefore should pay a part of those expenses.So the british government began to charge new taxes.But the colonists refused to obey the british laws and cry” no taxation without representation”.On April 19,1775,the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot in a small town of Concord near Boston.The American War of Independence began.And the war came to an end in 1781 with the victory of north american.The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and Britian had to recognize the independence of the United States.A new nation was thus born.3.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonials in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.4.American Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America.The Constitution is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The Constitution creates the three branches of the national government: a legislature, the bicameral Congress;an executive branch led by the President;and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.The Constitution specifies the powers and duties of each branch.The Constitution reserves all unenumerated powers to the respective states and the people, thereby establishing the federal system of government.5.checks and balances

When Americans talk about their three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “checks and balances”.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by legislative branch or executive branch or judicial branch.6.Federalism

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.In “Federalist No.46,” James Madison asserted that the states and national government “are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.” Alexander Hamilton, writing in “Federalist No.28,” suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: “If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.”

7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.8.Political parties in the US

Political parties are organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how the US should be governed and who work together to have members of their group elected in order to influence the governing of the country.today ,the US has two major political parties.one in the Democratic Party,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party,formed before 1800.the symbol of the party is the donkey.the other is the Republican Party,which was formed in the 1850s,and its symbol is the elephant.9、the roots of affluence in America

No single factor is responsible for the success of American business and industry.Bountiful resources,the geographical size of the country and population trends have all contributed to these success.Religious,social and political traditions;the institutional structures of government and business;and the courage,hard work and determination of countless entrepreners and workers have also played a part.10.American industrial revolution

After independence, America was principally an agricultural country.The industrial revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860.One key development was the introduction of the factory system.A second development was the “American system” of mass production.A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial task.A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization—the bank and the corporation.11.Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion.The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people.12.Martin luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.King is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president.King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.13.Counterculture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left,there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture.”the counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles.they had morals different from those taught by their parents.some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.among the most famous were the hippies.they sought new experience through dropping out,and drug taking.but it was music,rock music in particular,that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.the counterculture exerted a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social morals,marriage,career and success.14、Hippies

The hippies called themselves “the love generation.” Hippiness became their only goal in life.Their music was different from any other music, and the words they sang sounded rebellious to older people.Small groups of youth lived together in cities like San Francisco,turning their lives into one big party.They wore long hair,strange and colorful clothes and many of them used drugs.They went in huge numbers to rock music concerts, and tyey made very interesting news on TV.15.Multiculturalism in Canada

Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.Multiculturalism is reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

第四篇：美國英美概況練習(xí)

美國概況練習(xí)

I.Term explanation

1.The War of Independence

(1)After British parliament passed the Intolerable Acts, tensions were again created between colonists and British government.(2)On April 19,1775, the first shot was fired at Lexington and the American War of Independence began.(3)In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.It founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of George Washington and declared independence on July4,1776.(4)In 1781, British General Cornwallis surrendered at York Town,Virginia and soon British government asked for peace.(5)The Treaty of Paris, signed in September 1783, recognized the independence of the United States.2.Boston Tea Party

(1)In the years following the French and Indian War, British government enforced several acts which were bitterly opposed by colonists.(2)In order to ease tensions, British government removed all the new taxes except that on tea.(3)In 1773, a group of pariots responded to the tea tax by staging the Boston Tea Party: disguised as Indians, they boarded British merchant ships and tossed 342 crates of tea into Boston harbor.(4)British parliament then passed the “Intolerable Acts”, and in response to this the first Continental Congress was held in September1774.3.the First Continental Congress

(1)In response to the “Intolerable Acts”, passed by British parliament, the first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia in September1774.(2)This was a meeting of colonial leaders.They urged Americans to disobey the Intolerable Acts and to boycott British trade.(3)After this, colonists began to organize militias and to collect and store weapons and ammunition.4.The Declaration of Independence

(1)The Declaration of Independence, the first declaration of human rights, was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and was adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule, approached the problem of American independence from the angle of human rights.(2)Its principal point was to provide a legal basis for independence.It justified the forthcoming Revolution by defining the rights of man and the nature of government in relation to such rights.It declared that all men were equaland they were entitled to have some natural rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.The powers of the governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments was to secure the rights mentioned above.(3)The Declaration of Independence was a masterpiece of bourgeois political philosophy.(4)The Declaration of Independence helped the colonists to see that there were times when people had the right to revolt.The new doctrine inspired mass fervor.More and more people came to believe that they were fighting for the just cause.5.American Constitution

(1)The Constitution of the United States, which was adopted in 1787 and came into effect in 1789, is the first comparatively complete written constitution in the world.(2)It is the supreme law in the United States, and is the main expression of the American ideals.(3)It is a short document which embodies laws and principles for the form of the US government.It consists of a preamble, 7 articles and 29 amendments.6.The Bill of Rights(USA)

(1)In 1791, the first ten amendments of American Constitution were made.This is the well-known “Bill of Rights”.(2)It secures a wide variety of freedoms for Americans, including the freedoms of religion, speech, press, peaceful assembly and freedom to bear arms, freedom against unreasonable search and seizure and so on.(3)the amendments limit the powers of the national government in regard to the rights and liberties of individuals.7.The New Deal

(1)To deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt rushed through Congress a great number of laws within the historic “Hundred Days”.(2)Some of the famous ones in this New Deal were the WPA(The Work Progress Administration), AAA(The Agricultural Adjustment Act), and the Social Security Act.(3)New Deal program did not end the Depression, but the economy improved as a result of this program of government intervention.8.The Great Depression

(1)On October 24, 1929 —“Black Thursday”— a wave of panic selling of stocks swept the New York Stock Exchange.Share and other security prices collapsed.(2)By 1932, thousand of banks and businesses had failed.Industrial production was cut in half.Farm income had fallen b y more than half.Wages had decreased 60 percent.New investment was down 90 percent.As a result, one out of four workers was unemployed.(3)Franklin D.Roosevelt won the 1932 election and carried out the New Deal to improve the economy.(4)Full recovery from the Depression was brought about by the defense buildup prior to America’s entering the WWII.II.Please answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the four crown colonies during America colonization?(Textbook: Page 152.)

2.What are he four causes for the War of Independence in America?(Textbook: Page 158-160)

3.What are he four causes for American Civil War?(Textbook: Page 167-170)

4.What are the three important acts of Roosevelt’s New Deal?(Textbook: Page 187-188)

5.What are the five fundamental features of American political system?(Textbook: Page 209)

6.What are the five fundamental principles for American government established by American Constitution?(Textbook: Page 210)

7.What are the five constitutional roles of American president?(Textbook: Page 213)

8.What are the three important characteristics of American economic system?(Textbook: Page 228)

第五篇：美國加拿大概況要點

USA BASIC INFO

1the first settlement in North America

The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King.The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on them and by transplanting tobacco in the colony of Virginia.In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants.These two greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.2the religion reform and leaders

In the Religious Reformation, Martin Luther, a German professor of theology, believed that sinful men could win salvation neither by good works nor through the church or the pope.And the only true guide to the will of god was the Bible.John Calvin, a Frenchman, who had fled to Switzerland, started his reform movement.In England, King Henry VIII,(8th)because of the political disputes with the Roman Catholic Church and his marital problems broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England, and he became the head of the Church.3the founding father of Unite State Benjamin Franklindrafted Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

George Washington the commander of Continental Army and Navy

4the cause of American Revolution

By the early 1760s, the 13 colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment.As a result, they were ready to separate themselves from the old world.The American Revolution officially proclaimed the birth of a new nation of Americans.3 civilizations

Aztecs, 阿茲臺克Incas, Mayas

6Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble public places, the right to own weapons and so on.7check and balance p58

Three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “check and balances”.The system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.declaration of independence

The declaration of independence proclaimed that 13 united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states.But they were not clear about the future political system of the United States and the relationship between the states and the government of the new nation.united states constitution

The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the constitution of the United States.1The constitution set up a federal 聯(lián)邦的system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.2The constitution also called for the election of national leader.3It provided that federal laws would be made only by a congress made up of representatives elected by the people.It also provided for a national court system headed by a supreme court.10wasp =a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant

American mainstream culture was developed from what is known as “WASP” culture and that people who settled

in the 13 North American colonies that would become the United States were mostly Protestant believers.11relationship between government and religion

The United States would have no state-supported religion.In this way, those men who formulated the principle tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that the diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection.religions between USA and European

First of all, American with different religions lives together under the same law.The bill of rights in the US constitution insists that there should be no state religion.Secondly, the religious beliefs of American continue to be strong with social progress.Thirdly, in the United States every church is completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.three faiths

By the 1095s, the 3 faiths model of American religion had developed.American was considered to come in 3 basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.In term of numbers, the Protestant are the strongest, the Catholic is next to the Protestant and Jewish are the smallest among the 3.Mark Twain

Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Clemens.He was one of the greatest American writers.He captured a peculiarly American sense of humor.He represented a new American voice.His major work was The Adventures of Huckberry Finn which has been called the great novel in American literature.15The lost generation

In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived in Europe.They were known as the lost generation, two of the most representative of it were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.16Hemingway

His main characters were usually tough, silent men, good at sports or war but awkward in their dealing with women.Among his best books were The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and for whom the Bell Tolls.17nobel prize

Sinclair Lewis first one in USA /O’Neil /Saul Bellow/Isaac Bashevis Singer/

Hemingway /William Faulkner

18famous universities

California Institute of Technology 加州理工學(xué)院 Harvard University(MA)哈佛大學(xué)Massachusetts Inst.of Technology 麻省理工學(xué)院 Princeton University(NJ)普林斯頓大學(xué)Yale University(CT)耶魯大學(xué) Stanford University(CA)斯坦福大學(xué) 19Social separation

White and black couldn’t be together in a public place to enjoy the same right

20kkk

It was a secret organization which set up after the 1865 civil war of United States in the southern.It objected the liberation of black slavers in northern.Many years later, they came to alive to flight against the Jewish and Catholic people to keep the highest station of white.21luther King

P155 A civil right leader during the movement in 1960s gave a lot of speech, like “I have a dream”.He won the Nobel peace prize in 1964s for his achievement of raising the image of black.22Conterculture

It rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.23hippies

They sought experience through dropping out and drug taking.But it was music, rock music in particular.They had a great impact on social moral.24imagery of crime

Male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident

25Cold war

By the end of WWII, the United States became the strongest country in the world.As the possessor of atomic bombs and much of the world’s gold reserve, the policy-maker of the US wanted world order, and the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union.Finally the two wartime allies fell apart.26NATO北大西洋公約組織

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization members are United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.Organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

27Warsaw The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to NATO Pact.28先發(fā)制人 Preemption

Preemption is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in September 2002.When it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to possess such weapons.29杜魯門主義Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was a policy set forth by U.S.President Harry S.Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S.would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.30古巴導(dǎo)彈危機Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles with the ability to strike most of the continental United States.This issue was the turning point of the cold war.Can basic info(from sea to sea)

1the biggest city and the capital TorontoOttawa

210provinces and 3 territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada(the latter made up of the three territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut).3economy

Canadian economy is influenced by Canada’s physical geography: huge size and small population has made extracting and transporting goods to markets difficult.The second is United States, which shares the long and open border with it.The third is the government’s intervention介入in the economy, rather than the market plays a full role.4central Canada

Central Canada, consisting of Ontario安大略and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal蒙特利爾.5Quebec

Quebec is a mainly French-speaking province in Canada.Here French speakers comprise 83% of the population.They feel that their linguistic and cultural heritage is threatened by the mainly English-speaking environment and that they are economically dominated by English Canada.They are keen to preserve the historic language and French-speaking culture.Canada-US relations

They are the 2 of the most open and interconnected societies in the world.They share a long and undefended border and they are in many military alliance.They also share long term interests in their economy.But sometime s there is the point where differences of opinion occur.The relations often have been rocky.Canada is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.7political system

1Canada’s system of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Canada is monarchy and its official head of state is the Queen, who is represented by an official called a Governor General.2The federal government distinguishes from the lower level government.3The parliament is divided into the house of common and the house of senate.The MP is elected.The head of the party which wins the most seats becomes the Prime minister.The cabinet is chosen by Prime Minister, is made up of senior Mps from the governing Party.8party

加拿大自由黨Liberal Party of Canada

加拿大保守黨Conservative Party of Canada

加拿大新民主黨New Democratic Party

英國下議院總有一個擁有絕對多數(shù)的政黨，該黨領(lǐng)袖被國王任命為首相。下議院第二大黨的領(lǐng)袖則成為反對黨領(lǐng)袖。

In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives gained a plurality多數(shù) of seats in a hung parliament and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition聯(lián)合 between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.At the age of 43, Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.The Cameron Ministry is the first coalition government in the United Kingdom since the Second World War.