第一篇：翻譯比賽試題及答案

翻譯評(píng)析：第二十二屆韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)竟賽漢譯英譯文和譯文評(píng)析

蝸居在巷陌的尋常幸福

Simple Happiness of Dwelling in the Back Streets

隱逸的生活似乎在傳統(tǒng)意識(shí)中一直被認(rèn)為是幸福的至高境界。但這種孤傲遁世同時(shí)也是孤獨(dú)的，純粹的隱者實(shí)屬少數(shù)，而少數(shù)者的滿足不能用來(lái)解讀普世的幸福模樣。

A secluded life has traditionally been deemed, as it seems, the supreme state of happiness, although such aloofness and retirement breed loneliness as well.Few people in fact end up as genuine recluses, whose contentment does not suffice to construe what happiness is for all.有道是小隱隱于野，大隱隱于市。真正的幸福并不隱逸，可以在街市而不是叢林中去尋找。As a common saying goes, while the “l(fā)esser hermit” lives in seclusion in the country, the “greater hermit” does so in the city.Not necessarily in solitude does reside true happiness which can be found in busy streets rather than in the woods.晨光，透過(guò)古色古香的雕花窗欞，給庭院里精致的盆景慢慢地化上一抹金黃的淡妝。那煎雞蛋的“刺啦”聲裊裊升起，空氣中開始充斥著稚嫩的童音、汽車啟動(dòng)的節(jié)奏、夫妻間甜蜜的道別，還有鄰居們簡(jiǎn)單樸素的問(wèn)好。巷陌中的這一切，忙碌卻不混亂，活潑卻不嘈雜，平淡卻不厭煩。

Here in the city lanes the early morning sunshine filters through the carved old-style latticed windows on the walls and faintly gilds the exquisite potted plants in courtyards.As eggs sizzle in frying pans, the morning begins to fill with rising sounds: the soft voices of children, the chugging rhythm of car engines, the sweet exchange of goodbyes between husbands and wives, as well as the brief greetings among neighbors.Such back streets are busy but not chaotic, lively but not clamorous, plain but not wearisome.巷尾的綠地雖然沒(méi)有山野的蒼翠欲滴，但是空氣中彌漫著荒野中所沒(méi)有的生機(jī)。微黃的路燈下，每一張長(zhǎng)椅都寫著不同的心情，甜蜜與快樂(lè)、悲傷與喜悅，交織在一起，在靜謐中緩緩發(fā)酵。誰(shuí)也不會(huì)知道在下一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)角中會(huì)是怎樣的驚喜，會(huì)是一家風(fēng)格獨(dú)特食客不斷的小吃店？是一家放著爵士樂(lè)的酒吧？還是一家擺著高腳木凳、連空氣都閑散的小小咖啡館？坐在戶外撐著遮陽(yáng)傘的木椅上，和新認(rèn)識(shí)的朋友一邊喝茶，一邊談著自己小小的生活，或許也是一種愜意。

Although the green patches at the end of the back streets are not so lushly verdant as those on the mountains, the urban air is permeated with a vitality lacking in the wilderness.Under pale yellow street lamps, each bench embodies diversified feelings—sweetness and happiness, joys and sorrows—all interwoven to slowly ferment in tranquility.No one knows what kind of pleasant surprise may be in store for him around the corner: a uniquely styled and busy cafe? Or a bar emitting jazz music? Or a coffee shop with tall stools and a relaxed atmosphere? Perhaps it is also satisfying just to sit outdoors on a wooden chair under a sunshade, chatting over a cup of tea about daily trifles with new friends.一切，被時(shí)間打磨，被時(shí)間沉淀，終于形成了一種習(xí)慣，一種默契，一種文化。All these elements, tempered and deposited by time, settled finally into a custom, a tacit understanding and a culture.和來(lái)家中做客的鄰居朋友用同一種腔調(diào)巧妙地笑謔著身邊的瑣事，大家瞇起的眼睛都默契地閃著同一種狡黠；和家人一起圍在飯桌前，銜滿食物的嘴還發(fā)著含糊的聲音，有些聒噪，但沒(méi)人厭煩。

When neighbors and friends come, they share witty jokes about personal trivialities, implicitly understanding each other's eye movements of like astuteness.Family members sit around the dining table, chattering through mouthfuls of food, and no one is bothered by the noise.小巷雖然狹窄，卻拉不住快樂(lè)蔓延的速度??

Those lanes, narrow as they may be, cannot hold back the pervading happiness...隨著城市里那些密集而冰冷的高樓大廈拔地而起，在擁堵的車流中，在污濁的空氣里，人們的幸福正在一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)地破碎，飄零。大家住得越來(lái)越寬敞，越來(lái)越私密。自我，也被劃進(jìn)一個(gè)單獨(dú)的空間里，小心地不去觸碰別人的心靈，也不容許他人輕易介入?？墒?，一個(gè)人安靜下來(lái)時(shí)會(huì)覺(jué)得，曾經(jīng)厭煩的那些嘈雜回想起來(lái)很溫情很懷念。

But as dense, cold high-rises shoot up in the city, woefully accompanied by traffic congestion and air pollution, people?s happiness is little by little being eroded and lost.With more dwelling space and privacy, one has his “self” encircled in a solitary world, careful not to infringe on the souls of others, while also seeking not to be infringed upon.However, when one quiets down, the once tiresome hubbub now may evoke warm feelings and nostalgia.比起高樓聳立的曼哈頓，人們更加喜歡佛羅倫薩紅色穹頂下被陽(yáng)光淹沒(méi)的古老巷道；比起在夜晚光輝璀璨的陸家嘴，人們會(huì)更喜歡充滿孩子們打鬧嬉笑的萬(wàn)航渡路。就算已蒼然老去，支撐起夢(mèng)境的應(yīng)該是老房子暗灰的安詳，吳儂軟語(yǔ)的叫賣聲，那一方氤氳過(guò)溫馨和回憶的小弄堂。

To Manhattan with soaring skyscrapers, people prefer Florence with sun-bathed ancient alleys by the towering red dome(1);to Lujiazui with dazzling night lights, people prefer Wanhangdu Road with narrow lanes full of rollicking children.Even as one grows old, it is likely that his dreams would be embellished by the serenity of the grey old houses, the calls of vendors in a soft-toned local dialect, and the small lanes filled with soothing memories.如果用一雙細(xì)膩的眼眸去觀照，其實(shí)每一片青苔和爬山虎占據(jù)的墻角，都是墨綠色的詩(shī)篇，不會(huì)飄逸，不會(huì)豪放，只是那種平淡的幸福，簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單。If observed with a perceptive eye, every inch of the walls and corners adorned with moss and ivy becomes a verdurous poem, which, neither elegant nor powerful, represents plain and simple happiness.幸福是什么模樣，或許并不難回答。幸福就是一本攤開的詩(shī)篇，關(guān)于在城市的天空下，那些尋常巷陌的詩(shī)。

Perhaps it is not so difficult to define happiness after all.Happiness is an unfurled scroll of poems, describing ordinary alleys under the city skies.夜幕籠罩，那散落一地的萬(wàn)家燈火中，有多少尋常的幸福正蝸居在巷陌?? No one knows how much simple happiness is seeping through those back streets lit up by the scattered lamps as the night falls...注釋

(1)即佛羅倫薩的Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore(圣母百花大教堂）。據(jù)說(shuō)該教堂是世界排名第三的大教堂，坐落在佛羅倫薩的中心地帶.是佛羅倫薩最為著名的地標(biāo)之一。圣母百花大教堂最為著名的是教堂圓頂.八角圓頂為紅色，頂高31米，最大直徑為43米，建成時(shí)是當(dāng)時(shí)最大的圓頂，圓頂?shù)恼袨榧忭斔ぁ?/p>

第二十二屆韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)竟賽漢譯英參賽譯文評(píng)析

本屆大賽共收到漢英翻譯的參賽譯文613份，是韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)競(jìng)賽漢譯英獎(jiǎng)項(xiàng)單獨(dú)設(shè)立以來(lái)參賽譯文最多的一次。漢英翻譯參賽譯文大致是英漢翻譯參賽譯文的二分之一，與往屆參賽譯文數(shù)量比例一致。

在評(píng)審參賽譯文時(shí)我們看到，大多數(shù)參賽者極其認(rèn)真，仔細(xì)研究競(jìng)賽原文，考證其中的信息內(nèi)涵，在翻譯時(shí)對(duì)原文的風(fēng)格、遣詞造句的特點(diǎn)都予以考慮和再現(xiàn)，有些參賽者還就原文中可能影響理解的信息——注釋，這些都是一個(gè)合格譯者必須具備的認(rèn)真態(tài)度和高度負(fù)責(zé)精神。從參賽譯文質(zhì)量來(lái)看，有些譯文對(duì)原文信息再現(xiàn)得較為準(zhǔn)確、細(xì)膩、周到，令評(píng)閱者感到欣喜，有些參賽譯文整體不錯(cuò)，但個(gè)別地方有些美中不足，有些參賽譯文字字對(duì)應(yīng)，不敢越雷池一步，有些參賽譯文無(wú)拘無(wú)束、猶如天馬行空一般。下面就從五個(gè)方面來(lái)對(duì)本次漢英翻譯中的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析。1-標(biāo)題的翻譯

本屆“韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)”漢譯英競(jìng)賽原文，選自《新民晚報(bào)》2009年11月19日B14版刊登的一篇散文，作者是上海市巿西中學(xué)高二學(xué)生盧嘉西。原文的筆觸優(yōu)雅清淡，立意新穎，猶如一幅隨意浸染的寫意畫，旨在喚起人們?cè)谖镔|(zhì)財(cái)富日趨豐富、人際關(guān)系漸趨淡漠的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單卻又充滿人情味的歲月的美好回憶。美國(guó)戲劇家、散文家羅納德'鄧肯(Ronald Duncan)曾經(jīng)說(shuō)過(guò)：“It would seem that happiness is something to do with simplicity, and that it is the ability to extract pleasure from the simplest things.”(轉(zhuǎn)弓I自$|、致4L，2003 ：154)作者也正是從人們?cè)偈煜げ贿^(guò)的一些街頭小景、居家常景中去感'捂尋常百姓的尋常幸福。競(jìng)賽原文的標(biāo)題為“蝸居在巷陌的尋常幸?！保Z(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練，音意皆美，寥寥數(shù)字就點(diǎn)出了文章的主旨。

“蝸居”原為名詞，其意為“蝸舍”，喻意居室狹小，出自明章懋《與劉知府惟馨書》：“況今老病龍鐘，杜門待盡，則陋巷蝸居，乃其素分?！绷?yè)?jù)百度百科解釋，“蝸居”的釋義有三條?:①比喻窄小的住所。常用作謙詞。②伏處；潛居。③因每月還房貸，經(jīng)濟(jì)能力受限，從而生活行為受限的一種生活形態(tài)。從613篇參賽譯文中我們看到了參賽者對(duì)標(biāo)題的不同翻譯方法（見(jiàn)例1)。

例1 ：蝸居在巷陌的尋常幸福

翻譯方法 標(biāo)題翻譯實(shí)例

逐字對(duì)譯

(1)The Ordinary Happiness of Living like Snail in a Small and Humble Alley Abode(2)The usual happiness snail-like living in an alley(3)The Ordinary Happiness of a Shell Dwelling in the Alley 擬人擬物

(4)Ordinary Happiness Dwelling in the Narrow Lanes(5)Ordinary Happiness Nestling in Streets and Alleys(6)Plain happiness lurking in alleys(7)The Ordinary Happiness Cramped in the Alleyways(8)Homely Happiness that Resides in Cramped Abodes in Lanes(9)Plain Happiness Snails in Small Alleys 引申

(10)Ordinary Happiness of Dwelling Humbly at Alley Abodes(11)The Common Happiness of Dwelling in Alleys(12)Happiness enjoyed by the common people dwelling in a nutshell 重心調(diào)整

(13)Alleys, the Humble Nestle of Ordinary Happiness(14)A City Alleyway Snuggling Amongst Happy Homes 結(jié)構(gòu)重組

(15)Simple Happiness of an Alley Life(16)The Ordinary Happiness of Lane Dwellers(17)Dwelling in the Alleys, a Plain Happiness(18)The Homely Happiness of Being an Alley Hermit(19)Ordinary Mortals' Contentment(20)Limited Alley Dwelling, Unlimited Happy Living(21)Flowers of Common Happiness Blossom among the Lanes 說(shuō)明：作者為了說(shuō)明相關(guān)問(wèn)題對(duì)表格中的實(shí)例進(jìn)行了有針2t'hi的歸類，這些分類相互交叉或不夠嚴(yán)密，并非非此即彼。其中有些譯文使用了多種方法，但是為了清晰簡(jiǎn)潔，作者并未將其分別歸類。

有些參賽者對(duì)照原文逐字對(duì)譯（見(jiàn)例1中的句1-3)，將“蝸居”與snail聯(lián)系起來(lái)，保留了原文“蝸”的意象，但是這種過(guò)分拘泥于原文的譯法可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致意義的損失，讓讀者理解感到困惑。有些參賽者將原文理解為擬人或擬物手法（句4>9)，并在譯文中進(jìn)行了再現(xiàn)，這樣的處理有違作者的原意，況且句6中的lurking和句

7、句8中的cramped,會(huì)有損于譯文的意義和給讀者的感受。重心調(diào)整的譯文形式新穎，體現(xiàn)了參賽者的靈活思維，但是此處所列舉的兩例（句13和句14)在意義上與原文有出人。結(jié)構(gòu)重組法是參賽者使用較多的一種方法，有些結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)潔靈活，反映了參賽者對(duì)原文較為深入的理解以及對(duì)原文結(jié)構(gòu)的大膽超脫，其中有可資借鑒的實(shí)例（句15和句16)，也有因調(diào)整帶來(lái)偏差的譯文（句19)。這里還要特別提一下句21。該譯文可以說(shuō)音形意皆美的“佳作”，譯者的思維非常活躍，完全擺脫了原文結(jié)構(gòu)的束縛，然而經(jīng)過(guò)評(píng)審組激烈的討論，還是未予認(rèn)可，認(rèn)為該譯文與原文相差較大，巳經(jīng)不是翻譯，而是譯者本人的創(chuàng)作了，因此不能稱為“佳譯”。引申法是本次大賽中參賽者使用最為廣泛的一種手法，也符合原作者的本意?？v觀原文，作者所言的“尋常幸?！逼鋵?shí)是從簡(jiǎn)單樸實(shí)的生活中獲得的快樂(lè)和滿足，貫穿語(yǔ)篇的是生活在小巷的人們?cè)趯こＩ钪械男腋８惺?。基于上文的分析，我們認(rèn)為，“尋常幸?！弊g為simple happiness更為貝占切些，Backstreet(或back street)的意思是 “a small quiet street that is away from the main part of a town”(參見(jiàn)Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Pearson Education Limited, 2005),更切合原文的“巷陌”之意。因此參考譯文為“Simple Happiness of Dwelling in the Back Streets”。2.邏輯的貫通與梗滯 理解原文包括理解原文的字詞、字詞的明示和隱含意義、句子之間的邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)、遣詞造句的特點(diǎn)及其與意義之間的相關(guān)性以及上述諸多因素所形成的原文風(fēng)格。漢語(yǔ)是語(yǔ)義型語(yǔ)言，“在幾千年的重意、重神、重風(fēng)骨、重凌虛的哲學(xué)和美學(xué)的傳統(tǒng)影響下，形成了一種注重內(nèi)在關(guān)系、隱含關(guān)系、模糊關(guān)系的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)素質(zhì)。”（潘文國(guó)，2004: 335)這些特點(diǎn)滲透在中國(guó)人的思維方式之中，表現(xiàn)在漢語(yǔ)言作品中，形成了漢語(yǔ)重意合的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)，上下文內(nèi)容之間的關(guān)聯(lián)和內(nèi)容的層次需要讀者意會(huì)和領(lǐng)悟，與英語(yǔ)注重形式中的邏輯性并通過(guò)顯性的方式進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)的特點(diǎn)差別較大。譯者會(huì)無(wú)意之中將這種思維方式和語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式遷移到翻譯作品中，對(duì)漢英翻譯產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。

例2:比起高樓聳立的曼哈頓，人們更加喜歡佛羅倫薩紅色穹頂下被陽(yáng)光淹沒(méi)的古老巷道；比起在夜晚光輝璀碟的陸家嘴，人們會(huì)更喜歡充滿孩子們打鬧嬉笑的萬(wàn)航渡路。

參賽譯文1 ： Comparing to Manhattan with high-rise skyscrapers, people prefer the ancient lanes below the red domes in the sunshine in Florence.Comparing with Lujiazui bright in Shanghai in the evening and at night, people prefer Wanhangdulu Street full of children' s noise and laughing in high jinks.(085)②

參賽譯文2 ： People prefer the ancient lanes under the red domes of Florence to Manhattan full of high-rises, or Wanhangdu Road bustled with playing children to the twinkling lights of Lujiazui financial center at night.(056)參賽譯文3 ： Compared to Manhattan with high-rise towers, people prefer the ancient lanes bathing in the sunshine under the red dome in Florence;compared to the brilliantly illuminated Lujiazui at night, people favor the Wanhangdu Road where children are frolicking and laughing everywhere.(405)例2反映了漢語(yǔ)隱性邏輯的典型特征，從文字上看，作者是對(duì)曼哈頓和古老巷道兩個(gè)不同概念進(jìn)行比較，三個(gè)參賽譯文均直接按照原文的文字進(jìn)行翻譯，造成了譯文比較結(jié)構(gòu)失衡。參賽譯文3忽略了英文的邏輯性要求和邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與主句主語(yǔ)一致的原則，使用了兩個(gè)compared的分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)發(fā)生矛盾，從而造成語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。此處的“紅色穹頂”指佛羅倫薩的圣母百花大教堂(Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore),該教堂的紅色八角圓頂是佛羅倫薩的標(biāo)志之一，參考譯文采用了單數(shù)形式，譯為“the red dome”。因此，在翻譯時(shí)要對(duì)原文中隱約可見(jiàn)的意義脈絡(luò)進(jìn)行梳理，要對(duì)其內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行調(diào)整。3.缺位、錯(cuò)位與越位

自1898年嚴(yán)復(fù)在《〈天演論〉譯例言》中首次提出“譯事三難：信、達(dá)、雅”，翻譯界掀起過(guò)多次討論，雖然“信”作為翻譯首要原則的地位沒(méi)有動(dòng)搖，但是對(duì)“信”的內(nèi)容、層次、程度始終都是眾說(shuō)紛紜，莫衷一是。其實(shí)，忠實(shí)可以分為三個(gè)層次：忠實(shí)原文的字詞，忠實(shí)原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)》忠實(shí)原文的精神實(shí)質(zhì)。在翻譯實(shí)踐和翻譯探討時(shí)，人們往往把“忠實(shí)”停留在第一個(gè)層面上，認(rèn)為忠實(shí)就是要和原文——對(duì)應(yīng)，要在譯文中再現(xiàn)出原文的每個(gè)字，每一個(gè)詞，甚至是每一個(gè)標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，譯者只是在譯“形”，而不是在譯“意”。這種“以實(shí)對(duì)實(shí)”往往會(huì)造成死譯，出現(xiàn)翻譯中的忠實(shí)過(guò)度，其產(chǎn)品“充其量只能成為剝制的標(biāo)本：一根羽毛也不少，可惜是一只死鳥，徒有形貌，沒(méi)有飛翔”?，最終造成譯者的“缺位”，因形害義。如上述標(biāo)題翻譯中的“逐字對(duì)譯法”即是如此。再如：

例3 ： Narrow as the alley is, it can not restrain the speed of the spread of happiness.(464)例4 ： The sizzling noise of making fried eggs begins to roll up.(459)例5 ： The first morning light through the antique window lattices gradually falls on the delicate miniascape with light golden-sunshine make-up.(463)例6 ： With those dense and lifeless high-rise buildings put up in the city, people' s feeling of happiness is tattered in the stream of traffic jam or in the foul air, whirling and scattering around.(464)例3中的speed與漢語(yǔ)中的“速度”一詞^f應(yīng)，但是在英語(yǔ)中卻帶來(lái)了“過(guò)實(shí)”的問(wèn)題。在例4中，參賽者分別選用了 make, sizzle和noise三個(gè)單詞分別對(duì)應(yīng)漢語(yǔ)原文中的“煎”、“刺啦”和“聲”。Sizzle是象聲詞，其釋義為“to make the sound of food frying in hot oil”，只才應(yīng)的漢語(yǔ)譯文為“發(fā)出（油煎食物的）噬噬聲”④。Noise—詞似乎也已經(jīng)把原文中的聲音定性為“unpleasant”,與原意不符，make也顯得多余。例5中的light golden-sunshine make-up與原文中的“金黃色的淡妝”對(duì)應(yīng)得嚴(yán)絲合縫，殊不知英語(yǔ)中的gild的意思即是“to make something look bright, as if covered with gold”。例6 中的happiness是抽象名詞，含義豐富，表示幸福的心境、狀態(tài)、感覺(jué)等，feeling實(shí)屬畫蛇添足。上述實(shí)例均有“公式化”⑤的傾向，這樣的譯文往往會(huì)形成中式英語(yǔ)，給外國(guó)讀者帶來(lái)理解上的困難，不利于翻譯最終目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

當(dāng)然譯者的“缺位”還有另外一種情況，即將翻譯的文本信息簡(jiǎn)化或淺化處理。孫藝風(fēng)認(rèn)為，“就翻譯而言，簡(jiǎn)化則意味著源語(yǔ)文本在豐富性和暗示性方面的削弱，將會(huì)導(dǎo)致更多的異質(zhì)，甚至有可能是源語(yǔ)信息的誤傳，盡管實(shí)際情形是有時(shí)候必須如此或無(wú)法避免。無(wú)疑，意義的多元性的本質(zhì)使得傳達(dá)相對(duì)完整的意義正是任何嚴(yán)肅的譯者的職責(zé)所在”（2004: 77)。簡(jiǎn)化一方面可能是因?yàn)樽g者對(duì)潛在讀者能力的判斷，認(rèn)為讀者可能無(wú)法理解原文中豐富多彩的信息內(nèi)容；另一方面也是因?yàn)樽g者無(wú)法在譯入語(yǔ)中靈活巧妙準(zhǔn)確地再現(xiàn)原文的信息。我們?cè)趯忛唴①愖g文時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，第二種情況是本次競(jìng)賽中譯文簡(jiǎn)化的主要原因。原文語(yǔ)言優(yōu)美，信息蘊(yùn)含豐富，參賽者在自己的詞匯庫(kù)中無(wú)法找到原文的對(duì)應(yīng)語(yǔ)，于是將原文的豐富信息簡(jiǎn)化處理，只保留其最實(shí)質(zhì)性的部分。

例7:有道是小隱隱于野，大隱隱于市。真正的幸福并不隱逸，可以在街市而不是叢林中去尋找。

參賽譯文1 ： As a saying goes, the better wisdom is in the wild and the best one is in the chaos places but none knows.Real happiness can be found in streets but not from the wild, it does not hide, either.(047)參賽譯文2 ： The proverb puts “the real hermit lives in city instead of wildness”，it implies that real happiness does not withdraw from society and live in solitude, and can be found in city instead of woods.(017)參賽譯文1的信息安排較為凌亂，動(dòng)詞簡(jiǎn)單且表現(xiàn)力不足，語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤較多，關(guān)聯(lián)詞but not,either 用法不當(dāng)，致使譯文語(yǔ)言表達(dá)不夠到位，信息內(nèi)容無(wú)法完美再現(xiàn)。在參賽譯文2中，參賽者將原文中的對(duì)稱式謗語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)化處理，將“l(fā)ive in city”這樣的詞匯組合與“隱于市”這個(gè)內(nèi)隱信息豐富的詞組對(duì)應(yīng)，下文中的society在此處也顯得蒼白無(wú)力，只是對(duì)“并不隱逸”的解釋，無(wú)法賦予譯文相似的內(nèi)涵和聯(lián)想，造成了信息再現(xiàn)失當(dāng)，而且語(yǔ)言表達(dá)中也存在著語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，如it implies與上文的The proverb puts的并列之間沒(méi)有關(guān)聯(lián)詞，in city沒(méi)有冠詞等。

由于英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的要求不同，英語(yǔ)重主語(yǔ)，漢語(yǔ)重主題，在漢英翻譯時(shí)主語(yǔ)的選擇和確定往往會(huì)直接影響意義再現(xiàn)的準(zhǔn)確度和與原文風(fēng)格的吻合度，常常會(huì)出現(xiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)安排不當(dāng)造成的錯(cuò)位現(xiàn)象。

例8 ：和家人一起圍在飯桌前，銜滿食物的嘴還發(fā)著含糊的聲音，有些聒噪，但沒(méi)人厭煩。

參賽譯文1 ；...encircling the dinning table with their family, people make slurred voice from their food-crammed mouths, which, to some degree, is boisterous, with no boredom.(464)參賽譯文2 ： Surrounding the table with families, they make a vague voice with mouthfuls of food, which seems a little noisy, but not boring.(462)參賽譯文3 ：...while sitting at the dinner table with the family, their mouths, full of food, make the blurred and sometimes noisy voice, but no one is sick of it.(459)參考譯文：Family members sit around the dining table, chattering through mouthfuls of food, and no one is bothered by the noise.分上述三個(gè)參賽譯文均把“發(fā)著含糊的聲音”作為謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，突出了 “吃飯時(shí)發(fā)出聲音”這一不甚雅觀的場(chǎng)景，同時(shí)也把“銜滿食物的嘴”一覽無(wú)余地暴露在讀者的視線之中。其實(shí)，原文作者在描述這一場(chǎng)景時(shí)意在突出家人圍坐在一起隨意聊天的愜意，并無(wú)冒犯英語(yǔ)讀者之意，因此，參考譯文以“sit around”作謂語(yǔ)，把chattering作為伴隨動(dòng)作，再現(xiàn)了作者試圖在字里行間流露出的融融樂(lè)趣，也淡化了 “銜滿食物的嘴”可能帶來(lái)令人不悅的聽覺(jué)和視覺(jué)沖擊。

在翻譯中存在著另外一種傾向，有些譯者認(rèn)為翻譯就是在理解原文基礎(chǔ)上用譯入語(yǔ)的自由創(chuàng)作，于是便將原作者的意義領(lǐng)悟于心，任由自己施展才華，結(jié)果就會(huì)出現(xiàn)翻譯中的“越位”。上文列舉的標(biāo)題翻譯中的“Flowers of Common Happiness Blossom among the Lanes”雖然體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)者漢英翻譯時(shí)極其難得的思維靈活性，但是畢竟與原文有不小的距離。同樣的越位現(xiàn)象在上文例7中諺語(yǔ)“有道是小隱隱于野，大隱隱于巿”的翻譯中也非常突出。

參賽譯文1 ； Hence arises the saying, “for solitude, you'll flee to the waste land;with solitude, you' re hidden within the earthly mankind.”(101)參賽譯文2 ： As the old saying goes, for seclusion, you will flee into the wild, while in reclusion, you are free even in the crowd.(160)參賽譯文3 ： As the saying goes, 'For solitude, you'll flee to the wild;in solitude, you're free in towns.，(171)參賽譯文4 ： As the saying goes, for solitude, you' 11 flee;with solitude, you decree.(412)上述四個(gè)譯文都有其獨(dú)到之處，如果不對(duì)照原文的話，譯者精心安排的結(jié)構(gòu)、節(jié)奏、韻腳稍加潤(rùn)飾都不失為好的句子，會(huì)讓讀者耳目一新。但是翻譯畢竟是翻譯，必須“帶著腳鐐手銬跳舞”，優(yōu)美的舞姿方能得到贊許；掙脫了腳鐐手銬，生花的妙筆也只能是“不忠實(shí)的美人”。4.風(fēng)格傳譯中的得與失

散文翻譯，必然會(huì)涉及到風(fēng)格的再現(xiàn)，“風(fēng)格翻譯可以說(shuō)是對(duì)翻譯者的最高要求”。（吳剛，2006 ： 82)我們認(rèn)為，本次競(jìng)賽原文的難點(diǎn)之一就在于風(fēng)格的把握與再現(xiàn)。高健從自己大量的散文翻譯實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)中總結(jié)認(rèn)為，“認(rèn)識(shí)到風(fēng)格的可譯性會(huì)促使我們更加密切地注意內(nèi)容所賴以表達(dá)、賴以存在的風(fēng)格形式——語(yǔ)句的銜接、停頓的間隔、節(jié)奏的變換、形象的使用，乃至標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的繁簡(jiǎn)，等等”（高健，1994: 118-119)。他認(rèn)為風(fēng)格“來(lái)源、游離于內(nèi)容與形式之間，時(shí)而偏向前者一些，時(shí)而偏向后者一些，時(shí)而是前是后難分，位置并不十分固定，它實(shí)際上是內(nèi)容和形式的共同產(chǎn)物，但一般說(shuō)卻似乎更加偏近于形式一些”（高健，1985 ： 9)。這些探討揭示了風(fēng)格的構(gòu)成要素，它不單是形式的，也不單是內(nèi)容的，而是形式與內(nèi)容的結(jié)合所形成的一種超乎形式和內(nèi)容的東西，同時(shí)也強(qiáng)調(diào)了語(yǔ)言形式對(duì)風(fēng)格形成的重要作用。有些參賽者對(duì)形式關(guān)注不夠或者對(duì)譯語(yǔ)的感悟不夠到位，造成了風(fēng)格再現(xiàn)中的損失。

例10 ：小巷雖然狹窄，卻拉不住快樂(lè)蔓延的速度??

參賽譯文1 ： The narrow lane can not slow down the spreading speed of happiness.(017)參賽譯文2 ： Despite the narrow alley, the expanding of happiness can not be controlled...(054)參賽譯文3 ： Narrow as they are, alleys don't slow down the spread of happiness...(217)本例是全篇一個(gè)承上啟下的過(guò)渡句，作者在前半部分著重描述了巷陌尋常生活中的尋常幸福，把人們帶人了對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單生活的美好回味之中，平淡的生活、平淡的畫面在狹窄的小巷中、微黃的路燈下——展開。至此，作者從平淡而美好的往昔跳回到高樓林立、車流擁堵、空氣污濁的現(xiàn)實(shí)之中，為作者在文末闡述自己的觀點(diǎn)做好了鋪墊。而且這句話意在突出幸福感的傳播并不會(huì)因小巷的狹窄而受到阻塞，其語(yǔ)言表達(dá)形式蘊(yùn)含著豐富意味。因此，翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)該把握其形式上的特點(diǎn)及其蘊(yùn)含的信息。參賽譯文1直接把蘊(yùn)含的信息變成了平鋪直敘的直白表述，失去了原文的婉轉(zhuǎn)含蓄。參賽譯文2改變了原文的信息重心，顯得突兀。參賽譯文3雖然重心把握到位，但是一個(gè)“don't”把作者對(duì)小巷的情感化為烏有。

參考譯文：Those lanes, narrow as they may be, cannot hold back the pervading happiness...風(fēng)格是貫穿整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇的精神風(fēng)貌，是通篇在遣詞造句上協(xié)調(diào)一致的特點(diǎn)，風(fēng)格的形成離不開詞句單獨(dú)的特點(diǎn)，但決不是單獨(dú)詞句特點(diǎn)的簡(jiǎn)單累加，也不是美詞大詞的堆砌。其實(shí)，翻譯應(yīng)該注重“the right word in the right place at the right time”，還有for the right purpose,這樣的文章方可形成風(fēng)格。5.細(xì)微之處見(jiàn)功力 翻譯是一種自上而下的過(guò)程，應(yīng)從大處著眼，小處著手，細(xì)微之處往往對(duì)整體有著至關(guān)重要的影響。細(xì)節(jié)的成功有助于整體的完美再現(xiàn)。

本屆競(jìng)賽原文中有幾處地名，如曼哈頓、佛羅倫薩、陸家嘴、萬(wàn)航渡路等，前兩個(gè)有現(xiàn)成的英文，此處自不必言。后兩者需要根據(jù)現(xiàn)行的翻譯規(guī)則進(jìn)行處理。從參賽譯文中可以看到各種各樣的處理方法，主要有以下四種：①按單字翻譯，如Lu Jia Zui, Wan Hang Du Road ,②按照人名的翻譯方法處理，將姓和名分開，如Lu Jiazui ,③按照整體處理，如Lujiazui, Wanhangdu Road ；④為了方便讀者理解，增加解釋性說(shuō)明，如Lujiazui Mouth, Wanhang ferry ,⑤沿用已有譯名，如Jessfield Road?。連益認(rèn)為，“用漢語(yǔ)拼音字母拼寫中國(guó)地名，不僅是中國(guó)的統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而且是國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”。他認(rèn)為“以人名命名的地名英譯，人名的姓和名迕''-;，人名必須前置，通名后置，不加定冠詞。這種譯法多用于自然地理實(shí)體地名”，但“如果以人名命名的非自然地理實(shí)體地名，姓和名分寫，人名前置或后置按習(xí)'K用法”，々口 Sun Yat-sen' s Mausoleum(中山陵），Huang Jiguang Memorial(黃繼光紀(jì)念館）等。(連益，1999)據(jù)此，我們建議，將兩個(gè)地名分別譯為L(zhǎng)ujiazui和Wanhangdu Road。

競(jìng)賽原文中擬聲詞“刺啦”被很多參賽者音譯成CILA, Ci La, Cila, zi-la等等。音譯除了用于翻譯地名人名之外，在行文中應(yīng)盡量避免。萊昂斯認(rèn)為“甚至擬聲詞的詞匯形式也存在著某種程度的任意性或約定俗成，它們必須是適應(yīng)于特定語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音系統(tǒng)而不是直接地模仿它們所代表的那個(gè)聲音?！?轉(zhuǎn)引自李國(guó)南，2001 ： 9)因此，如果模仿其在漢語(yǔ)中的發(fā)音，可能會(huì)成為譯文中的“異物”，讓讀者產(chǎn)生排異反應(yīng)。建議參賽者努力增加詞匯儲(chǔ)備。同屬這類問(wèn)題的還有“吳儂軟語(yǔ)”一詞，不少參賽者采用音意結(jié)合的方法，將其翻譯為soft-toned local dialect Wunong, the typical soft dialect of Suzhou, soft Shanghai dialect, Suzhou dialect, soft dialect of Suzhou, the soft Wu dialect, gentle dialects of Shanghai and Su Zhou，s sellers, soft dialect of Wu district, Wu dialect, Wunong soft dialect, Shanghai-Suzhou dialect,等等。評(píng)審組認(rèn)為，此處的“乂儂軟語(yǔ)”旨在突出的是“方言”，是不是蘇州方言并不重要，因此，參考譯文保留了該方言最本質(zhì)的特征“軟”，將其泛化處理為a soft-toned local dialect0 在此，我們也想順便提一下，不少參賽譯文中出現(xiàn)了一些本不應(yīng)出現(xiàn)的錯(cuò)誤，如原文理解錯(cuò)誤、詞匯用法錯(cuò)誤、時(shí)態(tài)錯(cuò)誤、缺乏銜接、主謂語(yǔ)不一致、人稱不一致、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)錯(cuò)誤（如把英語(yǔ)省略號(hào)寫成“?一”）等。限于篇幅，本文不再——列舉。

我們衷心希望這些由于疏忽或者疏于查閱造成的錯(cuò)誤能夠引起翻譯愛(ài)好者的注意。

余緒

近年來(lái)翻譯事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展，翻譯專業(yè)、翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位點(diǎn)、翻譯學(xué)博士點(diǎn)的獲批建設(shè)等似乎都進(jìn)一步印證了全球化環(huán)境下翻譯日趨凸顯的重要性。全國(guó)哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)規(guī)劃辦公室于2010年1月8日發(fā)布了《關(guān)于設(shè)立國(guó)家社會(huì)科學(xué)基金中華學(xué)術(shù)外譯項(xiàng)目的公告》，該項(xiàng)目“立足于學(xué)術(shù)層面，資助我國(guó)哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)研究的優(yōu)秀成果以外文形式在國(guó)外權(quán)威出版機(jī)構(gòu)出版，進(jìn)人國(guó)外主流發(fā)行傳播渠道，增進(jìn)國(guó)外對(duì)當(dāng)代中國(guó)和中國(guó)哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)的了解，推動(dòng)中外學(xué)術(shù)交流與對(duì)話，提高中國(guó)哲學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)的國(guó)際影響力。”希望廣大翻譯愛(ài)好者以此為契機(jī)，為提高漢譯英水平不斷努力，為中國(guó)文化走向世界做出貢獻(xiàn)。

注釋

① 弓I自http://baike.baidu.com/view/647503.htm。

② 翻譯實(shí)例后括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)字表示參賽譯文的編號(hào)，下同。

③ 見(jiàn)余光中《翻譯與創(chuàng)作》。原文如下：“直譯，甚至硬譯，死譯，充其量只能成為剝制的標(biāo)本：一根羽毛也不少，可惜是一只死鳥.徒有形貌，沒(méi)有飛翔。”

④ 引自商務(wù)印書館和牛津大學(xué)出版社2004年8月聯(lián)合出版的牛津高階英漢雙解詞典第六版（Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, the 6th Edition)的詞條釋義。

5）見(jiàn)余光中《翻譯與創(chuàng)作》。原文如下：“??這種譯文體最大的毛病，是公式化.也就是說(shuō)，這類的譯者相信，甲文字中的某字或某詞，在乙文字中恒有天造地設(shè)恰巧等在那里的一個(gè)'全等語(yǔ)'。”

6）相傳上海開埠之初，有一位葡萄牙商人路過(guò)虹口一馬戲場(chǎng)側(cè)，聽到帳內(nèi)有一少女哭聲甚哀，于是就付金為之賅身，并托付于一位美國(guó)傳教士。后來(lái)這位少女隨傳教士赴美，就讀后復(fù)回上海，嫁給傳教士。這傳教士即為她在滬西購(gòu)地建屋，因?yàn)檫@位女子名叫極司（Jess),所以這里的地名便叫“Jessfield”,意即“極司之地”。

⑦ http://.[6] 李國(guó)南.辭格與詞匯[M].上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2001.[7] 連益.中國(guó)地名英譯的幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)[J].中國(guó)翻譯，1999(3).[8] 馬德.活出簡(jiǎn)單[J].黨政論壇，2008(2): 23.[9] 潘文國(guó).漢英語(yǔ)對(duì)比綱要[M].北京：北京語(yǔ)言大學(xué)出版社，2004.10]孫藝風(fēng).視角闡釋文化——文學(xué)翻譯與翻譯理論[J〗.北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2004.Ill]孫致禮.新編英漢翻譯教程[M].上海：上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，2003.[12]吳剛（執(zhí)筆）.譯出境界來(lái)——第十八屆“韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)”英譯漢參賽譯文評(píng)析[J】.中國(guó)翻譯，2006(6): 80-83.[13]余光中.翻譯與創(chuàng)作[A].余光中.余光中談翻譯[C].北京：中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯出版公司，2002:3043.(集體討論，溫建平執(zhí)筆）

溫建平（1964年―）女，教授。河北邢臺(tái)人，中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨黨員?，F(xiàn)任上海對(duì)外貿(mào)易學(xué)院英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教授，碩士生導(dǎo)師，翻譯專業(yè)主任。1986年畢業(yè)于蘭州大學(xué)外語(yǔ)系英美語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)，獲文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位，2005年畢業(yè)于上海外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文學(xué)專業(yè)，獲文學(xué)博士學(xué)位。1986年至1999年在太原理工大學(xué)外語(yǔ)部任教，1999年調(diào)入上海對(duì)外貿(mào)易學(xué)院商務(wù)外語(yǔ)學(xué)院任教，主講英語(yǔ)精讀、英語(yǔ)寫作、翻譯理論與實(shí)踐、翻譯學(xué)概論等課程。參與國(guó)家九五重點(diǎn)教材《英語(yǔ)泛讀教程》（第三冊(cè)）的編寫，并榮獲“教育部2002年全國(guó)普通高校優(yōu)秀教材一等獎(jiǎng)”；參與的科研項(xiàng)目《創(chuàng)立科學(xué)的教學(xué)模式，提高大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)質(zhì)量》榮獲山西省教學(xué)科研成果二等獎(jiǎng)；合譯的作品《教育組織行為學(xué)》第七版榮獲上海對(duì)外貿(mào)易學(xué)院2002年度優(yōu)秀著作獎(jiǎng)。曾1996年、1998年連續(xù)兩屆榮獲太原理工大學(xué)“優(yōu)秀教師”稱號(hào)。

翻譯評(píng)析：第二十二屆韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)竟賽英譯漢譯文和譯文評(píng)析 Hidden Within Technology’s Empire, a Republic of Letters

隱藏于技術(shù)帝國(guó)的文學(xué)界

索爾?貝妻

When I was a boy “discovering literature”, I used to think how wonderful it would be if every other person on the street were familiar with Proust and Joyce or T.E.Lawrence or Pasternak and Kafka.Later I learned how refractory to high culture the democratic masses were.Lincoln as a young frontiersman read Plutarch, Shakespeare and the Bible.But then he was Lincoln.我還是個(gè)“探索文學(xué)”的少年時(shí)，就經(jīng)常在想：要是大街上人人都熟悉普魯斯特和喬伊斯，熟悉T.E.勞倫斯，熟悉帕斯捷爾納克和卡夫卡，該有多好??！后來(lái)才知道，平民百姓對(duì)高雅文化有多排斥。雖說(shuō)少年時(shí)代身居邊陲的林肯就在閱讀普魯塔克，、莎士比亞和《圣經(jīng)》，但他畢竟是林肯。

Later when I was traveling in the Midwest by car, bus and train, I regularly visited small-town libraries and found that readers in Keokuk, Iowa, or Benton Harbor, Mich., were checking out Proust and Joyce and even Svevo and Andrei Biely.D.H.Lawrence was also a favorite.And sometimes I remembered that God was willing to spare Sodom for the sake of 10 of the righteous.Not that Keokuk was anything like wicked Sodom, or that Proust?s Charlus would have been tempted to settle in Benton Harbor, Mich.I seem to have had a persistent democratic desire to find evidences of high culture in the most unlikely places.后來(lái)，我坐小車、巴士和火車在中西部旅行，經(jīng)常走訪小鎮(zhèn)圖書館；發(fā)現(xiàn)在衣阿華州基奧卡克市，或者密歇根州本頓港市，讀者們借閱普魯斯特和喬伊斯的作品，甚至還有斯維沃@和安德烈?別雷?的著作。D.H.勞倫斯的書也深受歡迎。有時(shí)我會(huì)想起上帝愿為十個(gè)義人而饒恕所多瑪城的故事^并非基奧卡克市和邪惡的所多瑪有何相似之處，也并非普魯斯特筆下的夏呂斯?想移居密西根州的本頓港，只不過(guò)我似乎一直有一種開明的想法，希望在最難覓高雅文化的地方找到高雅文化的證據(jù)。For many decades now I have been a fiction writer, and from the first I was aware that mine was a questionable occupation.In the 1930?s an elderly neighbor in Chicago told me that he wrote fiction for the pulps.“The people on the block wonder why I don?t go to a job, and I?m seen puttering around, trimming the bushes or painting a fence instead of working in a factory.But I?m a writer.I sell to Argosy and Doc Savage,” he said with a certain gloom.“They wouldn?t call that a trade.” Probably he noticed that I was a bookish boy, likely to sympathize with him, and perhaps he was trying to warn me to avoid being unlike others.But it was too late for that.至今，我已寫了幾十年小說(shuō)，而且一開始就意識(shí)到，這是個(gè)頗有爭(zhēng)議的職業(yè)。20世紀(jì)30年代，芝加哥一位年長(zhǎng)的鄰居告訴我，他給通俗雜志寫小說(shuō)?！敖址秽徖锒技{悶，為什么不去上班，卻見(jiàn)我游來(lái)蕩去，修剪修剪樹木，粉刷粉刷籬笆，就是不去工廠干活兒?？晌沂亲骷野?，稿子賣給《大商船》和《薩維奇醫(yī)生》⑦那些雜志，”他說(shuō)話時(shí)神情有些抑郁。“他們不會(huì)把這當(dāng)作正事兒。”他很可能已經(jīng)覺(jué)察到，我是個(gè)喜歡讀書的孩子，興許會(huì)與他產(chǎn)生共鳴，或者他想提醒我，不要與眾不同，但這為時(shí)已晚。

From the first, too, I had been warned that the novel was at the point of death, that like the walled city or the crossbow, it was a thing of the past.And no one likes to be at odds with history.Oswald Spengler, one of the most widely read authors of the early 30?s, taught that our tired old civilization was very nearly finished.His advice to the young was to avoid literature and the arts and to embrace mechanization and become engineers.一開始也有人告誡我，小說(shuō)正頻臨死亡，猶如城郭或弓弩，已屬昨日之物。誰(shuí)也不愿和歷史作對(duì)。奧斯瓦爾德?斯賓格勒*——30年代初擁有最廣泛讀者的作者之--曾教導(dǎo)我們，陳腐、古老的文明已幾近末路，建議年輕人避開文學(xué)和藝術(shù)，擁抱機(jī)械化，去當(dāng)工程師。In refusing to be obsolete, you challenged and defied the evolutionist historians.I had great respect for Spengler in my youth, but even then I couldn?t accept his conclusions, and(with respect and admiration)I mentally told him to get lost.你拒絕被淘汰，就是對(duì)進(jìn)化論史學(xué)家的挑戰(zhàn)和蔑視。年輕時(shí)我非常尊重斯賓格勒，但即使那個(gè)時(shí)候，也無(wú)法接受他的結(jié)論，而（懷著敬慕之情）在心里對(duì)他說(shuō)：你走遠(yuǎn)點(diǎn)吧。Sixty years later, in a recent issue of The Wall Street Journal, I come upon the old Spenglerian argument in a contemporary form.Terry Teachout, unlike Spengler, does not dump paralyzing mountains of historical theory upon us, but there are signs that he has weighed, sifted and pondered the evidence.時(shí)隔60年，在最近一期《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》上，偶見(jiàn)斯賓格勒式老調(diào)新彈。跟斯賓格勒不同，特里?蒂奇奧特并沒(méi)有將一座座令人窒息的史論大山壓在我們身上，但跡象表明，他權(quán)衡、篩選、思索過(guò)相關(guān)證據(jù)。

He speaks of our “atomized culture,” and his is a responsible, up-to-date and carefully considered opinion.He speaks of “art forms as technologies.” He tells us that movies will soon be “downloadable”—that is, transferable from one computer to the memory of another device—and predicts that films will soon be marketed like books.He predicts that the near-magical powers of technology are bringing us to the threshold of a new age and concludes, “Once this happens, my guess is that the independent movie will replace the novel as the principal vehicle for serious storytelling in the 21st century.”

他談到了我們的“原子化文化”，觀點(diǎn)新穎可靠，并經(jīng)過(guò)深思熟慮，談到了 “作為技術(shù)的藝術(shù)形式”，告訴我們，電影很快就“可以下載”，即從一臺(tái)電腦轉(zhuǎn)入另一存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備。他還預(yù)測(cè)，電影不久會(huì)如書籍般銷售。他預(yù)言近乎魔法的技術(shù)之力將把我們引入一個(gè)新時(shí)代，并得出結(jié)論：“一旦這成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，我猜想，獨(dú)立電影會(huì)替代小說(shuō)，成為21世紀(jì)嚴(yán)肅故事敘述的主要載體?！?In support of this argument, Mr.Teachout cites the ominous drop in the volume of book sales and the great increase in movie attendance: “For Americans under the age of 30, film has replaced the novel as the dominant mode of artistic expression.” To this Mr.Teachout adds that popular novelists like Tom Clancy and Stephen King “top out at around a million copies per book,” and notes, “The final episode of NBC?s ?Cheers,? by contrast, was seen by 42 million people.” 為了支持這一觀點(diǎn)，蒂奇奧特先生指出，圖書銷量不幸下降，而電影觀眾卻大幅上升?！皩?duì)30歲以下的美國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，電影已經(jīng)取代小說(shuō)，成為藝術(shù)表達(dá)的首要模式。”蒂奇奧特先生補(bǔ)充道，湯姆?克蘭西和斯蒂芬?金@等暢銷小說(shuō)家“每本書最多也就賣到一百萬(wàn)冊(cè)左右，”還說(shuō)，“相比之下，全國(guó)廣播公司的《歡樂(lè)酒店》*的最后一集，觀眾達(dá)4200萬(wàn)之多。” On majoritarian grounds, the movies win.“The power of novels to shape the national conversation has declined,” says Mr.Teachout.But I am not at all certain that in their day “Moby-Dick” or “The Scarlet Letter” had any considerable influence on “the national conversation.” In the mid-19th century it was “Uncle Tom?s Cabin” that impressed the great public.“Moby-Dick” was a small-public novel.就數(shù)量多寡而言，電影贏了?！靶≌f(shuō)左右國(guó)民言談的力量巳經(jīng)削弱，”蒂奇奧特先生說(shuō)。但我絲毫不敢肯定，當(dāng)初《白鯨》或《紅字》對(duì)“國(guó)民言談”有過(guò)什么重大影響。19世紀(jì)中期，打動(dòng)大眾的是《湯姆叔叔的小屋》?！栋做L》是一部小眾小說(shuō)。

The literary masterpieces of the 20th century were for the most part the work of novelists who had no large public in mind.The novels of Proust and Joyce were written in a cultural twilight and were not intended to be read under the blaze and dazzle of popularity.20世紀(jì)的文學(xué)杰作大多出自沒(méi)有大眾意識(shí)的小說(shuō)家之手。普魯斯特和喬伊斯的小說(shuō)，創(chuàng)作于暗淡的文化暮色之中，本來(lái)就無(wú)意讓人在大眾化的耀眼光焰下閱讀。

Mr.Teachout?s article in The Journal follows the path generally taken by observers whose aim is to discover a trend.“According to one recent study 55 percent of Americans spend less than 30 minutes reading anything at all….It may even be that movies have superseded novels not because Americans have grown dumber but because the novel is an obsolete artistic technology.” 蒂奇奧特先生在《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》上的文章，沿用了觀察家們旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)某種傾向的套路，指出“根據(jù)最近一項(xiàng)調(diào)査，55%的美國(guó)人閱讀時(shí)間不超過(guò)30分鐘??甚至可以說(shuō)，電影取代了小說(shuō)，不是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)人變傻了，而是因?yàn)樾≌f(shuō)這種技藝已經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)?！薄?“We are not accustomed to thinking of art forms as technologies,” he says, “but that is what they are, which means they have been rendered moribund by new technical developments.”

我們還不習(xí)慣把藝術(shù)形式看成技術(shù)，”他說(shuō)，“但事實(shí)上藝術(shù)形式就是技術(shù)，也就是說(shuō)，藝術(shù)形式已經(jīng)因?yàn)樾录夹g(shù)的發(fā)展而瀕臨死亡?！?Together with this emphasis on technics that attracts the scientific-minded young, there are other preferences discernible: It is better to do as a majority of your contemporaries are doing, better to be one of millions viewing a film than one of mere thousands reading a book.Moreover, the reader reads in solitude, whereas the viewer belongs to a great majority;he has powers of numerosity as well as the powers of mechanization.Add to this the importance of avoiding technological obsolescence and the attraction of feeling that technics will decide questions for us more dependably than the thinking of an individual, no matter how distinctive he may be.文章除了強(qiáng)調(diào)崇尚科學(xué)的年輕人有吸引力的技術(shù)之外，還看得見(jiàn)其他一些取向。如大多數(shù)同時(shí)代人做什么，你最好就做什么，與其和區(qū)區(qū)數(shù)千人一樣讀一本書，不如和幾百萬(wàn)人一樣看一場(chǎng)電影。另外，讀者只是獨(dú)自閱讀，而觀眾卻是與許多人共賞，既借機(jī)械技術(shù)之力，又得人數(shù)眾多之勢(shì)。不妨還可以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，避免技術(shù)上落伍也很重要，而人們總覺(jué)得就解決問(wèn)題而言，不管個(gè)人有多么出眾，技術(shù)要比個(gè)人的思想更可靠。這種感覺(jué)也很有吸引力。John Cheever told me long ago that it was his readers who kept him going, people from every part of the country who had written to him.When he was at work, he was aware of these readers and correspondents in the woods beyond the lawn.“If I couldn?t picture them, I?d be sunk,” he said.And the novelist Wright Morris, urging me to get an electric typewriter, said that he seldom turned his machine off.“When I?m not writing, I listen to the electricity,” he said.“It keeps me company.We have conversations.”

很久以前，約翰?契弗⑧對(duì)我說(shuō)，讓他堅(jiān)持不懈地寫作的是讀者，那些從全國(guó)各地給他寫信的人。寫作時(shí)，他覺(jué)得那些讀者和寫信人就在草坪那邊的小樹林里?！澳X子里要是沒(méi)有他們，那我就完了，”他說(shuō)。還有小說(shuō)家賴特?莫里斯?極力勸我去買一臺(tái)電動(dòng)打字機(jī)，說(shuō)他自己的打字機(jī)都很少關(guān)掉?！安粚懽鞯臅r(shí)候，就傾聽電流的聲音，”他說(shuō)，“它陪伴著我。我們可以交談?！?I wonder how Mr.Teachout might square such idiosyncrasies with his “art forms as technologies.” Perhaps he would argue that these two writers had somehow isolated themselves from “broad-based cultural influence.” Mr.Teachout has at least one laudable purpose: He thinks that he sees a way to bring together the Great Public of the movies with the Small Public of the highbrows.He is, however, interested in millions: millions of dollars, millions of readers, millions of viewers.不知道蒂奇奧特先生如何使這些個(gè)人習(xí)性與“作為技術(shù)的藝術(shù)形式”兩者相容。也許他會(huì)說(shuō)，這兩位作家由于某種原因脫離了 “廣泛的文化影響”。蒂奇奧特先生至少有一個(gè)值得稱道的目的：他認(rèn)為自己發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)方法，能使“電影大眾”與“精英小眾”協(xié)調(diào)起來(lái)。但是，他感興趣的卻是幾百萬(wàn)這個(gè)數(shù)字：幾百萬(wàn)美元，幾百萬(wàn)讀者，幾百萬(wàn)觀眾。

The one thing “everybody” does is go to the movies, Mr.Teachout says.How right he is.蒂奇奧特先生說(shuō)，“人人”都做的一件事情，就是去看電影。他說(shuō)得對(duì)極了。

Back in the 20?s children between the ages of 8 and 12 lined up on Saturdays to buy their nickel tickets to see the crisis of last Saturday resolved.The heroine was untied in a matter of seconds just before the locomotive would have crushed her.Then came a new episode;and after that the newsreel and “Our Gang.” Finally there was a western with Tom Mix, or a Janet Gaynor picture about a young bride and her husband blissful in the attic, or Gloria Swanson and Theda Bara or Wallace Beery or Adolphe Menjou or Marie Dressler.And of course there was Charlie Chaplin in “The Gold Rush,” and from “The Gold Rush” it was only one step to the stories of Jack London.回想20年代，每到周六，8到12歲的孩子們就會(huì)排隊(duì)買張五美分的電影票，看看上個(gè)周六的危機(jī)是如何化解的。女主人公在火車就要輾過(guò)她之前幾秒鐘被松了綁。接著新的一集開始了，然后就是新聞短片和《小頑童》“。最后是一部湯姆?米克斯的西部片；或者是一部珍妮《蓋諾的電影，講述年輕的新娘和她丈夫在閣樓上的幸福生活，或是葛洛莉婭?斯旺森和蒂達(dá)?巴拉，或是華萊士 ?比里，阿道夫?門吉?dú)W，瑪麗?杜絲勒等影星主演的影片。當(dāng)然，還有査理《卓別林的《淘金記》，而《淘金記》離杰克?倫敦的故事只不過(guò)一步之遙。There was no rivalry then between the viewer and the reader.Nobody supervised our reading.We were on our own.We civilized ourselves.We found or made a mental and imaginative life.Because we could read, we learned also to write.It did not confuse me to see “Treasure Island” in the movies and then read the book.There was no competition for our attention.那時(shí)候觀眾和讀者并不對(duì)立。沒(méi)人去管我們的閱讀。我們自己做主，自我教化。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)或者說(shuō)創(chuàng)造了充滿想象的精神生活。我們因?yàn)槟軌蜷喿x，所以也學(xué)會(huì)了寫作。先看電影《金銀島》，然后再去讀這本書，并沒(méi)有讓我感到困惑。那時(shí)候，電影和書籍并沒(méi)有為吸引我們的注意力而爭(zhēng)先恐后。

One of the more attractive oddities of the United States is that our minorities are so numerous, so huge.A minority of millions is not at all unusual.But there are in fact millions of literate Americans in a state of separation from others of their kind.They are, if you like, the readers of Cheever, a crowd of them too large to be hidden in the woods.Departments of literature across the country have not succeeded in alienating them from books, works old and new.My friend Keith Botsford and I felt strongly that if the woods were filled with readers gone astray, among those readers there were probably writers as well.美國(guó)有一件更引人注目的奇事，那就是我們的少數(shù)群體數(shù)目眾多，規(guī)模龐大。幾百萬(wàn)人構(gòu)成一個(gè)少數(shù)群體，根本算不得反常。但實(shí)際上，還有幾百萬(wàn)能識(shí)文斷字的美國(guó)人，相互之間處于隔離狀態(tài)?？梢哉f(shuō)，閱讀契弗作品的人，就是一個(gè)數(shù)量大得無(wú)法藏身于小樹林的群體。全國(guó)各地的文學(xué)系沒(méi)能讓他們疏遠(yuǎn)書籍，無(wú)論是舊作還是新書。我和我的朋友基思?博茨福德都深深感到，如果小樹林中擠滿了迷路的讀者，那么其中很可能也有作家。

To learn in detail of their existence you have only to publish a magazine like The Republic of Letters.Given encouragement, unknown writers, formerly without hope, materialize.One early reader wrote that our paper, “with its contents so fresh, person-to-person,” was “real, non-synthetic, undistracting.” Noting that there were no ads, she asked, “Is it possible, can it last?” and called it “an antidote to the shrinking of the human being in every one of us.” And toward the end of her letter our correspondent added, “It behooves the elder generation to come up with reminders of who we used to be and need to be.”

要詳細(xì)了解他們的生存狀態(tài)，你只需辦一份像《文學(xué)界》這樣的雜志。一旦得到鼓勵(lì)，原先的無(wú)望之輩，就會(huì)顯山露水。一位早期讀者來(lái)信說(shuō)，我們的刊物”內(nèi)容非常新鮮、非常親切“，”真實(shí)、不造作，閱讀時(shí)不會(huì)讓人分心?！八⒁獾缴厦鏇](méi)登廣告，便問(wèn)，”這行嗎？能辦得下去嗎？“還將其稱作”一味解毒劑，治療我們每個(gè)人身上的人性萎縮癥?！霸跁拍┪玻覀冞@位筆友補(bǔ)充道，”老一代人有必要站出來(lái)提醒一下，我們過(guò)去是什么樣的人，應(yīng)該成為什么樣的人?！?This is what Keith Botsford and I had hoped that our “tabloid for literates” would be.And for two years it has been just that.We are a pair of utopian codgers who feel we have a duty to literature.I hope we are not like those humane do-gooders who, when the horse was vanishing, still donated troughs in City Hall Square for thirsty nags.這正是當(dāng)初我和基思?博茨福德期望中的”讀書人小報(bào)“。兩年來(lái)，刊物信守著這個(gè)理念。我們倆是一對(duì)烏托邦式的老怪物，總覺(jué)得對(duì)文學(xué)負(fù)有責(zé)任。我希望我們別像那些不現(xiàn)實(shí)的行善者，馬匹都快絕跡了，居然還把料槽捐贈(zèng)到市政廣場(chǎng)，以備口渴的馬兒飲水。We have no way of guessing how many independent, self-initiated connoisseurs and lovers of literature have survived in remote corners of the country.The little evidence we have suggests that they are glad to find us, they are grateful.They want more than they are getting.Ingenious technology has failed to give them what they so badly need.我們無(wú)從猜測(cè)，究竟有多少獨(dú)立、自發(fā)的文學(xué)鑒賞者和愛(ài)好者在全國(guó)各個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的角落里生存了下來(lái)。手頭的點(diǎn)滴證據(jù)表明，他們?yōu)槟軌蛘业轿覀兌吲d，也很感激。他們期望的比眼下得到的要多，精巧的技術(shù)并沒(méi)有滿足他們的迫切需求。

英譯漢參考譯文：

注釋

1)本文作者索爾?貝婁（1915—2005)為美國(guó)作家、1976年諾貝爾文學(xué)獎(jiǎng)得主.原文發(fā)表于1999年10月11曰《紐約時(shí)拫》，后收入《紐約時(shí)拫：作家談寫作選輯》。標(biāo)題中”文學(xué)界“（the republic of letters)—詞來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)Respublica literaria, 18世紀(jì)盛行于歐美，指的是一個(gè)由文人組成的、想象的”共和國(guó)“，不受地域和國(guó)別限制，這一概念對(duì)啟蒙時(shí)代的學(xué)者影響很大。

2）普魯塔克（46?-120?),古希臘傳記作家、散文家，著有《希臘羅馬名人比較列傳》等。3）斯維沃（1861—1928),意大利商人、作家，著有《澤諾的意識(shí)》等。

4)安德烈?別雷（1880~1934),俄羅斯詩(shī)人、文藝?yán)碚摷?，著有《銀鴿》、《彼得堡》等。5）圣經(jīng)《創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》第18章：上帝欲滅所多瑪城，亞伯拉罕代為求懇，上帝允諾若城內(nèi)有十名義人.便不施懲罰。

6）夏呂斯男爵為普魯斯特小說(shuō)《追憶似水年華》中的人物，生活墮落。

7)《大商船》是美國(guó)一份通俗雜志，創(chuàng)刊于1882年，一般認(rèn)為是美國(guó)第一份通俗雜志，《薩維奇博士》是美國(guó)一份雜志，1933年至1949年發(fā)行，1964年起，雜志中的故事先后單獨(dú)出版發(fā)行，影響頗大。8）斯賓格勒（1880~1936),德國(guó)史學(xué)家、哲學(xué)家，著有《西方的沒(méi)落》等。

9）湯姆?克蘭西（1947—),美國(guó)通俗小說(shuō)家，著有《獵殺紅色十月》等，斯蒂芬?金（1947—),美國(guó)暢銷作家,著有《肖申克的救贖》等。10）美國(guó)一部情景喜劇。

11）約翰?契弗（1912—1982),美國(guó)小說(shuō)家，著有《華普肖一家》、《大收音機(jī)》等。12）賴特?莫里斯（1910”—1998),美國(guó)小說(shuō)家，著有《幻象之地》、《草原之歌》等。13）美國(guó)20世紀(jì)初一部流行的喜劇短片。(集體討論，周小進(jìn)執(zhí)筆）英譯漢參賽譯文評(píng)析: “戴著鐐銬跳舞” 第二十二屆“韓素音青年翻譯獎(jiǎng)”英譯漢原文是美國(guó)著名作家索爾?貝婁的文章，選自《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》（1999年10月11日）的“作家談創(chuàng)作”欄目。

該文文字并不晦澀，句法結(jié)構(gòu)也不煩雜。貝婁文風(fēng)自成一家，學(xué)界素有“貝婁風(fēng)格”之說(shuō)。文中有議論、有敘述、有對(duì)話，議論有立有駁，敘述有繁有簡(jiǎn)，對(duì)話有雅有俗，文風(fēng)時(shí)而幽默、時(shí)而莊重，看似隨性甚至雜亂（結(jié)尾還介紹了他自己的雜志），其實(shí)有一個(gè)貫穿全文的立場(chǎng)和風(fēng)格。文中還有大量的文化信息和互文文本，譯者需要?jiǎng)佑酶鞣N資源仔細(xì)查詢和甄別。貝婁常常點(diǎn)到即止，所以要處理好文化信息，還要聯(lián)系作者的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。在信息時(shí)代，這種學(xué)者的“考據(jù)”功夫，也是譯者應(yīng)該具備的。

這兩個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)，是對(duì)譯者文字功力和“考據(jù)”功夫的檢驗(yàn)。譯者有很大的發(fā)揮空間，但也面臨陷阱和挑戰(zhàn)，簡(jiǎn)單的詞句和變化的風(fēng)格甚至還可能是誘惑。從1144份參賽譯文來(lái)看，大多譯者都做了扎實(shí)的工作，也都有自己的發(fā)揮。但總體上還存在個(gè)性有余、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)不足；流暢有余、忠實(shí)不足的傾向。主要體現(xiàn)在文字、語(yǔ)境和風(fēng)格這三個(gè)方面。

一、文字的忠實(shí)

本屆參賽譯文中，有些誤譯是個(gè)別詞語(yǔ)造成的。例如第一段中的“refractory”,意為“麻木、不感興趣、排斥”，有誤譯為“（大眾）難以拉攏”、“(高雅文化）晦濕難懂”、“免疫”等，皆似是而非。第三段中的“trade”應(yīng)為“工作、行當(dāng)”，并非“貿(mào)易'V'pulps” ■“通俗出版物”，俗稱“紙漿文學(xué)”，此處為作家自述，故不宜譯為“二流”、“末流”、“低級(jí)”、“劣質(zhì)”等。第六段中的“dump”意為“堆、倒”，并非“傾銷”。第十二段中的“moribund”意為“垂死、將死”，并非“已經(jīng)死了”或“壽終正寢”。第十四段中作家契弗所說(shuō)的“picture”,意為“大腦中想象”，誤譯為“（用筆）描寫”或“描繪”，是沒(méi)有看懂原文的意思，同樣他說(shuō)的“sunk”是“完了”的意思，并非“沉淪”。第二十段的“materialize”,意為“現(xiàn)身”、“出現(xiàn)”或“嶄露頭角”等，不可譯為“有了物質(zhì)保障”。有些誤譯則涉及短語(yǔ)的理解，例如第一段的“every other person”,根據(jù)上下文此處應(yīng)指“除我之外的每一個(gè)人”，可直接譯為“所有人”、“大家”等，有譯為“隔三岔五（地碰上）”、“一半的人”，是選錯(cuò)了義項(xiàng)且沒(méi)有充分理解原文。第五段的“get lost”是“走開、滾開、閃開”。

另有些誤譯，嚴(yán)格來(lái)說(shuō)，乃是誤“現(xiàn)”。譯者應(yīng)該理解了原文意思，但沒(méi)能找到合適的中文表達(dá)。例如第四段中的“walled city”,都知道指的是“有圍墻的城”，即“城郭”（“內(nèi)之為城、外之為郭”；)，有譯為“城池”、“城市”、“城鎮(zhèn)”、“古城”、“城堡”、“寨城”的，都是明白原文意思但沒(méi)有充分表達(dá)出來(lái)。

誤譯也可能是語(yǔ)法所致。如第三段“For many decades now I have been a fiction writer...”，句中的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和“for”表示“當(dāng)小說(shuō)家已經(jīng)幾十年了”，若譯為“幾十年過(guò)去了，現(xiàn)在我也已經(jīng)是一個(gè)小說(shuō)作家了”，讀者會(huì)以為他經(jīng)過(guò)幾十年的努力終于成了小說(shuō)家。

有些句子字面看來(lái)非常簡(jiǎn)單，反而容易引起誤譯。如：

【例一】But then he was Lincoln.(第一段)很多譯者把“then”直接理解為“那時(shí)”、“當(dāng)時(shí)”，乃是望文生義?！癇ut then”除了等同于“but then again”之夕卜，還有個(gè)義項(xiàng)，OED解釋為：“used before a statement that explains or gives a reason for what has just been said”,即用以引出對(duì)上文某話的解釋或說(shuō)明其原因。根據(jù)上下文，這句話可譯為“可他（畢竟）是林肯啊”，是說(shuō)林肯雖然年輕時(shí)就閱讀高雅著作，但他是一代偉人，是特例，并不能說(shuō)明大眾都喜愛(ài)高雅作品。不少譯者譯為“可那時(shí)他是林肯”，也有少數(shù)人覺(jué)得這話費(fèi)解，又補(bǔ)上“偉大總統(tǒng)”等修飾語(yǔ)，或譯為“那時(shí)的林肯仍舊是林肯”、“無(wú)奈，并非人人都是林肯”等，都是為表面

簡(jiǎn)單的詞語(yǔ)所誤導(dǎo)。

還有一點(diǎn)，不算誤譯，但屬于中文表達(dá)的問(wèn)題，就是“歐化”的傾向，略舉數(shù)例：

【倒二】...and perhaps he was trying to warn me to avoid being unlike others.(第三段)譯文：而且可能他那時(shí)正在試圖警告我要避免和別人不一樣。

【例三】From the first too, I had been warned that...(第四段）

譯文：從一開始我就被警告??。

【例四】In refusing to be obsolete, you challenged and defied the evolutionist historians.(第五段)譯文：在46絕落入過(guò)時(shí)之列的努力中??。

【例五】...his is a responsible, up-to-date and carefully considered opinion.(第七段)譯文：他的觀點(diǎn)是負(fù)責(zé)任的、最新的以及經(jīng)過(guò)反復(fù)思考的。

第一例“歐化”自不待言。第二例中“被”的使用并不地道，但似乎非常普遍，實(shí)際上“咱們平常說(shuō)話，在敘述行為的時(shí)候，總是用主動(dòng)居多，被動(dòng)式只是一種特殊形式”?,所以翻譯中多以“有人”、“人們”、“大家”等主語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)替代轉(zhuǎn)換。第三例不僅理解錯(cuò)誤，“拒絕”和“在??的努力中”都比較歐化。最后一例中，三個(gè)以“的”結(jié)尾的形容詞疊加，“的的不休”，也是漢語(yǔ)不夠純熟或歐化的表現(xiàn)。②

文字的運(yùn)用總是可以精益求精的。有的譯文中有“勞倫斯的作品，也是他們喜愛(ài)的作品”、“我的職業(yè)是頗受爭(zhēng)議的職業(yè)”等句子，則是文字功力的問(wèn)題，并非歐化的影響。至于把“thirsty”譯為“三十”、把“42 million”譯成“4.2億”，則不是“筆誤”，而是“眼誤”，那已經(jīng)是語(yǔ)言造詣之外的事情了。

二、語(yǔ)境的忠實(shí)

意義是語(yǔ)境中的意義。語(yǔ)境像一張大網(wǎng)，文字只是這張網(wǎng)上的一^h個(gè)繩結(jié)。所以對(duì)語(yǔ)境理解不充分，就會(huì)把文字當(dāng)作孤立的個(gè)例來(lái)處理，導(dǎo)致譯文風(fēng)格凌亂，傳遞原文信息不全面，甚至出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。貝婁這篇文章的語(yǔ)境可以從兩個(gè)方面來(lái)討論。一是文化語(yǔ)境，二是社會(huì)語(yǔ)境。

貝婁身兼作家和學(xué)者，博學(xué)多識(shí)，在芝加哥讀書時(shí)曾“像我們吸入空氣一樣吸納書本和觀點(diǎn)”③。這篇文章中涉及大量的文化信息，包括地名、人名，報(bào)刊、電影、著作、小說(shuō)人物、圣經(jīng)故事等。

參賽譯者對(duì)于文化信息，基本上都有意識(shí)，翻譯也符合中文慣例，比如莎士比亞、卡夫卡、普魯斯特、林肯、杰克?倫敦等常見(jiàn)人名，《白鯨》、《紅字》、《金銀島》等常見(jiàn)作品，《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》等報(bào)刊，參賽者處理得都很好，一千多份譯文，幾乎沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。說(shuō)明青年譯者們有很好的知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備和文化素養(yǎng)。

有些文化信息并不太常見(jiàn)，就需要譯者去花功夫了，一方面査找信息來(lái)源，另一方面還要核査現(xiàn)有的中文譯法。這些“考據(jù)”式的“水磨”功夫，其實(shí)正能分出高下來(lái)。如果不去查詢，或者一目十行地看看一兩個(gè)網(wǎng)頁(yè)，往往會(huì)犯錯(cuò)誤。例如，第一段的“T.E.Lawrence”乃是“阿拉伯的勞倫斯”，不是第二段的D.H.勞倫斯。第二段的“Proust's Charlus”是法國(guó)作家普魯斯特筆下的人物，所以“Charlus”不宜譯為“査勒斯”，而是“夏呂斯”；“Keokuk”和“Benton Harbor”都是城市名，不是“區(qū)”；“Iowa”作為州名一般譯為“衣阿華”，“艾奧瓦”常常用來(lái)指原住該州的印第安人。文中提到的很多電影.電視劇和演員的名字，中文里都有現(xiàn)成的譯

名，有時(shí)還有多個(gè)，或者大陸譯名和港臺(tái)譯名不同，譯者根據(jù)“約定俗成”的原則選擇即可，但選擇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)宜全文統(tǒng)一，且應(yīng)考慮目標(biāo)讀者的接受情況。

【例六】 And sometimes I remembered that God was willing to spare Sodom for the sake of 10 of the righteous.(第二段）句中引用的是《圣經(jīng)*創(chuàng)世紀(jì)》第18-19章中關(guān)于所多瑪城的故事。參賽譯文中，“所多瑪”都能譯出來(lái)，一些譯者還添加了注釋，說(shuō)明出處和故事梗概。但有些譯文將“the righteous”譯成“好人”、“正直的人士”、“君子”、“賢達(dá)”等，字面意義也都正確，但損失了原文的宗教指涉。文化信息如果涉及到傳說(shuō)、故事、典故等，則要詳細(xì)閱讀來(lái)源信息，只查字典可能不夠。

除文化語(yǔ)境外，貝婁寫這篇文章，有其時(shí)，有其勢(shì)，這是文章的社會(huì)語(yǔ)境。有其時(shí)，是說(shuō)貝婁的文章有針對(duì)性，討論的是藝術(shù)發(fā)展某個(gè)階段出現(xiàn)的普遍問(wèn)題。文章寫于1999年，這是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)深人大眾生活的年代。蒂奇奧特的猜測(cè)，在十幾年之后的中國(guó)，巳經(jīng)成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。這是讀圖和讀文字的對(duì)抗，但也可以像蒂奇奧特那樣從技術(shù)的角度進(jìn)行解釋。類似的問(wèn)題在照相機(jī)剛出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候就已經(jīng)有過(guò)討論，而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)媒體的沖擊、通俗文化對(duì)傳統(tǒng)精英文化的挑戰(zhàn)，是全球化時(shí)代一個(gè)重要的文化命題，至今仍在討論，所以說(shuō)貝婁的觀點(diǎn)“有其時(shí)”。文章的發(fā)表則“有其勢(shì)”。蒂奇奧特是美國(guó)一位文化評(píng)論家，常在《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》上評(píng)論戲劇、電影和文化。他在1999年8月6日的《華爾街日?qǐng)?bào)》上發(fā)表了一篇文章，稱“小說(shuō)和電影之戰(zhàn)已經(jīng)結(jié)束，電影贏了”。正如貝婁所言，文章的主要手法的確是統(tǒng)計(jì)兩者受眾的“人數(shù)多寡”，強(qiáng)調(diào)電影的普及程度，視角則主要是技術(shù)層面的考慮，把原因歸結(jié)于技術(shù)的革新。既然反面的觀點(diǎn)已經(jīng)發(fā)表，貝婁的文章的發(fā)表就有迫切性和針對(duì)性，而且必須予以批駁和回應(yīng)，所以“有其勢(shì)”。

對(duì)于原文這兩個(gè)方面的社會(huì)語(yǔ)境，譯者就算平時(shí)沒(méi)有這方面的積累，只要下筆前能多做些了解，對(duì)譯文也會(huì)有很大幫助。如“atomized culture”,“atomized”指?jìng)€(gè)體處于相互游離的狀態(tài)，相對(duì)于上層的集權(quán)而言，并無(wú)系統(tǒng)或體制的支撐，故在權(quán)力機(jī)制中處于弱勢(shì)，這是大眾社會(huì)（mass culture)的一個(gè)特征，詹明信和肯豪瑟均有論述，亦有“atomized society”等說(shuō)。國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者如陶東風(fēng)等已有相對(duì)固定的譯法，即“原子化文化”，可采用。再如第十段末句，譯者除了照顧“twilight”和“blaze and dazzle”暗含的隱喻之外，如能對(duì)普魯斯特、喬伊斯乃至現(xiàn)代主義有所了解，翻譯起來(lái)就順暢多了，也就不會(huì)將“twilight”譯為“曙光”。

貝婁全文是以“文字的堅(jiān)韌”對(duì)抗“電影的流行”，很多地方看似自嘲，卻并無(wú)自貶之意，加上他風(fēng)格簡(jiǎn)煉，文字暗含機(jī)鋒，如果不理解語(yǔ)境，就很難把握。這一點(diǎn)在部分詞句的處理上也能看出來(lái)。例如第七段首句，對(duì)蒂奇奧特的文章進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)，其中“up-to-date” —詞，不能處理為褒義的“與時(shí)俱進(jìn)”，至少應(yīng)譯成中性或貶義的相應(yīng)詞匯，因?yàn)樨悐鋵?duì)于追求科技上的新穎流行恐怕并不認(rèn)同。同樣第十段首句說(shuō)20世紀(jì)經(jīng)典作家“had no largepublic in mind”,也不宜譯為“目中無(wú)人”，這是個(gè)貶義詞，而貝婁對(duì)于精英小眾堅(jiān)持寫作是肯定的。末段的 “They want more than they are getting”,強(qiáng)調(diào)科技不能滿足一切，這些獨(dú)立的文學(xué)愛(ài)好者應(yīng)該得到更多支持，若譯為“他們期望很高，但已有所收獲”，就把句子重點(diǎn)放在了 “收獲”上，不符合作者觀點(diǎn)。實(shí)際上，理解了文章和文中觀點(diǎn)的社會(huì)語(yǔ)境，對(duì)于作者觀點(diǎn)的準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)和風(fēng)格再現(xiàn)都非常重要，不僅僅是個(gè)別字句的表述。

關(guān)于語(yǔ)境，需要提一下譯文中的注釋問(wèn)題。雖然有些理論家主張注釋應(yīng)力求詳盡，中國(guó)也不乏傅雷等詳注譯文的翻譯家，但是，如今信息發(fā)達(dá)、交流通暢，我們有理由相信貝婁的中國(guó)讀者肯定具備一些基本的文化素養(yǎng)，所以譯注還是力求檢省為妥，莎士比亞、杰克?倫敦、《湯姆叔叔的小屋》等，國(guó)內(nèi)教材里頻繁出現(xiàn)，就不必注釋了。“阿拉伯的勞倫斯”不妨添加注釋，但應(yīng)簡(jiǎn)潔明了，不必詳列生平事跡。學(xué)術(shù)作品，譯注詳盡可以幫助讀者，但文學(xué)作品，譯注如果太多，可能會(huì)打擾讀者，妨礙欣賞。譯者最好有學(xué)者的學(xué)問(wèn)，但不一定要把學(xué)問(wèn)全部寫在譯注里，留一點(diǎn)蛛絲馬跡，讓感興趣的讀者去按圖索驥，也就夠了。

三、風(fēng)格的忠實(shí)

對(duì)原文風(fēng)格的理解，常常見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智，所以譯文；對(duì)風(fēng)格的忠實(shí)，也有不同理解。不過(guò)，一般譯文要遵守一致性的原則，風(fēng)格上不宜雅俗并置、大起大落，以保證全文乃至每句話的一致性和可讀性。但貝婁此文算是例外，風(fēng)格上有明顯的變化，有口語(yǔ)I對(duì)話，也有觀點(diǎn)論述，對(duì)譯者提出了很高要求，如I果譯者在這方面不注意，通篇都采用約翰遜式的I典雅，或者塞林格式的俚俗，就容易把原文變化多姿的風(fēng)格單一化，那就不是“雅俗如之”氣而是“雅俗如我”了。這次的參賽譯文中，這方面的問(wèn)題比較普遍。不少譯者為了照顧風(fēng)格——自己的風(fēng)格，而不是貝婁的風(fēng)格——犧牲了文字的忠實(shí)再現(xiàn)，甚至扭曲了原義。

【例七J When I was traveling in the Midwest I by car, bus and train, I regularly visited small-town libraries—(第二段）

譯文：當(dāng)我頻繁換乘各種交通工具，穿梭于廣袤的中西部時(shí)，我特意拜訪了一些小鎮(zhèn)上的圖書館。譯文讀起來(lái)很通順，但與原文相去甚遠(yuǎn)，“穿梭”和“廣袤”雖然多了 一點(diǎn)描述性，但與前文“頻繁”聯(lián)系起來(lái)，就損害了一個(gè)在各小鎮(zhèn)圖書館悠哉游哉的看書人的形象；譯者把——列舉的旅行方式統(tǒng)一用“交通工具”覆蓋，少了回憶的空間，多了旅行的倉(cāng)促。全句讀來(lái)，除了詞句不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)之外，風(fēng)格已經(jīng)大相徑庭。

在原文風(fēng)格的處理上，除了以前常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題之外，這次參賽譯文體現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)新的趨向，可以作為具有普遍性甚至?xí)r代性的問(wèn)題提出來(lái)。

第一個(gè)趨向是模式化。有些詞匯因?yàn)槿粘Ｊ褂幂^為頻繁，部分譯者便順手用在譯文里，并沒(méi)有仔細(xì)思考是否準(zhǔn)確。我們略加總結(jié)，發(fā)現(xiàn)大概有兩種情況。一是通俗用語(yǔ)。如第三段“a bookish boy”,這個(gè)短語(yǔ)在英文中算不得文雅，但并非俚俗，所以譯成“喜歡讀書的孩子”即可，但譯為“愛(ài)看書的小屁孩”、“黃毛書蟲”，就是風(fēng)格不忠實(shí)了。其他如“public”譯為“草根”、“gloom”譯為“有P悶”、“readers”譯為“粉絲”、“fiction writer”譯為“小說(shuō)寫手”、“get lost”譯為“讓他蒸發(fā)”，都是類似問(wèn)題。這種語(yǔ)言在網(wǎng)絡(luò)和日常生活中很有表現(xiàn)力，但作為譯者，卻不能因“一時(shí)興到語(yǔ)”而“以詞害意”⑤。

【例八】...found that readers in Keokuk, Iowa, or Benton Harbor, Mich., were checking out Proust and Joyce—(第二段）

譯文：張家莊、李家店的居民竟然會(huì)借普魯斯特和喬伊斯的書來(lái)看。

【例九】I hope we are not like those human do-gooders ?

譯文：我不希望我們成為事后諸葛亮——出于好心，卻幫不上什么忙的人。

【例十】-..better to be one of millions viewing a film than one of mere thousands reading a book.(第十三段）

譯文：成為追捧熱播電影的一員，比成為罕有“閱讀恐龍族”一員要好。

前兩個(gè)譯文——“張家莊、李家店”和“事后諸葛亮”——都有“歸化”過(guò)度之嫌。第三個(gè)例子，與其說(shuō)在翻譯貝婁，不如說(shuō)在翻譯自己，結(jié)果譯者形象鮮活，作者風(fēng)格不顯，恐不可取。在這方面也不乏好的例子，如將談話中的“the people on the block”譯為“左鄰右舍”、“街坊鄰里”,將口語(yǔ)語(yǔ)境下的“wonder”譯為“不明白”、“納悶”，都是用地道的中文忠實(shí)地傳達(dá)了原文意義和風(fēng)格。

模式化的第二種情況是公共生活用語(yǔ)。報(bào)刊、電視、網(wǎng)絡(luò)等大眾傳媒中的一些表達(dá)方式，我們因?yàn)樗究找?jiàn)慣，往往習(xí)焉不察，用在創(chuàng)作中可以，用在譯文中則需仔細(xì)核對(duì)文字意義，不能輕率。例如“與時(shí)俱進(jìn)”這個(gè)詞，在本次競(jìng)賽譯文中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),“up-to-date”、“refusing to be obsolete”、“new technical developments”, “avoiding technological obsolescence”等，統(tǒng)統(tǒng)交給“與時(shí)俱進(jìn)”去組織。前文所舉的 “a responsible, up-to-date and carefully considered opinion”,有譯為“以一種與時(shí)俱進(jìn)、高度負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度??”，就是傳媒語(yǔ)言使用過(guò)于隨意的結(jié)果，如果譯完能逐字核對(duì)原文，就不會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況。又如第二十段的“reminders of who we used to be and need to be”,譯為“牢記過(guò)去、正視未來(lái)”；-十九段的“in a state of separation from others of their kind”譯為“舉國(guó)上下”、“大江南北”等，都屬于類似問(wèn)題。

第二個(gè)趨向是高雅化，即譯者在處理部分字句段落時(shí)拋開原文的字面意思和風(fēng)格，一味追求高雅的“大”詞，人為拔高。這樣做如果字面意義沒(méi)有重大出入，原文風(fēng)格又比較文雅，那么就是精彩的譯文。但一味求雅，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題：一是損害原文的意義和風(fēng)格；二是影響譯文本身的表達(dá)和風(fēng)格整一。

一些譯文中的“雅”詞，本為原文所無(wú)，乃是橫生枝節(jié)。如將第一段的“every other person were familiar with...”譯為“家家戶戶對(duì)??都能口頰噙香、津津樂(lè)道”。有些譯文細(xì)究起來(lái)，的確并未違背原文字面意義，但因一味求雅，偏離了原文風(fēng)格。如將第一段的“familiar”譯成“拜讀”、“浸淫”，“Shakespeare”譯成“莎翁的煌煌巨著”；第十六段的“how right he is”譯為“宛若箴言”；第五段“(with respect and admiration)I mentally told him to get lost”譯為“敬而遠(yuǎn)之”或“請(qǐng)他離開我的精神家園”，失去了原文前后風(fēng)格的對(duì)比；末段的 “...failed to give them what they so badly need”譯為“不足以為他們久旱的心靈送去甘霖”，則增加了修辭手段，原文使用修辭手段極為儉?。ǖ谑文┚涞谋扔鞅磉_(dá)上也很隱蔽），出于風(fēng)格上的考慮，不宜在譯文中增加新的比喻。

過(guò)于求雅，也可能影響譯文本身的表達(dá)和流暢?！纠齣--】...that he has weighed, sifted and pondered the evidence.(第六段)譯文：??進(jìn)行了認(rèn)真的剖柝斟酌與推敲細(xì)思。

【例十二】...better to be one of millions viewing a film than one of mere thousands reading a book.(第十三段）

譯文：最好與浩浩百萬(wàn)民眾共享盛影，不要與寥寥千人為伍攬卷。

【例十三】...from the first I was aware that...(第四段）

譯文：??從伊始就知道??

例^-一的譯文是否有信息遺漏姑且不說(shuō)，單看中文，幾個(gè)書面化的詞疊加，似乎句式嚴(yán)整，但“斟酌”與“推敲”語(yǔ)義重疊，“細(xì)思”不僅生硬，放在結(jié)尾，語(yǔ)調(diào)上也很拗口。例十二譯文，句子前后兩部分對(duì)仗，以照應(yīng)原文，但“盛影”、“攬卷”均生硬，“浩浩百萬(wàn)民眾”與“寥寥千人”不整，“共享”與“為伍”不對(duì)，句子看似對(duì)仗，實(shí)則似是而非，加上前面的“不要”、“最好”，讀來(lái)佶屈聱牙。例十三的“伊始”與“從”、“就”、“知道”完全不合拍，因?yàn)榍笱?，破壞了中文的風(fēng)格整一。當(dāng)然，譯者有時(shí)也要勤翻中文字典，把“walledcity”翻成“圍城”，把“crossbow”翻成“強(qiáng)弩之末”，就是望文生義所致。

關(guān)于“高雅化”，有兩個(gè)“陷阱”需要特別提及。一是所謂“四字格”，用得好固然出彩，用不好只會(huì)出問(wèn)題。在“walled city”前加上“高墻環(huán)衛(wèi)、固若金湯”、在“Lincoln”前面加上“出身卑微、躬耕隴畝”，算不得高雅，只能箅“四字格強(qiáng)迫癥”。第二個(gè)陷阱是文言文。用文言翻譯培根，倒也貼切，但用來(lái)翻譯現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)，還需慎重。本次參賽譯文中，有三份用文言翻譯，文字功力都很好，但譯文大多顧此失彼，難以忠實(shí)傳達(dá)原文意思，風(fēng)格就更不必說(shuō)了，也有用文言翻譯了幾段后面改用白話的。按這三位譯者的文字造詣，如果把功夫花在白話文上，譯文肯定又是一番氣象。其實(shí)白話文經(jīng)過(guò)百余年的發(fā)展，已經(jīng)成熟，如果使用得好，同樣可以清晰流暢、簡(jiǎn)潔有力，甚至也可以達(dá)到優(yōu)秀文言文的音樂(lè)美。譯者既要娛己，更要娛人，讀者接觸的都是白話文，今天的譯者如果用文言翻譯一篇美國(guó)當(dāng)代作品，是舍近而求遠(yuǎn)，并非上策。這兩個(gè)趨向，一是舍“信”取“達(dá)”，一是舍“信”求“雅”?。慣用語(yǔ)讀來(lái)瑯瑯上口，實(shí)際上未必準(zhǔn)確，文學(xué)性的書面語(yǔ)言是否就是好的譯文，終究還要對(duì)照原文加以檢驗(yàn)，否則只能箅是“搶過(guò)作者的筆來(lái)”?獨(dú)立創(chuàng)作。其實(shí)譯文不必一味追求“達(dá)”“雅”，需看原文的風(fēng)格而定，像貝婁這種亦雅亦俗的風(fēng)格，譯者也只好跟著“雅俗如之”，雖然不能盡善，但總要往這個(gè)方向努力。

文字、語(yǔ)境和風(fēng)格這三個(gè)方面，總體上是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的，甚至偶爾會(huì)在具體的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)上集中“爆發(fā)”，需要譯者從“信”的這三個(gè)角度做通盤考慮：

【例十四】 Add to this the importance of avoiding technological obsolescence and the attraction of feeling that technics will decide questions for us more dependably than the thinking of an individual, no matter how distinctive he may be.(第十三段)這個(gè)句子首先必須從文字層面分析。作者講了兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，前半部分是說(shuō)避免技術(shù)上落伍很重要，后半部分的“feeling”后面，帶了一個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的從句，容易引起誤解。同時(shí)，理解從句所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)理解“attraction of feeling”也很重要。究其意義，不外乎是說(shuō)，個(gè)人才華再大，終究只是個(gè)人，如今有了技術(shù)，大家的問(wèn)題用技術(shù)來(lái)幫助解決，就可靠多了，所以大家感覺(jué)很好，去追求這種感覺(jué)（為之吸引），所以也就會(huì)支持技術(shù)。不少譯文后面的從句翻譯得很準(zhǔn)確，但把“attraction of feeling”干脆省略了，有避重就輕之嫌。再看“Add to”,這個(gè)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有主語(yǔ)，讓人生疑。聯(lián)系上下文，該段前面是列舉蒂奇奧特文中表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的一些傾向性，即追隨大眾和科技。很多譯文也順勢(shì)而下，把“add”的主語(yǔ)想成是蒂奇奧特，段落也能通順，但語(yǔ)法奇特的問(wèn)題就忽略了。貝婁總結(jié)蒂奇奧特的觀點(diǎn)并加以批判，往往用“Mr.Teachout's article”、“he says”, “Mr.Teachout cites”等標(biāo)識(shí)，何以此處不用“he adds” ？這個(gè)問(wèn)題又需要到大語(yǔ)境中去加以印證。蒂奇奧特的原文網(wǎng)上可查，譯者不妨找來(lái)一讀，甚至還可以參考蒂奇奧特本人的博客。該文不過(guò)一千多字，蒂奇奧特并沒(méi)有提及貝婁“Add to”后面的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。這樣我們就可以確定，這是貝婁自己有意補(bǔ)上去，順著對(duì)手的意思說(shuō)下去，然后再加以駁斥。當(dāng)然，貝婁這話講得有點(diǎn)沒(méi)好氣，話里帶著刺，全文的風(fēng)格也是這樣。所以綜合考慮，“Addto”可譯為“不妨再補(bǔ)充說(shuō)”、“干脆再補(bǔ)兩點(diǎn)好了”。

【例十五】Hidden Within Technology' s Empire, a Republic of Letters(標(biāo)題)譯文一：科學(xué)圍城下的文學(xué)王國(guó)

譯文二：湮沒(méi)在技術(shù)帝國(guó)之中的文學(xué)界

譯文三：藏身技術(shù)帝國(guó)中的文化理想國(guó)

譯文四：技術(shù)帝國(guó)與文學(xué)隱城

譯文五：蔽身于技術(shù)帝國(guó)的文壇

譯文六：科技王國(guó)籠罩下的文學(xué)之邦

譯文七：文學(xué)理想國(guó)-隱匿于科技帝國(guó)一隅

原文的標(biāo)題也是需要通盤考慮的。首先，文字的句法比較獨(dú)特，是個(gè)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，中間用逗號(hào)隔開，顯然是要強(qiáng)調(diào)后面的“a Republic of Letters”。其次，需要從文化語(yǔ)境上考慮字面的意義，“Technology' s Empire”指現(xiàn)代世界技術(shù)盛行、影響范圍廣，所以可以直接譯為“技術(shù)帝國(guó)”。譯文一、六、七均補(bǔ)充了 “科學(xué)/科技”，貝婁在全文中用了 “technology”、“technics”, “mechanization”等詞,但并沒(méi)有提及禾斗學(xué)，譯文中還是不加為妥?！癛epublic of Letters”的說(shuō)法古已有之，但在歐洲啟蒙時(shí)期最為盛行，指的是一個(gè)由文人組成的、想象的“共和國(guó)”，不受地域和國(guó)別限制。故上述譯文中“文學(xué)界”、“文±云”、“文學(xué)之邦”、“文學(xué)理想國(guó)”都可以接受，這個(gè)詞文化和歷史含義豐富，中文完全對(duì)等似乎很難，但譯為“城”、“王國(guó)”，或“文學(xué)凈土”、“文學(xué)之都”，就不太妥當(dāng)。接下來(lái)要根據(jù)全文權(quán)衡“Hidden”的譯法。根據(jù)貝婁的觀點(diǎn)，科技是個(gè)龐大的帝國(guó)，文人散落其間，缺乏聯(lián)系的紐帶和平臺(tái)，雖是個(gè)群體，卻不為人所知，故可譯為“隱藏”。譯文二譯“湮沒(méi)”，“沒(méi)”過(guò)重，且“湮沒(méi)”一般有個(gè)從顯到隱的過(guò)程，似不合原文。譯文三、五分別譯為“藏身”、“蔽身”，主觀的意味過(guò)強(qiáng)，文中所說(shuō)的那些愛(ài)好者是缺乏平臺(tái)才不為人所知，并非有意藏身。最后要回頭考慮句法的問(wèn)題了，這是個(gè)難點(diǎn)，上引譯文一至六都未做處理，譯文七意識(shí)到了原文的特殊句法并嘗試用相應(yīng)中文句法及符號(hào)處理，但似乎沒(méi)有達(dá)到原文突出的效果。此例我們討論多次，仍沒(méi)有周全的譯法，今后要向同行求教。

譯事大不易。譯者前有作者相逼，后有讀者相隨，戴著鐐銬跳舞?，的確是一門藝術(shù)。在全球化的時(shí)代，各門語(yǔ)言都在變化，文化信息也在快速更新，譯者的“舞”就愈加難跳了。這次競(jìng)賽參賽者眾，雖然通篇都嚴(yán)密忠實(shí)、通暢貼切的譯作不多，但每位參賽者都花了心血，都對(duì)某些詞句乃至全文進(jìn)行了細(xì)致的推敲，幾乎?譯作皿讓人眼前一亮、值得學(xué)習(xí)的精彩之處，在普遍認(rèn)為翻譯“要求高、回報(bào)低”的今天，這一點(diǎn)尤其讓人感動(dòng)。套用一句貝婁的話：如果中國(guó)各個(gè)角落里都有默默耕耘的譯者，假以時(shí)日，他們當(dāng)中必然也會(huì)有未來(lái)的翻譯大家！

注釋

1）王力，《中國(guó)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)法》，商務(wù)印書館，1985, 88頁(yè)。他在該書第六章第二節(jié)專門談到了 “被動(dòng)式的歐化”，說(shuō)

“??于是西文能用的，中國(guó)人也跟著用（尤其是翻譯），許多從前不說(shuō)的話現(xiàn)在也說(shuō)了”，353-354頁(yè)。

2）余光中有文專門論述歐化譯文中“的”字的用法，名為《論的的不休》，參見(jiàn)《余光中論翻譯》，中國(guó)對(duì)外翻譯

出版公司，200, 178—192頁(yè)。

③ See John Podhoretz , “Saul Bellow, a neocon' s tale”, in The Sunday Times, April 10,2005, online available at http:// 004km.cnpany, no stocks and no degree.My personality is open;My character is neither good nor bad.I'm not exactly an honest man, but I am without much courage since I was born.Even it is not illegal to kill, I wouldn't kill anyone.My conscience will be tortured by the guilt if I do anything cruel to others。I am meant not to be a villain, even if I try to be one.In general and basically, I'm still one of those who are beneficial and harmless to the mankind and our society.有意者電聯(lián)，非誠(chéng)勿擾

Contact me by phone, if you're the one.口譯資料：2010年溫家寶總理政府工作報(bào)告（中英對(duì)照）在第十一屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第三次會(huì)議上的政府工作報(bào)告

國(guó)務(wù)院總理溫家寶

2010年3月5日

REPORT ON THE WORK OF THE GOVERNMENT

--Delivered at the Third Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress

on March 5, 2010

Wen Jiabao

Premier of the State Council

各位代表，F(xiàn)ellow Deputies，現(xiàn)在，我代表國(guó)務(wù)院向大會(huì)作政府工作報(bào)告，請(qǐng)予審議，并請(qǐng)全國(guó)政協(xié)各位委員提出意見(jiàn)。

On behalf of the State Council, I now present to you my report on the work of the government for your deliberation and approval.I also invite the members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC)to provide comments and suggestions.一、2009年工作回顧

I.Review of Work in 2009

2009年是新世紀(jì)以來(lái)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展最為困難的一年。去年這個(gè)時(shí)候，國(guó)際金融危機(jī)還在擴(kuò)散蔓延，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)深度衰退，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)受到嚴(yán)重沖擊，出口大幅下降，不少企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)困難，有的甚至停產(chǎn)倒閉，失業(yè)人員大量增加，農(nóng)民工大批返鄉(xiāng)，經(jīng)濟(jì)增速陡然下滑。在異常困難的情況下，全國(guó)各族人民在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，堅(jiān)定信心，迎難而上，頑強(qiáng)拼搏，從容應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)沖擊，在世界率先實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)回升向好，改革開放和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)取得新的重大成就。國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值達(dá)到33.5萬(wàn)億元，比上年增長(zhǎng)8.7%；財(cái)政收入6.85萬(wàn)億元，增長(zhǎng)11.7%；糧食產(chǎn)量5.31億噸，再創(chuàng)歷史新高，實(shí)現(xiàn)連續(xù)6年增產(chǎn)；城鎮(zhèn)新增就業(yè)1102萬(wàn)人；城鎮(zhèn)居民人均可支配收入17175元，農(nóng)村居民人均純收入5153元，實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)9.8%和8.5%。我國(guó)在全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)道路上又邁出堅(jiān)實(shí)的一步。實(shí)踐再次證明，任何艱難險(xiǎn)阻都擋不住中華民族偉大復(fù)興的歷史進(jìn)程。

The year 2009 was the most difficult year for our country's economic development since the beginning of the new century.This time last year the global financial crisis was still spreading, and the world economy was in a deep recession.Our economy was severely affected;our exports decreased significantly;a large number of enterprises had operating difficulties, and some even suspended production or closed down;the number of unemployed people increased significantly;many migrant workers had to return to their home villages;and the pace of our economic growth suddenly slowed down.In these unusually difficult circumstances, the people of all our ethnic groups fortified their confidence, tackled difficulties head on, worked tenaciously, and responded calmly to the impact of the global financial crisis under the firm leadership of the Communist Party of China(CPC).Our economy was the first in the world to have made a turnaround, and we made major new achievements in reform and opening up as well as socialist modernization.GDP reached 33.5 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.7% over the previous year(here and below).Fiscal revenue was 6.85 trillion yuan, up 11.7%.Grain production was 531 million tons, a new record and an increase for the sixth consecutive year.A total of 11.02 million urban jobs were created.The per capita disposable income of urban residents was 17,175 yuan, and the net per capita income of rural residents was 5,153 yuan, up 9.8% and 8.5% respectively in real terms.We took another steady step along the path of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects.Events again proved that no difficulties or obstacles can impede the course of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.過(guò)去的一年，極不平凡，令人振奮。我們隆重慶祝新中國(guó)成立60周年。撫今追昔，偉大祖國(guó)的輝煌成就極大地激發(fā)了全國(guó)人民的自信心和自豪感，極大地增強(qiáng)了中華民族的向心力和凝聚力，極大地提升了我國(guó)的國(guó)際地位和影響力，必將激勵(lì)我們?cè)谥袊?guó)特色社會(huì)主義道路上繼續(xù)奮勇前進(jìn)。

The past year was truly extraordinary and inspiring.We held a grand celebration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of New China.The outstanding achievements we made in that time have greatly boosted the confidence and pride of the people, strengthened the cohesiveness of the Chinese nation, and raised China's international standing and influence.All this definitely encourages us to continue to forge ahead on the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.一年來(lái)，我們主要做了以下工作：

Over the last year, we mainly undertook the following work.（一）加強(qiáng)和改善宏觀調(diào)控，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)平穩(wěn)較快發(fā)展。我們實(shí)行積極的財(cái)政政策和適度寬松的貨幣政策，全面實(shí)施并不斷完善應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的一攬子計(jì)劃。大規(guī)模增加財(cái)政支出和實(shí)行結(jié)構(gòu)性減稅，保持貨幣信貸快速增長(zhǎng)，提高貨幣政策的可持續(xù)性，擴(kuò)大直接融資規(guī)模，滿足經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的資金需求，有效擴(kuò)大了內(nèi)需，很快扭轉(zhuǎn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)增速下滑趨勢(shì)。

1.Strengthening and improving macro-control and promoting steady and rapid economic development.We carried out a proactive fiscal policy and a moderately easy monetary policy.We comprehensively implemented and constantly improved the package plan for addressing the global financial crisis.We significantly increased government spending, implemented structural tax reductions, rapidly increased supplies of money and credit, made our monetary policy more sustainable, and increased the amount of direct financing.We thus ensured funding for economic and social development, effectively boosted domestic demand, and quickly reversed the slowdown in economic growth.著力擴(kuò)大居民消費(fèi)。我們鼓勵(lì)消費(fèi)的政策領(lǐng)域之寬、力度之大、受惠面之廣前所未有。中央財(cái)政投入資金450億元，補(bǔ)貼家電汽車摩托車下鄉(xiāng)、汽車家電以舊換新和農(nóng)機(jī)具購(gòu)置。減半征收小排量汽車購(gòu)置稅，減免住房交易相關(guān)稅收，支持自住性住房消費(fèi)。全年汽車銷售1364萬(wàn)輛，增長(zhǎng)46.2%；商品房銷售9.37億平方米，增長(zhǎng)42.1%；社會(huì)消費(fèi)品零售總額實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)16.9%，消費(fèi)對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的拉動(dòng)作用明顯增強(qiáng)。

We vigorously expanded consumer spending.Our policies to encourage consumption covered more areas, were stronger and benefited more people than ever before.The central government provided 45 billion yuan in subsidies for rural residents to purchase home appliances and motor vehicles, including motorbikes.Part of the subsidies also supported trading-in old motor vehicles and home appliances for new ones and purchasing agricultural machinery and tools.We halved the purchase tax on small-displacement automobiles.We reduced or exempted taxes on buying and selling homes to support the purchase of homes to be used as their owners' residences.Throughout the year 13.64 million motor vehicles were sold, an increase of 46.2%;commodity housing sales amounted to 937 million square meters, up 42.1%;and total retail sales of consumer goods increased 16.9% in real terms: Consumption played a much bigger role in fueling economic growth.促進(jìn)投資快速增長(zhǎng)。我們發(fā)揮政府投資“四兩撥千斤”的作用，引導(dǎo)帶動(dòng)社會(huì)投資。實(shí)施兩年新增4萬(wàn)億元的投資計(jì)劃。2009年中央政府公共投資9243億元，比上年預(yù)算增加5038億元，其中，保障性住房、農(nóng)村民生工程、社會(huì)事業(yè)投資占44%，自主創(chuàng)新、結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整、節(jié)能減排和生態(tài)建設(shè)占16%，重大基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)占23%，災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建占14%。全社會(huì)固定資產(chǎn)投資增長(zhǎng)30.1%，投資結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)一步優(yōu)化。投資快速增長(zhǎng)有效彌補(bǔ)了外需下降的缺口，加強(qiáng)了薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，為經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

We promoted rapid growth in investment.We guided and stimulated non-government investment by means of well-leveraged government investment.We implemented a plan to invest an additional 4 trillion yuan over two years.In 2009, the central government's public investment was 924.3 billion yuan, 503.8 billion yuan more than in the previous year's budget.Of this, 44% was invested in.low-income housing, projects to improve the wellbeing of rural residents, and social programs;16% in independent innovation, restructuring, energy conservation, emissions reductions, and ecological improvement;23% in major infrastructure projects;and 14% in post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction.Fixed asset investment increased.30.1% nationwide.We further improved the investment structure.Rapid investment growth effectively compensated for the shortfall created by shrinking external demand, strengthened weak links, and laid a solid foundation for long-term economic and social development

我們加快推進(jìn)汶川地震災(zāi)后恢復(fù)重建，重災(zāi)區(qū)已完成投資6545億元，占規(guī)劃總投資的65.5%。國(guó)家的大力支持，全國(guó)人民的無(wú)私援助，災(zāi)區(qū)群眾的艱苦奮斗，使遭受重大創(chuàng)傷的災(zāi)區(qū)呈現(xiàn)出嶄新面貌。一座座新城拔地而起，一個(gè)個(gè)村莊煥發(fā)出蓬勃生機(jī)。這充分體現(xiàn)了中華民族的無(wú)疆大愛(ài)，有力彰顯了社會(huì)主義制度的無(wú)比優(yōu)越。

We accelerated the post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction work.We have already invested 654.5 billion yuan, 65.5% of the total planned investment, in the worst hit areas.Thanks to the government's strong support, the selfless assistance of people throughout the country, and the hard work of residents of the earthquake area, the badly damaged areas have taken on a brand-new appearance, with new towns rising straight out of the ground, and villages brimming with vitality.All this fully reflects the boundless love of the Chinese nation and powerfully demonstrates the incomparable superiority of the socialist system.（二）大力調(diào)整經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)，夯實(shí)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)。我們把保增長(zhǎng)與調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)緊密結(jié)合起來(lái)，加快解決制約經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的結(jié)構(gòu)性矛盾。

2.Vigorously carrying out economic restructuring, and shoring up the foundation for long-term development.We closely integrated sustaining economic growth with economic restructuring, and moved more quickly to resolve structural problems limiting economic development.“三農(nóng)”工作進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)。中央財(cái)政用于“三農(nóng)”的支出7253億元，增長(zhǎng)21.8%。大幅度提高糧食最低收購(gòu)價(jià)。啟動(dòng)實(shí)施全國(guó)新增千億斤糧食生產(chǎn)能力建設(shè)規(guī)劃。繼續(xù)改善農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)生活條件，農(nóng)村飲水安全工程使6069萬(wàn)農(nóng)民受益，新增510萬(wàn)沼氣用戶，新建和改造農(nóng)村公路38萬(wàn)公里、農(nóng)村電網(wǎng)線路26.6萬(wàn)公里，又有80萬(wàn)戶農(nóng)村危房得到改造，9.2萬(wàn)戶游牧民實(shí)現(xiàn)了定居。我們加大扶貧力度，貧困地區(qū)的生產(chǎn)生活條件得到明顯改善。We further strengthened the work related to agriculture, rural areas, and farmers.The central government used 725.3 billion yuan to support agriculture, rural areas, and farmers, an increase of 21.8%.We raised the minimum grain purchase prices by a large margin.We began implementation of 'the plan to increase grain production capacity by 50 million tons nationwide.We continued to improve living and working conditions in rural areas.We implemented rural drinking water safety projects that benefited 60.69 million people, increased the number of methane gas users by 5.1.million, built and upgraded 380,000 kilometers of roads and 266,000 kilometers of electric power lines and renovated 800,000 dilapidated houses in the countryside, and helped build permanent housing for 92,000 nomadic families.We also intensified our efforts to fight poverty.As a result, working and living conditions notably improved in poverty-stricken areas.產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整力度加大。制定并實(shí)施十大重點(diǎn)產(chǎn)業(yè)調(diào)整振興規(guī)劃。鼓勵(lì)企業(yè)加快技術(shù)改造，安排200億元技改專項(xiàng)資金支持4441個(gè)技改項(xiàng)目。重點(diǎn)行業(yè)兼并重組取得新進(jìn)展。下大力氣抑制部分行業(yè)產(chǎn)能過(guò)剩和重復(fù)建設(shè)，關(guān)停小火電機(jī)組2617萬(wàn)千瓦，淘汰落后的煉鋼產(chǎn)能1691萬(wàn)噸、煉鐵產(chǎn)能2113萬(wàn)噸、水泥產(chǎn)能7416萬(wàn)噸、焦炭產(chǎn)能1809萬(wàn)噸。加快實(shí)施國(guó)家科技重大專項(xiàng)，中央財(cái)政用于科技的支出1512億元，增長(zhǎng)30%。積極支持自主創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品推廣應(yīng)用，清潔能源、第三代移動(dòng)通信等一批新興產(chǎn)業(yè)快速發(fā)展。大力加強(qiáng)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)，新建鐵路投入運(yùn)營(yíng)5557公里，高速公路新建通車4719公里，城市軌道交通建設(shè)加快，新建、改擴(kuò)建民用機(jī)場(chǎng)35個(gè)；新增發(fā)電裝機(jī)8970萬(wàn)千瓦，西氣東輸二線西段工程實(shí)現(xiàn)供氣，南水北調(diào)工程建設(shè)加快推進(jìn)，6183座病險(xiǎn)水庫(kù)除險(xiǎn)加固工程開工建設(shè)。

We intensified industrial restructuring.We formulated and implemented a plan for restructuring and invigorating ten key industries.We encouraged enterprises to accelerate technological upgrading, and provided 20 billion yuan to support 4,441 technological upgrading projects.Further progress was made in mergers and reorganization in key industries.We made great efforts to restrict excess production capacity and redundant development in some industries.We closed down 26.17 million kilowatts of small thermal power stations, and eliminated backward facilities with total production tons in the steelmaking industry, 21.13 million tons in the iron-smelting 74.16 million tons in the cement industry, and 18.09 million tons in the coke industry.We accelerated the implementation of major national science and technology projects，and spent 151.2 billion yuan of central government funds on science and technology, an increase of 30%.We vigorously supported the widespread use of domestically innovated products, and the development of emerging industries such as clean energy and third-generation mobile communications.We vigorously strengthened infrastructure development;put 5,557 kilometers of newly built railway lines into operation;opened 4,719 kilometers of new expressways to traffic, accelerated urban rail development;and built, renovated or expanded 35 civil airports.We increased the installed power-generating capacity by 89.7 million kilowatts, began supplying gas through the western section of the second line of the project for shipping natural gas from west to east, accelerated construction on the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and began reinforcing 6,183 dangerous reservoirs.節(jié)能減排和環(huán)境保護(hù)扎實(shí)推進(jìn)。安排預(yù)算內(nèi)資金，支持重點(diǎn)節(jié)能工程、循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)等項(xiàng)目2983個(gè)；實(shí)施節(jié)能產(chǎn)品惠民工程，推廣節(jié)能空調(diào)500多萬(wàn)臺(tái)、高效照明燈具1.5億只。繼續(xù)推進(jìn)林業(yè)重點(diǎn)生態(tài)工程建設(shè)，完成造林8827萬(wàn)畝，森林覆蓋率達(dá)到20.36%。綜合治理水土流失面積4.8萬(wàn)平方公里。加強(qiáng)“三河三湖”等重點(diǎn)流域水污染防治和工業(yè)廢水廢氣廢渣治理?！笆晃濉鼻八哪昀塾?jì)單位國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值能耗下降14.38%，化學(xué)需氧量、二氧化硫排放量分別下降9.66%和13.14%。積極開展應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化工作，明確提出2020年我國(guó)控制溫室氣體排放行動(dòng)目標(biāo)和政策措施。氣象預(yù)報(bào)預(yù)警和地震監(jiān)測(cè)工作得到加強(qiáng)，災(zāi)害防御能力不斷提升。

We made solid progress in conserving energy, reducing emissions and protecting the environment.We supported 2,983 key energy conservation and recycling projects through budgetary investment.We implemented a project to promote energy-efficient products for the benefit of the people, putting into use more than 5 million energy-saving air-conditioners and 150 million energy-efficient light bulbs.We continued to develop key ecological projects in the forestry industry, and completed the afforestation of 5.88 million hectares, thereby raising the percentage of land covered by forest to 20.36%.Through combined measures, we brought soil erosion on 48,000 square kilometers of land under control.We strengthened the prevention and treatment of water pollution in the key watersheds of the Huai, Hai, and Liao rivers and Tai, Chao, and Dianchi lakes, and improved the control of wastewater, gases and residues from industry.Over the first four years of the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, energy consumption per unit of GDP fell 14.38%，and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions decreased 9.66% and 13.14% respectively.We made vigorous efforts to respond to climate change, and set forth our country's targets, policies and measures for controlling greenhouse gas emissions by 2020.We improved our weather forecasting and early warning;as well as earthquake monitoring, and constantly improved our disaster prevention and protection capabilities.區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展邁出新步伐。深入實(shí)施區(qū)域發(fā)展總體戰(zhàn)略，制定若干區(qū)域發(fā)展重大規(guī)劃和政策。中西部和東北地區(qū)加快開放開發(fā)，積極承接產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)移，發(fā)展基礎(chǔ)不斷夯實(shí)；東部地區(qū)加快結(jié)構(gòu)和自主創(chuàng)新，經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展活力增強(qiáng)。區(qū)域發(fā)展呈現(xiàn)布局改善、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化、協(xié)調(diào)性提高的良好態(tài)勢(shì)。

We took new steps in balancing development between regions.We thoroughly implemented the overall strategy for regional development;and formulated several major regional development plans and policies.The central and western regions and northeast China accelerated opening up and development, welcomed industries relocated from other parts of the country, and continuously strengthened their foundation for development.The eastern region accelerated restructuring and independent innovation, and the vitality of its economic development increased.A favorable situation emerged in which regional development was better distributed, structured and coordinated.（三）堅(jiān)持深化改革開放，不斷完善有利于科學(xué)發(fā)展的體制機(jī)制。我們把深化改革開放作為應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的強(qiáng)大動(dòng)力，努力消除體制障礙，不斷提高對(duì)外開放水平。

3.Steadfastly deepening reform and opening up, and constantly improving institutions and mechanisms conducive to developing scientifically.We deepened reform and opening up to respond more powerfully to the global financial crisis, worked hard to remove institutional obstacles and continued to open wider to the outside world.重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)改革加快推進(jìn)。增值稅轉(zhuǎn)型全面實(shí)施。成品油價(jià)格和稅費(fèi)改革順利推進(jìn)，新的成品油價(jià)格形成機(jī)制規(guī)范運(yùn)行。國(guó)家開發(fā)銀行商業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)型和農(nóng)業(yè)銀行股份制改革扎實(shí)推進(jìn)，跨境貿(mào)易人民幣結(jié)算試點(diǎn)啟動(dòng)實(shí)施。創(chuàng)業(yè)板正式推出，為自主創(chuàng)新及其他成長(zhǎng)型創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)開辟了新的融資渠道。地方政府機(jī)構(gòu)改革有序開展，事業(yè)單位分類改革試點(diǎn)穩(wěn)步進(jìn)行。集體林權(quán)制度改革全面推開，15億畝林地確權(quán)到戶，占全國(guó)集體林地面積的60%，這是繼土地家庭承包之后我國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)營(yíng)制度的又一重大變革。

We accelerated reform in key areas and links.We comprehensively carried out VAT reform.The reform of the prices of refined oil products and taxes and fees on them was implemented smoothly, and a new mechanism for pricing them worked well.We made solid progress in commercializing the China Development Bank and introducing the joint stock system in the Agricultural Bank of China, and launched a pilot project to use the renminbi as the settlement currency for cross-border trade.The ChiNext stock market was officially launched, which opened a new financing channel for enterprises based on independent innovation and other growth enterprises.We proceeded with the reform of local government departments in an orderly manner, and steadily carried out a trial of reforming institutions by type.We comprehensively launched the reform of tenure in collective forests.We devolved tenure in 100 million hectares of forest land to rural households, equaling 60% of the country's total area of collective forests.This is another major reform of China's rural operation system, and follows in the footsteps of the household land contract responsibility system.開放型經(jīng)濟(jì)水平不斷提高。出臺(tái)一系列穩(wěn)定外需的政策措施，采取符合國(guó)際慣例的方式支持出口企業(yè)，完成短期出口信用保險(xiǎn)承保900億美元，安排421億美元大型成套設(shè)備出口融資保險(xiǎn)。鼓勵(lì)增加進(jìn)口。去年下半年開始進(jìn)出口降幅明顯收窄，國(guó)際市場(chǎng)份額得到鞏固，全年進(jìn)出口總額2.2萬(wàn)億美元。扭轉(zhuǎn)利用外資下降局面，全年實(shí)際利用外商直接投資900億美元。企業(yè)“走出去”逆勢(shì)上揚(yáng)，非金融類對(duì)外直接投資和對(duì)外工程承包營(yíng)業(yè)額分別達(dá)433億美元和777億美元。積極參與國(guó)際宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策對(duì)話協(xié)調(diào)和經(jīng)貿(mào)金融合作，在共同應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)中發(fā)揮了建設(shè)性作用。

We constantly raised the level of the open economy.We introduced policies and measures to stabilize foreign demand, adopted methods that conform to international practices to support export companies, completed the issuance of short-term export credit insurance worth US$ 90 billion, and arranged $42.1 billion of export financing insurance for complete sets of large equipment.We encouraged increases in imports: Since the second half of last year;falls in imports and exports have clearly eased, and we have consolidated our share of international markets.Last year imports and exports totaled $2.2 trillion.We reversed the

第二篇：文言文翻譯試題及答案

三、文言文閱讀（共12分，選擇每題2分）

（一）閱讀下列文段，完成17—20題（8分）

仆竊不遜，近自托于無(wú)能之辭，網(wǎng)羅天下放失舊聞，考之行事，稽其成敗興壞之理，上計(jì)軒轅，下至于茲，為十表，本紀(jì)十二，書八章，世家三十，列傳七十，凡百三十篇。亦欲以究天人之際，通古今之變，成一家之言。草創(chuàng)未就，會(huì)遭此禍，惜其不成，是以就極刑而無(wú)慍色。仆誠(chéng)已著此書，藏之名山，傳之其人，通邑大都，則仆償前辱之責(zé)，雖萬(wàn)被戮，豈有悔哉？然此可為智者道，難為俗人言也。

且負(fù)下未易居，下流多謗議。仆以口語(yǔ)遇遭此禍，重為鄉(xiāng)里所笑，以污辱先人，亦何面目復(fù)上父母之丘墓乎？雖累百世，垢彌甚耳！是以腸一日而九回，居則忽忽若有所亡，出則不知所如往。每念斯恥，汗未嘗不發(fā)背沾衣也。身直為閨閣之臣，寧得自引深藏于巖穴邪？故且從俗浮沉，與時(shí)俯仰，以通其狂惑。今少卿乃教以推賢進(jìn)士，無(wú)乃與仆之私心剌謬乎？今雖欲自雕琢，曼辭以自飾，無(wú)益，于俗不信，適足取辱耳。要之死日，然后是非乃定。書不能悉意，故略陳固陋。謹(jǐn)再拜。

17、下列句中加點(diǎn)詞的意思與現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)相同的一句是（）

A．可為智者道，難為俗人言也 B．每念斯恥，汗未嘗不發(fā)背沾衣也

C．上計(jì)軒轅，下至于茲 D．且負(fù)下未易居，下流多謗議

18、下列句中加點(diǎn)詞的意思相同的一組是（）

A．草創(chuàng)未就，會(huì)遭此禍 是以就極刑而無(wú)慍色

B．從俗浮沉，與時(shí)俯仰 向之所欣，俯仰之間，已為陳?ài)E

C．則仆償前辱之責(zé) 詔書切峻，責(zé)臣逋慢

D．雖累百世，垢彌甚耳 數(shù)州之犬皆蒼黃吠噬狂走者累日

19、下列句中加點(diǎn)詞的用法相同的一項(xiàng)是（）

A．①藏之名山 ②背負(fù)青天而莫之夭閼者

B．①亦欲以究天人之際 ②是以就極刑而無(wú)慍色

C．①然此可為智者道，難為俗人言也 ②彼其于世未數(shù)數(shù)然也

D．①上計(jì)軒轅，下至于茲，為十表 ②何故深思高舉，自令放為

20、翻譯文中劃線的句子（2分）

是以腸一日而九回，居則忽忽若有所亡，出則不知所如往。

試題答案：

17、B．A項(xiàng)“俗人”，文中指世俗之人；現(xiàn)在多指庸俗的人。B項(xiàng)，古今都是指不曾。C項(xiàng)古義為到；今義指表示讓步關(guān)系的連詞。D項(xiàng)古義指地位卑微，名聲不佳；今多指卑鄙齷齪。

18、D．A項(xiàng)“就”，前者指“完成”；后者指“受”。B項(xiàng)“俯仰”，前者指“應(yīng)付周旋”；后者指“低頭和抬頭”，“俯仰之間”，比喻時(shí)間短暫。C項(xiàng)“責(zé)”，前者通“債”；后者指“責(zé)備”。D項(xiàng)“累”，都是指“接連，連續(xù)，延續(xù)”（后句語(yǔ)出柳宗元《答韋中立論師道書》）

19、A．（A項(xiàng)都是代詞，作賓語(yǔ)，“莫之夭閼”是賓語(yǔ)前置。B項(xiàng)“以”，前者表示憑借，譯為“用”；后者表原因，當(dāng)“因?yàn)椤敝v。C項(xiàng)“然”，前者表轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞，后者作形容詞詞尾，譯為“……的樣子”。D項(xiàng)“為”，前者作動(dòng)詞，可當(dāng)“寫成、成為”講；后者是句末語(yǔ)氣詞，表疑問(wèn)。）

20、因此痛苦之情在腸中整天轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)去，平日在家往往恍惚迷離，若有所失，出門常常不知要到哪里去。

第三篇：第三屆翻譯大賽試題及答案

Nature and Art

Nature contains the elements, in colour and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard contains the notes of all music.But the artist is born to pick, and choose, and group with science, these elements, that the result may be beautiful—as the musician gathers his notes, and forms his chords, until he brings forth from the chaos glorious harmony.To say to the painter, that Nature is to be taken as she is, is to say to the player, that he may sit on the piano?

The dignity of the snow-capped mountain is lost in distinctness, but the joy of the tourist is to recognize the traveller on the top.The desire to see, for the sake of seeing, is, with the mass, alone the one to be gratified, hence the delight in detail.And when the evening mist clothes the riverside with poetry, as with a veil, and the poor buildings lose themselves in the dim sky, and the tall chimneys become campanili, and the warehouses are palaces in the night, and the whole city hangs in the heavens, and fairy-land is before us—then the wayfarer hastens home;the working man and the cultured one, the wise man and the one of pleasure, cease to understand, as they have ceased to see, and Nature, who, for once, has sung in tune, sings her exquisite song to the artist alone, her son and her master—her son in that loves her, her master in that he knows her.To him her secrets are unfolded, to him her lessons have become gradually clear.He looks at her flower, not with the enlarging lens, that may gather facts for the botanist, but with the light of the one who sees in her choice selection of brilliant tones and delicate tints, suggestions of future harmonies.He does not confine himself to purposeless copying, without thought, each blade of grass, as commended by the inconsequent, but, in the long curve of the narrow leaf, corrected by the straight tall stem, he learns how grace is wedded to dignity.How strength enhances sweetness, that elegance shall be the result.In the citron wing of the pale butterfly, with its dainty spots of orange, he sees before him the stately halls of fair gold, with their slender saffron pillars, and is taught how the delicate drawing high upon the walls shall be traced in tender tones of orpiment, and repeated by the base in notes of graver hue.In all that is dainty and lovable he finds hints for his own combinations, and thus is Nature ever his resource and always at his service, and to him is naught refused.Through his brain, as through the last alembic, is distilled the refined essence of that thought which began with the Gods, and which they left him to carry out.Set apart by them to complete their works, he produces that wondrous thing called the masterpiece, which surpasses in perfection all that they have contrived in what is called Nature;and the Gods stand by and marvel, and perceive how far away more beautiful is the Venus of Melos than was their own Eve.自然與藝術(shù)

就色彩和形狀而論，大自然包含所有圖畫的元素，就像鍵盤包含所有音樂(lè)的音符一樣。

藝術(shù)家的天職就是對(duì)這些元素進(jìn)行選擇，將它們巧妙地糅合起來(lái)，構(gòu)成一幅美麗的圖畫——就像音樂(lè)家用聲音譜成和音，從混亂無(wú)序的聲音中創(chuàng)作出動(dòng)聽和諧的樂(lè)曲一樣。

如果對(duì)畫家說(shuō)他可以照大自然本來(lái)的樣子畫，就等于對(duì)演奏家說(shuō)他可以一屁股坐在鋼琴的鍵盤上??

白雪皚皚的高山若是變得清晰可見(jiàn)就失去了它的威嚴(yán)，但觀光者卻因?yàn)槟芸匆?jiàn)山頂上的游客而喜形于色。大多數(shù)人是為了看見(jiàn)而要看見(jiàn)，只是為了使這個(gè)愿望得到滿足而已，因此他們僅以能看見(jiàn)細(xì)節(jié)為快。

當(dāng)傍晚富有詩(shī)意的迷霧象柔紗般地籠罩著河邊，破舊的建筑消失在朦朧的天空，高高的煙囪變成一座座鐘樓，大大小小的倉(cāng)庫(kù)恍如夜間的宮殿，整個(gè)城市懸在了空中，宛若仙境展現(xiàn)在我們眼前，那時(shí)候，路上的人們匆匆走路回家；勞動(dòng)者和文化人，智者和浪子，因?yàn)樗麄兪煲暉o(wú)睹，他們也就不能理解，而只在此時(shí)才開始歌唱的大自然便把自己微妙的歌唱給藝術(shù)家——她的兒子和她的主人；說(shuō)他是兒子是因?yàn)樗麗?ài)她，說(shuō)他是主人是因?yàn)樗斫馑?/p>

只有對(duì)他，她才展現(xiàn)她的秘密，只有對(duì)他，她的內(nèi)涵才逐漸變得清晰。他觀察著她的花朵，不是用為植物學(xué)家采集實(shí)據(jù)的放大鏡，而是用一種眼光，她用這種眼光在她精選的燦爛色調(diào)和精妙色彩中可以看見(jiàn)即將誕生的畫面是多么和諧。他并非不假思索地描摹每一片草葉，如同那些不諳此道的人們所贊揚(yáng)的那樣，而是在又高又直的莖干上的細(xì)長(zhǎng)葉彎里，他發(fā)現(xiàn)，優(yōu)雅和尊嚴(yán)融為一體，力量使它更加溫柔，而后才產(chǎn)生了高雅。

在蝴蝶那淡淡的香櫞色并布滿雅致的橘黃斑點(diǎn)的翅膀上，他看見(jiàn)莊嚴(yán)的金色大廳就在眼前，還有又細(xì)又高的金黃頂柱，并且懂得了那高墻上精巧的圖畫要用輕柔的雄黃色調(diào)來(lái)描繪，并要以更加莊重的色調(diào)為底色將其繪制下來(lái)。

在所有這些雅致和可愛(ài)的元素里，他得到如何進(jìn)行融合的啟示，這樣，大自然就成了他取之不盡的源泉，隨時(shí)為他服務(wù)，對(duì)他從不拒絕。

通過(guò)他的大腦，如同通過(guò)最后一道蒸餾器一樣，那發(fā)端于諸神，并由諸神托付他去實(shí)現(xiàn)的思想精髓得以凈化。

由于受到諸神的青睞去完成他們的作品，他創(chuàng)作了被稱之為杰作的絕妙之作，它的完美超出諸神在大自然里所創(chuàng)造的一切；他們站在一旁，驚嘆不已，并發(fā)現(xiàn)米洛斯島上的維納斯像比他們自己的夏娃要美麗得多。

第二部分：漢譯英譯文（50分）出生在天津的美國(guó)作家

歲月悠悠。一晃也是如云如煙的往事了。1981年秋，天津作家協(xié)會(huì)剛剛恢復(fù)工作，曾任美國(guó)作家聯(lián)盟主席的約翰·赫賽（John Hersey）到天津來(lái)了。他是自費(fèi)來(lái)中國(guó)旅游，又是特地來(lái)重溫故鄉(xiāng)之夢(mèng)的。

天津怎么是赫賽的故鄉(xiāng)呢？原來(lái)他父親是美國(guó)傳教士，曾任天津基督教青年會(huì)（YMCA :Young Men's Christian Association）干事多年；他母親應(yīng)南開中學(xué)邀請(qǐng)到南開中學(xué)任英語(yǔ)教師。隨他來(lái)的翻譯多說(shuō)了幾句，說(shuō)他母親教出了一位世界知名的人物，那就是周恩來(lái)。說(shuō)他曾經(jīng)玩笑地說(shuō)，他是在母親的肚皮里就已經(jīng)認(rèn)識(shí)這位偉大的人物了。他1914年出生在天津，11歲離開天津，回到美國(guó)。但天津一直留在他的心頭，1939年和1945年都來(lái)重溫過(guò)故鄉(xiāng)之夢(mèng)，這次是第三次了。

赫賽這次重溫故鄉(xiāng)之夢(mèng)，做了一定的準(zhǔn)備。隨來(lái)他的翻譯又多說(shuō)了幾句，說(shuō)他在北京請(qǐng)人為他譯讀了天津作家的一些作品，對(duì)孫梨的《荷花淀》與方紀(jì)的《來(lái)訪者》評(píng)價(jià)很高，這就看出他對(duì)人生和現(xiàn)實(shí)的態(tài)度了。

轉(zhuǎn)天，我應(yīng)邀到他房間去長(zhǎng)談。他把微型錄音機(jī)放在茶幾上，要把我的原話和翻譯的譯語(yǔ)都錄下來(lái)。他要我介紹唐山大地震給天津帶來(lái)的災(zāi)難，又要我介紹天津作家的情況，說(shuō)那兩次重返故鄉(xiāng)，他都沒(méi)聽說(shuō)過(guò)天津也有作家，特別是聽到作家寫作不僅拿稿費(fèi)而且月月有薪金時(shí)，仿佛是一大發(fā)現(xiàn)，驚奇得在筆記本上做了記錄。我也順勢(shì)提出一問(wèn)，他又是怎么靠稿費(fèi)維持生活的。他說(shuō)他在作家身份之外還兼具記者和教授的兩種身份。這樣既保證了生活的收入，又豐富了創(chuàng)作的源泉，也開拓了學(xué)識(shí)的領(lǐng)域。他的許多小說(shuō)都是從報(bào)告文學(xué)中升華出來(lái)的，還有一些作品是在教學(xué)中醞釀成熟的。

An American Writer Who Was Born in Tianjin

It has been gone like smoke and clouds.How time flies!In the autumn of 1981 when Tianjin Writers’ Association has just resumed its normal function in the wake of the Cultural Revolution, Mr.John Hersey, Ex-Chairman of American Writers’ Federation, came to Tianjin.He had come to China as a tourist and made a point of coming to see his former home there.How come Tianjin had become Hersey’s hometown? What happened was that his father, a missionary from America, was in charge of Tianjin YMCA for many years and his mother, at the request of NankaiMiddle School, was there teaching English.His interpreter offered a few humorous remarks that at NankaiMiddle School his mother had taught a student that later became a world-known figure and this student was none other than Zhou Enlai.He added that Hersey had once said half jokingly that he had known this great figure when he was still in his mother’s womb.He was born in Tianjin in 1914, and left for America at the age of eleven.But Tianjin had always been to the fore of his mind.He had visited Tianjin twice earlier, the first one in 1939 and the second in 1946, and this was his third visit.Hersey was well prepared for his visit to Tianjin.His interpreter again offered some extra information that, while in Beijing, he had asked someone to translate and read to him in English some works by Tianjin writers and he had a high opinion of “The Lotus Lake” by Sun Li and “The Visitor” by Fang Ji, and that gave us a glimpse of his attitude toward life and how he looked at social realities.The next day I was invited to the hotel where he stayed and we had a long talk in his room.He put his pocket recorder on the tea table, saying he wanted to note down what I was going to say as it was being interpreted.He asked how Tianjin was affected by the Tangshan earthquake and then he said he would like to be furnished with some information about Tianjin writers, because, during his previous visits to Tianjin, it had never occurred to him that there was any writer in this city.When he learned that writers in China were paid regular salaries, apart from contribution fees for their writings, he was so amazed that he put it in his notebook as if he had discovered something unusual.Picking up the topic from where he left off I asked how he had managed to make a living by writing and he said he was currently employed as a journalist for a newspaper and a professor at a university.His employment in the two occupations not only provided him with materials for creative writing and widened the range of his learning.Some of his novels were developed on the reportage he had written as a journalist and others were conceived while he was teaching at university.

第四篇：無(wú)錫市第五屆翻譯比賽決賽試題及參考答案

無(wú)錫市第五屆翻譯比賽決賽試題及參考答案（本科組）

英譯中

試題

1Is e-mail a blessing or a curse? Last month, after a week’s vacation, I discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages waiting in my IN box.I pretend to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased.This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s — if you aren’t overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration.Those 225 million people who can send and receive it represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government.Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us — to pool our collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.The most obvious place to see this collaboration right now is in the world of software.For decades, programmers have used e-mail to collaborate on projects.With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.It’s happening largely because it can — it’s relatively easy for a thousand programmers to collectively contribute to a project using e-mail and the Internet.Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.參考答案

電子郵件是福是禍？上個(gè)月，在一周休假之后，我在收件箱中發(fā)現(xiàn)了1,218封未讀郵件。我假裝氣惱，卻暗自竊喜。如果你沒(méi)被電子郵件淹沒(méi)，你一定是出了問(wèn)題 —— 這就是20世紀(jì)90年代末我們衡量自身有線價(jià)值的方式。

電子郵件使全球范圍內(nèi)人際合作的全新模式成為可能。那2億2千5百萬(wàn)能夠收發(fā)郵件的人群代表了一個(gè)可能參與合作的眾多個(gè)體的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)聚集人數(shù)之多使得任何大公司或政府機(jī)構(gòu)相形見(jiàn)絀。收件人討論小組以及在線會(huì)議使我們能就許多有趣或有助的項(xiàng)目通力合作，以一種全新的方式集思廣益。目前這種合作最易發(fā)生在計(jì)算機(jī)的程序系統(tǒng)里。幾十年來(lái)，編程員利用電子郵件在各個(gè)項(xiàng)目上相互協(xié)作。隨著合作日趨頻繁，合作本身已超越公司的界線，而且常常不受商業(yè)利誘的驅(qū)使。這是因?yàn)槌砂偕锨У木幊虇T通過(guò)電子郵件或網(wǎng)絡(luò)就一項(xiàng)目全力協(xié)作相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)要容易些。個(gè)人的力量也許很渺小，但是因特網(wǎng)的規(guī)模使得眾人的力量無(wú)限放大。

試題

2Well-being, not just wealth, should mark the progress of our societies.It is hard to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress, innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right.In some cases, it is hard for people to put a finger on it: a feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined relationships and solid social structures.In other respects, it is really quantifiable: rates of drug abuse, violent crime and depression and suicide are rocketing.Why are we so unhappy? It seems that the Enlightenment brought forth unparalleled liberty in economic, social and political life, but we are now undergoing a midlife crisis.The politics of happiness is nothing new.Aristotle said that eudemonia or happiness is the goal of life.But for me, the person who brings the great conundrum of personal happiness alive is Robert Kennedy.In a beautifully crafted speech, he said what “makes life worthwhile” is “the health of our children, the quality of their education, the joy of their play,” “the strength of our marriages ? our devotion to our country” and our “wit ? wisdom and courage.” And he pointed out that none of these could be measured by gross national product.參考答案

人們身心的健康與快樂(lè)，并非財(cái)富，才是我們社會(huì)進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。人們很難擺脫這樣一種事實(shí)：在發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)，盡管社會(huì)進(jìn)步，改革日新月異，物質(zhì)富足，卻總覺(jué)得有些事情不大對(duì)勁。有時(shí)候，人們難以明確地指出到底為何：空虛，沒(méi)有歸屬感，沒(méi)有穩(wěn)定明確的人際關(guān)系以及穩(wěn)固的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。在其他方面，問(wèn)題可以明確量化地表述：濫用毒品、暴力犯罪、經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條以及自殺身亡的比率在急劇增加。我們?yōu)楹稳绱瞬豢鞓?lè)？啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)帶給我們無(wú)可比擬的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)以及政治生活的自由，而我們現(xiàn)在正經(jīng)受著“中年”危機(jī)。探討幸福的內(nèi)涵古已有之。亞里士多德曾指出：幸福是人生的目標(biāo)?？晌乙詾椋瑢€(gè)人幸福這一難題談得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)的是羅伯特?肯尼迪。在他言辭精妙的演講中，他闡述道：使“生活有意義”的是“孩子們的健康，兒童的教育質(zhì)量以及他們玩耍游戲的快樂(lè)”，是“我們穩(wěn)固的婚姻??對(duì)祖國(guó)的熱愛(ài)與忠誠(chéng)”，是我們的“睿智??英明與勇氣”。他還指出，這一切沒(méi)有一樣能夠用國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值來(lái)衡量。

二、中譯英（考生從下面兩段中自主選擇一段作答即可）

試題

1不能簡(jiǎn)單地用“軟”和“硬”來(lái)界定中國(guó)的外交。國(guó)際上特別是西方一些人指責(zé)中國(guó)外交強(qiáng)硬了，不像過(guò)去好說(shuō)話。但是國(guó)內(nèi)一些輿論又說(shuō)我們的外交太軟，主張“亮劍”，要求教訓(xùn)一些國(guó)家。這本身就表明，從不同的角度看中國(guó)外交可能會(huì)得出不同的結(jié)論。不能說(shuō)動(dòng)槍動(dòng)炮才是硬，通過(guò)對(duì)話談判解決分歧就是軟。中國(guó)人講剛?cè)嵯酀?jì)，也就是說(shuō)，“柔”和“剛”是一枚硬幣的兩個(gè)面。就像一個(gè)人有溫和的時(shí)候也有發(fā)怒的時(shí)候，一支軍隊(duì)有勇往直前的時(shí)候也有迂回周旋的時(shí)候。斗爭(zhēng)和妥協(xié)都不是外交的目的，也不是評(píng)判外交好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而只是實(shí)現(xiàn)外交目標(biāo)的方式和選項(xiàng)。這就要求我們?cè)摱窢?zhēng)時(shí)斗爭(zhēng)，該合作時(shí)合作，該周旋時(shí)周旋。智慧比拳頭更重要。

參考答案

China’s diplomacy cannot be labeled simply as “soft” or “hard-line”.Some people in the world, especially in Western countries, accuse China of becoming more assertive in diplomacy not as easygoing as before.But some in China say that China’s diplomacy is too “soft” and should “show our sword” to teach certain countries a lesson.We can see that different perspectives can lead people to different conclusions.I don’t think only the use of force can make diplomacy strong, or dialogue and negotiation only make diplomacy “soft”.We Chinese believe in combining firmness and flexibility, which is to say that “firmness” and “flexibility” are two sides of a coin.A man may be gentle at one time but angry at another time.Sometimes an army needs to march forward bravely while at other times it needs to avoid a direct confrontation.Confrontation and compromise are not the goals of diplomacy, nor are they the yardstick for our diplomatic work.They are just means to achieve our diplomatic goals or options we can choose from.This means we just know when to fight, when to cooperate and when to avoid direct confrontation.Wisdom is way more important than fists.試題

2我總覺(jué)得，凡是為了非傾吐不可而寫的作品，都是充滿了真情實(shí)感的。反之，只是為寫作而寫作，如上之為應(yīng)付編輯朋友，下之為多拿稿費(fèi)，這類文章大都是盡量地往長(zhǎng)里寫，結(jié)果是即便有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的感情，也被沖洗到水分太多、淡而無(wú)味的地步。

當(dāng)由一個(gè)人物，一樁事跡，一幅畫面而發(fā)生的真情實(shí)感，向你襲來(lái)的時(shí)候，它就像一根扎到你心尖上的長(zhǎng)針，一陣卷到你面前的怒潮，你只能用最真切、最簡(jiǎn)練的文字，才能描畫出你心尖上的那一陣劇痛和你面前的那一霎驚惶。

參考答案

I always believe that anything written with an irresistible inner urge to unbosom oneself must be full of genuine feelings.On the contrary, if one writes simply for the sake of writing—say, to humor one’s editor friends, or worse still, to earn more remuneration, one will most probably make his writings unnecessarily long until they become, despite what little feelings they may contain, inflated and wishy-washy.When true emotions aroused by a person, an event or a scene come upon you like a pin pricking your heart or an angry tide surging threateningly before you, all you can do is use the most vivid and succinct language to describe the severe pain in your heart or the momentary feelings of panic caused b

一、英譯中

【試題】1.Is e-mail a blessing or a curse? Last month, after a week’s vacation, I discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages waiting in my IN box.I pretend to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased.This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s — if you aren’t overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration.Those 225 million people who can send and receive it represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government.Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us — to pool our collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.The most obvious place to see this collaboration right now is in the world of software.For decades, programmers have used e-mail to collaborate on projects.With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.It’s happening largely because it can — it’s relatively easy for a thousand programmers to collectively contribute to a project using e-mail and the Internet.Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.【參考答案】

電子郵件是福是禍？上個(gè)月，在一周休假之后，我在收件箱中發(fā)現(xiàn)了1,218封未讀郵件。我假裝氣惱，卻暗自竊喜。如果你沒(méi)被電子郵件淹沒(méi)，你一定是出了問(wèn)題 —— 這就是20世紀(jì)90年代末我們衡量自身有線價(jià)值的方式。

電子郵件使全球范圍內(nèi)人際合作的全新模式成為可能。那2億2千5百萬(wàn)能夠收發(fā)郵件的人群代表了一個(gè)可能參與合作的眾多個(gè)體的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)聚集人數(shù)之多使得任何大公司或政府機(jī)構(gòu)相形見(jiàn)絀。收件人討論小組以及在線會(huì)議使我們能就許多有趣或有助的項(xiàng)目通力合作，以一種全新的方式集思廣益。目前這種合作最易發(fā)生在計(jì)算機(jī)的程序系統(tǒng)里。幾十年來(lái)，編程員利用電子郵件在各個(gè)項(xiàng)目上相互協(xié)作。隨著合作日趨頻繁，合作本身已超越公司的界線，而且常常不受商業(yè)利誘的驅(qū)使。這是因?yàn)槌砂偕锨У木幊虇T通過(guò)電子郵件或網(wǎng)絡(luò)就一項(xiàng)目全力協(xié)作相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)要容易些。個(gè)人的力量也許很渺小，但是因特網(wǎng)的規(guī)模使得眾人的力量無(wú)限放大。

【試題】2.Well-being, not just wealth, should mark the progress of our societies.It is hard to escape the fact that in developed societies, despite progress, innovation and prosperity, there is something not quite right.In some cases, it is hard for people to put a finger on it: a feeling of emptiness and not belonging, a lack of defined relationships and solid social structures.In other respects, it is really quantifiable: rates of drug abuse, violent crime and depression and suicide are rocketing.Why are we so unhappy? It seems that the Enlightenment brought forth unparalleled liberty in economic, social and political life, but we are now undergoing a midlife crisis.The politics of happiness is nothing new.Aristotle said that eudemonia or happiness is the goal of life.But for me, the person who brings the great conundrum of personal happiness alive is Robert Kennedy.In a beautifully crafted speech, he said what “makes life worthwhile” is “the health of our children, the quality of their education, the joy of their play,” “the strength of our marriages ? our devotion to our country” and our “wit ? wisdom and courage.” And he pointed out that none of these could be measured by gross national product.【參考答案】

人們身心的健康與快樂(lè)，并非財(cái)富，才是我們社會(huì)進(jìn)步的標(biāo)志。人們很難擺脫這樣一種事實(shí)：在發(fā)達(dá)的社會(huì)，盡管社會(huì)進(jìn)步，改革日新月異，物質(zhì)富足，卻總覺(jué)得有些事情不大對(duì)勁。有時(shí)候，人們難以明確地指出到底為何：空虛，沒(méi)有歸屬感，沒(méi)有穩(wěn)定明確的人際關(guān)系以及穩(wěn)固的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。在其他方面，問(wèn)題可以明確量化地表述：濫用毒品、暴力犯罪、經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條以及自殺身亡的比率在急劇增加。我們?yōu)楹稳绱瞬豢鞓?lè)？啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)帶給我們無(wú)可比擬的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)以及政治生活的自由，而我們現(xiàn)在正經(jīng)受著“中年”危機(jī)。探討幸福的內(nèi)涵古已有之。亞里士多德曾指出：幸福是人生的目標(biāo)?？晌乙詾?，將個(gè)人幸福這一難題談得沸沸揚(yáng)揚(yáng)的是羅伯特?肯尼迪。在他言辭精妙的演講中，他闡述道：使“生活有意義”的是“孩子們的健康，兒童的教育質(zhì)量以及他們玩耍游戲的快樂(lè)”，是“我們穩(wěn)固的婚姻??對(duì)祖國(guó)的熱愛(ài)與忠誠(chéng)”，是我們的“睿智??英明與勇氣”。他還指出，這一切沒(méi)有一樣能夠用國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值來(lái)衡量。

二、中譯英（考生從下面兩段中自主選擇一段作答即可）

【試題】1

不能簡(jiǎn)單地用“軟”和“硬”來(lái)界定中國(guó)的外交。國(guó)際上特別是西方一些人指責(zé)中國(guó)外交強(qiáng)硬了，不像過(guò)去好說(shuō)話。但是國(guó)內(nèi)一些輿論又說(shuō)我們的外交太軟，主張“亮劍”，要求教訓(xùn)一些國(guó)家。這本身就表明，從不同的角度看中國(guó)外交可能會(huì)得出不同的結(jié)論。不能說(shuō)動(dòng)槍動(dòng)炮才是硬，通過(guò)對(duì)話談判解決分歧就是軟。中國(guó)人講剛?cè)嵯酀?jì)，也就是說(shuō)，“柔”和“剛”是一枚硬幣的兩個(gè)面。就像一個(gè)人有溫和的時(shí)候也有發(fā)怒的時(shí)候，一支軍隊(duì)有勇往直前的時(shí)候也有迂回周旋的時(shí)候。斗爭(zhēng)和妥協(xié)都不是外交的目的，也不是評(píng)判外交好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而只是實(shí)現(xiàn)外交目標(biāo)的方式和選項(xiàng)。這就要求我們?cè)摱窢?zhēng)時(shí)斗爭(zhēng)，該合作時(shí)合作，該周旋時(shí)周旋。智慧比拳頭更重要。

【參考答案】

China's diplomacy cannot be labeled simply as “soft” or “hard-line”.Some people in the world, especially in Western countries, accuse China of becoming more assertive in diplomacy not as easygoing as before.But some in China say that China's diplomacy is too “soft” and should “show our sword” to teach certain countries a lesson.We can see that different perspectives can lead people to different conclusions.I don't think only the use of force can make diplomacy strong, or dialogue and negotiation only make diplomacy “soft”.We Chinese believe in combining firmness and flexibility, which is to say that “firmness” and “flexibility” are two sides of a coin.A man may be gentle at one time but angry at another time.Sometimes an army needs to march forward bravely while at other times it needs to avoid a direct confrontation.Confrontation and compromise are not the goals of diplomacy, nor are they the yardstick for our diplomatic work.They are just means to achieve our diplomatic goals or options we can choose from.This means we just know when to fight, when to cooperate and when to avoid direct confrontation.Wisdom is way more important than fists.【試題】2

我總覺(jué)得，凡是為了非傾吐不可而寫的作品，都是充滿了真情實(shí)感的。反之，只是為寫作而寫作，如上之為應(yīng)付編輯朋友，下之為多拿稿費(fèi)，這類文章大都是盡量地往長(zhǎng)里寫，結(jié)果是即便有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的感情，也被沖洗到水分太多、淡而無(wú)味的地步。

當(dāng)由一個(gè)人物，一樁事跡，一幅畫面而發(fā)生的真情實(shí)感，向你襲來(lái)的時(shí)候，它就像一根扎到你心尖上的長(zhǎng)針，一陣卷到你面前的怒潮，你只能用最真切、最簡(jiǎn)練的文字，才能描畫出你心尖上的那一陣劇痛和你面前的那一霎驚惶。

【參考答案】

I always believe that anything written with an irresistible inner urge to unbosom oneself must be full of genuine feelings.On the contrary, if one writes simply for the sake of writing----say, to humor one's editor friends, or worse still, to earn more remuneration, one will most probably make his writings unnecessarily long until they become, despite what little feelings they may contain, inflated and wishy-washy.When true emotions aroused by a person, an event or a scene come upon you like a pin pricking your heart or an angry tide surging threateningly before you, all you can do is use the most vivid and succinct language to describe the severe pain in your heart or the momentary feelings of panic caused by the angry tide.無(wú)錫市第五屆翻譯比賽決賽試題及參考答案（?？平M）

一、英譯中

【試題】 1.Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America.His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society.“He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.Among his contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history.He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University.Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie’s generosity.【參考答案】(安德魯?卡內(nèi)基)

被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯?卡耐基在美國(guó)建立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，他變成了美國(guó)最富有的人之一。他的成功，部分源于他銷售產(chǎn)品的能力，部分源于他在經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條時(shí)期的擴(kuò)充策略，而當(dāng)時(shí)他的多數(shù)對(duì)手都在縮減投資?？突J(rèn)為個(gè)人應(yīng)該通過(guò)努力工作來(lái)獲得進(jìn)步，但他也強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為有錢人應(yīng)該運(yùn)用他們的財(cái)富來(lái)為社會(huì)謀取福利?？突?jīng)常說(shuō)：“富有著死去的人死得可恥。”他對(duì)社會(huì)的重要貢獻(xiàn)都以他的名字命名，其中包括匹茲堡卡耐基學(xué)校。這個(gè)學(xué)校有一個(gè)圖書館，一個(gè)美術(shù)館和一個(gè)國(guó)家歷史博物館；他還創(chuàng)立了一所技術(shù)學(xué)校，這所學(xué)校現(xiàn)在是卡耐基-梅隆大學(xué)的一部分；其他的慈善捐贈(zèng)有為促進(jìn)國(guó)家間了解的“卡耐基國(guó)際和平基金”，為科學(xué)研究提供經(jīng)費(fèi)的華盛頓卡耐基學(xué)院以及給各種藝術(shù)活動(dòng)提供活動(dòng)中心的卡耐基音樂(lè)廳。安德魯?卡耐基的慷慨大度幾乎影響到每個(gè)美國(guó)人的生活。

【試題】2.Is e-mail a blessing or a curse? Last month, after a week’s vacation, I discovered 1,218 unread e-mail messages waiting in my IN box.I pretend to be dismayed, but secretly I was pleased.This is how we measure our wired worth in the late 1990s — if you aren’t overwhelmed by e-mail, you must be doing something wrong.E-mail is enabling radically new forms of worldwide human collaboration.Those 225 million people who can send and receive it represent a network of potentially cooperating individuals dwarfing anything that even the mightiest corporation or government.Mailing-list discussion groups and online conferencing allow us to gather together to work on a multitude of projects that are interesting or helpful to us — to pool our collective efforts in a fashion never before possible.The most obvious place to see this collaboration right now is in the world of software.For decades, programmers have used e-mail to collaborate on projects.With increasing frequency, this collaboration is occurring across company lines, and often without even the spur of commercial incentives.It’s happening largely because it can — it’s relatively easy for a thousand programmers to collectively contribute to a project using e-mail and the Internet.Perhaps each individual contribution is small, but the scale of the Internet multiplies all efforts dramatically.【參考答案】

電子郵件是福是禍？電子郵件是福是禍？上個(gè)月，在一周休假之后，我在收件箱中發(fā)現(xiàn)了1,218封未讀郵件。我假裝氣惱，卻暗自竊喜。如果你沒(méi)被電子郵件淹沒(méi)，你一定是出了問(wèn)題 —— 這就是20世紀(jì)90年代末我們衡量自身有線價(jià)值的方式。

電子郵件使全球范圍內(nèi)人際合作的全新模式成為可能。那2億2千5百萬(wàn)能夠收發(fā)郵件的人群代表了一個(gè)可能參與合作的眾多個(gè)體的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。該網(wǎng)絡(luò)聚集人數(shù)之多使得任何大公司或政府機(jī)構(gòu)相形見(jiàn)絀。收件人討論小組以及在線會(huì)議使我們能就許多有趣或有助的項(xiàng)目通力合作，以一種全新的方式集思廣益。目前這種合作最易發(fā)生在計(jì)算機(jī)的程序系統(tǒng)里。幾十年來(lái)，編程員利用電子郵件在各個(gè)項(xiàng)目上相互協(xié)作。隨著合作日趨頻繁，合作本身已超越公司的界線，而且常常不受商業(yè)利誘的驅(qū)使。這是因?yàn)槌砂偕锨У木幊虇T通過(guò)電子郵件或網(wǎng)絡(luò)就一項(xiàng)目全力協(xié)作相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)要容易些。個(gè)人的力量也許很渺小，但是因特網(wǎng)的規(guī)模使得眾人的力量無(wú)限放大。

二、中譯英（考生從下面兩段中自主選擇一段作答即可）

【試題】1.中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，人口眾多、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平低、氣候條件復(fù)雜、生態(tài)環(huán)境脆弱，易受氣候變化的不利影響。氣候變化對(duì)中國(guó)自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展帶來(lái)了現(xiàn)實(shí)的威脅，主要體現(xiàn)在農(nóng)牧業(yè)、林業(yè)、自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)、水資源等領(lǐng)域以及沿海和生態(tài)脆弱地區(qū)，適應(yīng)氣候變化已成為中國(guó)的迫切任務(wù)。同時(shí)，中國(guó)正處于經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展階段，面臨著發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)、消除貧困和減緩溫室氣體排放的多重壓力，應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化的形勢(shì)嚴(yán)峻，任務(wù)繁重。

【參考答案】

As a developing country with a large population, a relatively low level of economic development, a complex climate and a fragile eco-environment, China is vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, which has brought substantial threats to the natural ecosystems as well as the economic and social development of the country.These threats are particularly pressing in the fields of agriculture(farming), livestock breeding(husbandry), forestry, natural ecosystems and water resources, and in the coastal and eco-fragile zones.Therefore, China's priority task at present is to adapt itself to climate change.The multiple pressures of developing the economy, eliminating poverty and mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gases constitute difficulties for China in its efforts to cope with climate change, since the country is undergoing rapid economic development.【試題】2

不能簡(jiǎn)單地用“軟”和“硬”來(lái)界定中國(guó)的外交。國(guó)際上特別是西方一些人指責(zé)中國(guó)外交強(qiáng)硬了，不像過(guò)去好說(shuō)話。但是國(guó)內(nèi)一些輿論又說(shuō)我們的外交太軟，主張“亮劍”，要求教訓(xùn)一些國(guó)家。這本身就表明，從不同的角度看中國(guó)外交可能會(huì)得出不同的結(jié)論。不能說(shuō)動(dòng)槍動(dòng)炮才是硬，通過(guò)對(duì)話談判解決分歧就是軟。中國(guó)人講剛?cè)嵯酀?jì)，也就是說(shuō)，“柔”和“剛”是一枚硬幣的兩個(gè)面。就像一個(gè)人有溫和的時(shí)候也有發(fā)怒的時(shí)候，一支軍隊(duì)有勇往直前的時(shí)候也有迂回周旋的時(shí)候。斗爭(zhēng)和妥協(xié)都不是外交的目的，也不是評(píng)判外交好壞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，而只是實(shí)現(xiàn)外交目標(biāo)的方式和選項(xiàng)。這就要求我們?cè)摱窢?zhēng)時(shí)斗爭(zhēng)，該合作時(shí)合作，該周旋時(shí)周旋。智慧比拳頭更重要。

【參考答案】

China's diplomacy cannot be labeled simply as “soft” or “hard-line”.Some people in the world, especially in Western countries, accuse China of becoming more assertive in diplomacy not as easygoing as before.But some in China say that China's diplomacy is too “soft” and should “show our sword” to teach certain countries a lesson.We can see that different perspectives can lead people to different conclusions.I don't think only the use of force can make diplomacy strong, or dialogue and negotiation only make diplomacy “soft”.We Chinese believe in combining firmness and flexibility, which is to say that “firmness” and “flexibility” are two sides of a coin.A man may be gentle at one time but angry at another time.Sometimes an army needs to march forward bravely while at other times it needs to avoid a direct confrontation.Confrontation and compromise are not the goals of diplomacy, nor are they the yardstick for our diplomatic work.They are just means to achieve our diplomatic goals or options we can choose from.This means we just know when to fight, when to cooperate and when to avoid direct confrontation.Wisdom is way more important than fists.

第五篇：江西省第二屆翻譯大賽試題及答案

江西省第二屆英語(yǔ)翻譯大賽

Time limit: 150 Min 第一部分：英譯漢（50分）

Street Haunting: A London Adventure(Excerpt)

Virginia Woolf

No one perhaps has ever felt passionately towards a lead pencil.But there are circumstances in which it can become supremely desirable to possess one;moments when we are set upon having an object, an excuse for walking half across London between tea and dinner.As the foxhunter hunts in order to preserve the breed of foxes, and the golfer plays in order that open spaces may be preserved from the builders, so when the desire comes upon us to go street rambling the pencil does for a pretext, and getting up we say: “Really I must buy a pencil,” as if under cover of this excuse we could indulge safely in the greatest pleasure of town life in winter — rambling the streets of London.How beautiful a London street is then, with its islands of light, and its long groves of darkness, and on one side of it perhaps some tree-sprinkled, grass-grown space where night is folding herself to sleep naturally and, as one passes the iron railing, one hears those little cracklings and stirrings of leaf and twig which seem to suppose the silence of fields all round them, an owl hooting, and far away the rattle of a train in the valley.But this is London, we are reminded;high among the bare trees are hung oblong frames of reddish yellow light — windows;there are points of brilliance burning steadily like low stars — lamps;this empty ground, which holds the country in it and its peace, is only a London square, set about by offices and houses where at this hour fierce lights burn over maps, over documents, over desks where clerks sit turning with wetted forefinger the files of endless correspondences;or more suffusedly the firelight wavers and the lamplight falls upon the privacy of some drawing-room, its easy chairs, its papers, its china, its inlaid table, and the figure of a woman, accurately measuring out the precise number of spoons of tea which —— She looks at the door as if she heard a ring downstairs and somebody asking, is she in?

第二部分：漢譯英（50分）

一件小事（節(jié)選）魯 迅

我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里，一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。其間耳聞目睹的所謂國(guó)家大事，算起來(lái)也很不少；但在我心里，都不留什么痕跡，倘要我尋出這些事的影響來(lái)說(shuō)，便只是增長(zhǎng)了我的壞脾氣，——老實(shí)說(shuō)，便是教我一天比一天的看不起人。

但有一件小事，卻于我有意義，將我從壞脾氣里拖開，使我至今忘記不得。

這是民國(guó)六年的冬天，大北風(fēng)刮得正猛，我因?yàn)樯?jì)關(guān)系，不得不一早在路上走。一路幾乎遇不見(jiàn)人，好容易才雇定了一輛人力車，叫他拉到S門去。不一會(huì)，北風(fēng)小了，路上浮塵早已刮凈，剩下一條潔白的大道來(lái)，車夫也跑得更快。剛近S門，忽而車把上帶著一個(gè)人，慢慢地倒了。

跌倒的是一個(gè)女人，花白頭發(fā)，衣服都很破爛。伊從馬路上突然向車前橫截過(guò)來(lái)；車夫已經(jīng)讓開道，但伊的破棉背心沒(méi)有上扣，微風(fēng)吹著，向外展開，所以終于兜著車把。幸而車夫早有點(diǎn)停步，否則伊定要栽一個(gè)大筋斗，跌到頭破血出了。

伊伏在地上；車夫便也立住腳。我料定這老女人并沒(méi)有傷，又沒(méi)有別人看見(jiàn)，便很怪他多事，要自己惹出是非，也誤了我的路。

我便對(duì)他說(shuō)，“沒(méi)有什么的。走你的罷！”

車夫毫不理會(huì)，——或者并沒(méi)有聽到，——卻放下車子，扶那老女人慢慢起來(lái)，攙著臂膊立定，問(wèn)伊說(shuō)： “你怎么啦？” “我摔壞了?！?/p>

我想，我眼見(jiàn)你慢慢倒地，怎么會(huì)摔壞呢，裝腔作勢(shì)罷了，這真可憎惡。車夫多事，也正是自討苦吃，現(xiàn)在你自己想法去。車夫聽了這老女人的話，卻毫不躊躇，仍然攙著伊的臂膊，便一步一步的向前走。我有些詫異，忙看前面，是一所巡警分駐所，大風(fēng)之后，外面也不見(jiàn)人。這車夫扶著那老女人，便正是向那大門走去。

我這時(shí)突然感到一種異樣的感覺(jué)，覺(jué)得他滿身灰塵的后影，剎時(shí)高大了，而且愈走愈大，須仰視才見(jiàn)。而且他對(duì)于我，漸漸的又幾乎變成一種威壓，甚而至于要榨出皮袍下面藏著的“小”來(lái)。

參考譯文

第一部分：英譯漢（50分）

倫敦神游（節(jié)選）

弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫

恐怕從未有人曾經(jīng)熱切地想要一支鉛心筆，但有時(shí)候這種欲望會(huì)變得壓倒一切。那是在下午茶之后、晚飯之前，我們會(huì)一心要買一件東西，其實(shí)是找借口在此期間游逛半個(gè)倫敦。獵人獵狐以保持狐貍的品種，球手打高爾夫以阻止建筑商侵占空地。同樣，當(dāng)我們心血來(lái)潮想去街上閑逛時(shí)，鉛筆就可以作為借口。所以，我們站起身說(shuō)：“真的，我必須買支鉛筆?！焙孟裼辛诉@個(gè)借口，我們就可以放心去盡情享受冬天城市生活最大的樂(lè)趣—在倫敦逛街。

倫敦的街道是多么美麗??！有燈光的島嶼，有一團(tuán)團(tuán)幽暗的陰影，可能在其中一側(cè)還有樹木錯(cuò)落的茵茵草地，夜在草地上舒展開，將大地罩入夜的睡鄉(xiāng)；越過(guò)鐵柵欄，你還可以聽到樹枝樹葉搖曳發(fā)出輕微的窸窣聲，襯出周圍田野的一片寂靜，還有一只貓頭鷹的梟叫，遠(yuǎn)處山谷火車經(jīng)過(guò)的咔嚓聲。但我們旋即想起這是倫敦。光禿禿的的大樹上方，高高懸掛著黃里透紅的方形方框—是窗戶；點(diǎn)點(diǎn)亮光不動(dòng)不滅好像低垂的星星—是路燈；這片讓人感覺(jué)如鄉(xiāng)村一樣恬靜的空曠地只是倫敦的一個(gè)廣場(chǎng)，四周布滿了辦公樓與家居。此時(shí)此刻，要么樓里刺眼的燈光正照耀著地圖，照耀著文件，照耀著辦公桌，桌前辦事員正沾濕了食指，翻閱著無(wú)窮無(wú)盡信件

往來(lái)的文件夾；要么在一個(gè)客廳，壁爐的火光閃爍著，路燈的燈光窺射進(jìn)來(lái)，光線在這個(gè)隱私空間彌漫，映照出扶手椅、書信、瓷器、嵌花桌子，還有一個(gè)女人的身影，她一匙匙準(zhǔn)確地量著茶水，算出準(zhǔn)確的數(shù)字；這茶—她望著門，好像聽到樓下門鈴聲，聽到有人問(wèn)，她在嗎？

第二部分：漢譯英（50分）

A Small Incident(Excerpt)

Lu Xun

Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital.During that time the number of so-called affairs of state I have witnessed or heard about is far from small, but none of them made much impression.If asked to define their influence on me, I can only say they made my bad temper worse.Frankly speaking, they taught me to take a poorer view of people every day.One small incident, however, which struck me as significant and jolted me out of my irritability, remains fixed even now in my memory.It was the winter of 1917, a strong north wind was blustering, but the exigencies of earning my living forced me to be up and out early.I met scarcely a soul on the road, but eventually managed to hire a rickshaw to take me to S-Gate.Presently the wind dropped a little, having blown away the drifts of dust on the road to leave a clean broad highway, and the rickshaw man quickened his pace.We were just approaching S-Gate when we knocked into someone who slowly toppled over.It was a grey-haired woman in ragged clothes.She had stepped out abruptly from the roadside in front of us, and although the rickshaw man had swerved, her tattered padded waistcoat, unbuttoned and billowing in the wind, had caught on the shaft.Luckily the rickshaw man had slowed down, otherwise she would certainly have had a bad fall and it might have been a serious accident.She huddled there on the ground, and the rickshaw man stopped.As I did not believe the old woman was hurt and as no one else had seen us, I thought this halt of his uncalled for, liable to land him trouble and hold me up.“It’s all right,” I said.“Go on.”

He paid no attentionbut set down the shafts, took the old woman's arm and gently helped her up.“Are you all right?” he asked.“I hurt myself falling.”

I thought: I saw how slowly you fell, how could you be hurt?

Putting on an act like this is simply disgusting.The rickshaw man asked for trouble, and now he’s got it.He’ll have to find his own way out.But the rickshaw man did not hesitate for a minute after hearing the old woman's answer.Still holding her arm, he helped her slowly forward.Rather puzzled by his I looked ahead and saw a police-station.Because of the high wind, there was no one outside.It was there that the rickshaw man was taking the old woman.Suddenly I had the strange sensation that his dusty retreating figure had in that instant grown larger.Indeed, the further he walked the larger he loomed, until I had to look up to him.At the same time he seemed gradually to be exerting a pressure on me which threatened to overpower the small self hidden under my fur-lined gown.江西省第二屆英語(yǔ)翻譯大賽決賽特等獎(jiǎng)（第一名）獲獎(jiǎng)作品選登

一件小事（節(jié)選）

魯 迅

我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里，一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。其間耳聞目睹的所謂國(guó)家大事，算起來(lái)也很不少；但在我心里，都不留什么痕跡，倘要我尋出這些事的影響來(lái)說(shuō)，便只是增長(zhǎng)了我的壞脾氣，——老實(shí)說(shuō)，便是教我一天比一天的看不起人。

但有一件小事，卻于我有意義，將我從壞脾氣里拖開，使我至今忘記不得。

這是民國(guó)六年的冬天，大北風(fēng)刮得正猛，我因?yàn)樯?jì)關(guān)系，不得不一早在路上走。一路幾乎遇不見(jiàn)人，好容易才雇定了一輛人力車，叫他拉到S門去。不一會(huì)，北風(fēng)小了，路上浮塵早已刮凈，剩下一條潔白的大道來(lái)，車夫也跑得更快。剛近S門，忽而車把上帶著一個(gè)人，慢慢地倒了。

跌倒的是一個(gè)女人，花白頭發(fā)，衣服都很破爛。伊從馬路上突然向車前橫截過(guò)來(lái)；車夫已經(jīng)讓開道，但伊的破棉背心沒(méi)有上扣，微風(fēng)吹著，向外展開，所以終于兜著車把。幸而車夫早有點(diǎn)停步，否則伊定要栽一個(gè)大筋斗，跌到頭破血出了。

伊伏在地上；車夫便也立住腳。我料定這老女人并沒(méi)有傷，又沒(méi)有別人看見(jiàn)，便很怪他多事，要自己惹出是非，也誤了我的路。

我便對(duì)他說(shuō)，“沒(méi)有什么的。走你的罷！”

車夫毫不理會(huì)，——或者并沒(méi)有聽到，——卻放下車子，扶那老女人慢慢起來(lái)，攙著臂膊立定，問(wèn)伊說(shuō)：

“你怎么啦？” “我摔壞了?！?/p>

我想，我眼見(jiàn)你慢慢倒地，怎么會(huì)摔壞呢，裝腔作勢(shì)罷了，這真可憎惡。車夫多事，也正是自討苦吃，現(xiàn)在你自己想法去。

車夫聽了這老女人的話，卻毫不躊躇，仍然攙著伊的臂膊，便一步一步的向前走。我有些詫異，忙看前面，是一所巡警分駐所，大風(fēng)之后，外面也不見(jiàn)人。這車夫扶著那老女人，便正是向那大門走去。

我這時(shí)突然感到一種異樣的感覺(jué)，覺(jué)得他滿身灰塵的后影，剎時(shí)高大了，而且愈走愈大，須仰視才見(jiàn)。而且他對(duì)于我，漸漸的又幾乎變成一種威壓，甚而至于要榨出皮袍下面藏著的“小”來(lái)。

江西省第二屆英語(yǔ)翻譯大賽決賽特等獎(jiǎng)

譯文：

A Small Incident(Excerpt)Lu Xun It has been six years since I came to the capital from the country.The so-called affairs of state during that time which I had seen or heard about did amount to many, albeit with no visible trace left in my heart.Speaking of their influence on me, they only exacerbated my ill temper.To be honest, they made me more and more ignorant of others day by day.One small incident, however, which bore great significance to me, dragged me out of my ill temper and remains forever in my memory.It was a winter in the sixth year of the Republic of China, the north wind was blowing violently.For the sake of making a living, I had to go out early when there was barely a person in sight on the road.Finally I managed to hire a rickshaw and told him to go towards the door S.Soon the wind blew less fiercely, while dust on the road was swept clean, leaving a smooth road ahead.So the rickshaw man ran faster.As we were approaching the door S, all of a sudden, a person ran into our rickshaw and gradually fell down.It was a grey-haired woman, dressed in ragged clothes.She suddenly walked towards us from the roadside.Though the rickshaw man had gone out of her way, her ragged waistcoat was unbuttoned, which stretched out in the wind and caught on the handle bar.Fortunately, the rickshaw man had taken early action, otherwise the old lady would certainly fell down and get seriously hurt.She was lying there.The rickshaw man stopped.I was sure that she was not hurt and there was no witness then, so I complained of his being so “helpful”.If he had made a fuss, it would have wasted my time as well.So I said to him: “It’s no big deal.Let’s go.”

Totally regardless of my words,(or simply not having heard it,)he let go of the rickshaw, and helped the woman stand on her feet.Holding her arm, he asked: “Are you OK?”

“Not well.”

I watched her slowly falling down, how could she possibly get hurt? “She is pretending!” I thought to myself, “How contemptible it is!” The rickshaw man was being so “helpful” that he was troubling the trouble.I would leave him alone.Upon hearing the woman’s words, the rickshaw man made no hesitation.He was still holding her arm and they walked ahead step by step.Feeling a bit confused, I looked ahead.There was a patrolling police station, where nobody was outside in such a violent wind.The two were moving towards that place, surely.At that moment, a strange sensation seized me: his dusty figure suddenly became mighty.The further they walked, the mightier it seemed.In the end I had to look up to him.What he meant to me gradually became a pressure, a kind of pressure massive enough to overshadow “the little myself” beneath the garments.Street Haunting: A London Adventure(Excerpt)

Virginia Woolf

No one perhaps has ever felt passionately towards a lead pencil.But there are circumstances in which it can become supremely desirable to possess one;moments when we are set upon having an object, an excuse for walking half across London between tea and dinner.As the foxhunter hunts in order to preserve the breed of foxes, and the golfer plays in order that open spaces may be preserved from the builders, so when the desire comes upon us to go street rambling the pencil does for a pretext, and getting up we say: “Really I must buy a pencil,” as if under cover of this excuse we could indulge safely in the greatest pleasure of town life in winter — rambling the streets of London.How beautiful a London street is then, with its islands of light, and its long groves of darkness, and on one side of it perhaps some tree-sprinkled, grass-grown space where night is folding herself to sleep naturally and, as one passes the iron railing, one hears those little cracklings and stirrings of leaf and twig which seem to suppose the silence of fields all round them, an owl hooting, and far away the rattle of a train in the valley.But this is London, we are reminded;high among the bare trees are hung oblong frames of reddish yellow light — windows;there are points of brilliance burning steadily like low stars — lamps;this empty ground, which holds the country in it and its peace, is only a London square, set about by offices and houses where at this hour fierce lights burn over maps, over documents, over desks where clerks sit turning with wetted forefinger the files of endless correspondences;or more suffusedly the firelight wavers and the lamplight falls upon the privacy of some drawing-room, its easy chairs, its papers, its china, its inlaid table, and the figure of a woman, accurately measuring out the precise number of spoons of tea which —— She looks at the door as if she heard a ring downstairs and somebody asking, is she in?

漫步街區(qū)：一次倫敦之旅（節(jié)選）

弗吉尼亞·伍爾夫

或許不曾有人對(duì)一支鉛筆求之不得欣喜不已，但是我們卻總有占有某物的欲望之火熊熊燃燒的時(shí)候，我們卻總有決心得到一個(gè)物品，以作為我們茶余飯后漫步倫敦的借口的時(shí)候。正如獵狐者為了狐貍生生不息的繁衍而打獵，正如高爾夫球運(yùn)動(dòng)者為了保護(hù)廣闊空曠的土地免遭建設(shè)者的蹂躪而打球一樣。當(dāng)漫步街區(qū)的欲望不期而至，買鉛筆只不過(guò)是一個(gè)借口罷了。于是我們起身立之，喃喃自語(yǔ)道：“我確實(shí)必須要去買一支鉛筆?！彼坪踉谶@冠冕堂皇的借口之下，我們可以盡情地沉溺在冬日城鎮(zhèn)生活的愉悅愜意中——閑庭漫步于倫敦街區(qū)。

倫敦街區(qū)的景色真是美不勝收??！光芒溫柔地照耀在島嶼上，悠長(zhǎng)的小樹叢安靜地隱沒(méi)在黑暗中。街道一旁幾顆樹木零星地生長(zhǎng)著，周圍草木叢生綠意盎然。夜幕在這里靜靜地降臨，雙手合抱，安然入睡。當(dāng)你路過(guò)鐵軌旁的時(shí)候，你可以聽到那細(xì)碎的哐啷聲，伴著風(fēng)中枝葉的搖擺聲聲作響，宛如田野的靜謐般撲面而來(lái)。一只貓頭鷹聲聲呼喚，遠(yuǎn)處一輛火車緩緩駛過(guò)，在山谷中格格作響，久久回蕩。但是我們一次次的被提醒，這里是倫敦啊！那高懸于稀疏的樹木之間，放射著淺紅微黃光芒的方形框架——只不過(guò)是窗戶罷了；那些宛如低空星辰般耀眼奪目、異彩紛呈的光點(diǎn)——只不過(guò)是電燈罷了；那默默承載著倫敦、展現(xiàn)著她的靜穆的空曠大地——只不過(guò)是倫敦廣場(chǎng)罷了。鱗次櫛比的辦公室和房屋在此拔地而起。此時(shí)此刻，強(qiáng)烈的燈光正照耀著各式各樣的地圖，照耀著紛至沓來(lái)的文件，照耀著一張張桌子，桌旁的小職員們正用濕漉漉的手指書寫著無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的信件。那閃爍的燈光肆無(wú)忌憚地彌漫在某間畫室里，照亮了那簡(jiǎn)陋的椅子，厚厚的紙張，精美的瓷器，嵌飾的桌子，也照亮了一個(gè)女子的身影，她正精確地量著茶葉的匙數(shù)——而此時(shí)她朝門望去，仿佛聽到樓下傳來(lái)一陣鈴聲，一個(gè)人正輕聲問(wèn)道：“她在嗎？”