第一篇：中美家庭差異(英)

三 江 學(xué) 院

本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）

題 目中美家庭差異對(duì)比

學(xué)院 英語(yǔ) 專業(yè) 學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào) 指導(dǎo)教師職稱 指導(dǎo)教師工作單位

起訖日期 2016.11-2017.5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In doing this thesis, I have benefited from the presence of my teachers and my classmates.They generously helped me collect materials I needed and made many invaluable suggestions.I hereby extend my grateful thanks to them for their kind help, without which the thesis would not have been what it is now.Particularly, I am deeply indebted to(自己填老師名字), who guided me throughout the entire process of writing this thesis.Her standards of academic excellence have made my revision an exciting and gratifying experience.Furthermore, none of this would have been possible without the help of thoseindividuals and organizations hereafter mentioned with gratitude:(自己填大學(xué)名字), the university library and its staff.ABSTRACT Family is the basic unit of society, and family members of the rules of conduct, living habits often affect the formation of this family values.Family values are generally recognized, it gradually formed a prototype of the social value system.These national values also represent the image of the people of the country to a certain extent.China and the United States due to cultural traditions, ideas, social customs and other aspects of the differences led to the two countries in the family values of many differences.In the context of cross-cultural communication between China and the United States to compare family ethics, education, marriage, etc., correctly understand and understand the differences between family values between the two countries, to cross-cultural communication to remove obstacles.The core proposition of this paper is family values.It is well known that family values are the core of the cultural value research system, which plays a decisive role in the behavior of family members.And the family is the epitome of the socio-economic form, is the most basic unit of social composition, so the family members of the valuesdirectly affect their words and behavior in society, that is, the values of society as a whole depends largely on the family Values, it can be seen that the role of family values is very important.The impact of family valueson people is important because family values are the starting point for people to accept value education.Second, the family members of the values once formed, it will not easily change, it will exist for a long time, and even affect people's life.Therefore, the impact of family values on people is more far-reaching, broad and lasting.Third, family values are closely related to the development of society.Therefore, the study of family values is necessary and important.Based on the thinking of crossChinese and American family cultures.4.Differences between Chinese and American Families Values 4.1 The Values of Chinese Families

China's history is long, its deep heritage to the Chinese social form is very clear and difficult to change.Chinese society is a collectivist cultural group, the core value of individual behavioral interests must obey the collective interests, therefore, the behavior of family members to meet the collective interests of their loved ones.The most direct manifestation of Chinese family ethics is the strong clan concept.In the context of the ancient agricultural economy and society, most of the rural areas are homed with the same ethnic groups, clan or family organizations have the production, education and even self-defense functions, the family mayor, in accordance with the family management family members.Now, the development of economy and society makes the form of clan change, the clan split into a family, but the clan concept has been inherited, still stressed the harmony between different levels of family members.Strong hierarchical concepts and the traditional moral system makes the clan between the clan to strict compliance, such as the call must be accurate.Respect for the long and young people have been living in the family, the young people must respect the elders, daily life to the elders to please, respect for smoke, seat, let way, eat when sitting is also very particular about the elderly in his later years Need to be supported.Filial piety, raising children and other traditional concepts reflect the characteristics of Chinese families.A child in a family before the general situation is the need to live with their parents, and even after marriage and their parents live together is also affirmed and praised.Life contact in marriage is also very close, often together to eat, meet, in the Spring Festival and other important festivals will meet, greetings.This kind of spiritual contact and concern is a deep-rooted standard of Chinese family clan concept, often not with the social change, the development of the times and change.4.2 The Values of American Families The history of the United States is relatively short, as a new system from the British society split out of the country, it has before the traditional British classical social values, but more of a variety of cultural inclusion and recognition, and gradually formed a large fusion Of the nation.American society advocates the recognition of personal dignity, respect for human personality is the basic composition of its social value.The concept of family gradually formed in the family also makes the recognition of individual rights to the point where nothing is added.In the United States, both economic, political, and cultural are impacted by the principle of personality first, American family values are influenced by this principle.Therefore, in American society, often pay great attention to the cultivation of individual thinking, the collective concept is relatively lacking.From the American society to see the value of the composition of the family, you can understand that this family concept is individual-centered, respect for the individual on the first place.American children in adulthood, with independent ability, the family is independent of the individual, the young people will take the initiative to divorce from the original family, even in the major festivals did not meet the moral requirements, even if not family and Reunion is not condemned, which in a certain sense is respect for the individual's rights.Personal status is protected in a family, and the integrity of the family can not replace personal decisions.And in the family of their own relatives are more general terms, the title of the simplification is also to a certain extent, showing the recognition of social habits.China's respect for the class, the collective sense of identity makes in the decision-making of large things on the more consistent, more efficient transmission of information capabilities, but the personality has been a certain degree of repression;American concept too much respect for individuals, making the United States Collective concept is relatively weak, clan concept is not strong, some collective projects to be successful to do is relatively difficult.5.Differences in Family Education between China and America The family is the most important place for enlightenment education for children, and plays an important role in the development of good habits and the development of intelligence.Family education is the most important part of all the earliest education, it is the child's thinking mode and the formation of the world view of great significance.Deng Xiaoping once said: “The basis of national modernization in the talent, the basis of talent in education, education based on the family.” China is a country that attaches importance to family education, China's deep educational and cultural traditions contain excellent family education components.For thousands of years, many people in the field of family education hard work, accumulated a lot of fruitful results.The difference between Chinese and American educational concepts has always been the focus of discussion.In the family environment, we can significantly feel the impact of family ideas on the growth of children.Social environment mapping in the concept of family education, making the concept of family education in China and China have a huge difference.5.1 Family Education in China

Chinese education, we can see the phenomenon is often the child to comply with the teacher, the parents of the arrangements, conservative and objective accumulation of basic knowledge, divergent thinking is weak, the attitude of learning is also very obedient arrangements for elders, this compromise led to students Of stereotypes, sluggish, lack of creativity.In the family education, parents attach importance to the number of children, moral education, the traditional essence of Chinese culture to the modern society.In the formal education is often very important to the performance of the child, the academic performance as a good identification of a very important measure of the expectations of the child is very high, expect them to succeed, meteoric rise.This leads to the child's daily education is extremely strict, and will not consider the child's nature of the shape, not to find children grow up in line with their personality.Therefore, in China's education can often be extreme phenomena, there can be extreme genius, but also often caused by excessive pressure caused by tragedy.Chinese parents attach great importance to the social adaptability of education, they often in accordance with the established model to develop their children, but often overlooked from the child's physical and mental development characteristics to promote its growth.They look forward to their children have a bright future, more emphasis on academic tendencies, that the child as long as the results are good, what problems can be resolved.Whether the child in the future, whether to find a good career, whether in the good times through life, these are the purpose of parental education.Based on this expectation, many parents believe that the parents of the child's responsibility is to let them live better, parents give them how much happiness to give them how much happiness.If you can give children to create the most favorable living conditions, so hard and willing to.5.2 Family Education in America

American families place children's independence and autonomy in an important position, focusing on the ability of children to adapt to a variety of environments and to survive independently.They argue that the purpose of education is not to prepare a living, but to prepare for survival.What they emphasize is the value of shaping the mind, a value that is unrelated to utilitarian or occupation.Based on this concept, they attach great importance to the child's own exercise, such as labor training, will exercise, but the most fundamental is to adapt to a variety of hardships and training of labor ability.Through the labor, let the children from childhood to develop a sense of independence and love of labor habits.In the labor and hardships to overcome difficulties, temper the will, develop their own strengths, growth and talent, to develop hard, frugal good quality.They generally believe that the growth of children must rely on their own strength, so since childhood to focus on training their self-reliance and independent living ability.American family education is focused on the identity of the child's nature, giving children the freedom to judge the power of things.This psychological buffer makes the child in the learning process can accept a lot of innovative thinking, the child's education is not limited to basic education.Relative to the focus of Chinese education on basic education, the United States is more inclined to practice.American children's freedom of control over the weekend is far greater than the Chinese children.So we can see the Chinese children are in a pressure environment to come out, the United States children in the free and open space to learn things to judge and understanding.This practice of learning is more conducive to their integration into the community, but also give them a wide range of values to choose the face.The development of children in the American family education model is more comprehensive, which makes the children in the American family earlier self-reliance, early contact with the community, the vision is more open.Chinese children in the family, education is more conservative, lack of innovation in thinking, but the basic knowledge is very solid.American education of people-oriented, excessive human indulgence will produce a relatively weak basic education phenomenon.Two kinds of education only learn from each other, to find a suitable fit point in order to achieve the optimization of education.6.Conclusion

Under the influence of different cultural values of the two countries, China and the United States have significant differences in family values.In the traditional culture of China and the United States, Chinese families are mostly used for generations.US President Bill Clinton praised the Chinese family values.Indeed, thousands of years of Confucian culture created the obligations of family members in the Chinese family-a parental responsibility, mutual support and interdependence among family members;parental respect for children in American families , The child is very young to learn for their own American rights and mother fight.There are differences between Chinese and American family values.This kind of difference embodies the nationalities and regionalities.We can not simply summarize them with differences or fusion, but only analyze the commonness and characteristics of family values in different countries in different historical periods.Only by overcoming the prejudice of European and American cultural centers can help to deepen the understanding of the uniqueness and integrity of the national family culture and social culture in order to promote mutual understanding and exchange.Today, the traditional family values of China and the United States have been hit hard by the growing globalization, and have undergone tremendous changes.We can not say which family values are better.However, with the international exchange and cultural integration of the highly developed era, the Chinese family members of the independent consciousness and respect for the independence of the consciousness is strengthened, the US family will also promote family members to each other mutual cooperation and common development.We can not expect the perfect unity of Sino-American family values, and we expect to maximize the cost of integration of different family values.In a variety of different family values set up a bridge between the communication, so that the perception of another family values from unfamiliar to cognitive, but also by the recognition to recognition, and finally slowly blending through.Thus we can see that strengthening the study and research of family values in different cultural backgrounds is of great practical significance for us to engage in cross-cultural communication and build a harmonious society.References [1] Datesman, Maryanne, Joann, American Ways: An Introduction to American Culture ,published by Pearson Education, Inc.2005.[2] Bert N., Adams,Handbook of world families, Stage Publication Inc.2005.[3] Marvin B.Sussman, Handbook of marriage and the family, Plenum Press, 1998.[4] John Locke, Of Civil Government, Second Treatise, Chicago,Henry Regency Company，1999.[5] Schwab J J.Gray-Ice H.M., Family Functioning-The General Living Sytem Research Model, New York 233 Spring: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Pub1ishers, 2000.[6］孟小佳．論中美家庭在教育方式上的差異［J］．前沿，2010，(11): 193～ 195．

[7］臧蘭．“價(jià)值與價(jià)值觀”教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)［J］．思想政治課教學(xué)，2010，(3): 55～ 57．

[8］林呂建．“我們的價(jià)值觀”筆談——積極開(kāi)展“我們的價(jià)值觀”大討論［J］．觀察與思考，2012，(3):4～6．

[9］郭廣輝．移民、宗族與地域社會(huì)［D］．成都:西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)位論文，2012． [10］于薇．全球化視野下當(dāng)代中國(guó)文化價(jià)值觀的嬗變與重構(gòu)［D］．北京: 北京交通大學(xué)學(xué)位論文，2005．

第二篇：中美禮儀差異

由于各國(guó)的歷史與文 化底蘊(yùn)不同，各國(guó)人民在進(jìn)行禮尚交往時(shí)的習(xí)慣也有不少差異。特別是中西方之間，禮儀上的差別很大，若不了解，就容易引起不必要的誤會(huì)和損失。例如，在中國(guó)近代史上，由于中國(guó)閉關(guān)自守，對(duì)西方不了解，在一次希特勒舉行的宴會(huì)上，一位中國(guó)使節(jié)按照在中國(guó)的習(xí)慣用餐巾去揩拭刀叉，殊不知這種做法在國(guó)外是極不禮貌的，仿佛是在責(zé)備刀叉不干凈。希特勒一見(jiàn)之下，立即命令侍者將全體客人的餐具一律重新?lián)Q過(guò)，使那位中國(guó)使節(jié)窘迫難堪。再例如，李鴻章曾應(yīng)俾斯麥之邀前往赴宴，由于不懂西餐禮儀，把一碗吃水果后洗手的水喝了。當(dāng)時(shí)俾斯麥不了解中國(guó)的虛實(shí)，為了不使李鴻章丟丑，他也將洗手水一飲而盡，見(jiàn)此情景，其他文武百官只能忍笑奉陪。在文化方面就美國(guó)來(lái)講，中國(guó)人贊賞推崇的愚公移山，令全拿搬家不當(dāng)回事的美國(guó)人大惑不解，他們會(huì)用智叟的語(yǔ)調(diào)發(fā)問(wèn)：“他為什么不搬家？”中國(guó)人以謙虛為美德，而美國(guó)人對(duì)中國(guó)人“水平不高，能力有限”的自謙并不以為然，相反地他會(huì)認(rèn)為你缺乏自信，不知有多少留學(xué)生在美國(guó)因?yàn)椤爸t虛”而推掉了飯碗。如此相反的結(jié)論，如此巨大的反差，是東西方存在的文化差異的顯現(xiàn)。

造成這種差異的根本原因，是因?yàn)槲鞣饺撕臀覀冇兄耆煌氖澜缬^和價(jià)值取向。當(dāng)然西方人也有許多地方是值得我們學(xué)習(xí)的。例如，中國(guó)游客在美旅游后準(zhǔn)備買(mǎi)票回國(guó)，憑主觀想象買(mǎi)票是肯定要排隊(duì)的，但當(dāng)他們進(jìn)入售票大廳時(shí)，見(jiàn)窗口只有一個(gè)人在辦理手續(xù)，另有幾個(gè)人靜靜地坐在大廳的邊上。我國(guó)的游客馬上擁至窗口搶購(gòu)機(jī)票，售票員在給中國(guó)游客辦好機(jī)票后，微笑著對(duì)他們說(shuō)：“下次買(mǎi)票請(qǐng)自覺(jué)排隊(duì)，并用手指了指邊上的人，當(dāng)中國(guó)人回頭看時(shí)，他們報(bào)微笑，使幾個(gè)中國(guó)人真是無(wú)地自容。在現(xiàn)代的社會(huì)再犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤是不應(yīng)該的，以自己的國(guó)情來(lái)看待別國(guó)才會(huì)出“洋相”，這有待于提高自己的文化素質(zhì)，因此，了解中西方禮尚交往之間的習(xí)慣差異是很有必要的。若一無(wú)所知，就容易在與外國(guó)人交往時(shí)處于不利的形勢(shì)。無(wú)論是在政治上，還是在經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易中，了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的禮儀習(xí)慣，是對(duì)對(duì)方的尊重，容易給對(duì)方留下一個(gè)好印象，以便交往的順利進(jìn)行。

首先要明確，東方文明和西方文明都是在一定的社會(huì)歷史條件下產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的，存在都是合理的，沒(méi)有孰優(yōu)孰劣的問(wèn)題。就美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，它的歷史只有短短200年，而它的人民是從各個(gè)地方移民而來(lái)的，可以說(shuō)美國(guó)是一個(gè)“大熔爐”，它合眾為一，眾多不同民族和種族都融合在一起，很多人被同化了，不管什么膚色，不管講何種語(yǔ)言，都自豪地稱自己是美國(guó)人。他們的宗旨是永遠(yuǎn)向前看，遙望目力所及的前方，并且邁開(kāi)雙腳前進(jìn)；自強(qiáng)自立，追求幸福，永不滿足。這是他們良好的品質(zhì)和素質(zhì)，而他們信奉的誓言是：“只要我們能夠夢(mèng)想的我們就一定能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)！”這是美國(guó)精神，是在英雄主義和獻(xiàn)身精神的基礎(chǔ)上建立起來(lái)的，以它短短200年的歷史，創(chuàng)造了人類(lèi)史上的燦爛文明，它所創(chuàng)造的生產(chǎn)力，比過(guò)去一切世代創(chuàng)造的全部生產(chǎn)力還要多，還要大，這就是美國(guó)的魅力。我們不能因?yàn)橹袊?guó)是擁有五千年傳統(tǒng)文化的，就盲目自大，而應(yīng)尊重別人，尊重他人的人格與習(xí)慣，這樣交往才能順利進(jìn)行。所以了解、研究別國(guó)的禮儀就顯得很有必要了。

下面，我們對(duì)美國(guó)的禮儀文化作點(diǎn)研究：

美國(guó)成立時(shí)間不長(zhǎng)，國(guó)內(nèi)各類(lèi)移民又不計(jì)其數(shù)，因此美國(guó)的禮儀文化可以說(shuō)是多種文化的匯合，有不少都與中國(guó)人的習(xí)慣截然相反。

一、見(jiàn)面的禮儀。

美國(guó)人見(jiàn)面時(shí)，不一定會(huì)握手，只要笑一笑，打個(gè)招呼就行了，即使是第一次見(jiàn)面，而中國(guó)人則視握手為一個(gè)基本禮節(jié)。但在中國(guó)握手并沒(méi)有太多的限定，而美國(guó)人握手是有一定禮節(jié)的。例如男女之間，女方先伸出手，若女方無(wú)握手之意，男子就只能點(diǎn)頭鞠躬致意；長(zhǎng)幼之間由長(zhǎng)輩先伸出手；上下級(jí)之間，由上級(jí)先伸出手；賓主之間由主人先伸出手。而且握手時(shí)應(yīng)注視對(duì)方，并摘下手套，否則會(huì)被視為不禮貌。在美國(guó)，人們見(jiàn)面時(shí)喜歡直呼其名，這是親切友好的表示，縱使交談之初可能互相用姓稱呼，但過(guò)一會(huì)兒就改稱名字。而在中國(guó)，人們很喜歡被稱為某某經(jīng)理，某某總裁，因?yàn)檫@是身份與地位的象征。但在美國(guó)，人們很少用正式的頭銜稱呼別人，正式的頭銜只用于法官、高級(jí)政府官員，軍官，醫(yī)生，教授和高級(jí)宗教人士。值得注意的是，美國(guó)從來(lái)不用行政職務(wù)如局長(zhǎng)、經(jīng)理、校長(zhǎng)等頭銜來(lái)稱呼別人。另外，在與人交談時(shí)，切不可談及個(gè)人的私事，諸如年齡、婚姻、收入、信仰等等?？吹絼e人買(mǎi)的東西不可問(wèn)其價(jià)格；如果看到別人回來(lái)，也不能問(wèn)他去哪兒了或者從哪里來(lái)，否則就會(huì)遭人厭惡，美國(guó)人常用“鼻子伸到人家私生活里來(lái)了”這句話來(lái)表示對(duì)提問(wèn)人的輕蔑。而在中國(guó)，人們對(duì)個(gè)人隱私的界限遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有這么深刻，人們并不會(huì)在意別人對(duì)自己的生活作一般了解。但在中國(guó)人與美國(guó)人打交道時(shí)，在中國(guó)人看來(lái)很普通地問(wèn)對(duì)方一些家庭情況，美國(guó)人就很可能認(rèn)為你侵犯了他的隱私，別有用心，一樁生意很可能就這樣泡湯了。

二、送禮、約會(huì)、作客的禮儀。

一般來(lái)說(shuō)，美國(guó)人不隨便送禮，禮物通常不很貴重，只是些書(shū)籍、文具、巧克力糖之類(lèi)的物品，在探病時(shí)則以送鮮花與盆景為主。與中國(guó)不同的是，美國(guó)人以為單數(shù)是吉利的，有時(shí)只送三只梨也不感到菲薄，而中國(guó)則講究成雙成對(duì)。美國(guó)人在收到禮物時(shí)，一定要馬上打開(kāi)，當(dāng)著送禮人的面欣賞或品嘗禮物，并立即道謝。另外，美國(guó)人的禮物重視包裝，很可能你收到一份里三層外三層精美包裝的禮物，打開(kāi)卻只能是幾顆巧克力糖而已，你也不要因此覺(jué)得失望，或者認(rèn)為美國(guó)人小氣，相對(duì)于禮物的價(jià)值，美國(guó)人更注重的是心意。

美國(guó)人辦事重效率，往往每天都有嚴(yán)格的計(jì)劃，因此去美國(guó)家庭作客都要提前預(yù)約，否則打亂了別人的計(jì)劃，就會(huì)被認(rèn)為是不速之客，吃閉門(mén)羹。所以應(yīng)該提前一兩天寫(xiě)信或打電話預(yù)約。一旦約定，就要準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)，不能遲到，也不要太早到，因?yàn)榭蛠?lái)之前，主婦都要布置客廳準(zhǔn)備茶點(diǎn)，如果去早了，主婦尚未準(zhǔn)備好，又要接待你，就造成許多不便。而那些規(guī)模較大的正式場(chǎng)合，守時(shí)更為重要，萬(wàn)一去早了，也應(yīng)在外面等幾分鐘后再進(jìn)去。

在進(jìn)門(mén)之前，應(yīng)該把鞋上的泥土擦干凈，以免弄臟地板。進(jìn)門(mén)后要摘帽。并把雨衣雨傘留在室外。然后先向女主人問(wèn)好，再向男主人問(wèn)好。若主人家賓朋滿座，只需與主人和相識(shí)者握手，對(duì)其他人點(diǎn)頭致意即可。如果主人請(qǐng)你坐，你就應(yīng)該馬上坐下，不要推托不坐下，也不要隨意翻動(dòng)主人的用品，更不可問(wèn)用品的價(jià)格。作客時(shí)，不要輕易吸煙，如想吸時(shí)應(yīng)問(wèn)在座的女士是否介意，并先向其他人敬煙。若主人向你敬煙，即使你自己有煙，也要接受主人的煙，這與中國(guó)人的習(xí)慣不同，中國(guó)人往往會(huì)因?yàn)榭蜌舛兴凭?，但這在美國(guó)人眼里，他就會(huì)認(rèn)為你看不起他，而使朋友之間關(guān)系變壞。作客時(shí)間一般不宜過(guò)長(zhǎng)，但飯后不要立即告辭，應(yīng)再與主人攀談一會(huì)兒。若夫婦同去作客，應(yīng)由妻子先起立告辭。如果你與主人不太熟，作客后應(yīng)打電話或?qū)懚碳硪员碇x意。這樣美國(guó)人會(huì)認(rèn)為你很懂禮貌，從而留下一個(gè)好印象。

三、餐桌上的禮節(jié)。

在用餐時(shí)，應(yīng)等到全體客人面前都上了菜，且女主人示意后才開(kāi)始用餐。在女主人拿起她的勺子或叉子以前，客人不得食用任何一道菜。而中國(guó)人往往習(xí)慣一邊上菜一邊用餐，女主人往往是最后開(kāi)始坐下進(jìn)餐的。在用餐時(shí)，始終保持沉默在美國(guó)是不太禮貌的，但咀嚼食物時(shí)也不要講話，講話時(shí)不應(yīng)放下刀叉，但也不要拿著刀叉亂晃。在餐桌前不應(yīng)擤鼻涕或打嗝，如果打噴嚏或咳嗽也應(yīng)向周?chē)娜说狼浮Ｈ〔藭r(shí)，最好每樣都取一點(diǎn)，這樣會(huì)使女主人愉快。用餐完畢后，女主人應(yīng)先離座，客人再一起隨著離開(kāi)，餐巾放在桌上，不要照原來(lái)的樣子折起，除非主人請(qǐng)你留下吃下頓飯。

在席間，主人應(yīng)使談話始終活潑而風(fēng)趣，使每個(gè)客人都不受冷落。主人的吃飯速度不可太快，如果多數(shù)人已吃完，而少數(shù)人尚未吃完，更應(yīng)放慢速度，以免使客人感到不安。席間，客人將刀叉掉在地上，應(yīng)禮貌地為其換一把。若客人不慎將盤(pán)碗打碎，女主人應(yīng)鎮(zhèn)靜地收拾干凈，安慰客人，絕不能顯出不悅之色。最后，主人絕不能在客人面前計(jì)算請(qǐng)客的花費(fèi)。

四、服飾的禮儀

美國(guó)人的服裝以體現(xiàn)個(gè)性為主，很難從穿著上看出他們是富有還是貧窮，他們的身份地位如何。如果是一位穿著時(shí)髦筆挺西裝的男士，看上去似某大公司的老板，其實(shí)他可能是演藝界的藝員，甚至是一個(gè)美容美發(fā)師。穿著牛仔褲運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋舊T恤的，看似流浪漢，其實(shí)卻可能是一位不修邊幅的教授。因此，在美國(guó)，萬(wàn)萬(wàn)不可先敬羅衣后敬人。曾經(jīng)有美國(guó)外商來(lái)華，接待人員乍一見(jiàn)便以為那西裝筆挺的一定是老板要員，而忽視了一行人中的大胡子。雖然把熱情過(guò)多地傾瀉到了“西裝筆挺”上，還好，也沒(méi)冷落了“大胡子”。稍后，一介紹身份，方知道誰(shuí)是真正的老板，而那個(gè)“西裝筆挺”不過(guò)是雇員。因此在美國(guó)，穿得好的不一定有錢(qián)，穿得不好的不一定沒(méi)錢(qián)。若簡(jiǎn)單地以衣帽取人，不僅會(huì)主次不分，使自己陷入窘境，而且會(huì)讓美國(guó)人輕視。

雖然美國(guó)人穿著隨便，不像歐洲人這么講究，但在美國(guó)的穿著可謂“不怕穿破，不許穿錯(cuò)。”有許多場(chǎng)合，服飾有很?chē)?yán)格的規(guī)定。例如，美國(guó)許多公司上班有專門(mén)設(shè)計(jì)訂做的制服，在律師樓和銀行上班的老板和職員們天天都是西裝筆挺，而且每日均需要換，若兩日相同，就容易被人誤會(huì)是個(gè)夜晚沒(méi)有回家更衣的人。再例如在美國(guó)舉辦各種宴會(huì)，往往在請(qǐng)柬上注明是否“黑領(lǐng)結(jié)”。如果注明了“黑領(lǐng)結(jié)”，男士則一定要穿無(wú)尾禮服，系黑色領(lǐng)結(jié)，女士必須穿晚禮服。這時(shí)，男士的長(zhǎng)條領(lǐng)帶，女士的褲裝都上不了臺(tái)面。如果沒(méi)有注明“黑領(lǐng)結(jié)”，而表示是“正式穿著”，那么西服就可以上場(chǎng)。如果寫(xiě)的是“白領(lǐng)”，表示要穿燕尾服，系白色領(lǐng)帶。因此什么宴會(huì)穿什么樣的衣服，是很有講究的。試想，如果在一個(gè)不怎么正式的場(chǎng)合，每個(gè)人都是一身短打扮，唯獨(dú)你一個(gè)人身著深黑筆挺的燕尾服；或者每一個(gè)都云鬟高挽，長(zhǎng)裙及地，唯獨(dú)你一人一襲T恤，這種巨大的不協(xié)調(diào)，你自己不覺(jué)得張狂，別人也會(huì)看著你在人堆里悠悠晃晃不像個(gè)東西。而且在美國(guó)，這是對(duì)宴客的主人大不敬的明確表示，主人也會(huì)因此對(duì)你感到厭惡，從而與你斷絕來(lái)往，這會(huì)是你的一大損失。因此注意場(chǎng)合與服裝的搭配在美國(guó)尤為重要。

總之，美國(guó)與中國(guó)之間有不少不同的交往習(xí)慣，同樣其它的西方國(guó)家，也有各自的文化習(xí)慣，因此在與外國(guó)人交往或者到別的國(guó)家去之前，了解對(duì)方國(guó)家的禮儀習(xí)慣是十分必要的，這不僅是對(duì)對(duì)方的尊重，也給自己帶來(lái)了便利，避免了不必要的麻煩與誤會(huì)，以便在多方競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中爭(zhēng)取主動(dòng)，并能取得良好的結(jié)果。

第三篇：中美婚姻觀差異 論文

淺析中美婚姻觀差異及其形成原因

裴鴿鴿

（華北水利水電學(xué)院 外語(yǔ)系 河南 鄭州 450011）

摘要：中國(guó)的婚姻建立在家庭條件和容貌之上，而美國(guó)更多建立在共同的興趣愛(ài)好之上。中美不同的生存環(huán)境影響了人的性格，男女在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的不同地位決定了他們?cè)诩彝ブ械牡匚唬忻澜?jīng)濟(jì)方式的差異決定了各自婚姻觀的不同。社會(huì)價(jià)值觀是社會(huì)思想的主流，無(wú)形中影響了大眾的婚姻觀。宗教信仰在婚俗方式，婚姻維持等方面更是起著舉足輕重的作用。

關(guān)鍵詞:中美婚姻觀 家庭條件共同愛(ài)好 生存環(huán)境 經(jīng)濟(jì) 社會(huì)價(jià)值觀 宗教夫妻從相識(shí)、相知、相愛(ài)、相伴、到相守，要經(jīng)歷友情、愛(ài)情、同情、恩情的各種體驗(yàn)，而婚姻是對(duì)男女關(guān)系最直接的定位，無(wú)論哪個(gè)人在哪個(gè)國(guó)家都要面對(duì)?；橐鲎鳛槲幕囊徊糠譂饪s并反映了它所處社會(huì)的文化特征、道德信仰、經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治等文化現(xiàn)象值得我們深思，本文就中美婚姻觀差異及其形成原因作初步探討。

一 中美婚姻觀對(duì)比

1.提到中美婚姻，有人形象地比喻：“對(duì)中國(guó)人來(lái)說(shuō)，結(jié)婚更像一種商業(yè)活動(dòng)，所以叫經(jīng)營(yíng)婚姻；而對(duì)于美國(guó)人而言，婚姻更像家家酒，愛(ài)到一起翻天覆地，不高興了就一拍兩散?！敝袊?guó)婚姻特點(diǎn)：改革開(kāi)放前，低質(zhì)量，高穩(wěn)定，60％的夫妻婚姻是“湊合型”；之后性觀念混亂，離婚潮泛濫，則是低質(zhì)量，低穩(wěn)定。而美國(guó)人所信奉的既不是嚴(yán)格的單偶制，也不是完全開(kāi)放的關(guān)系，而是對(duì)愛(ài)情、特殊癖好和多種伴侶關(guān)系的包容。經(jīng)調(diào)查，中國(guó)人的擇偶標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是：長(zhǎng)相、年齡、家庭條件;而美國(guó)人的擇偶條件是：尊重、信任、興趣。

2.說(shuō)到家庭條件，從擇偶開(kāi)始，中國(guó)人就視婚姻往往成為買(mǎi)賣(mài)，而美國(guó)人則將

婚姻視為賣(mài)買(mǎi)。在中國(guó)的婚姻中，人們較多的說(shuō)法是男人娶老婆，而很少有人會(huì)講女人娶老公。所以男女婚姻更多地像是做一樁買(mǎi)賣(mài)，既然是買(mǎi)賣(mài)那就離不開(kāi)錢(qián)。如今沒(méi)房子的男人在有些女性眼里根本算不上男人。在一些女人心里，一套房子頂?shù)蒙弦话賯€(gè)白馬王子，結(jié)婚是最好的商業(yè)投資機(jī)會(huì)，電視劇《蝸居》就揭示了這一殘酷現(xiàn)實(shí)。而著名思想家恩格斯則尖銳地指出，為錢(qián)結(jié)婚無(wú)異于長(zhǎng)期賣(mài)淫。美國(guó)人的婚姻是將買(mǎi)賣(mài)兩個(gè)字顛倒過(guò)來(lái)，稱之為賣(mài)買(mǎi)，男男女女即是賣(mài)家也是買(mǎi)家。女人要找個(gè)如意郎君，首先得把自己賣(mài)出去，不論是聰明的大腦、杰出的才華、漂亮的臉蛋、姣好的身材還是共同的興趣，這些都是資本，男人若買(mǎi)賬，那就是對(duì)婚姻下了訂金。在物質(zhì)這一點(diǎn)上美國(guó)人很看得開(kāi)，不怕結(jié)婚時(shí)啥都沒(méi)有，只要夫妻能同甘共苦，面包會(huì)有的、汽車(chē)會(huì)有的、房子也會(huì)有的。

3.結(jié)婚時(shí)，中國(guó)的婚俗程序繁多，講究所謂的“排場(chǎng)”改革開(kāi)放后，婚禮越辦

越奢侈，婚慶公司、婚紗照相館如雨后春筍般冒出。某種程度上，中國(guó)的婚禮是在作秀，用外在的奢華宣揚(yáng)貌似濃烈的愛(ài)情，而真正的愛(ài)情似乎不再神

圣至上，婚姻也變得隨便了。從電視速配到網(wǎng)上戀愛(ài)的風(fēng)靡；從婚外情到包

二奶，離婚率隨著GDP攀升，婚姻更多的只是流于形式。而美國(guó)人的婚禮

簡(jiǎn)單浪漫，不會(huì)過(guò)多講究形式?；檠缫晕钑?huì)結(jié)束，新郎新娘共跳第一支舞，以慶祝他們新生活的開(kāi)始。

4.婚后，中國(guó)人則是把孩子當(dāng)作父母之間的粘合劑，維持婚姻的紐帶中國(guó)人對(duì)

婚姻的理解多為過(guò)日子，男人娶女人除了生理需要外，主要是能傳宗接代，而且最好是白頭偕老。中國(guó)不少人認(rèn)為，感情、家庭和子女是維持婚姻最主

要的因素。天津婦聯(lián)的一項(xiàng)抽樣調(diào)查顯示，81.7%的人把子女作為維持婚姻的重要因素。美國(guó)人婚姻的維持則是建立在相互吸引，尊重之上。美國(guó)一項(xiàng)

全國(guó)性調(diào)查顯示，孩子對(duì)父母來(lái)說(shuō)是個(gè)人成就感的最重要源泉，但成功的婚

姻更為重要。美國(guó)人對(duì)他們的孩子表現(xiàn)出了極大的熱情，但他們顯然沒(méi)有將

孩子視為父母之間的黏合劑。非營(yíng)利性的皮尤研究中心發(fā)現(xiàn)，在使婚姻成功的因素中，忠誠(chéng)和幸福的性關(guān)系、分擔(dān)家務(wù)、豐厚的收入和良好的住房條

件以及共同的宗教信仰和共同的興趣愛(ài)好等都排在孩子之前。對(duì)他們，婚姻

同生活的其他部分一樣，只是個(gè)人滿意度的問(wèn)題。”當(dāng)被問(wèn)到婚姻的目的是

什么時(shí)，有四分之三的美國(guó)人說(shuō)，它是成年人的“共同幸福和成就感”，而

不是“生育和撫養(yǎng)孩子”。顯然，美國(guó)人的婚姻觀更人性化。

二 中美婚姻觀差異形成原因

中美婚姻觀差異主要源于其經(jīng)濟(jì)方式，生存環(huán)境，社會(huì)價(jià)值觀，宗教信仰，及人文心態(tài)的不同：

1.經(jīng)濟(jì)方式不同：中國(guó)文化根治植于農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)的基礎(chǔ)之上，在農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，體力健

壯的男性成為勞動(dòng)的主體，經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)決定男女在家庭中的地位，男性是家庭的支柱，女性的勞動(dòng)可有可無(wú)，可以忽略不計(jì)，久而久之形成了陰性崇拜現(xiàn)象，而封建小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)在中國(guó)有幾千年的歷史，其思想殘余仍世世代代影響著人們的行為，直至今日，男性仍在中國(guó)家庭中占主導(dǎo)地位。而美國(guó)女人體格較為健壯，不存在男女勞動(dòng)性別上太大的差異，再加上建國(guó)歷史短，沒(méi)有封建殘余的影響，較早進(jìn)行工業(yè)革命，男女經(jīng)濟(jì)地位差別不大。

2.生存環(huán)境的不同：從地理環(huán)境上看，古代中國(guó)地處半封建狀態(tài)的大陸地域，較為封閉的地理形態(tài)形成了人們較為封閉的思想，再加上統(tǒng)治者的專制和愚

民政策，使儒家思想一枝獨(dú)秀，而極少與西方交流。而美國(guó)兩邊瀕臨海洋，便利的海運(yùn)為早期與其他國(guó)家的交流提供了條件。而且，美國(guó)作為一個(gè)年輕的國(guó)家，獨(dú)立性和開(kāi)拓性較強(qiáng)，積極與其他國(guó)家交流，主流思想在各種思想

碰撞中迅速發(fā)展。

3.社會(huì)價(jià)值觀不同：在中國(guó)兩千多年的封建社會(huì)歷史的過(guò)程中，儒家思想一直

占據(jù)著根深蒂固的弦統(tǒng)治地位，對(duì)中國(guó)社會(huì)產(chǎn)生了極其深刻而久遠(yuǎn)的影響。

中國(guó)人以謙虛為榮，以虛心為本，反對(duì)過(guò)分地顯露自己表現(xiàn)自我。因此，中

國(guó)文化體現(xiàn)出群體性的文化特征，這種群體性的文化特征是不允許把個(gè)人價(jià)

值凌駕于群體利益之上的?！缎陆Y(jié)婚時(shí)代》里有這樣一句話：在中國(guó)，嫁給

一個(gè)人就是嫁給了他所有社會(huì)關(guān)系的總和。我們傳統(tǒng)婚姻觀念的精髓，家庭

第一，個(gè)人幸福微不足道。在這個(gè)偉大傳統(tǒng)觀念影響下，千百年來(lái)，無(wú)數(shù)的相愛(ài)之人放棄了終身的愛(ài)情和幸福，并因此得到心靈的平靜和自慰。而對(duì)于

集體而言，小家庭自然要讓位于集體。自古就有大禹治水“三過(guò)家門(mén)而不入”的偉大榜樣，主流思想宣揚(yáng)的也是先國(guó)后家、先公后私的意識(shí)，違反者便會(huì)

被認(rèn)為是自私自利，缺乏高尚的道德情操。僅就體育圈來(lái)說(shuō)，不要說(shuō)老婆生

產(chǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)員仍然堅(jiān)持在賽場(chǎng)奮戰(zhàn)的例子不勝枚舉，就是親人去世運(yùn)動(dòng)員忍住悲

痛堅(jiān)持比賽的也屢見(jiàn)不鮮?！爸t虛”這一概念在西方文化中的價(jià)值是忽略不

計(jì)的，西方文化體現(xiàn)出個(gè)體文化特征，這種個(gè)體性文化特征崇尚個(gè)人價(jià)值凌

駕于群體利益之上。在美國(guó)社會(huì)，主流的觀點(diǎn)永遠(yuǎn)是家庭比工作重要，當(dāng)工

作和家庭發(fā)生嚴(yán)重沖突的時(shí)候，讓的都會(huì)是工作。對(duì)NBA熟悉一點(diǎn)的朋友

也都知道，只要NBA球隊(duì)中的球員因?yàn)榧彝グl(fā)生重大事情，諸如孩子出生、親人病重或者死亡等原因請(qǐng)假，即使是在打總決賽，球隊(duì)都會(huì)一律準(zhǔn)假，毫

無(wú)疑義。

4.宗教信仰不同：佛教傳入中國(guó)已有一千多年的歷史，人們相信有“佛主”在左右著人世間的一切。佛教與人類(lèi)社會(huì)發(fā)展“男大當(dāng)婚，女大當(dāng)嫁”的規(guī)則

相反，它不主張婚姻，典型的就是拋家棄子、出家修行。在西方許多國(guó)家，特別是在英美，人們信奉基督教，大多是虔誠(chéng)的基督教徒?；浇陶J(rèn)為，男

人和女人的和諧是根本的和諧，男女要為互善、互愛(ài)、相互促進(jìn)而結(jié)合。美

國(guó)婚姻其中的基督教模式就是：上帝意志決定，為個(gè)人利益結(jié)合，忠誠(chéng)互愛(ài)

到永遠(yuǎn)。

5.社會(huì)風(fēng)氣、人文心態(tài)不同：中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)上受儒家思想的影響，主張門(mén)當(dāng)戶對(duì)、三綱五常，重視女性貞操，婚姻觀一般先要說(shuō)傳宗接代、而男女要百年好合，一定終身。為了傳宗接代，中國(guó)家長(zhǎng)竭盡全力為孩子們的婚姻提供較好的物

質(zhì)條件。而美國(guó)的婚姻觀念則認(rèn)為：婚姻是男女間的契約關(guān)系，屬個(gè)人私事，任何人不能干涉。一個(gè)人有權(quán)選擇和他（她）最喜歡的人生活在一起，一旦

發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有的婚姻是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，他（她）有權(quán)作第二次選擇，強(qiáng)迫兩個(gè)不相愛(ài)的人生活在一起是殘忍的。美國(guó)的年輕人結(jié)婚，雖然也有一些父母幫助買(mǎi)單的，但那時(shí)出于父母主動(dòng)資助，社會(huì)風(fēng)氣的主流還是自力更生辦婚事。我想，這和美國(guó)人普遍認(rèn)為成年后就從父母那里獨(dú)立出來(lái)，應(yīng)該獨(dú)立自主自食其力的理念一脈相承的。不僅在操辦婚事上，在生活中許多方面，成年后的年輕

人都是自己打拼，很少有靠著父母使勁啃老的現(xiàn)象。而在國(guó)內(nèi)，成年后的年

輕人靠父母買(mǎi)婚房、辦婚禮、幫找工作、幫帶孩子、幫操持家務(wù)的現(xiàn)象還很

普遍。其次，美國(guó)人確實(shí)不大攀比，極少有比排場(chǎng)的現(xiàn)象。不僅在婚禮這件

事情上很少攀比，在其它許多事情上也是如此。攀比是種很不健康的心態(tài)，這種心態(tài)促使人們脫離實(shí)際產(chǎn)生一些超出自己支付能力之外的欲求。

三 結(jié)論

通過(guò)以上對(duì)比，讓我們更清晰地看出中美婚姻的差異及形成原因，使我們了解了中美文化的背景與歷史，從而有助于我們以更為廣闊的視野透視不同民族間的文化差異。了解中美差異的目的在于使不同民族之間進(jìn)行的更好的對(duì)話與交流，使我們更好地進(jìn)行跨文化交際與跨文化傳播。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)席曉《由中西婚禮習(xí)俗看東西方價(jià)值觀之異同》（《考試周刊》2008年29期）胡文仲,畢繼萬(wàn).跨文化非語(yǔ)言交際.北京:外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社,1999 姜文華,洪杰.儒家思想與傳統(tǒng)婚喪習(xí)俗.民俗研究,1996,2． 羅秀《簡(jiǎn)釋中西方文化差異》（中南民族大學(xué)?？William J Fitzpatrick，Jane Austin’s PRIDE AND PREJUDICE，Simon & Schuster，1964.6)Nark Schorer.Pride and Prejudice，Riverside Edition—B1，Boston，1956.7)董天馮麗博平瑋(華北電力大學(xué)河北?保定071003)，傳奇?zhèn)饔浳膶W(xué)選刊

8)[新西蘭]陳文照.外國(guó)習(xí)俗叢書(shū).世界知識(shí)出版社,2002．

The different concepts between US and China ＆ The reasons for it

PEI Ge-ge

（Foreign language Department of North China Institute of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power，Zhengzhou 450011，China）

Abstract: Chinese marriages are based on family conditions，while Americans ' marriages are based on the same hobby.Their different survival environment affect

the people' characters and influence people's thoughts of their respective marriages.Men and women in the economy of different status determine their positions in the

family, which determines the differences in their marriage.Social value is the

mainstream of different thoughts, and it indirectly affects the public's view of

marriage.Religious beliefs also play an important role in marriage customs and

marriages maintaining.Keywords: concept about marriage between US and Chinafamily conditionssame hobbyliving environmentthe social valuesreligions

第四篇：中美教育差異中英文

Comparing the Education Between American and China

1.First of all, the differences of education between China and the United States is the primary goal of teaching:

Chinese primary education make children’ s intellectual development and high mark achievement as the priority goal.And China’s education emphasis on training students’ s quality of strictness and rigors.In the United States,there is only one purpose of primary:to cultivate children’ s creativity.And US’s education pays more attention to raise student’ s self-confidence,independence,spirit of supporting oneself.中國(guó)與美國(guó)教育的差異首先在于兩國(guó)初等教育的教學(xué)目標(biāo)不同：

中國(guó)初等教育將開(kāi)發(fā)孩子的智力，孩子考出高分看成首要目標(biāo)，而且中國(guó)的教育強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生嚴(yán)格嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木瘛?/p>

在美國(guó)，初等教育的目標(biāo)只有一個(gè)：培養(yǎng)孩子的創(chuàng)造力。美國(guó)的教育注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的自信心、自主獨(dú)立的精神。

2.Comparing the elementary education between American and China,people’ s universal view will be:

China’s elementary education aims to build the foundation of education with more study and less thought.US’ s education aims to build such an education to raise the creativity with less study and more thought.比較美國(guó)和中國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)教育，人們的普遍觀點(diǎn)：

中國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)教育旨在建立基礎(chǔ)教育與更多的學(xué)習(xí)和更少的想法。

美國(guó)的教育旨在建造這樣的教育提高創(chuàng)新的研究和更少的想法。

3.The attitudes towards score are different:

To China’s children,a bad report card will let him receive pressure from all sides.Most Chinese students are aimed at “high score”.In the United States,however, every student’ s report card in the end of year is his/her private goods.Parents won’t give the child too much pressure.Score ,which is less important than capability in parents’ s mind.對(duì)待成績(jī)的態(tài)度不同：

對(duì)中國(guó)孩子來(lái)說(shuō)，一份不好的成績(jī)單會(huì)使他受到來(lái)自各方的壓力。中國(guó)大部分學(xué)生的目的是”拿高分“。

然而在美國(guó)，每個(gè)學(xué)生年終的成績(jī)單都屬于私人的物品。家長(zhǎng)方面也不會(huì)給孩子過(guò)多的壓力。在家長(zhǎng)心里分?jǐn)?shù)與能力比要差得遠(yuǎn)。

4.The view of knowledge is different between the two countries:

China’s emphasis on accumulation and inculcation of knowledge, then to help students develop respect for authority and knowledge,succession of knowledge and structure of knowledge system.The US focus on training students’ s actual ability of using knowledge.They pay attention to training students’ s spirit of doubt and criticism about knowledge and authority as well as expansion and creativity of knowledge.These two types of education show the static state in Chinese education and dynamic state in American education.They reflect the differences of the two countries’ s views of knowledge.兩國(guó)在知識(shí)觀上是存在差異的：

中國(guó)的教育重視對(duì)知識(shí)的積累灌輸，注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)和權(quán)威的尊重和對(duì)知識(shí)的繼承以及知識(shí)體系的建構(gòu)。

美國(guó)則更注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用知識(shí)的實(shí)際能力，注重培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)知識(shí)和權(quán)威的質(zhì)疑，批判精神和對(duì)知識(shí)的拓展和創(chuàng)造。

這兩種教育表達(dá)了對(duì)待知識(shí)的不同態(tài)度：即中國(guó)教育的靜態(tài)與美國(guó)教育的動(dòng)態(tài)，這一靜一動(dòng)反映了兩國(guó)知識(shí)觀的差異。

5.The studying environment provided by China and US is different:

China’s schools, under the restriction of exam-oriented education and the influence of traditional concept, it takes a two-stage strategy which is disjointed.In the primary stage,you have to lay the foundation.In the advanced stage,you will be able to do academic research.American schools encourage children to do research from an early age.They develop the ability of researching,solving problems independently and organizing the study study materials.兩國(guó)在提供給學(xué)生的環(huán)境上不同：

中國(guó)的學(xué)校，在應(yīng)試教育的制約下和傳統(tǒng)觀念的影響下，采取的是初級(jí)階段打基礎(chǔ)，高級(jí)階段才能做學(xué)術(shù)研究的相互脫節(jié)的兩階段戰(zhàn)略。

美國(guó)的學(xué)校從小就鼓勵(lì)孩子做研究，培養(yǎng)孩子的研究能力，獨(dú)立處理問(wèn)題的能力和組織研究材料的能力。

6.The arrangements of the course are different:

For example, on the problem of foreign language learning,in China,students only have one choice-English when they are in basic education.The system of education does the unitary choice for all students.In the United States,students have more choices,which including Spanish,French,Latin and so on.And there are a kind of course in which teaching materials are not needed.They usually call it “family life”class.The course content contains sewing,cooking and increase of self-confidence.It teaches what is in our real life beyond books.It teaches students to make a better life.兩國(guó)課程設(shè)置不同：

比如關(guān)于外國(guó)語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)。在中國(guó)，學(xué)生在基礎(chǔ)教育中只有英語(yǔ)一種選擇，這是教育系統(tǒng)為全體學(xué)生做的統(tǒng)一選擇。

而在美國(guó)，學(xué)生有更多選擇，包括西班牙語(yǔ)、法語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)等。還有，在美

7.Different mode of education:

Chinese heuristic education exist a flaw, teachers give the suggestions of the answer to students and guide the students find“the only answer.”

The teaching methods in the United States, except guide students to understand and grasp the correct answer in class, and give students a place for free imagination to explore the unknown and potential answer.教育模式不同

中國(guó)的啟發(fā)式教育存在著一個(gè)弊端,就是其實(shí)一直到某一個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案通過(guò)誘導(dǎo)學(xué)生,使他們找到“唯一的答案”.在美國(guó)學(xué)校的教學(xué)法,除了引導(dǎo)學(xué)生在課堂上理解和掌握教師的正確答案外,還給與學(xué)生自由想象的空間,去探索教師和學(xué)生都沒(méi)未知但卻客觀存在著的潛在答案.國(guó)，不用教材的課是存在的，他們通常叫它“家庭生活”課。課程內(nèi)容包括縫紉、烹飪和自信心的增強(qiáng)等等。它教給學(xué)生的是書(shū)本以外生活之中的事情。它教學(xué)生生活得更好。

8.Different college entrance examination system:

In China, in addition to a small number of talented people do not care the “entrance” Score, the others are base on examination scores of

admission.This is the only criterion.But in the United States,students choose at least one kind of various examinations every year, missed the first, it is excusable;missed twice, you can forgive......As a result, these test scores can be admitted as a very important admission criteria rather than the only criterion.高考制度不同

在中國(guó),除了少數(shù)人才不用看“高考”分?jǐn)?shù)外,其余的均以“高考”成績(jī)?yōu)殇浫∪藢W(xué)得最重要的,唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn).但在美國(guó)學(xué)生年年都參加各類(lèi)考試中的至少一種考試,一次失手,情有可言;兩次失手,也可以理解……因此,這些考試成績(jī)就可作為非常重要的錄取入學(xué)考量標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而不是唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

9.The burden of learning different:

In China, for the students ,their weekend is always canceled.Even the gorgeous holiday is still full of heavy work.The United States almost have a free day once a week.學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)不同:

在中國(guó),周末可能被無(wú)情占有,就連絢麗多彩的假日也會(huì)充斥著繁重的作業(yè).美國(guó)幾乎每周都會(huì)放一天假.10.Homework:

Chinese students’ homework: in order to consolidate the theoretic knowledge, it is so boring and uncreative.It takes students a lot of time.There is beneficial aspect.Although sometimes students have many exams in their student life ,it can be good for them.It can make them easy to pass the college entrance examination and accept the higher education.American students’ homework: Homework cultivate children innovative thinking and creativity.Not only does it develop good habits, but also cultivate independence, let the children easily adapt to the society.作業(yè)

中國(guó)學(xué)生的作業(yè)就是為鞏固書(shū)面知識(shí)，機(jī)械單調(diào)，毫無(wú)創(chuàng)造性，占用了孩子大量的時(shí)間。當(dāng)然好處也是有的，雖然有時(shí)候?qū)W生在學(xué)習(xí)生涯的時(shí)候考太多的試了，但這對(duì)他們也有好處?？荚嚳梢宰屗麄兏菀椎耐ㄟ^(guò)高考，接受高等教育。

美國(guó)學(xué)生的作業(yè)培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新思維和創(chuàng)造力,不僅培養(yǎng)孩子做計(jì)劃的好習(xí)慣，還培養(yǎng)孩子的獨(dú)立，讓孩子更好的融入社會(huì)。

11.Relations between teachers and students：

In China:Relations between teachers and students are like the elder and junior.Teachers often stand on the platform and they have a great distance with students, which make teachers in a prominent position, and make students afraid of teacher.In the United States: Relations between teachers and students are more like friends and colleagues.Students can be on friendly terms with their teachers.Teachers often have lessons below the podium, and they will approach their students and chat with them at pleasure so that students can get on well with their teachers.師生關(guān)系

在中國(guó)，師生關(guān)系是長(zhǎng)輩與小輩的關(guān)系。老師經(jīng)常站在講臺(tái)上講課而且他們跟學(xué)生保持了距離，這使得學(xué)生們覺(jué)得老師高高在上，害怕老師。

在美國(guó)，師生關(guān)系更多地象朋友，象同事的那種關(guān)系，可以和睦相處。老師經(jīng)常在講臺(tái)下講課，而且她們會(huì)靠近學(xué)生并跟他們隨意的交流以至于學(xué)生們能跟老師很好的相處。

12.Different family education:

1)American parents are open education.They pay attention to practical activities,and emphasize on developing the child in practice rather than preach.Chinese parents are enclosed education.They give priority to preach, and look down on the importance of practical activities.2)

Americans believe that let children do all the things to themselves.During the tasks，the children can improve the knowledge and accumulate the experience.Also they can increase the confidence and responsibility.In China,the parents have the only requirement for children is study.Even they can prepare everything for their children in daily life, and this lead to many Chinese children learned a lot of knowledge but useless.3）In the United States, children take part in the activities.Their sports activities time is abundant, and they have activity places everywhere.In China,children have less outdoor activities because the Chinese children learn from morning to night ,and they have lots of homework.家庭教育不同:

1)美國(guó)父母主張開(kāi)放式教育：重視實(shí)際鍛煉，強(qiáng)調(diào)在實(shí)踐中培養(yǎng)孩子，而不是說(shuō)教。

中國(guó)父母多是封閉式教育：以說(shuō)教為主，輕視實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的重要性。

2)美國(guó)人認(rèn)為，凡是孩子的事情都讓孩子自己去完成，在完成任務(wù)過(guò)程中提高認(rèn)識(shí),積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。并且讓他們?cè)鰪?qiáng)自信心和責(zé)任心。

在中國(guó)，父母對(duì)孩子的要求就是讀書(shū)，他們可以為孩子準(zhǔn)備所有的事情，這導(dǎo)致許多中國(guó)孩子學(xué)了許多知識(shí)但是沒(méi)用。

3)在美國(guó)，孩子進(jìn)行各項(xiàng)興趣活動(dòng)、體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間都比較充裕，活動(dòng)場(chǎng)所到處都有。在中國(guó)，孩子們的戶外活動(dòng)少，因?yàn)橹袊?guó)孩子從早到晚的學(xué)習(xí)而且有做不完的作業(yè)。

第五篇：“中美教育”之差異

“中美教育”之差異

四川大學(xué)附屬實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué)

陳耀華

我有幸在四川大學(xué)附屬實(shí)驗(yàn)小學(xué)本部學(xué)術(shù)廳聽(tīng)了美國(guó)校長(zhǎng)肯尼迪的《美國(guó)小學(xué)課堂教學(xué)的目標(biāo)和主要方式》專題交流，又現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀摩了中美教師上的六節(jié)“同課異構(gòu)”的課。通過(guò)老師們?cè)诠ぷ鞣焕锏乃季S碰撞和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)與專家的對(duì)話，對(duì)中國(guó)小學(xué)課堂教學(xué)進(jìn)行了比較，找出了差異。由于中國(guó)和美國(guó)地域不同，文化背景不同，教育差異也非常大。

一、透視美國(guó)的小學(xué)教育現(xiàn)狀 1.教育目標(biāo)

美國(guó)的小學(xué)教育發(fā)展到今天，一直也處于變革之中。美國(guó)的小學(xué)教育十分強(qiáng)調(diào)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的解決，強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)科知識(shí)應(yīng)用，強(qiáng)調(diào)技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，注重學(xué)科教學(xué)中的交流，注重學(xué)科思想方法和學(xué)科素養(yǎng)的提高，重視培養(yǎng)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造力。特別重視學(xué)生參與、體驗(yàn)、感悟、探究、發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和基本概念的教學(xué)有所忽視，教學(xué)目標(biāo)比較單一。

2.教育理念

人本主義教育已作為一種極為重要的教育理念。尊重學(xué)生，保護(hù)學(xué)生的思維，追求教育公平，教育是為培養(yǎng)合格公民，追求人文精神，講究獨(dú)立思考，教育要保證寬松、安全的環(huán)境。教育注重理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，平常學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)壓力較小，動(dòng)手能力很強(qiáng)。提倡讓學(xué)生經(jīng)歷獲得學(xué)科知識(shí)的過(guò)程，強(qiáng)調(diào)理解的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)少悟多。

3.教學(xué)效果

美國(guó)的學(xué)生雖然在學(xué)科上的成績(jī)不如中國(guó)的學(xué)生好，但是公認(rèn)的是，美國(guó)學(xué)生的學(xué)科思維能力、學(xué)科素養(yǎng)和創(chuàng)新能力以及解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力，都遠(yuǎn)在中國(guó)學(xué)生之上。

二、透視中國(guó)的小學(xué)教育現(xiàn)狀

1、教育目標(biāo)

我國(guó)的小學(xué)教育教學(xué)在長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)踐中，基本形成了具有中國(guó)特征的傳統(tǒng)教育，在這些傳統(tǒng)中，積極的作用與消極的作用影響并存。中國(guó)小學(xué)教育教學(xué)的特 點(diǎn)與方式，是在中國(guó)幾千年歷史文明的傳承下逐步形成和發(fā)展起來(lái)的，有自己生長(zhǎng)的文化“土壤”和民族“根基”。中國(guó)的小學(xué)教育，突出知識(shí)性的具體目標(biāo)，大綱、課標(biāo)對(duì)知識(shí)提出不同的目標(biāo)要求，教學(xué)過(guò)程中對(duì)目標(biāo)細(xì)化具有可操作性，每章每節(jié)每單元都有細(xì)致的目標(biāo)，但是，往往忽視育人的大目標(biāo)；重在由“舊知”引出“新知”，絕大多數(shù)新知識(shí)是由舊知識(shí)引入的，基本符合人的認(rèn)識(shí)規(guī)律，這里容易衍生兩種形態(tài)：一是使學(xué)生由舊知識(shí)中產(chǎn)生困惑或新的情境，形成和激發(fā)認(rèn)識(shí)新知、發(fā)現(xiàn)新知、獲取新知的欲望和行動(dòng)，經(jīng)歷知識(shí)發(fā)生、發(fā)展的過(guò)程。這是應(yīng)該追求的理想的教學(xué)形態(tài)。另一種是淡化舊知識(shí)到新知識(shí)的發(fā)生發(fā)展過(guò)程，甚至?xí)膳f知識(shí)直接把新知識(shí)告訴學(xué)生，只要所謂會(huì)用就行了。這容易造成學(xué)生被動(dòng)接受，成為事實(shí)上的灌輸知識(shí)的容器。注重新知識(shí)內(nèi)部的深入理解，從對(duì)知識(shí)內(nèi)在意義的聯(lián)系中獲得的認(rèn)識(shí)。以中美兩節(jié)數(shù)學(xué)課為例，我們重視解題的方法和技巧。解題必須以概念和定理為依據(jù)，是對(duì)概念和定理的再學(xué)習(xí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)解題有利于對(duì)解題的基本方法的熟練掌握，有利于夯實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。注重一題多解，一法多用，對(duì)學(xué)生思維的培養(yǎng)和發(fā)展有一定的積極意義。重視訓(xùn)練記憶和鞏固。2.教育理念

在教育理念上，我國(guó)傳統(tǒng)教育的根本目的在于教給人做人的道理，在教育過(guò)程中，一味地強(qiáng)調(diào)概念的重要性，將學(xué)科概念、定理翻過(guò)來(lái)講過(guò)去，要求學(xué)生記住各種變換形式下的知識(shí)點(diǎn)的精髓，美其名曰“萬(wàn)變不離其宗”。我國(guó)注重應(yīng)試，國(guó)際數(shù)學(xué)競(jìng)賽上，我國(guó)的學(xué)生一向都是驕子，在一定程度上反應(yīng)了我國(guó)的學(xué)科教育側(cè)重于應(yīng)試教育，即為考試而準(zhǔn)備。對(duì)于解題的過(guò)程，要求嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)范，只要解題過(guò)程出現(xiàn)了所謂的跳步子，就可能被扣分。在這種模式下，學(xué)生被迫模仿固定的方法，思路，缺乏主動(dòng)自主學(xué)習(xí)的積極性，影響了學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性和自主創(chuàng)新能力。3.教育效果

在教育目標(biāo)和教育理念的影響下，我國(guó)學(xué)生的學(xué)科基本功很扎實(shí)，記憶能力很強(qiáng)，但是，在解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題中，我國(guó)的學(xué)生往往不及別人，特別在動(dòng)手能力方面，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后。

三、中美課堂閃光點(diǎn)

正如四川師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)院李松林副院長(zhǎng)在總結(jié)中指出：

1、中美教學(xué)中，都重視學(xué)生興趣愛(ài)好的培養(yǎng)；

2、中美教學(xué)中，都強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)科學(xué)習(xí)方法的引導(dǎo)；

3、中美教學(xué)中，都重視讓學(xué)生親歷學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程；

4、中美教學(xué)中，都重視學(xué)生思維能力的訓(xùn)練。

四、差異分析

從兩天的“中美教育”課堂實(shí)景中我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，中美的學(xué)科教育在教學(xué)目標(biāo)，教育理念，教育方法上都存在很大的差異。差異主要有：教學(xué)方式上，中國(guó)的教學(xué)班級(jí)通常人數(shù)較多，水平參差不齊，使教師難于兼顧，小組研討活動(dòng)也難于展開(kāi)。教師為預(yù)設(shè)的目標(biāo)而上，學(xué)生按教師預(yù)設(shè)的目標(biāo)而學(xué)，師生感到緊張。美國(guó)小班上課，“規(guī)則意識(shí)”強(qiáng)，易于“1對(duì)1”地討論學(xué)習(xí)，師生交流互動(dòng)，氣氛較活躍，教師也追求變化輕松。從個(gè)體學(xué)習(xí)來(lái)看，中國(guó)學(xué)生雖不博聞，但以強(qiáng)記著稱。美國(guó)提倡讓學(xué)生經(jīng)歷獲取知識(shí)的過(guò)程，強(qiáng)調(diào)理解的學(xué)習(xí)。在教育理念上，中國(guó)的小學(xué)教育是重視打基礎(chǔ)的教育，學(xué)多悟少，美國(guó)的教育是培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新能力的教育，學(xué)少悟多。

由此差異帶來(lái)的教學(xué)效果上，也是各有春秋。美國(guó)的學(xué)生動(dòng)手能力強(qiáng)，解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力強(qiáng)，富有創(chuàng)新能力，中國(guó)的學(xué)生在解題方面無(wú)與倫比，動(dòng)手能力弱，解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題的能力欠佳，創(chuàng)新能力有待提高。

五、幾點(diǎn)啟示

基于以上情況，美國(guó)教育有它的必然優(yōu)勢(shì)，對(duì)其比較、分析和總結(jié)，啟示如下：

1、揚(yáng)長(zhǎng)避短，取其精華；

2、強(qiáng)調(diào)規(guī)則，訓(xùn)練傾聽(tīng)；

3、目標(biāo)適度，“三維”不丟；

4、重視過(guò)程，強(qiáng)化理解；

5、體驗(yàn)感悟，探究發(fā)現(xiàn)；

6、結(jié)對(duì)交流，全員參與；

7、尊重保護(hù)，培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)新。

（整理：陳耀華）