第一篇:初中英語時態(tài)用法小結
英語時態(tài)用法小結 根據(jù)試題統(tǒng)計,動詞語法占語法考題中的50%左右,其內(nèi)容主要包括動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)、要掌握英語的時態(tài)和語態(tài),必須掌握好英語中的助動詞(do, be, have)和時間狀語這兩個核心問題。現(xiàn)將各考點分別歸納如下。
1.一般現(xiàn)在時
主要用來表示人、事物的現(xiàn)在狀況和特點;表示經(jīng)?;蛄晳T性的動作,句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等時間狀語;表示客觀規(guī)律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.考點一:表示永恒的真理,即使出現(xiàn)在過去的語境中,仍用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.考點二:在時間和條件狀語從句中,代替一般將來時,常用的引導詞有:時間:when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment / minute / day / year
條件:if, unless, provided If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.考點三:在make sure(certain), see to it, mind, care, matter +賓語從句中,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時代替一般將來時。
So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the
experiment.只要他努力工作,我不介意他什么時候做完試驗。
考點四:在the more… the more …(越…越…)句型中, 若主句是一般將來時, 從句通常用一般現(xiàn)在時。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.2.現(xiàn)在進行時
表說話時或目前一段時間內(nèi)正在進行的活動;與頻率副詞,如always,constantly,continually,again等連用,表示說話人的某種感情色彩(贊嘆、厭煩、埋怨等)。
We are having English class.The house is being built these days.The little boy is always making trouble.考點一:在時間狀語或條件狀語從句中表示將來正在進行的動作。Look out when you are crossing the street.Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.考點二: 表示在最近按計劃或安排要進行的動作(這時多有表示將來的時間狀語)。
Marry is leaving on Friday.3.現(xiàn)在完成時
表示動作發(fā)生在過去,完成在過去,但強調(diào)與現(xiàn)在情況仍有聯(lián)系,其結果或影響仍存在?,F(xiàn)在完成時有一些標志性的時間狀語。
考點一:for + 時間段;since + 時間點
They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.I have learned English for ten years.考點二:常見的不確定的時間狀語:lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now;till now;so far, these days
Has it stopped raining yet?
考點三:在表示“最近幾世紀/年/月以來……”時間狀語中,謂語動詞用現(xiàn)在完成時。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history 等
In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.考點四:表示“的過去”,句中有明顯的參照動作或時間狀語,這種時態(tài)從來不孤立使用。There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished earlier than we had expected.考點一:用于hardly/scarcely...when;no sooner...than句型中,主句用過去完成時,從句用一般過去時。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.(注意倒裝)考點二:表示“
“be about to + 動詞原形”表示按照預定計劃或打算準備著手進行的動作?!癰e to + 動詞原形”表示必須、必然或計劃將要做的事。
They are to be married in May.8.將來進行時
表示將來某個時間正在發(fā)生的動作,或按計劃一定會發(fā)生的事情。
I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow.明天這會我正在寫作業(yè)。The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.9.將來完成時
表示在將來某時刻之前業(yè)已完成的事情,時間狀語非常明顯。
考點一:常用的時間狀語一般用by + 將來時間,如:by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引導的從句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.考點二:在時間和條件狀語從句中,將來完成時則由現(xiàn)在完成時表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.10.動詞的語態(tài)
一般用于強調(diào)受者,做題時謂語動詞后通常不再有名詞或賓語。動詞的語態(tài)一般不單獨考,而是和時態(tài)、語氣和非謂語動詞一起考,需要注意以下考點。考點一:不能用于被動語態(tài)的動詞和詞組
come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation.考點二:下列動詞的主動語態(tài)表示被動意義, 而且常與well, quite, easily, badly等副詞連用:lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride , write
Glass breaks easily.玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly.這車走起
來很穩(wěn)。
The case locks easily.這箱子很好鎖。The book sells well.這本書很暢銷。
考點三:一些常用經(jīng)典被動句型
It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…,It is expected…, It is estimated…,這些句子一般翻譯為“據(jù)說…”,“人們認為…”,而“以前人們認為…”則應該說:It was believed…, It was thought…
第二篇:初中英語時態(tài)基本小結
一般現(xiàn)在時:
? 表經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情、存在的動作或狀態(tài)
eg She sings with the band Crazy Boy.? 表內(nèi)心活動感情等
eg I don't think you are right.? 描述客觀真理
eg Birds fly in the sky.? 表預定的行為
eg The train leaves at 9.一般過去時:
? 表過去發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)
eg Suddenly,the clouds cleared and the rain stopped.? 表過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情
eg I was very thin in my childhood.? 帶有確定的過去的時間狀語
eg Did you meet yesterday? He left just now.一般將來時:
? 要在將來的某個時間內(nèi)發(fā)生,是“純粹的將來動作”。eg I shall / will not be free tomorrow.? 表說話人的意圖、打算或某種可能性
eg Who is going to speak first?
? 按計劃要發(fā)生的動作或命令他人做某事
eg The new bridge is to open to traffic in 3 days.現(xiàn)在進行時:
? 說話、寫文章的當刻正在發(fā)生的動作
eg They are having a football match.? 現(xiàn)階段一直在進行的動作
eg He is preparing for CET Band Six.? 表示說話人的情感,如贊許、批評等
eg She is often doing well at school.? 表示在近期按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作
eg Are you staying here till next week?
過去進行時:
? 表示在過去某時刻正在進行的動作
eg At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.? 用于故事的開頭,交代故事發(fā)生的背景情況
eg One night, he was typing in his study.Suddenly , a man broke ? ? 表示在過去的未來時間要發(fā)生的動作
eg We left there when it's getting dark.現(xiàn)在完成時:
? 表示截止現(xiàn)在業(yè)已完成的動作
eg By now, I have collected all the data that I need.? 表示發(fā)生在過去而對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響、帶來結果的動作
eg She has been to the United States.? 表示過去發(fā)生的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能還要延續(xù)
eg I have learned English for 8 years.過去完成時:
? 發(fā)生在“過去的過去”
eg When I woke up, it had stopped raining.? 與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用
eg Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.? 在過去某時之前開始一直延續(xù)到這一時間
eg By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.過去將來時:
? 賓語從句或間接引語中
eg He didn't expect that we would all be there.? 表示過去習慣性的動作
eg During that period, he would do this every day.? 表示過去的愿望、傾向,多用于否定句
eg They knew that we would never permit such a thing.
第三篇:英語時態(tài)的用法小結
英語時態(tài)的用法小結
英語常見時態(tài)的構成:
1.一般現(xiàn)在時
(1)be動詞:is,am,are
(2)其他動詞:單數(shù)第三人稱加s。
2.一般過去時
(1)be動詞:was,were
(2)其他動詞:過去式,即規(guī)則動詞加ed,不規(guī)則動詞特殊記。
3.一般將來時
(1)will/ shall +動詞原形
(2)is/ am/ are going to +動詞原形
4.過去將來時
(1)would +動詞原形
(2)was/ were + to +動詞原形
5.現(xiàn)在進行時
is/ am/ are +動詞-ing
6.過去進行時
was/were +動詞-ing
7.現(xiàn)在完成時
have/ has + 過去分詞
過去分詞,即規(guī)則動詞加ed,不規(guī)則動詞特殊記。
8.過去完成時
had + 過去分詞
英語時態(tài)的用法 一、一般現(xiàn)在時的用法
1.表示現(xiàn)在習慣或經(jīng)常反復發(fā)生的動作。常與always, usually, often, sometimes, every day
(week, month)等連用。
He plays football twice a week.他每周踢兩次足球。
I sometimes go to work on foot.我有時步行去上班。
2.表示現(xiàn)在的事實或狀態(tài)。
It’s cold today.今天很冷。
You look tired now.你現(xiàn)在看起來很疲乏。
3.表示主語所具有的特征,性格和能力等。
She is a famous singer.她是個著名的歌唱家。
Tom likes swimming.湯姆喜歡游泳。
4.表示客觀事實或普遍真理。
It’s far from the earth to the sun.地球與太陽間的距離很遠。
Five and three makes eight.五加三得八。
5.表示已預先安排或計劃好將來確定會發(fā)生的動作。如列車時刻等。
但主要用于go, come, leave, start, return, arrive等瞬間動詞。
The train from London arrives at 7:00.從倫敦來的火車7:00到站。
He leaves on business the day after tomorrow.他后天出差。
6.在時間及條件狀語從句中表示將來的動作。
I’ll call you as soon as I get there.我一到那里就打電話給你。
I’ll come if he invites me.如果他邀請我,我就來。
7.在以here, there開頭的句子里,表示正在發(fā)生的動作。
Here comes the bus!汽車來了!
There goes the bell!鈴響了!
注意:當主語是代詞時,代詞必須放在動詞之前。如:
There he comes!他來了!
8.某些表示心理狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞,如feel, love, hope, want, understand等表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的具體
行為。
I feel pain in my head.我頭疼。
I don’t understand what you mean.我不理解你的意思。
注意:此時只用一般現(xiàn)在時而不用現(xiàn)在進行時。二、一般過去時的用法
1.表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示過去時間的副詞如:yesterday, last week, two
hours ago等連用。
My family moved here five years ago.我家五年前搬到了這里。
I was born in 1973.我生于1973年。
2.表示過去一段時間經(jīng)?;蚍磸桶l(fā)生的動作。這時可與頻度副詞如:
often, usually, always等連用。
He always worked into night those days.那些日子他總是工作到深夜。
I often left on business in 1987.1987年我經(jīng)常出差。
注意:表示“過去經(jīng)常,而今不再”時,要用used to。如:
I used to read newspaper after breakfast.我過去經(jīng)常早飯后看報紙。(意指現(xiàn)在已不是這樣)
The children often swam in this river.孩子們過去經(jīng)常在這條河里游泳。(只表示過去有過這個事情,與現(xiàn)在無關)
3.表示過去發(fā)生的一連串動作。
過去發(fā)生的一連串動作,若用and, or, but等并列連詞連接,則一律用過去式。
He put down the heavy box, took out the keys, and opened the door.他放下這沉重的箱子,掏出鑰匙開了房門。
They moved the chairs to the table, sat down and began to have supper.他們把椅子搬到桌邊,坐下開始吃飯。
4.在時間和條件狀語從句中,用一般過去時表示過去將來的動作。
He said that he would let me know as soon as he got the information.他說他一得到消息就立即讓我知道。
Mary told me that she would stay at home if it rained.瑪麗告訴我如果下雨她就呆在家里。三、一般將來時的用法
(1)表示將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示將來的時間狀語如next month, tomorrow, in a
week, soon等連用。
I will go to the zoo next Sunday.下周日我將去動物園。
She’ll go to the cinema tonight.今晚她將去看電影。
(2)表示將來經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作
Some birds will fly away to the south when winter comes.冬季來臨時,一些鳥兒將飛往南方。
(3)“be going to+動詞原形”可以表示:
I)根據(jù)目前跡象某件事情很有可能發(fā)生。
Look at those clouds!It’s going to rain.看那些云,快下雨了。
II)打算、計劃、決定要做某事。
We’re going to meet outside the school gate.我們打算在校門口見面。
will與is/ am/ are going to do的區(qū)別:
都可表示將來,通常可互換,但下面幾種情形只用will而不用be going to。
(1)表示帶有“意愿”色彩的將來時。
I’ll help you if you need.如果需要,我?guī)湍恪?/p>
(2)問對方是否愿意或表示客氣的邀請或命令時。
Will you go shopping with me? 你和我一起去購物嗎?
Will you please open the door? 請把門打開好嗎?
(3)表示客觀必然會發(fā)生的事情。
It will be Monday tomorrow.明天是周一。
(4)在含有時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的復合句中,主句如果是將來時,則多用will。
I’ll take care of your baby when you are out.你出門時我會照看你的小寶寶。
I’ll open the window if you smoke here.你如果在這兒抽煙我就把窗戶打開。
四、過去將來時的用法
過去將來時表示從過去某一時間看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),多用于賓語從句中,表示從句動作發(fā)生在主句動作之后。如果表示過去習慣性的動作時,只能用would,而不用should。如:
He said he would ring me up at six.他說他六點鐘將給我打電話。
I would swim in this pool when I was a child.我孩童時期經(jīng)常在這個池塘游泳。
This window wouldn’t close.這個窗戶老是關不上。
五、現(xiàn)在進行時的用法
(1)表示現(xiàn)在正在進行或發(fā)生的動作。常與now, at present, at this, moment等連用。
It is snowing now.現(xiàn)在正在下雪。
He is watching TV at present.他正在看電視。
(2)與these days, this week/month等連用,表示現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。
He is studying hard these days.這些天他學習很努力。
He is writing a book.他在寫一本書。
注意:在“Look!, Listen!”等感嘆句后,通常用現(xiàn)在進行時。如:
Look!The bus is coming.看,公共汽車來了。
比較:
Look!There comes the bus.(以Here, There為首的句子以一般現(xiàn)在時表示正在進行的動作。)
(3)與表示將來的時間狀語連用,表示最近計劃或安排好的將要發(fā)生的動作,主要用于go, come,arrive, leave start, return等瞬間動詞。即用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來。
He is leaving for Nanjing tonight.他今晚去南京。
The meeting is beginning at three this afternoon.會議在下午3:00開始。
(4)與always, continually, forever等詞連用,表示反復出現(xiàn)的動作,代替一般現(xiàn)在時,表達說話
人強烈的感情。如贊揚、不滿、討厭等。如:
He is always asking such silly questions.他老是提這類愚蠢的問題。
He is continually making mistakes.他不斷地犯錯誤。
沒有進行時的動詞
1.表示“存在、位置”的動詞。如:be(是),lie(位于),stand(位于)
She is a doctor.她是名醫(yī)生。
The mountain lies in the middle of the country.這座山位于該國的中部。
The tower stands beside the river.這座塔位于河邊。
但是,lie, stand分別作“躺、站”解時,可用于現(xiàn)在進行時。如:
The cat is lying under the table.貓?zhí)稍谧雷酉旅妗?/p>
He is standing against the door.他正靠門站著。
2.表示“所有”的動詞。如:have(有),own(擁有)
I have a new car.我有一輛新車。
He owns a lot of houses.他擁有許多房子。
但是,當have作“吃、舉行”講時,可用于現(xiàn)在進行時。如:
She is having lunch now.她現(xiàn)在正在吃午飯。
They are having a sports meeting.他們正在舉行運動會。
3.表示感覺的動詞。如:see(看到),hear(聽到),smell(聞到),feel(摸起來),taste(嘗起來),find(發(fā)現(xiàn))等。
I see a snake lying in the grass.我看到一條蛇躺在草叢里。
4.表示心理活動和情感的動詞,如:know(知道),understand(理解),think(作為),like(喜歡),love(愛),hate(恨),hope(希望),want(想要)等。
I think they are right.我認為他們是正確的。
I like music.我喜歡音樂。
但是,think作“想,考慮”解時,可用于進行時態(tài)。如:
I’m thinking about it now.我現(xiàn)在正在考慮這事。
Do you know what he is thinking about? 你知道他在想什么嗎?
六、過去進行時的用法
(1)過去進行時表示過去某一時刻正在進行的動作。一般和過去的特定時間狀語或狀語從句連用。
如:then, at that time, at eight yesterday, this time yesterday, when he came in等。
I was playing volley-ball this time last Sunday.上周日的這個時候我正在打排球。
Li Fang was watching TV when her father came back.李芳的爸爸回來時她正在看電視。
(2)過去進行時表示過去某段時間是持續(xù)進行的動作。
They were making ships last month.他們上個月正在造船。
(3)go, come, leave等瞬間動詞的過去進行時表示過去某一時間安排或計劃好的即將發(fā)生的動作。
The plane was arriving at eight.飛機八點到達。過去進行時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
過去進行時表示過去某一動作正在進行,強調(diào)“動作的連續(xù)性”,而一般過去時則表示一個做完的動作,強調(diào)“有過這件事”。
I was playing chess last night.昨晚我在下棋。
I played chess last night.昨晚我下棋了。
My father worked last Sunday.我爸爸上周日工作了。
My father was working last Sunday.我爸爸上周日在工作。
七、現(xiàn)在完成時的用法
(1)強調(diào)不久前完成的動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響,常與already, just, yet等副詞連用。
I have just read your letter.我剛剛讀完你的信。
He has already come back.他已經(jīng)回來了.(2)表示過去發(fā)生的動作一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。常與for或since引導的一段時間狀語連用。for后通常跟
一個時間段,而since后只能跟一個具體的時間點。
for two weeks持續(xù)兩周時間;since Monday自從周一
He has lived here for three years.他在此住了兩年了。
I have been here since 1976.自從1976年我就一直在這里。瞬間動詞及注意要點:
a.現(xiàn)在完成時的肯定句,其謂語動詞如果是瞬間動詞,如come, go, begin, join等,則不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。
如:他到此兩周了。
He has arrived here for two weeks.(×)
此時需轉換表達方式:
① 用ago代替for,并改為一般過去時。
② 用延續(xù)性動詞代替瞬間動詞。
③ 用It is/It has been…since…句型。
所以上面的句子可轉換為:
① He arrived here two weeks ago.② He has been here for two weeks.③ It is/ It has been two weeks since he arrived here.b.當瞬間動詞用于否定句時,則可以與時間段連用。如:
I haven’t gone there for six years.我六年沒去那兒。
(3)強調(diào)直到現(xiàn)在為止的生活經(jīng)歷。
I have been to Paris twice.我去過巴黎兩次。
It’s one of the most interesting films I’ve ever seen.它是我看過的最有趣的電影之一。
比較have been to與have gone to
have been to表示“去過某地”,現(xiàn)在已回來了,可以與ever ,since等詞連用。如:
I have ever been to London.我曾去過倫敦。
have gone to表示“去某地了”,現(xiàn)在尚未回來,不能與ever, since等詞連用。
He has gone to London.他去倫敦了。
現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別
二者都表示“動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生”,區(qū)別在于:
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關系,即對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結果、影響等,而一般過去時只表示過
去的事實,不表示和現(xiàn)在的關系。
He has learned French for three years.他學法語已三年了。
He learned French for three years.他曾學過三年法語。
Who has taken my bag? I couldn’t find it.誰拿走了我的包?我找不著了!
He cleaned the house yesterday.他昨天打掃過房間。
The room is clean, for he has cleaned it already.房間很干凈,因為他已經(jīng)打掃過了。
(2)現(xiàn)在完成時不可與表示過去的時間副詞連用,而一般過去時則可以。
He has done some washing yesterday.(F)
He did some washing yesterday.(T)
他昨天洗衣服了。
八、過去完成時的用法
與現(xiàn)在完成時的用法相似,只不過作為衡量基準點的時間點不同,現(xiàn)在完成時以現(xiàn)在作為衡量的基準點,而過去完成時則以過去某個時刻作為基準點。
(1)表示在過去某一時刻或動作之前完成了的動作,即“過去的過去”,常by, before引導的時間狀
語連用。如:
By the time he was ten, Edison had built a lab for himself.到愛迪生10歲時,他已給自己建了一個實驗室。
He had measured me before I could get in a word.我還沒說話,他已把衣服量完了。
I thought I had seen him before.我原以為以前見過他。
(2)表示由過去某一時間開始,一直延續(xù)到過去另一時間的動作或狀態(tài)。常與for和since引導的時間
狀語相連用。
She said she had worked in that hospital for 20 years.她說她已在那所醫(yī)院工作20年了。
He said he had taught in the university since 1989.他說自從1989年他就在這所大學任教。
(3)敘述過去發(fā)生的事情后,反過來又追敘或補述更早以前發(fā)生的動作時,常用過去完成時。
I knew nothing about this matter, for I had been away for six month.對于此事我一無所知,因為我已離開6個月了。
Some people ran into the street.They had heard a loud noise.有些人跑上了街,他們聽到很響的嘈雜聲。
時態(tài)的一致
在一些從句(主要是賓語從句)中謂語動詞的時態(tài),常常受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響,這叫做時態(tài)的一致。
時態(tài)的一致通常分以下一些情況下考慮:
1.當主句中的謂語動詞是現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或將來時態(tài),在這種情況下,從句的謂語動詞可以用任何所需時
態(tài)。如:
I know that Mr.Brown is a good teacher.我知道布朗先生是一名好老師。
She believes that he was once a solider.她相信他以前曾是一名士兵。
He will tell us what he is going to do.他將告訴我們他要干什么。
2.當主句中的謂語動詞是過去的某種時態(tài),在這種情況下,從句的謂語動詞可以分為下面三種情況:
(1)如果從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作與主句的謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,從句則需要用一
般過去時或過去進行時。如:
He was wondering where he could put the box.他不知道該把這個盒子放在哪里。
The students were talking while the teacher was writing on the blackboard.老師在黑板上板書時,學生們在說話。
(2)如果從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主語的謂語動作之前,從句則要用過去完成時。如:
The train had left when they got to the station.當他們到達車站時,火車已經(jīng)開走了。
He said his father had been dead for twenty years.他說他父親已經(jīng)去世二十年了。
(3)如果從句的謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在主語的謂語動作之后,從句則要用過去將來時。如:
She said she would finish the work tonight.她說過她將于今晚完成這項工作。
We knew that it was going to snow.我們知道將要下雪了。
3.當從句所說明的為一般真理或客觀事實時,無論主句為何時態(tài),從句不受影響,仍用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
The boy was told that the moon travels around the earth.男孩被告知月亮繞著地球轉。
Everybody knows that sixty minutes make an hour.人人都知道一小時有六十分鐘。
第四篇:初中英語介詞用法小結
初中英語介詞用法小結
介詞主要是用來表示它后面的名詞或代詞與句中其他某個成分之間的關系。不能獨立充當句子成分,必須與后面的賓語構成介詞短語后才能做句子成分。
一.介詞(短語)語法功能
1.作狀語
介詞(短語)在句子作狀語修飾動詞。表示“時間”,‘‘地點”,‘‘條件”,‘‘方式”或‘‘目的”等。
例如:①She gets up at 6:30 in the morning every day.(表時間)
②There are some books on the desk.(表地點)
③People can’t live without air or water.(表條件)
2.作定語介詞短語作定語表示某個關系,一般放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。例如 The girl in the red skirt is Lucy.(后置定語)
3.作表語
介詞短語作表語時,多放在be 動詞之后。
例如:① She is in the next room.② He is from English.二.常用介詞的用法
1.表示時間的介詞
①in,on,at.in 表示世紀,年,周,季節(jié),在上午∕下午∕晚上∕白天等。
例如:in the morningin Mayin 2012in his fortiesin an hour
on 表示確定的時間,某日,某日的上午,下午,晚上,星期幾,或一般節(jié)日等。
例如:on Sundayon a rainy eveningon May 4on the night of May 4on Teachers’
Dayon Children’s Day
at 用于表示時間“點”.夜里.中午及某些詞組中
例如.at 4 o’clockat noonat that timeat the end ofat the age of②by ,until∕till
表示期限時通常用介詞by ,until ∕till
by表示“不遲于”,“在 ……之前”
例如:They had seen four English films by the end of last night.Until ∕till到……為止
在肯定句中謂語動詞要用延續(xù)性動詞。
例如: Iwaited for my mum until she came home.在否定句中,not … until譯成“直到……才”謂語動詞用非延續(xù)性動詞。
例如:I didn’t go to bed until my mum came home.③in ,for ,during ,through
1)in 表示“在。。。時間內(nèi)”“在。。。時間后”
例如 :Do you work in the day time or at night ?
I hear he’ll be back in a week.2)for 后接一段時間,可與多種時態(tài)連用,如與現(xiàn)在完成時連用,謂語動詞只能用延續(xù)性動詞。
例如:She has worked there for 8 years.3)during表示“在。。。期間”,強調(diào)“自始自終”.例如:
4)through =from beginning to end“自始自終”“從頭到尾 ”
例如:Dr.Bethune went on working through the night.注:對“in+時間段”提問用how soon
對“for+ 時間段”提問用 how long
On the+身體硬部位
in the +身體軟部位
④表示時間的起點用since 或from
例如:Tom has worked in the factory since three years ago.From now on ,I will learn English in the morning.⑤in 和after
1)in “在。。。以后”從現(xiàn)在算起,后接時間段,常用于將來時。
例如:We’ll be back in a week.He’ll arrive at Shanghai2)after “在。。。以后”,從過去算起,后接時間段,常用于過去時。
例如:They got there after 8 hours.后接時間點,常用于將來時。
例如:The plane is leaving after nine.2.表示地點.位置的介詞
①inontoat
in 在某一范圍之內(nèi)。
例如:Shanghai lies in the east of China.on 表示兩個不同的個體相鄰或接壤。
例如:Hefei lies on the south of Huainan.to表示兩個個體間有一段距離或隔海相望。
例如:Japan is to the east of China.At表示在街道或城鎮(zhèn)。
例如: He lives at 158 JianguoStreet.②inat
in后跟較大地方
例如:He lived in China three years ago.at 后接較小地方
例如:We waited at the gate of the school.③aboveoveron
Above表示位置高于某物不接觸,在其上方任意一點,但不是正上方。其反義詞是below例如:The moon is now above the trees in the east.Over 指正上方,垂直方向。其反義詞是under
例如:There is a bridge over the river.On 在。。。上面,相互接觸。
例如:There is a pen on the desk.特殊用法:on在樹上<本身具有> There are some apples on the tree.in在樹上< 外來物> There are some birds in the tree.3表示方向的介詞:bywithin
by后跟動名詞或抽象化的可數(shù)名詞(其前不用冠詞)意為“用??手段或方法” 例如: He goes to school by bus every day.The old man had to make money by selling vegetables.with表示用工具,借助于某一具體的手段,工具,材料或人體器官。
例如:People here build houses with stones.With the help of my teacher ,I did well in my English.We see with our eyes.in 用材料.語言.聲音等媒介,以??方式.What is this in English ? She said in a loud voice.He wrote the words in red ink.4.to 的兩種用法的區(qū)別
① to+v.(不定式)
例如:to do sth
② to+v-ing(介詞)
例如:look fordward to doing sth
get /be used to doing sth
pay attention todoing sth
make a contribution to doing sth
prefer doing sthto doing sth
6.時間狀語前不用介詞的情況。
當morning等詞前有this ,that ,next ,last 等詞修飾時,介詞須省去。下列介詞須省去:
修飾語中心詞
① this /thatmorning/week /year/January/spring② next /lastSunday /week /term/year/spring/May③ tomorrow/yesterday/lastmorning/afternoon/evening
④ the dayafter tomorrow /before yesterday
⑤ after/before/nextthe week /month
第五篇:初中英語被動語態(tài)用法小結
初中英語被動語態(tài)用法小結
一、語態(tài)概述
英語的語態(tài)是通過動詞形式的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。英語中有兩種語態(tài):主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。
主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。
例如:Many people speak Chinese.謂語:speak的動作是由主語many people來執(zhí)行的。
被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者,即行為動作的對象。例如:Chinese is spoken by many people.英語English是動詞speak的承受者。
二、被動語態(tài)的構成被動語態(tài)由“助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞”構成。人稱、數(shù)和時態(tài)的變化是通過be的變化表現(xiàn)出來的。現(xiàn)以speak為例說明被動語態(tài)在各種時態(tài)中的構成。一般現(xiàn)在時:am/is/are+spoken
一般過去時:was/were+spoken
一般將來時:will/shall be+spoken
現(xiàn)在進行時:am/is/are being+spoken
過去進行時:was/were being+spoken
現(xiàn)在完成時:have/has been+spoken
過去完成時:had been + spoken
三、被動語態(tài)的用法
(1)不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰。
例如:Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新電腦在昨晚被盜了。(不知道電腦是誰偷的)
This bridge was founded in 1981.這座橋竣工于1981年。
(2)強調(diào)動作的承受者,而不強調(diào)動作的執(zhí)行者。
例如:The glass was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是邁克打破的。
This book was written by him.這本書是他寫的。
Your homework must be finished on time.你們的家庭作業(yè)必須及時完成。
四、主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法
(1)把主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。
(2)把謂語變成被動結構(be+過去分詞)(根據(jù)被動語態(tài)句子里的主語的人稱和數(shù),以及原來主動語態(tài)句子中動詞的時態(tài)來決定be的形式)。
(3)把主動語態(tài)中的主語放在介詞by之后作賓語,將主格改為賓格。例如:All the people laughed at him.He was laughed at by all people.They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory.He cut down a tree.A tree was cut down by him.五、含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)
含有情態(tài)動詞的主動句變成被動句時,由“情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞”構成,原來帶to的情態(tài)動詞變成被動語態(tài)后“to”仍要保留。
We can repair this watch in two days.This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once.It should be done at once.六、特殊情況
1.He made the boy work for two hours yesterday.The boy was made to work by him for two hours yesterday.2.Mother never lets me watch TV.被動語態(tài)同步達標練習】
Ⅰ.單項選擇(選自各地中考題)
()1.The medicine______in a dry and cool place.(2000年重慶市中考題)
A.keep B.must keep C.must be kept D.must be keep
()3.Today ,the forests have almost gone.People must______down too many trees.(2001年安徽省中考題)
A.stop to out B.stop from cutting
C.be stopped to cut D.be stopped from cutting
()5.The key ______ for locking the classroom door.(2001年廣西省中考題)
A.uses B.is used C.is using D.use
()6.A new school______over there in two years.(2001年四川省中考題)
A.may build B.may be built C.is built
()8.Computers are very useful.For example ,they can______sending e-mail.(電子郵件)(2001年蘇州市中考題)
A.use for B.be used of C.be used for D.use of
()9.—What a nice garden!
—It______every day.(2000年武漢市中考題)
A.is cleaning B.has cleaned C.must clean D.is cleaned
()10.This work ______next week.(2000年廣西省中考題)
A.may finish B.finish C.finishes D.may be finished
()11.My house______in 1995.We have lived there for nearly five years.(2000年廣西省中考題)
A.was built B.has built C.is built D.were built
()12.The lost boy______early this morning.(2000年四川省中考題)
A.found B.was founded C.was found D.founded
()13.That white building______two years ago ,but it is quite old now.(2000年河北省中考題)
A.built B.was built C.is built D.builds
()14.The big tree______by my mother ten years ago.(2000年甘肅省中考題)
A.was planted B.planted C.has planted D.was planting【綜合能力訓練】 Ⅱ.用括號中動詞被動結構的適當形式填空。.English______widely______(use)in the world..These pictures must(keep)well..She______(fall)ill last night ,and she______(take)to the hospital at once.4.Now rice and wheat______(grow)in my hometown ,too.Look!The
crops__________(grow)fast in the fields..The Great Wall(know)all over the world..______the street lights usually ______(turn)on at seven in summer evening ? 7.______this kind of car______(produce)in Wuhan ?.______the doctor______(send)for last night ?.We used a teapot before the thermos______(invent)..Three children______(take)good care of by the nurse..Some new houses______(build)by the villagers themselves..What language ______(speak)in Japan ?.The black bike______(buy)in that shop three days ago..The doctor said Jim must ______(operate)on at once..The big tree______(blow)down in the storm last night.【創(chuàng)新備考訓練】
Ⅲ.將下列主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)。.You needn’t do it now..You must finish your homework now..We can do the work today..They founded that hospital in 1996..Yesterday we played football after school..People all over the world know the Great Wall.11.He often helps his brother.