第一篇：機(jī)電專業(yè)英語第2版電子教案unit 19

Unit 19 Introduction to a Microcontroller I.Lead in Nowadays microcontrollers are used in almost all kinds of automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobiles, remote controls, office machines, appliances, digital cameras, cell phones and toys.We can say that microcontrollers are everywhere around us, and they are closely related to our life.Do you know what a microcontroller is? What are the major differences between the microcontroller and the general-purpose microprocessor used in a PC? What are the important features of the Intel 8051 family? After learning this unit, you will get a better understanding of these questions.In this unit, we’ll learn some general information about the microcontroller and the Intel 8051 family.First, let’s study some new words and phrases together.II.Word Study 1.display [,dis'plei] n.顯示器；展示；陳列，展覽 vt.展示；顯示，表現(xiàn)；陳列

1）At present, a video camera and display are no match for the human eye.目前，攝影機(jī)和顯示器的品質(zhì)仍然比不上人類的眼睛。2）We need a range of samples for display and publicity.我們需要大量的樣品坐陳列與宣傳用。

3）The species that make up natural ecosystems usually display a wide range of genetic variability.構(gòu)成自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的生物種，通常表現(xiàn)有較大范圍的遺傳變異性。2.integrate ['intiɡreit] vt.使結(jié)合，使合并，綜合 vi.成為一體，合并 adj.整體的，完整的，完全的

1）The training program helps children integrate theories with their field experience.這個(gè)訓(xùn)練課程能夠幫助學(xué)生將實(shí)際的經(jīng)驗(yàn)與理論結(jié)合。

2）The trend is to integrate the memory arrays and controller circuits of a system together on one or more integrated circuit chips.趨勢(shì)是將系統(tǒng)的存儲(chǔ)器陣列和控制器電路一起集成在一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上集成電路芯片上。

3）There is no integrate system of procedure of enforcement undertaking in our law.我國法律對(duì)此沒有形成一個(gè)完整的程序體系。

3.adequate ['?dikwit] adj.充足的；適當(dāng)?shù)?；勝任?1）Is there adequate data for the indicators chosen? 是否有充足的數(shù)據(jù)以供指標(biāo)選擇？

2）The installation must also allow for adequate drainage from the air gap and the discharge line if needed.如果需要的話，還必須允許從氣隙和排放管道里有適當(dāng)?shù)呐欧拧?.access ['?kses] vt.使用；存取，訪問；接近n.進(jìn)入；使用權(quán)

1）Client is computer or a software program that can access particular services on the Internet.客戶是可訪問因特網(wǎng)上某些具體服務(wù)的計(jì)算機(jī)或軟件程序。

2）Host(computer)is a computer that a user can connect in order to access information or run programs.主機(jī)是用戶為了存取信息或運(yùn)行程序所要連接的計(jì)算機(jī)。3）I have read-only access to my bank files.我用只讀方式存取我的銀行文件。

5.cement [si'ment] vt.鞏固，加強(qiáng)；(用水泥等)粘合 n.水泥

1）The company must now decide whether to cement the well from the top.該公司現(xiàn)在必須決定是否用水泥從頂部徹底封堵油井。

2）Our object is to further cement friendly relations between the two countries.我們的目的是進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)兩國之間的友好關(guān)系。

6.debug [di:'b?ɡ] vt.調(diào)試；排除故障 n.調(diào)試器，排錯(cuò)器

1）Debug and maintenance the test program and test equipment in daily work.對(duì)測試程序以及測試設(shè)備進(jìn)行調(diào)試和維護(hù)。

2）There are still mechanical linkages to build, control programs to debug.目前還有些機(jī)械環(huán)節(jié)要制作，還有些控制程式要除錯(cuò)。

III．Language points 1.The engine is controlled by a microcontroller, as are the anti-lock brakes and so on.譯文：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)等等都是用單片機(jī)控制的。

說明：句中anti-lock brake 表示防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)或防鎖死煞車系統(tǒng)，可安裝在任何帶液壓剎車的汽車上，能避免在緊急剎車時(shí)方向失控及車輪側(cè)滑?！癮s” is a substitute for a clause，and it can be replaced by “so”(……也一樣)，e.g.1)She is a doctor, as/so is her husband.她和她丈夫都是醫(yī)生。

2)Business confidence has picked up, as/so has the Paris Bourse.商業(yè)信心有所提升，巴黎證券交易所的交易情況也有好轉(zhuǎn)。

2.Any device that has a remote control almost certainly contains a

microcontroller: TVs, VCRs and high-end stereo systems all fall into this category.譯文：任何具有遠(yuǎn)程遙控的設(shè)備都幾乎肯定包含一部單片機(jī)：電視機(jī)、錄像機(jī)、高端立體聲音響系統(tǒng)都屬于這一類。

說明：“that” is a relative pronoun used to introduce an attributive clause modifying “device”.“fall into” means “be included in or classified as, belong to”(歸入，屬于，分成；陷入), e.g.1)Going forward, these cases will fall into five distinct categories.接下來，這些案件將被歸入五大類別。2)Old civilization may fall into decay.古老的文化可能會(huì)漸漸衰落下去。

3)In particular, diodes – and perhaps more surprisingly – resistors fall into this category.其中很特別的就是二極管和電阻也屬于這樣的元器件類型。

4)Programming languages fall into two major categories: low-level assembly languages and high-level languages.程序設(shè)計(jì)語言主要分成兩類：低級(jí)匯編語言和高級(jí)語言。

3.Basically, any product or device that interacts with its user has a microcontroller buried inside.譯文：任何與用戶進(jìn)行互動(dòng)的產(chǎn)品或設(shè)備內(nèi)部都嵌有單片機(jī)。

說明：“that” is a relative pronoun used to introduce an attributive clause.“buried inside” is a past participle phrase modifying “microcontroller”.“interact with” means “act together with others”(與……互動(dòng)或相互作用), e.g.1)But because these particles are electrically charged, they also interact with the Earth's magnetic field.但是因?yàn)檫@些粒子是帶電的，所以它們會(huì)受地球磁場的影響。

2)A display device that allows the user to interact with a data processing system by touching an area on its screen.一種允許用戶通過觸摸屏幕上某一區(qū)域以對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行交互操作的顯示裝置。

4.It is a microprocessor emphasizing high integration, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor(the kind used in a PC).譯文：與應(yīng)用在個(gè)人電腦中的通用型微處理器相比，它是高度集成的微處理器。

說明: “emphasizing high integration” is a present participle phrase used as an attribute modifying “microprocessor”.“in contrast to” means “與…對(duì)比(或?qū)φ?；與…相反”

1)The gaiety and lightness of his work were in contrast to his own sad

nature.他的作品的歡樂與輕快與他哀傷的性格形成鮮明的對(duì)照。

2)In contrast to her elder brother, she was always considerate in her treatment of others.和她哥哥完全不一樣，她對(duì)別人總是很體貼。

5.Power consumption while sleeping may be just nanowatts, making them ideal for low power and long lasting battery applications.譯文：睡眠時(shí)消耗功率可能只有納瓦級(jí)(10﹣9 W)，所以很適宜應(yīng)用在低功耗且長期用電池供電的場合。

說明：“sleeping” is a present participle used as an adverbial of time.It has the same function as an adverbial clause of time.“making them ideal for low power and long lasting battery applications” is a present participle phrase used as an adverbial of result.“be ideal for” means “be suitable for, be appropriate for”(對(duì)……很理想，適用于……), e.g.1)The cable system is ideal for spanning natural barriers of wide rivers, deep valleys, or ravines.這種鋼索體系是跨越寬河道、深丘谷或深山谷天然障礙物的理想體系。2)Unlike incandescent or fluorescent lamps, which spew light in all directions, LEDs generate directional light, making them ideal for selectively illuminating areas.不像白熾燈或者熒光燈那樣燈光四射，LED產(chǎn)生的是定向光，定點(diǎn)照明的理想之選。

6.Intel’s original 8051 family was developed using NMOS technology, but later versions, identified by a letter “C” in their name, e.g.80C51, used CMOS technology and were less power-hungry than their NMOS predecessors.譯文：英特爾最早的805l系列是用NMOS技術(shù)開發(fā)的，但后來的標(biāo)以“C”字母如80C51的版本是用CMOS技術(shù)開發(fā)的芯片。

說明：“using NMOS technology” is a present participle phrase used as an adverbial of manner.“identified by a letter “C” in their name” is a past participle phrase used as an attribute.It can be replaced by an attributive clause.“power-hungry” means “consuming a lot of power”(高耗電的), e.g.1)The new lines will be used to carry electricity from coal-rich inland provinces to the power-hungry coast.新輸電線路將用于連接中國煤炭資源豐富的內(nèi)陸省份和電力短缺的沿海地區(qū)。

2)The power amplifier plays an important role in a modern wireless communication system and is the most power-hungry device.在現(xiàn)代化的無線通訊系統(tǒng)中功率放大器扮演一個(gè)重要的腳色，它往往是最消耗功率的元件。

IV.Translating Skills

長難句的翻譯

對(duì)于每一個(gè)英語句子的翻譯，并不只是使用一種翻譯方法，而是多種翻譯方法的綜合運(yùn)用，這在英語長句的翻譯中表現(xiàn)得尤為突出。長句的翻譯，關(guān)鍵在于理解分析。由于連詞、冠詞和介詞等功能詞的作用，和非謂語動(dòng)詞及謂語動(dòng)詞等結(jié)構(gòu)形式的存在，使得英語長句的修飾成分相當(dāng)復(fù)雜，可以是單詞、短語，也可以是從句，而且這些修飾成分還可以一個(gè)套一個(gè)地使用。再加上英漢句子語序上的差異，如定語和狀語修飾語的位置差異、句子的邏輯安排差異等，這就使得英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，長句較多，有時(shí)一段可能只有一句話，只要方法得當(dāng)，長句的翻譯并不難。

一、長難句分析的步驟

1．結(jié)合具體語言環(huán)境了解全句大意。

2．剖析全句，分清主要成分和次要成分，主句和從句。

3．緊縮主干，確定句子的主、謂語，找出句子的基本構(gòu)架，及其所屬句型。

4．疏通脈絡(luò)，清理枝蔓，分清主次關(guān)系，注意上下層次，前后引襯及其邏輯關(guān)系。

5．按漢語造句的規(guī)律，進(jìn)行選詞和語序的調(diào)整。

6．反復(fù)研究譯文，進(jìn)行詞句錘煉的潤飾工夫，最后定稿。Sample: For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere．

分析：

該句的骨干結(jié)構(gòu)為“it is more…to do sth than to do sth else”是一個(gè)比較結(jié)構(gòu)，而且是在兩個(gè)不定式之間進(jìn)行比較；該句中共有三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，它們之間的關(guān)系為：it is more convenient as well as cheaper to…為主體結(jié)構(gòu)，但it是形式主語，真正的主語為第二個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)：to sit comfortably at home，并與第三個(gè)謂語結(jié)構(gòu)to go out in search of amusement elsewhere作比較。

綜合上述翻譯方法，這個(gè)句子我們可以翻譯為：譬如，對(duì)于一個(gè)四口之家來說，舒舒服服地在家中看電視，就能看到幾乎數(shù)不清的娛樂節(jié)目，這比到外面別的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

二、長難句的四種翻譯方法 1．順譯法

順譯法就是按照原文時(shí)間、方位、邏輯等順序?qū)㈤L句的內(nèi)容再現(xiàn)，例如： Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.分析：該句子由一個(gè)主句、三個(gè)作伴隨狀語的現(xiàn)在分詞以及位于句首的時(shí)間狀語從旬組成，共有五層意思：A．即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí)；B．電仍在為我們工作；C．幫我們開動(dòng)電冰箱；D．加熱水；E．或是室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。上述五層意思的邏輯關(guān)系以及表達(dá)的順序與漢語完全一致，因此，我們可以通過順序法，譯為：

即使在我們關(guān)掉了床頭燈深深地進(jìn)入夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)時(shí)，電仍在為我們工作；幫我們開動(dòng)電冰加熱，或使室內(nèi)空調(diào)機(jī)繼續(xù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。

2．倒譯法

在翻譯有些長句時(shí)，要想使譯文通順、符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣，翻譯時(shí)必須從后往前譯，這就是倒譯法。譬如：

It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.因此，如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們（上大學(xué)）的機(jī)會(huì)，就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息，作更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問題顯得越來越重要。

3．分譯法

分譯法是將長句拆開來，將其中從句或短語譯成短句，分開來敘述，如： Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programs which are both instructive and entertaining.分析：在此長句中，有一個(gè)插入語“it is often said”，三個(gè)并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，還有一個(gè)定語從句，這三個(gè)并列的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)盡管在結(jié)構(gòu)上同屬于同一個(gè)句子，但都有獨(dú)立的意義，因此在翻譯時(shí)，可以采用分句法，按照漢語的習(xí)慣把整個(gè)句子分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的分句，此句可譯為：

人們常說，通過電視可以了解時(shí)事，掌握科學(xué)和政治的最新動(dòng)態(tài)。從電視里還可以看到層出不窮、既有教育意義又有娛樂性的新節(jié)目。

4．綜合法

要求我們把各種方法綜合使用，先仔細(xì)分析，或按照時(shí)間的先后，或按照邏輯順序，順逆結(jié)合，主次分明地對(duì)全句進(jìn)行綜合處理，以便把英語原文翻譯成通順的漢語句子。例如：

People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.盡管警察已接到命令，要作好準(zhǔn)備以應(yīng)付緊急情況，但人們不敢出門，因?yàn)榫煲埠推渌艘粯硬恢牒蜔o能為力。

V.Key to the Exercises

Key to Exercises of the text I.1.Sixteen kinds of products or devices are listed.They are microwave ovens, modem automobiles, TVs, VCRs, high-end stereo systems, digital cameras, cell phones, camcorders, answering machines, laser printers, telephones(the ones with caller ID, 20-number memory, etc.), pagers, and refrigerators, dishwashers, washers and dryers(the ones with displays and keypads).2.A microcontroller is a computer system-on-a-chip, containing a processor, memory, and input/output functions.3.In contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor, the microcontroller integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, EEPROM for permanent data storage, peripheral devices, and input/output interfaces.4.The two particularly useful features of the 8051 core are the inclusion of a Boolean processing engine and four separate register sets.II.1.T

2.T

3.T

4.F

5.T

6.F III.1.anti-lock brakes

2.read-write memory for data storage 3.general-purpose microprocessor

4.two-level interrupt priority 5.A microcontroller is a computer system-on-a-chip, containing a processor, memory, and input/output functions.Key to Exercises of the reading 1.An assembler is a software tool designed to simplify the task of writing computer programs.2.To effectively write assembly programs, a person should understand both the microcomputer architecture and the assembly language.3.An assembly program has three constituent parts: machine instructions, assembler directives and assembler controls.4.Detailed discussion of the machine instructions can be found in the hardware manuals of the 8051 family or other microcontrollers.VI.閱讀材料參考譯文

匯編程序是什么？

匯編程序是一種用來簡化計(jì)算機(jī)編寫程序的軟件工具。匯編程序把符號(hào)

化的代碼（匯編指令）編譯成可執(zhí)行的目標(biāo)代碼（機(jī)器指令），然后把該目標(biāo)代碼編入單片機(jī)（的程序存儲(chǔ)器）中并加以執(zhí)行。匯編語言程序可直接譯成CPU指令，命令處理器完成相應(yīng)的運(yùn)算。所以，要有效地編寫匯編語言程序，就需要對(duì)微型計(jì)算機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)和匯編語言都很熟悉。

匯編語言操作代碼很容易記（MOV就是移動(dòng)指令，ADD就是加法指令等等）。還可以用符號(hào)表示（存儲(chǔ)器）地址和指令的操作字段值。

因?yàn)橹付诉@些名字，指令就有了意義，比較容易記憶。比如，如果你在程序中要多次用到一個(gè)日期作為數(shù)據(jù)，你可以給這個(gè)日期指定一個(gè)符號(hào)化的名字DATE（日期）。如果你程序中含有用作延時(shí)循環(huán)的一組指令(在指定的時(shí)間內(nèi)反復(fù)執(zhí)行的一組指令)，你可以給這段指令起名TIMER—LOOP。

匯編程序有3個(gè)組成要素：（1）機(jī)器指令。（2）匯編指令。（3）匯編控制。

機(jī)器指令就是可以由CPU執(zhí)行的機(jī)器代碼。對(duì)機(jī)器指令的詳細(xì)討論可以參看8051系列或其他單片機(jī)的硬件手冊(cè)。

匯編指令用于定義程序的結(jié)構(gòu)和符號(hào)，生成非執(zhí)行代碼（數(shù)據(jù)、信息等）。匯編控制設(shè)置匯編程序的模式和流向。

第二篇：機(jī)電專業(yè)英語第2版電子教案Unit 2

Unit 2 Machine Elements I.Lead in Information related to the text Do you know what is referred to as a machine element? Which elements are associated in pairs? Can you give an example? What is the most common machine element? How can the supporting structure be assembled? Why does the individual reliability of machine elements become the basis for estimating the overall life expectancy of a machine? Maybe you have seen and you are much interested in some machine elements, of course also interested in these questions.In this unit, you’ll learn some machine elements and know how they are widely used in industry.Now, let’s study new words and phrases together.II.Word Study 1.individual [,indi'vidju?l] adj.個(gè)別的n.個(gè)人,個(gè)體 1）These styles can be adapted to suit individual tastes.這些式樣均可改動(dòng)以適應(yīng)個(gè)人不同的愛好.2）Who was the individual champion? 誰是個(gè)人項(xiàng)目的冠軍？

3）Am I a Business or Individual account? 我采用企業(yè)帳戶還是個(gè)人帳戶？ 2.dismantle [dis'm?ntl] v.拆除．．．的設(shè)備, 分解

1）To dismantle or raze;tear down.拆除，毀壞：拆除，摧毀；拆毀 2）Before mounting, You can not dismantle the plug of port in case the dirty entering.裝機(jī)前不得將各油口堵塞拆掉，以防臟物進(jìn)入。

3）The pressure test is over.Now decrease the pressure , dismantle the pipe and check the inside of the pipe.壓力試驗(yàn)通過了，把壓力放掉，拆開管子，檢查管子內(nèi)部。3.perform [p?'f?:m] v.執(zhí)行,表演,做

1）Lasers can be used to perform operations nowadays.現(xiàn)在激光可以用來做手術(shù)。

2）To perform operations on data in a process.對(duì)一個(gè)過程﹝進(jìn)程﹞中的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行操作。

3）Able to assemble and disassemble molds and perform mold repair work as instructed.能夠組裝和拆卸注塑模具，并按規(guī)定進(jìn)行模具維修工作。

4.associate [?'s?u?ieit] n.同伴, 伙伴

v.聯(lián)合, 聯(lián)想

adj.副的 1）I don't want to associate myself with them any more.我不愿再和他們交往了。

2）She associated happiness with having money.她把幸福和有錢聯(lián)想到一起。

3）We should associate ourselves with the large firm.我們應(yīng)該和這家大公司聯(lián)合。

4）Medias associate tightly with the society, closes to personal life, people can touch the pulse of the community.傳播媒介于社會(huì)聯(lián)系密切，與人民生活息息相關(guān)，人們可感覺到社會(huì)的脈搏。

5.evolve [i'v?lv] v.進(jìn)展，進(jìn)化，展開

1）The American constitution was planned;the British constitution evolved.美國憲法是精心制定的, 英國憲法是約定俗成的.2）No one can process and evolve for another.沒有人能為別人推移和進(jìn)化。

3）Your raising of consciousness through love and responsibility nourishes us, replenishes us, and expands our consciousness so that we may evolve further.通過愛和責(zé)任滋養(yǎng)我們、補(bǔ)充我們，我們意識(shí)提升，并且擴(kuò)展我們的意識(shí)以便我們能進(jìn)一步進(jìn)化。

6.expectancy [ik'spekt?nsi] n.期待(公算)1）A quiver of expectancy ran through the audience.全場引頸以待, 群情鼎沸.2）Women have a higher life expectancy than men.女人比男人的預(yù)期壽命長.3）Greatly increased life expectancy and control board system reliability.大大提高控制線路板壽命和系統(tǒng)可靠性。

III．Language points

1.However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts.譯文：無論怎樣簡單的機(jī)床,都是由通稱為機(jī)械零件或部件的單一元件組成的.說明：“be referred to as” means “be known as” or “be regarded as”(稱為、叫作)，e.g.1)PMO can also be referred to as a “program management office, ” “project office, ” or "program office.項(xiàng)目管理辦公室也可以叫作“計(jì)劃管理辦公室”或“計(jì)劃辦公室”。

2)Including credit cards, debit cards, online payment gateway and all other non-cash, to pay the bills, should be referred to as electronic payments.包括信用卡、借記卡、線上網(wǎng)關(guān)支付等一切非現(xiàn)金、票據(jù)支付的方式，都應(yīng)該稱為電子支付。

2.If a machine is completely dismantled, a collection of simple parts remains such as nuts, bolts, springs, gears, cams and shafts—the building block of all machinery.譯文：如果把機(jī)床完全拆開, 就可以得到像螺母,螺栓,彈簧,齒輪,凸輪及軸等簡單零件—所有機(jī)器的組合元件.說明：“dismantle” means “take sth.to pieces”(拆開, 拆除)

“a collection of ” means “a group of ” e.g.1)Installation & Dismantle： 展臺(tái)搭建和撤展，常簡稱為“I &D”。2)The new government dismantled their predecessors' legislation.新政府廢除了前任政府的立法。

3)Trouble is, after the inspection, people take down the fences or dismantle the alarms.問題是，在通過檢查后，人們會(huì)拆掉護(hù)網(wǎng)或警報(bào)器。

3.A machine element is, therefore, a single unit designed to perform a specific function and capable of combining with other elements.譯文：因此，機(jī)械零件就是用來設(shè)計(jì)可以執(zhí)行某一特定功能，且能與其它零件配合的單一元件。

分析：“designed to perform a specific function and capable of combining with other elements” is a past participle phrases used as attribute to modify “a single unit”, it has the same function as an attributive clause.說明：“perform” means “carry out”（執(zhí)行，完成）e.g.1)When to perform update, progress input is control by process, not software.何時(shí)執(zhí)行更新，進(jìn)度輸入是過程控制，不是軟件控制。2)You can also perform a test.你也可以進(jìn)行一個(gè)測試 3)Perform other tasks as required.完成要求的其他任務(wù)； “be capable of” means “be able to do”

A teacher must be capable of great patience.This is largely a matter of self-training.一名教師必須具有極大的耐心，在很大程度上這是個(gè)個(gè)人修養(yǎng)問題。4.The most common example of a machine element is a gear, which, fundamentally, is a combination of the wheel and lever to form a toothed wheel.譯文： 機(jī)器零件中最常見的是齒輪,它實(shí)際上是由輪子和桿組成的帶

有齒的輪子。

分析：which introduces a nonfinite attributive clause to modify gear.The infinitive phrase “to form a toothed wheel” is used as adverbial to express result.5.Other fundamental machine elements have evolved from wheel and lever.譯文：其他基本機(jī)械零件是由輪子和桿逐漸發(fā)展而來的.說明： “evolve from” means “develop from”

evolve [i'v?lv] vt.發(fā)展，進(jìn)化；進(jìn)化；使逐步形成；推斷出 vi.發(fā)展，進(jìn)展；進(jìn)化；逐步形成 e.g.1)Strategic goals evolve from the mission of the organization.策略的目標(biāo)從組織的任務(wù)進(jìn)展。

2)Great historical achievements often evolve from simple concepts.歷史上的壯舉，往往是從樸素的概念演變過來的。

3)No one can process and evolve for another.沒有人能為別人推移和進(jìn)化。

6.standardize ['st?nd?daiz] v.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化，使合于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

1)Should perfect administration further to hearing system, make it standardized and legal.應(yīng)當(dāng)進(jìn)一步完善行政聽證制度，使其規(guī)范化、法定化。

2)This paper aims at building different types of software fault models to manage and standardize these faults.這篇文章旨在建立不同類型的故障模型，以便于管理和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化這些故障。

7.establish [is't?bli?] v.建立，確立，創(chuàng)辦

1)Our company was established in 1994.我們的公司成立于1994年。2)We wish to establish business relations with you.我們希望能和你們建立業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。

3)Prices branch, only prices branch has the right to establish the price.物價(jià)部門，只有物價(jià)部門有權(quán)利制定價(jià)格。

IV.Translating Skills

詞義的確定

英漢兩種語言都有一詞多類、一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。一詞多類是指一個(gè)詞往往屬于多個(gè)詞類，具有幾種不同的意義。如display一詞，既可做名詞“顯示（器）”，又可以作形容詞“展覽的、陳列用的”，還可做動(dòng)詞“顯示、表現(xiàn)”等意思。一詞多義是說同一個(gè)詞類中，往往有幾個(gè)不同的詞義。如power 一詞，做名詞時(shí)，其漢語意思為“電力、功率、次方”等。在英漢翻譯過程

中，我們?cè)谂寰渥咏Y(jié)構(gòu)后就要善于選擇和確定句子中關(guān)鍵詞的意義。選擇和確定詞義通常從以下幾個(gè)方面入手：

一、根據(jù)詞類確定詞義

選擇某個(gè)詞的詞義時(shí)，首先要確定這個(gè)詞在句中應(yīng)屬于哪一種詞類，然后再進(jìn)一步確定其詞義。下面以display為例：

Here, you have the option of defining your own display variants.這里，你有權(quán)定義你自己的顯示變式。（display為名詞）Often, it is best to display materials on an information table.通常，最好是把資料放在提供各類資訊的桌子上展示。（display為動(dòng)詞）

The reverse side of a control panel, display panel, or the like: the side with the interconnecting wiring.（display為形容詞）

控制面板、顯示面板或類似的面板的反面，即帶有互連接線的那一面。

二、同一詞類表達(dá)不同詞義

英語中同一個(gè)詞，同一類詞，在不同的場合，往往具有不同的含義。此時(shí)，必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系及整個(gè)句子的意思加以判斷和翻譯。例如as 這一連詞：

Wear resistance improves as cutting tool hardness increase.當(dāng)切削刀具的硬度越高時(shí)，其耐磨性就越好。（as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句）

As heat makes things move, it is a form of energy.因?yàn)闊崮苁刮矬w運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以熱是能的一種形式。（as引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句）

三、根據(jù)單詞搭配情況確定詞義

英譯漢時(shí)，不僅必須根據(jù)上下文的聯(lián)系理解詞義，還需要根據(jù)詞的搭配情況來理解詞義。尤其在科技文獻(xiàn)中，由于學(xué)科及專業(yè)不同，同一個(gè)詞在不同的專業(yè)中具有不同的意義。比如：

The fifth power of two is thirty-two.二的五次方是三十二。（數(shù)學(xué)）With the development of electrical engineering, power can be transmitted over long distances.隨著電氣工程的發(fā)展, 電力能輸送得非常遠(yuǎn)。（電學(xué)）Friction can cause a loss of power in every machine.摩擦能引起每一臺(tái)機(jī)器功率的損耗。（物理學(xué)）

同一個(gè)詞與不同的詞搭配，可以產(chǎn)生不同的詞義。如： make contact 閉合電路

make metals熔煉金屬 make good

修理補(bǔ)償

make a circuit接通電路

make up

補(bǔ)償，配制

make over轉(zhuǎn)讓，移交

四、根據(jù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)選擇詞義

英語中有些名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)表達(dá)的詞義完全不同。例如： 名詞

單數(shù)詞義

復(fù)數(shù)詞義

facility

簡易，靈巧

設(shè)施，工具 charge

負(fù)荷，電荷

費(fèi)用 spirit

精神

酒精 Although they lost, the team played with tremendous spirit.那隊(duì)輸是輸了，但卻表現(xiàn)了極其頑強(qiáng)的精神。Whisky, brandy, gin and rum are all spirits.威士忌、白蘭地、杜松子酒和朗姆酒都是烈酒。

V.Key to Exercises of the text.I 1.A machine element is a single unit designed to perform a specific function and capable of combining with other elements.The most common machine element is a gear.2.Other fundamental machine elements have evolved from wheel and lever.3.In the automotive industry only fasteners, bearings, bushings, chains, and belts are standardized.II.1.F

2.T

3.T

4.T

5.T

6.F III.1.最常見的機(jī)械零件是齒輪，實(shí)際上是由輪子和桿組成的跌有齒的輪子。

2.齒輪的堅(jiān)硬性決定了它的耐磨能力。

3.制造業(yè)的工程師們集中精力，研制標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的零件。

4.這些零件是以大批量、高規(guī)格和降低成本的條件下生產(chǎn)的。Key to Exercises of the reading 1.The most important properties of cutting tools are hardness at high temperature, wear resistance, and impact strength.2.The hardness of the tool and the degree to which it remains its hardness at high temperature are important in the selection of a cutting-tool material.Because all metal cutting tools begin to lose hardness when heated to sufficiently high temperatures.3.The various materials from which most metal cutting tools are made can be classified under the following principal headings: Carbon tool steel，High-speed steel, Cast alloys, Cemented carbides, Ceramics, Diamonds.4.In order to detect the time when a cutting tool should be changed.VI.閱讀材料參考譯文

切削刀具

金屬切削刀具必須具有許多不同的性能，才能在各種惡劣條件下切削不同的金屬。為滿足這些要求，制作刀具需要用許多種材料。

切削刀具的性能

切削刀具最重要的性能是在高溫下能保持的硬度以及耐磨損耐沖擊和韌性好。

當(dāng)?shù)毒哌M(jìn)行切削時(shí)，刀具刃口處的壓力和摩擦產(chǎn)生了高溫。達(dá)到一定高的溫度時(shí)，所有的金屬切削刀具便開始軟化。在刀口因高溫而軟化的同時(shí)，刀具刃口便開始磨耗并損壞。不同的切削刀具材料在不同的溫度點(diǎn)開始軟化。因此，刀具的硬度和它在高溫下所能保持的硬度是選擇切削刀具材料時(shí)的重要因素。

如果切削刀具的刃口和刀面耐磨，刀具就不易磨損。切削刀具的硬度越高，耐磨性就越好。

切削刀具還必須具有高強(qiáng)度才能抗振動(dòng)和抗沖擊。切削刀具材料的強(qiáng)度并不都是與硬度成正比的。有些硬的刀具材料由于太脆而缺乏強(qiáng)度。

切削刀具材料

大多數(shù)金屑切削刀具的制作材料可分為以下幾大類：

碳素刀具鋼；高速鋼；鑄合金；硬質(zhì)合金；陶瓷；金剛石。

刀具壽命，即切削刀刃在需要重新打磨之前能加工的零件數(shù)，是生產(chǎn)某個(gè)零件或產(chǎn)品的重要成本因素。當(dāng)切削刀具開始變鈍時(shí)必須重新打磨。如果在這時(shí)還要繼續(xù)用下去，刀具會(huì)很快地磨損。

要知道什么時(shí)候該換刀具，大部分現(xiàn)代機(jī)床都安裝了指示器來顯示切削加工所耗的功率。當(dāng)?shù)毒哂免g時(shí)，加工需要消耗更多的功率，并由指示器顯示出來。一旦發(fā)生這種情況就應(yīng)當(dāng)立即打磨刀具。

第三篇：機(jī)電專業(yè)英語第2版電子教案Unit 25

Unit 25

Digital Television I.Lead in

Information related to the text Do you know what is referred to as digital technology? What is digital technology applications? Do you understand digital TV? How it works? What are the advantages of it? In this unit, you'll learn some concepts and applications of digital technique and digital TV working principle and its advantages.Now, let's learn new words and phrases.II.Word Study 1.transmit [tr?nz'mit] vt.傳達(dá)；傳輸；發(fā)射vi.發(fā)射信號(hào)；傳輸 1）Solids transmit sound very well.固體能很好地傳導(dǎo)聲音。

2）Our fax cannot transmit to your fax machine.我們無法把文件傳到你們的傳真機(jī)。

2.electromagnetic [i,lektr?um?ɡ'netik] adj.[電]電磁的 1）Light is an electromagnetic wave!光確實(shí)是一種波！

2）As their name suggests, electromagnetic waves contain both an electric field and a magnetic field.顧名思義，電磁波是由電場及磁場所構(gòu)成。

3.multifunctional [,m?lti'f??k??nl] adj.多功能的 1）Please show me the way to the multifunctional hall.請(qǐng)告訴我多功能廳怎樣走。

2）It is the good friend I have, a multifunctional friend.我的好朋友就是他，一個(gè)七十二變的好朋友。4.retrieve [ri'tri:v] v.重新得到

1）It can store and retrieve data at(very high speed).它可以（極高速）存貯及讀取資料。

2）I ran back to retrieve the bag I had left in the train.我跑回去找回忘在火車上的包。

5.interference [,int?'fi?r?ns] n.干擾, 干涉。1）High resistance to white interference.高抗白光干擾能力。

2）So is most interference in free markets.自由市場中的大部分干預(yù)手段亦是如此。

6.innovative ['in?uveitiv] adj.創(chuàng)新的, 革新(主義)的

1）That is a very innovative training course.這項(xiàng)培訓(xùn)課程是很有創(chuàng)新。

2）Business schools thus need to scour the globe for role models, innovative ideas and the best students.因此商學(xué)院必須在全球范圍內(nèi)網(wǎng)羅行為榜樣、創(chuàng)新的想法和最優(yōu)秀的學(xué)員。

在這種思想的影響和指導(dǎo)下，中國古代出現(xiàn)許多盛世。III．Language points 1.It is a system of sending and receiving pictures and sound by means of electronic signals transmitted through wires and optical fibers or by electromagnetic radiation.譯文：它是一個(gè)利用電線、光纖或電磁輻射發(fā)射的電信號(hào)來發(fā)送和接收?qǐng)D像與聲音的系統(tǒng)。

說明：“by means of” 意為“用，依靠”，又如：

1）He succeeded by means of perseverance.憑著堅(jiān)忍不拔的毅力，他成功了。

2.By way of example, the application of digital technology to our telephone service has not only improved the quality of service but has also enabled the development of value-added services such as interactive enquiry and phone-banking services.譯文：例如, 數(shù)字技術(shù)在電信服務(wù)方面的應(yīng)用不僅改善了服務(wù)的質(zhì)量, 而且還使一些增值服務(wù)得到了發(fā)展, 比如像交互式查詢和電話銀行服務(wù)。

說明：“by way of example”意為“順便舉個(gè)例子”此處譯為“例如”，又如：I say so by way of example.我這樣說只是舉個(gè)例子而已。

“not only … but also”意為“不僅…而且”eg：

1）He plays not only the piano but also the violin.他不僅會(huì)彈鋼琴，而且還會(huì)拉小提琴。

3.With the forthcoming third generation mobile phone technology, even multimedia services can be provided.The traditional television set will be turned into a multifunctional media receiver, meeting various demands of users.譯文：隨著第三代移動(dòng)電話技術(shù)的來臨, 將來還可以提供多媒體服務(wù)。傳統(tǒng)的電視機(jī)將轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎喙δ艿拿襟w接收機(jī), 以適應(yīng)用戶的多種需求。

說明：“turn into” 意為“進(jìn)入，由一種狀況進(jìn)入另一種狀況”eg： 1）Water turns into ice when it freezes.水凝固時(shí)變成了冰。

4.Analogue transmission technology converts sound and pictures into continuously varying electric signals which after transmission, are converted back to sound and pictures by television sets.譯文：模擬傳輸技術(shù)將聲音和圖像轉(zhuǎn)換為連續(xù)變化的電信號(hào)；在傳輸結(jié)束之后, 這些電信號(hào)由電視設(shè)備再還原成為聲音和圖像。

說明：“convert…into” 意為“把…變成（轉(zhuǎn)化成）”eg：

1）The purpose of elctric circuits is to distribute and convert energy into some other forms.電路的用途是分配能量，以及將能量轉(zhuǎn)化為其他形式。

5.The difference in quality between digital television and regular television is similar to the difference between a compact disc recording(using digital technology)and an audiotape or long-playing record.譯文：數(shù)字電視與普通電視之間的品質(zhì)差異就像使用數(shù)字技術(shù)的光盤唱片與錄音磁帶或長時(shí)問唱片之間的差異。

說明：“be similar to” 意為“與…相似/相像” eg： 1）Gold is similar in color to brass.金和銅的顏色相似。

6.Under the analogue environment, television signals are subject to interference by other signal sources such as power line, reflections from buildings, etc.譯文：在模擬環(huán)境中, 電視信號(hào)會(huì)受到來自其他信號(hào)源的干擾, 比如電力線、建筑物的反射等, 因此接收質(zhì)量要低于理想情況。

說明：“such as ” 表示舉例，意為“例如，諸如此類的，像…樣的” eg：

1）Annimals such as rabbits and deer continue to be active all winter，fingding food wherever they can..像兔和鹿這樣的動(dòng)物整個(gè)冬天都是很活躍的，他們到處尋找食物。

IV.Practical English

面試技巧

如何在英語面試中脫穎而出？在口語面試中應(yīng)該避免哪些內(nèi)容？以下總結(jié)了英語面試中的幾點(diǎn)技巧和具體應(yīng)對(duì)策略，希望能對(duì)面試者有所幫助。

一、面試技巧 1.面試中要自信

英語面試以考查英語應(yīng)用能力為主，小組討論是英語面試的重要一環(huán)。一般來說，小組討論形式的面試其目的主要是要了解應(yīng)聘者在團(tuán)體中的工作反應(yīng)，所以應(yīng)聘者在面試中最需要的是自信、敢說。注意在互動(dòng)過程中要多使用口語化的表達(dá)，盡量采用簡短明了的詞匯來表達(dá)自己的意思，說話要流利，思維要連貫，層次要清晰，可以用“well”、“however”這樣的過渡詞來給自己停頓和思考。

2.面試前了解一下企業(yè)情況

在面試前不妨去公司的英文網(wǎng)站了解一下企業(yè)情況。必須準(zhǔn)確了解應(yīng)

聘公司的外語使用程度和目的等信息后，并做出相應(yīng)的對(duì)策。

3.注意英語時(shí)態(tài)的變化運(yùn)用

面試過程中，往往會(huì)涉及到很多關(guān)于個(gè)人經(jīng)歷，教育背景，工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，職業(yè)規(guī)劃等方面的問題，因此在表述某件事情或是某個(gè)想法的時(shí)候，一定要注意配合正確的時(shí)態(tài)，否則就會(huì)造成差之毫厘，失之千里的后果。例如：你已經(jīng)參加過某項(xiàng)專業(yè)技能培訓(xùn)與你正在參加或計(jì)劃參加就是完全不同的。

4.尊重個(gè)人及文化差異

主要有兩種做法要特別注意避免。首先是要避免使用過于生僻的單詞，或是地方俚語之類接受群體相對(duì)比較小的表達(dá)方式。因?yàn)檫@種表達(dá)方式很有可能造成聽者的困惑與曲解。其次則是要避免過多、過于主觀地談及宗教文化或時(shí)事政治方面的問題。因?yàn)槊嬖嚬俸苡锌赡軄碜圆煌膰遗c地區(qū)，有一定的個(gè)人傾向。因此作為面試者，在不了解情況的狀態(tài)下，如果談到此類話題，要謹(jǐn)慎而有節(jié)制的發(fā)言。

二、具體應(yīng)對(duì)策略 1.介紹自己

Could you say something about yourself? 你可以從以下幾個(gè)方面突出自己：職業(yè)技能強(qiáng)項(xiàng)，該技能的深入程度，該技能完成過的項(xiàng)目以及自己其他相關(guān)方面的深入研究和學(xué)習(xí)、探索，注意突出個(gè)性。不要在自己的姓名、年齡、畢業(yè)學(xué)校、興趣愛好等方面浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，也不用再把你的簡歷背誦一遍。

2.應(yīng)聘動(dòng)機(jī)

What makes you come here today? 面試官想了解一下你的求職動(dòng)機(jī)，看看你對(duì)公司是否有所了解。在回答這個(gè)問題的時(shí)候要充滿信心，不要說是來試試的（Do you really want to take a try?）。要事先將公司信息整理好，和自己的職業(yè)技能相結(jié)合來介紹。

3.教育背景

回答這個(gè)問題要簡明扼要，實(shí)話實(shí)說。4.工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)

回答此問題要充分顯露自己的實(shí)力，但同時(shí)要避免給人炫耀之感。

5.工作要求

要充分表現(xiàn)能勝任的信心。

6.性格愛好

要表現(xiàn)積極合作的一面。7.你的弱點(diǎn)

What do you think is your greatest weakness? May I know it? 客觀地評(píng)價(jià)一下自己確實(shí)存在但對(duì)工作并不重要的缺點(diǎn)是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的

辦法，但要提一下你將采取什么樣的辦法來克服或彌補(bǔ)自己的缺點(diǎn)。

8.你過去的工作

How do you like your last job? Why did you leave your last job? 面試官想通過你對(duì)過去的工作的看法，了解你對(duì)今后的工作態(tài)度。不要說你不喜歡過去的工作，可以談?wù)勥^去的工作特點(diǎn)和你所負(fù)責(zé)的主要任務(wù)，但要突出過去的工作趨于平淡且失去挑戰(zhàn)性，你可以在更艱巨的任務(wù)和崗位中發(fā)揮能力。

9.你將來的打算

How long do you propose to work here? 簡潔的幾句話表達(dá)出你希望在這個(gè)公司一直工作下去即可，同時(shí)要體現(xiàn)出你的上進(jìn)心，渴望與公司一起發(fā)展和進(jìn)步，不斷提升自己。

V.Key to Exercises of the text.Ⅰ.Television is a system of sending and receiving pictures and sound by means of electronic signals transmitted through wires and optical fibers or by electromagnetic radiation.2 The benefits of DTV are : 1 efficient utilization of bandwidth.2.better picture and sound quality.3 innovative services.transmit TV programs as well as data, E-commerce.4.governmment′s policy initiatives.DTV is a new way of transmitting television services.Sound and pictures are processed electronically into digital signals, which are then transmitted as a bit stream and reconverted by digital TV sets or appropriate set-top boxes into television programs.Ⅱ.數(shù)字-模擬信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換器模擬電視 interactive programs data transmission sevices Digital Television(DTV)is an advanced broadcasting technology that has transformed your television viewing experience.DTV has enabled broadcasters to offer television with better picture and sound quality.It also offers multiple programming choices, called multicasting, and interactive capabilities.Key to Exercises of the reading 1.Broard Band Communication 2.CATV（Cable Television）

3.Communication Satellite

4.DVB（Digital Video Broadcasting）

VI.閱讀材料參考譯文

交互式有線電視和機(jī)頂盒

數(shù)字式交互電視不僅提供新的交互式服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，例如通過最先進(jìn)和最靈活的數(shù)字有線電視適用解決方案進(jìn)行因特網(wǎng)訪問、電子郵件和視頻點(diǎn)播，而且還提供新的數(shù)字節(jié)目源。

數(shù)字網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)業(yè)務(wù)正經(jīng)由有線電視先進(jìn)的電纜系統(tǒng)和機(jī)頂盒終端設(shè)備來幫助有線電子工業(yè)先驅(qū)進(jìn)入到一個(gè)交互式數(shù)字電視新時(shí)代。集成的硬件和軟件解決方案大大增加了有線電視經(jīng)營者能提交給消費(fèi)家庭的信息量，并能使經(jīng)營者提交數(shù)字質(zhì)量的視頻和音頻，更豐富的內(nèi)容和像高速因特網(wǎng)訪問、豐富的視頻點(diǎn)播那樣新的交互式服務(wù)以及電子商店應(yīng)用和增強(qiáng)廣播。

機(jī)頂盒，?？s寫為STB，是視頻／音頻附屬系統(tǒng)，它支持?jǐn)?shù)字模擬視頻廣播。數(shù)字電視機(jī)頂盒的工作原理如下：數(shù)字電視機(jī)頂盒接收數(shù)字電視節(jié)目，然后處理數(shù)據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)和完成多種應(yīng)用的解析。

機(jī)頂盒系統(tǒng)包括： ·數(shù)字信號(hào)處理器——完成MPEG編碼／解碼，以及聲音／AC3／MPEG音頻處理?！ど漕l解調(diào)——完成COFDM／QAM／QI?SK解調(diào)，前向誤差修正，以及混頻?！の⒖刂铺幚砥鳌刂齐娮酉到y(tǒng)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和用戶界面?！?nèi)存——存儲(chǔ)執(zhí)行代碼和數(shù)據(jù)／參數(shù)?！ひ曨l界面——選擇由ADC／DAC和DSP解碼／編碼的視頻源。視頻前端口和輸出級(jí)都需要高性能的運(yùn)算放大器來放大視頻信號(hào)?！ひ纛l接口——通過音頻編碼和DSP處理使音頻數(shù)字化，為MPEG／Ac3的需要提供高質(zhì)量的音頻?！び脩艚涌凇褂脩暨B接系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、控制視頻和音頻輸入／輸出源、完成聲音／數(shù)據(jù)通信。·寬帶和無線連接——允許交互式電視、游戲、數(shù)字音頻和視頻、IP電話，以及通過ADSI.傳輸和接收的視頻電話、有線調(diào)制解調(diào)器802.11接口。

第四篇：機(jī)電專業(yè)英語第2版電子教案Unit 5

Unit 5 Basic Underfeed Mould I.Lead in Information related to the text Do you know what is referred to as underfeed mould? What basic parts does the mould consist of ? And how is each part designed? Do you know the operating sequence when the floating cavity plate and the feed plate separate from each other? Can you describe the cycle of operation for the mould? Maybe you have seen and you are much interested in the mould, of course also interested in these questions.In this unit, you’ll learn the basic underfeed mould and know how they are operated in practice.Now, let’s study new words and phrases together.II.Word Study

1.assembly [?'sembli] n.裝配；集會(huì)，集合[ 復(fù)數(shù)assemblies ]

1）At that point, robots could help a carpenter, or an assembly worker on a production line.基于這一點(diǎn)，機(jī)器人可以幫助一個(gè)工匠，或一個(gè)生產(chǎn)線上的裝配工。2）Shall we start with the assembly line? 咱們從裝配線開始看好嗎？

3）In the end, a mature lean-production line stops much less frequently than a mature mass-production assembly line.最后，一條成熟的精益生產(chǎn)線比一條成熟的大批量生產(chǎn)組裝線停工次數(shù)少得多了。

2.substantial [s?b'st?n??l] adj.大量的；實(shí)質(zhì)的；內(nèi)容充實(shí)的n.本質(zhì)；重要材料

1)We need more substantial investment.我們需要更有力的投資。

2)Any substantial technical innovations required the approval of management and a re-engineering of the entire network.任何實(shí)質(zhì)的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新都需要管理層的批準(zhǔn)，并需要對(duì)整個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行重構(gòu)。

3)Thus, the processes used emit substantial amounts of greenhouse gases and have other environmental impacts.因此，整個(gè)過程依舊會(huì)排放可觀的溫室氣體，對(duì)環(huán)境造成其他的沖擊。3.incorporate [in'k?:p?reit] vt.包含，吸收；把……合并adj.合并的；組成公司的 [ 過去式incorporated 過去分詞incorporated 現(xiàn)在分詞incorporating ] 1)Since it is a composite output, it is easy to incorporate it to the existing system.因?yàn)樗呛铣缮a(chǎn)，在現(xiàn)有的系統(tǒng)中合并較容易的。

2)These creatures could incorporate raw meat in their diet and process food more efficiently.這些動(dòng)物能夠在其食物中加上生肉，能更有效地對(duì)食物加工。3)You may decide to incorporate your competitive advantage into your mission and/or vision statements.你或許會(huì)決定將你的競爭優(yōu)勢(shì)融入到公司使命和前景發(fā)展中去。4.impetus ['impit?s] n.動(dòng)力；促進(jìn)；沖力

1)The writer believes team work provides staff a stronger impetus。團(tuán)隊(duì)工作給予成員們更強(qiáng)勁的動(dòng)力。

2)We would then have to use this to give impetus to the search for peace.我們就必須利用這一點(diǎn)推動(dòng)對(duì)和平的探求。

3)This causes your flight impetus to stop and the gravity habit then pulls you down.這使你的飛行動(dòng)力停止，重力習(xí)慣又把你拉回地面。5.withdraw [wie'dr?:] vt.撤退；收回；撤消；拉開 vi.撤退；離開 1)When workers retire, they can withdraw money from the plan.當(dāng)工人們退休了，他們能從計(jì)劃中收回金錢。

2)Surcharges are deducted from your balance at the same time you withdraw cash from the ATM.在你從自動(dòng)取款機(jī)取錢的同時(shí)費(fèi)用就會(huì)從你賬戶的余額里扣除。3)Russia should withdraw its troops to where they were before the war broke out.俄國應(yīng)將軍隊(duì)撤回戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之前所駐扎的地區(qū)。6.insert [in's?:t] vt.插入；嵌入 n.插入物

1)I wish to insert an advertisement in your newspaper.我希望在你們的報(bào)紙上登一則廣告。

2)Insert the source and destination disks, and then click OK.請(qǐng)插入源盤和目標(biāo)盤，然后單擊“確定”。

3)The error described above occurred when trying to insert or update this data at the other server.當(dāng)試圖在其他服務(wù)器上插入或更新此數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，將發(fā)生上述描述的錯(cuò)誤。7.accommodate [?'k?m?deit] vt.容納；使適應(yīng)；供應(yīng)；調(diào)解vi.適應(yīng)；調(diào)解 [ 過去式accommodated 過去分詞accommodated 現(xiàn)在分詞accommodating ] accommodate with 向…供應(yīng)；提供；以…供應(yīng)

1)Flood shelters can accommodate 100-300 families.洪災(zāi)避難所可以容納100-300個(gè)人家。

2)The runway of this airport is undergoing expansion to accommodate large planes.這個(gè)機(jī)場的跑道正在擴(kuò)建以適應(yīng)大型飛機(jī)起落。

3)Iraqi politicians will have to do what they find hardest: accommodate each other.伊拉克的政治家們將不得不面對(duì)他們最難做到的事情：容忍對(duì)方。

III．Language points 1.The mould consists of three basic parts, namely: the moving half, the floating cavity plate and the feed plate, respectively.譯文：這種簡單的模具結(jié)構(gòu)如圖3-1所示，模具設(shè)計(jì)和開模順序?qū)⒃谝韵碌钠姓撌觥?/p>

說明：“consist of ” means “to be made of or formed from something”(由…構(gòu)成)，e.g.1)All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.一切物體都是由分子和原子構(gòu)成的。

2)They consist of at least two large towers anchored to the ground, a roadway, and a web of steel cables strung between the towers and from each tower to the anchorages at either end.它們至少由兩座根植與地面的巨大的塔，一條公路和從兩邊的塔中發(fā)出的在塔間形成的排成一列的網(wǎng)狀鋼鐵纜繩組成。

“namely”: used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said.e.g.1)Personally, in an ideal world, I would favour the first set of ideas, namely full privatisation.個(gè)人角度來說，在理想情況下，我支持第一種觀點(diǎn)，即完全私有化。

2)In fact, Iran halted only the least important component of its nuclear program, namely weaponization.而實(shí)際上，伊朗伊朗只是暫停了核項(xiàng)目里最不重要的一部分，也就是武器化。

2.Thus the moving half in this design is identical with the moving half of basic moulds.譯文：這種設(shè)計(jì)與最基本的模具結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)模部分相同。說明： “be identical with” means “ be the same with”(與…相同，一致)，e.g.1)The number on the card should be identical with the one on the cheque book.卡上的號(hào)碼應(yīng)該和支票簿上的相同。

2)The blog folder on the server, and the wordpress folder on your computer should be identical with regards to the contents.服務(wù)器上的blog文件夾和你的電腦上wordpress文件夾，內(nèi)容應(yīng)該是一樣的。

3.The floating cavity plate, which may be of the integer or insert-bolster design, is located on substantial guide pillars(not shown)fitted in the feed plate.譯文：浮動(dòng)型腔板通過導(dǎo)柱(圖中沒有示出)固定在定模板上，設(shè)計(jì)形式可以是整體式，也可以是嵌入式。

分析：“which” introduces a nonfinite attributive clause to modify “floating cavity plate”.“fitted in the feed plate” is a past participle phrases used as attribute to modify “guide pillars”, it has the same function as an attributive clause.說明：“be located on” means “to be in a particular place”(位于，坐落于)e.g.1)This site must be located on the local computer.該站點(diǎn)必須位于本地計(jì)算機(jī)上。

2)The installation directory must be located on an NTFS drive.安裝目錄必須位于NTFS驅(qū)動(dòng)器。

4.Guide bushes are fitted into the moving mould plate and the floating cavity plate respectively.譯文：導(dǎo)套分別安裝在動(dòng)模板和浮動(dòng)型腔板上。

說明：“respectively” means “separately, alone, in several”(分別地，各自地)e.g.1)Those labels could be applied respectively to America's and greater China's entire banking systems.這些標(biāo)簽可以分別用于美國的整個(gè)銀行體系和大中華的整個(gè)銀行體系。

2)From 2013, the retirement age for public workers will rise to 65 for both men and women, up from about 57 and 52 respectively.從2013年開始，公共部門人員的退休年齡由之前的男性57歲，女性52歲統(tǒng)一延長至男女統(tǒng)一65歲。5.The impressions are filled via the feed system(Figure 3-1(a))and, after a suitable dwell period, the machine platens commence to open.譯文：熔體經(jīng)過澆注系統(tǒng)充滿型腔后(如圖3-1(a)所示)，經(jīng)過適當(dāng)?shù)谋哼^程，注塑機(jī)帶動(dòng)模具開模。

說明：“via” means “through;using”(prep.取道，通過；經(jīng)由)e.g.1)Send this parcel via air mail.用航空郵寄這個(gè)包裹。

2)And via the new investors, Wall Street may enjoy better access to emerging markets.通過這些新股東，華爾街找到了更好的途徑進(jìn)入新興市場?！癱ommence” means “to begin something”(開始；著手)e.g.1)It is expected the changes will commence in the first quarter of 2010.新的政策變化預(yù)計(jì)將在2010年的第一季度開始實(shí)行。

2)The best of plans must have a solid foundation before execution can commence.最妥善的計(jì)劃在開始前，必須具有堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。

6.The sprue puller, being attached to the moving half, is pulled…and the feed plate.譯文：安裝在動(dòng)模部分的拉料桿脫離浮動(dòng)型腔板，……

分析：“being attached to the moving half” is a present participle phrases used as attribute to modify “sprue puller”, it has the same function as an attributive clause.說明：“release” means “make free or public”(釋放，發(fā)射)e.g.1)Plants also release the gas into the atmosphere.植物也釋放這種氣體進(jìn)入大氣。

2)Explosions release huge clouds of gas that envelop the surrounding area.爆炸釋放出巨大的氣體云會(huì)要覆蓋周圍地區(qū)。

IV.Translating Skills

增詞譯法

科技英語具有詞義多、長句多、被動(dòng)句多、詞性轉(zhuǎn)換多、非謂語動(dòng)詞多、專業(yè)性強(qiáng)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密、邏輯性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)。在科技英語翻譯實(shí)踐中，有時(shí)若按字面翻譯，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)不完善，或句子的含義不明確，或詞匯的概念不清晰時(shí)，需要增加某些詞語，以便更完善、清楚地表達(dá)英語句子的內(nèi)容。

增詞譯法，是翻譯的基本方法之一，就是在譯句中增加或補(bǔ)充句子中原本沒有或省略掉了的詞語，以便更完善、更清楚地表達(dá)原意。

一、增加表示時(shí)態(tài)的概念的詞

英語中通常用動(dòng)詞形式變化或加上助動(dòng)詞表示時(shí)態(tài)，翻譯時(shí)要刻意用漢語表達(dá)出來。

例如：The mechanical ignition system was mechanical and electrical and used no electronics before 1975.1975年之前，機(jī)械式點(diǎn)火系統(tǒng)只采用機(jī)械裝置和電氣裝置，并不采用電子裝置。（‘used’表示過去狀態(tài)）

二、增加表示數(shù)的概念的量詞

翻譯數(shù)詞時(shí)，常常需要加上量詞，如“個(gè)”、“只”、“量”、“臺(tái)”等。此外，還要根據(jù)上下文正確判斷其復(fù)數(shù)是“二”還是“多個(gè)”。

例如：The distributor has two tasks to perform.分電器有兩個(gè)任務(wù)需要完成。（增加量詞“個(gè)”）

又如：Chromium improves the properties of steel.鉻可改進(jìn)鋼的各種性能。（‘properties’譯為“各種”）

三、增加省略的句子成分

英譯漢時(shí)，有時(shí)所有的詞匯都相應(yīng)地譯出后，漢語句子的結(jié)構(gòu)顯得不完整。這時(shí)，應(yīng)增補(bǔ)缺少的句子成分。

例如：An exact solution demands much calculation.一個(gè)精確的解答要求進(jìn)行很多次計(jì)算。（補(bǔ)充謂語“進(jìn)行”）

又如：Fuses are cheap,other equipment is much more expensive.保險(xiǎn)絲很便宜，但其它保險(xiǎn)設(shè)備卻昂貴得多。（在“設(shè)備”前補(bǔ)充定語“保險(xiǎn)”）

四、增加原文省略的詞

英語中常根據(jù)語法或語言習(xí)慣省略某些重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，但用漢語逐詞翻譯后不能清楚、明確表達(dá)原句概念，可補(bǔ)充出來進(jìn)行解釋說明。

例如：The following discussion assumes the teeth gear to be perfectly formed,perfectly smooth,and absolutely rigid.下面的討論中假定輪齒加工沒有誤差，輪齒表面完全光滑，輪齒為絕對(duì)剛體。（增加重復(fù)詞語“輪齒”）

五、增加語義連接詞語或其他有特殊意義的詞語 例如：The best service information in the world is useless if the technician cannot readily retrieve the information.如果技師不會(huì)快速地檢索住處的話，那么，即使世界上最好的維修信息，也都就沒有用了。（增加銜接詞語“也都”）

又如： The reliability of semi-conductor devices is very important,especially in space applications.半導(dǎo)體器件的可靠性至關(guān)重要,特別是在空間技術(shù)應(yīng)用中尤其如此。（增加“尤其如此”）

V.Key to Exercises of the text I 1.The basic mould consists of three basic parts, namely: the moving half, the floating cavity plate and the feed plate, respectively.2.The moving half consists of the moving mould plate assembly, support blocks, backing plate, ejector assembly and the pin ejection system.3.The desired operating sequence is for the first daylight to occur between the floating cavity plate and the feed plate.This ensures the sprue is pulled from the sprue bush immediately the mould is opened.To achieve this sequence, springs may be incorporated between the feed plate and the floating cavity plate.II.1.T

2.F

3.F

4.T III.1.模具由三個(gè)基本部分組成，分別是動(dòng)模部分、浮動(dòng)型腔板和定模板。2.在動(dòng)模板的適當(dāng)位置鉆孔，以便安裝限位釘。Key to Exercises of the reading 1.ejector grid

2.the fixed half 3.bar ejection 4.sprue puller

VI.閱讀材料參考譯文

模具的頂出系統(tǒng)

模具的頂出系統(tǒng)將在以下三個(gè)標(biāo)題中討論，即：(i)推出支架；(ii)推板裝配機(jī)構(gòu)；和(iii)推出方式。

推出支架

推出支架是模具的一部分，用來支撐模板，并為推板的裝配和運(yùn)動(dòng)提供空間。推出支架通常由動(dòng)模座板和幾塊支撐塊組成，支撐塊安裝在動(dòng)模座板上，且便于加工成型。

推出支架有三種設(shè)計(jì)形式：(i)同軸的推出支架；

(ii)框狀推出支架：

(iii)圓形支架。推板裝配機(jī)構(gòu)

推板裝配機(jī)構(gòu)也是模具的一部分，用來安裝推出零件。推板裝配機(jī)構(gòu)安裝在推板支撐架內(nèi)，直接裝在模板后面。裝配機(jī)構(gòu)由推板、推板固定板和注塑機(jī)頂出桿組成。注塑機(jī)頂出桿一端帶有螺紋，通過螺紋緊固在推板上。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，頂出桿的作用不僅是推出零件，而且頂出桿上直徑相等的部分通過頂出桿套筒，套筒安裝在模具座板上。在更詳細(xì)討論模具推出方式之前，我們了解一下推出機(jī)構(gòu)是如何工作的。模具安裝在注塑機(jī)的移動(dòng)臺(tái)板上，臺(tái)板左側(cè)是注塑機(jī)推動(dòng)桿。推動(dòng)桿的位置是可以調(diào)整的，以適應(yīng)不同的“推動(dòng)力”。當(dāng)移動(dòng)臺(tái)板向左移動(dòng)時(shí)，開模，在推動(dòng)桿的作用下模具推桿運(yùn)動(dòng)。整個(gè)模具推件裝配機(jī)構(gòu)如圖5-l(b)所示。動(dòng)模的其余部分(例如模板和推出支架)繼續(xù)向左運(yùn)動(dòng)，直到模具完全打開(如圖5-l(c)所示)。為使推出元件起作用，推板裝配板和模板之間必須存在相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。

推出方式

對(duì)于內(nèi)部不帶有其他形狀的塑件，塑件冷卻后，其收縮狀態(tài)取決于塑料熔體的成型過程。例如實(shí)芯矩形件，塑件的收縮作用使其脫離型腔壁，因此，可以采用簡單的脫模方式(推出塑件)。

然而，若塑件具有內(nèi)部形狀，冷卻收縮時(shí)塑件將包緊在型芯上，因此，有必要采用一些適當(dāng)?shù)姆绞酵瞥鏊芗?/p>

設(shè)計(jì)推出機(jī)構(gòu)時(shí)有幾種方式可供選擇，但是，總的說來，選擇哪種推出形式取決于塑件的形狀。基本的推出方式有以下幾種：(i)針狀脫模；(ii)推管脫模；(iii)推桿脫模；(iv)推件板脫模；（v)氣動(dòng)脫模；(vi)卸料板脫模。

定模部分的推出機(jī)構(gòu)

盡管推出機(jī)構(gòu)通常安裝在模具的動(dòng)模部分，但這種方式并不總是可行的?？紤]到箱形塑件的表面質(zhì)量，澆口必須設(shè)置在塑件內(nèi)部。這種情況下，型芯和推出系統(tǒng)安裝在定模部分，模具具有一定的復(fù)雜性。

首先，推出支架和推板裝配板安裝在定模板后面，這將極大地增加模具高度。因此，熔體從噴嘴射出后要經(jīng)過較長的距離(才能進(jìn)入型腔)。然而，為縮短這段長度，澆口套(必須)較深地進(jìn)入模板內(nèi)，裝配結(jié)構(gòu)如圖例，這就必須使用特殊的延伸式噴嘴。

其次，注塑機(jī)的定模部分并不提供任何驅(qū)動(dòng)推出系統(tǒng)工作的動(dòng)力裝置，這就意味著動(dòng)力機(jī)構(gòu)必須與模具設(shè)計(jì)成一體。

盡管在上面“推出方式”中討論的所有推出方式都能安裝在模具的定模部分，但是在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況選擇適合的方式。

拉料桿

開模時(shí)，流道凝料必然從澆口套中拉出。對(duì)于單腔模具，熔體沿著主流道直接進(jìn)入模具型腔。開模時(shí)，塑件脫離型腔，澆道凝料也一同脫出。

對(duì)于帶有基本澆注系統(tǒng)的多腔模具，每次開模時(shí)澆道凝料很可能滯留在澆口套中，必須用手工去除熔體凝料。為避免這種情況，設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)總會(huì)考慮安裝澆道凝料拉出機(jī)構(gòu)。

普通的拉料方式是利用推桿頂部加工出的凹陷拉料，或者利用主流道入口處的凹陷拉料，該處凹陷與主流道的(錐度)方向相反。熔體進(jìn)入凹陷后，(冷卻)凝固，開模時(shí)，(這部分凝料)能夠提供足夠大的阻力以拉出澆道凝料。

拉料桿有兩種基本形式。一種是在冷料井底部加工出空間，這種方式適合在分型面下部使用。另一種是在拉料裝置的頂部加工出適當(dāng)?shù)男螤?，該方式適合在分型面上部使用。為區(qū)分兩種基本拉料方式，我們分別用方式A和方式B表示。

第五篇：機(jī)電專業(yè)英語第2版電子教案Unit 7

Unit 7 The Injection Molding and Machine

I.Lead in

Information related to the text Do you know what is called an injection molding machine? Can you give an example of it? What does it work? In this unit you will learn some the Injection Molding and Machine concept, how it is wide application.Now, let's learn new words and phrases.II.Word Study

1.inject [in'd?ekt]

vt.注射，注入

injection n.注射，投資，注射劑 1）A sterile applicator is used to inject the microchip just under the skin.一個(gè)消過毒的涂藥器被注射進(jìn)微型芯片在表皮之下。

2）Major banks around the world are joining forces to inject as much as 180 billion dollars into global money markets.全世界的主要銀行都加入了抵制注入180億美元到全球的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場中的行動(dòng)。

3）Fire ants get their name because when they sting, they inject poison into the skin that causes a feeling of intense burning.Some people suffer life-threatening reactions.火蟻因當(dāng)他們叮住目標(biāo)時(shí)會(huì)將一種能導(dǎo)致灼熱感的有毒物質(zhì)注入皮膚而得名。有些還會(huì)有生命危險(xiǎn)的反應(yīng)。

4）There would be no need for injection, since the vaccine would be taken by mouth.通過口服疫苗，我們就不需要注射了。

2.melt [melt] vt.使軟化，使融化，使熔化，使感動(dòng)

1）This element is of proper shape and cross-section to carry rated current continuously and to melt in accordance with a specific time-current characteristic on heavy overload or short circuit.此可熔斷元件恰當(dāng)?shù)男螤詈蜋M截面使其可連續(xù)通過額定電流，而對(duì)于嚴(yán)重過負(fù)荷或短路，按規(guī)定的時(shí)間一電流特性而熔斷。

2）Either it exposes land, which then warms up;or it forms ponds(or lakes or streams)of meltwater on the surface of the ice, which absorb energy and melt more ice.融冰過程要么導(dǎo)致陸地暴露并且溫度升高，要么在冰層表面形成池塘（或湖泊，或溪流），并吸收能量，融化更多的冰。

3）Her money seemed to melt away in Paris.在巴黎她的錢似乎自行消失了。

4）If fast growth and urbanization continue, some overcapacity will melt away.如果高速增長和城市化進(jìn)程得以持續(xù)，部分產(chǎn)能過剩將得到消化。3.powdered ['paud?d] adj.粉狀的, 變成粉末的,涂粉的 1）The ground was lightly powdered with snow.地上薄薄地鋪了一層雪。

2）If you combine powdered milk and water, you get liquid milk.把奶粉和水合在一起就成了牛奶。

3）Ceramic elements are made by pressing and sintering finely powdered materials.陶瓷元件是將仔細(xì)研磨的材料經(jīng)過加壓和燒結(jié)制成。

4）The sweet scented orris root, is the powdered root of the Florentine iris, which was grown in ancient Greek and Roman gardens.有香甜味的鳶尾根是佛羅倫薩鳶尾有許多小斑點(diǎn)的根，這種鳶尾長在古希臘和羅馬花園里。

4.hopper ['h?p?] n.斗；單足跳者；跳蟲；漏斗 1）Raise hopper feeding inlet size and height.加高投料口尺寸及投料高度。

2）Flexible tube used to convey either powder from hopper to gun or compressed air to gun.把粉末從粉桶輸送到噴槍或把壓縮空氣輸送到噴槍的柔性管子。3）Automatic material loading ty using vacuum blower and material hopper with photo electrical material level sensor.配備電眼料斗與送料風(fēng)機(jī)，能自動(dòng)上料。

4）When the students left the examination room, they jotted down these questions quickly from memory and put them into the fraternity hopper.學(xué)生離開考場后，憑記憶迅速將這些問題寫下來，然后存入聯(lián)誼會(huì)的議案箱。

5.screw [skru:] vt.旋，擰；壓榨；強(qiáng)迫n..螺絲釘；螺旋vi.轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，擰 1）Can you work the screw loose? 你能使這個(gè)螺釘松開嗎？

2）John must have a screw loose to quit such a good job.約翰辭掉這么好的工作，一定是神經(jīng)不正常。3）This eyelet is so small that even the smallest screw cannot pass through.這個(gè)孔眼太小了，最小的螺絲釘都穿不過去。

4）He is an old screw.You will never be able to make him give out one dollar.他是個(gè)老守財(cái)奴，你不可能令他交出一元一分。

6.shear [?i?] vt.修剪，剪；剝奪 n.切變；修剪；大剪刀 1）In fluids, forces of tension and shear can often be ignored.在流體中，張力和切力通常可以忽略不計(jì)。2）How long does it take to shear a sheep? 給一只羊剃毛要花多久時(shí)間？

3）Because you already are I this life forever are unable to shear the shed worrying.因?yàn)槟阋咽俏医裆肋h(yuǎn)無法割舍的牽掛。

4）Textbooks commonly denote shear stresses by the symbol and two subscripts.教科書通常用符號(hào)和兩個(gè)腳標(biāo)表示剪應(yīng)力。

7.hydraulic [hai'dr?:lik] adj.液壓的, 水壓的, 水力的；水力學(xué)的 1）The hydraulic shock damper is commonly used to reduce the vehicular vibration.液壓減振器一般用來衰減車輛的振動(dòng)。2）The paper presents a new structure of honing internal_ hole of hydraulic prop on general lathe.介紹一種在普通車床上珩磨液壓支柱內(nèi)孔的新結(jié)構(gòu)。

3）The Brake system can be divided into two principal parts, hydraulic system and wheel Brake assemblies.制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)可以分為兩個(gè)基本部分：液壓系統(tǒng)和車輪制動(dòng)總成。4）Solenoid valve is a basic component in automatic flow control, it is actuator but not limited to hydraulic, pneumatic.電磁閥是用來控制流體的自動(dòng)化基礎(chǔ)元件，屬于執(zhí)行器；并不限于液壓，氣動(dòng)。

8.polymerize ['p?lim?raiz] vt.(使)聚合 1）Polymerize together, of two substances.兩種物質(zhì)共同聚合在一起。

2）Of spill or leak: flood with water to polymerize.產(chǎn)品外濺或泄露的措施：用水沖使其聚合。

3）“Polymerize life energy;Cherish being health” is the eternal management idea in the enterprise.“聚合生命能量，呵護(hù)人類健康”是我們永恒的經(jīng)營理念；

4）In this paper, polymerization of maleic anhydride which is difficult to polymerize in normal condition was studied by means of microwave radiation.3

將微波輻射用于一般情況下難以聚合的馬來酸酐的聚合，采用家用微波爐進(jìn)行微波輻射。

III．Language points

1.Injection molding is principally used for the production of the thermoplastic parts, although some progress has been made in developing a method for injection molding some thermosetting materials.譯文：盡管注塑成型某些熱固性塑料的方法取得了一定進(jìn)步, 但注塑成型主要(還是)用來生產(chǎn)熱塑性塑料制件。

說明： “be used for” 意為“（某物）被用做……”其后接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞，e.g.1）Either of the lathes may be used for machining the parts.兩臺(tái)車床隨便哪一臺(tái)都可以用來加工這些零件。2）What could whale be used for other than being eaten? 鯨除了可以吃還有其他用途嗎?。

3）Falling water may be used for the generation of electricity.高處落下的水可用來發(fā)電。

2.The problem of injecting a melted plastic into a mold cavity from a reservoir of melted material has been extremely difficult to solve for thermosetting plastics which cure and harden under such conditions within a few minutes.譯文：熱固性塑料熔體在很短的時(shí)間內(nèi)就會(huì)固化和硬化, 在從料斗向模具型腔注入熱固性塑料熔體的過程中, 也會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況, 這個(gè)問題一直非常難以解決。

說明：句中of injecting a melted．．．of melted material是介詞短語作后置定語, 修飾the problem ；which cure and harden．．．是定語從句作后置定語, 修飾thermosetting plastics。be difficult to do sth意為做某事有困難，e.g.1）The little child cannot be made to do such a difficult thing.不要讓這個(gè)小孩子來做如此困難的事情。

2）Life may be difficult to achieve the goal, but I do not care.也許一生也難達(dá)到目標(biāo)，但我并不在乎。

3）No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.無論英語有多么難，你都應(yīng)該盡你最大的努力來學(xué)它。

3.The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.譯文：注塑成型工藝包括：首先把料斗中的粉狀或粒狀的塑料混合物

依次輸送到計(jì)量區(qū)和熔融區(qū), 然后再注射到模具型腔中。

說明：“consist of” 意為“包括，由……組成”，e.g.1）All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms.一切物體都是由分子和原子構(gòu)成的。

2）About half of China's exports consist of goods that have been assembled from imported components.中國大約一半的出口由來自進(jìn)口零部件組裝而成的商品構(gòu)成。3）What did your work consist of exactly? 你的工作具體都做些什么？

4.Injection-molding machines can be arranged for manual operation, automatic single-cycle operation, and full automatic operation.譯文：注塑機(jī)分為手動(dòng)、半自動(dòng)及全自動(dòng)操作。

說明：“be arranged for” 意為“被安排”，e.g.1）He arranged for the meeting to be put off for a week.他安排把會(huì)議延后一周召開。

2）All these need to be arranged and paid for in advance.所有這些都需要提前安排并付清款項(xiàng)。

3）We have arranged for her to be operated on by the best doctor.我們已經(jīng)安排好讓最好的醫(yī)生給她做手術(shù)。

5.As the chamber in front of the screw becomes filled, it forces the screw back, tripping a limit switch that activates a hydraulic cylinder that forces the screw forward and injects the fluid plastic into the closed mold.譯文：當(dāng)熔體充滿螺桿前部區(qū)域時(shí), 螺桿在熔體壓力作用下后退, 觸動(dòng)限位開關(guān)使油缸工作, 在液壓力作用下推動(dòng)螺桿向前運(yùn)動(dòng), 將熔融塑料注射到閉合的模具型腔中。

說明：句中as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句，it forces the screw back為主句，tripping．．．是分詞短語作伴隨情況的狀語。that activates ．．．為定語從句修飾a limit switch，第2個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾a hydraulic cylinder?！癷n front of” 意為“在……(外面的)前面”，e.g.1）Mr.Lin moved in front of the door.林老師走到門的前面。

2）Is Lingling behind Mary or in front of her? 玲玲在瑪麗后面還是在她前面?。

3）He paraded in front of the mirror in his new uniform.他穿著新制服神氣活現(xiàn)地照鏡子。

6.A rule-of-thumb can be used to determine the tonnage required for a particular job.譯文：通常靠經(jīng)驗(yàn)來決定塑件所需要的鎖模力總噸數(shù)

說明：“be used to” 意為“習(xí)慣于”，e.g.1）And the sensor could be used to help people on earth.這種傳感器也可以幫助地球上的人們。

2）Computer methods may then be used to advantage.采用計(jì)算機(jī)方法是有益的。

3）Much more money will be used to prevent pollution.更多的錢，將被用于防治污染。

7.It is based on two tons of clamp force per square inch of projected area.If the flow pattern is difficult and the parts are thin, this may have to go to three or four tons.譯文：一般在塑件投影面積上每平方英寸需要作用兩噸鎖模力。如果熔體流動(dòng)困難或塑件較薄, 鎖模力應(yīng)提高到3～4噸。

說明：“is based on” 意為“根據(jù)，以…為基礎(chǔ)；建立在…基礎(chǔ)上”，e.g.1）His argument is based on fact.他的論據(jù)以事實(shí)為基礎(chǔ)。

2）The book is based on an actual case.這書是根據(jù)一個(gè)實(shí)際案例寫的。

3）Father Christmas is based on a real person in history.圣誕老人源于歷史上一個(gè)真實(shí)的人物。

IV.Translating Skills

科技英語詞匯的構(gòu)成Ⅰ

科技英語(English for Science and Technology，簡稱EST)可以泛指一切論及或談及科學(xué)和技術(shù)的書面語和口語。科技英語詞匯概括起來主要有 5個(gè)特點(diǎn)：（1）科技英語詞匯多源于希臘語和拉丁語；（2）詞義專一；（3）前后綴出現(xiàn)頻率高；（4）專業(yè)詞匯出現(xiàn)的頻率低；（5）廣泛使用縮略詞?？萍加⒄Z詞匯可以分為三類：科技詞匯、半科技詞匯和非科技詞匯。

1．科技詞匯（technical terms）

科技英語有許多專門的術(shù)語，只在某一特定的科技領(lǐng)域來用。許多情況下，雖然同為科學(xué)家，這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的科學(xué)家并不明白另一領(lǐng)域的詞匯，比如物理學(xué)家就可能不明白生物學(xué)領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)術(shù)語。且由于科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展，科技術(shù)語(詞匯)也日益增多。我們?cè)陂喿x或翻譯一些科技方面文章時(shí)，一定要了解該領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)術(shù)語，否則可能就會(huì)云里霧里不知所云。

例如：化學(xué)領(lǐng)域中的isotope（同位素）；物理領(lǐng)域的photon(光子)；以及生物領(lǐng)域的chromosome(染色體)等等，都是科技詞匯。半科技詞匯（semi-technical terms）

半科技詞匯指的是那些不同于生活中的語言詞匯，而且在不同領(lǐng)域又有不同的含義的詞匯，也稱通用科技術(shù)語。

例如 orbit, 在醫(yī)學(xué)上指的是“眼眶”，而在物理學(xué)上則是“軌道”；很普通的詞web(網(wǎng))、net(網(wǎng))、site(站點(diǎn))在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)中都成了與原詞仍然關(guān)聯(lián)的專業(yè)詞匯，如website(網(wǎng)址、網(wǎng)站)、internet(互聯(lián)網(wǎng))；Mouse(老鼠)、memory(記憶)、read(閱讀)在計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)中是“鼠標(biāo)”、“內(nèi)存”和“讀取”。非科技詞匯（non-technical terms）

非科技詞匯指經(jīng)常用于科學(xué)技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，在日常生活當(dāng)中則不常用的詞匯，在修辭學(xué)上指的是那些正式用語（learned and formal words）。因?yàn)榭萍加⒄Z是一種描述各種自然現(xiàn)象、客觀事實(shí)的發(fā)生過程和特性的語言，所以科技英語的文章不用那些日常生活中的常用詞匯（common words）。

例如，日常生活中我們用give、have，而科技英語中我們用posses；日常生活中用refer to，科技英語中用allude to，日常生活中用mad，科技英語中用 insane 等等。

V.Key to Exercises of the text.Ⅰ.1.b

2.d

3.a

4.e

5.c Ⅱ.1.The advantage of injection molding are:(1)A high molding speed adapted for mass production is possible.(2)There is a wide choice of thermoplastic materials providing a variety of useful properties.(3)It is possible to mold threads, undercuts, side holes, and large thin sections.2.The principle of injection molding is quite similar to that of diecasting.The process consists of feeding a plastic compound in powdered or granular form from a hopper through metering and melting stages and then injecting it into a mold.After a brief cooling period, the mold is opened and the solidified part ejected.Ⅲ.1．In order to harden and eject thermoplastic parts from the mold，cooling would be necessary.2．This type of mold is widely used because it is comparatively easy to construct and it controls thickness and density within close limits.3．注射成型過程中最重要的問題無疑是注射模具的正確設(shè)計(jì)，因?yàn)槌尚蛙囬g對(duì)注射件的影響很小，即便有，也是對(duì)機(jī)器設(shè)備的結(jié)構(gòu)有影響。

Key to Exercises of the reading

1．一般說來，無機(jī)物比有機(jī)物有更好的抗熱性。2．此外，就是要在各種制造方法方面具有堅(jiān)實(shí)的理論基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)和實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。

3．Many products, such as those made from colored plastics or other special materials, are saleable because of appearance.VI.閱讀材料參考譯文

注塑機(jī)組成部件

注塑機(jī)將粒狀熱塑性塑料材料通過熔融、注射、保壓和冷卻這樣的循環(huán)過程轉(zhuǎn)化為最終的模塑制品。典型的注塑機(jī)的主要組成部件如圖7-2所示

注射機(jī)構(gòu)

注射機(jī)構(gòu)包括料斗、往復(fù)式螺桿、料筒和注射用噴嘴, 如圖7-3所示。該部分在喂料、壓縮、排氣、熔融、注射和保壓階段起到承接和運(yùn)送物料的作用。

(1)料斗

熱塑性物料以小顆粒狀供給成型, 注塑機(jī)料斗要盛裝這些粒料, 物料以重力形式通過加料斗頸部喂到料筒和螺桿中。

(2)料筒

如圖7-3所示, 注塑機(jī)料筒承載往復(fù)式螺桿并由電加熱圈加熱。

(3)往復(fù)式螺桿

往復(fù)式螺桿可用來壓縮、熔融和輸送物料, 由三段組成(如下所述)：加料段、壓縮段(過渡段)和計(jì)量段(圖7-4)。

當(dāng)螺桿外徑不變時(shí), 往復(fù)式螺桿的螺紋深度自加料段到計(jì)量段開始處逐漸變淺, 物料被壓向料筒內(nèi)徑處并產(chǎn)生黏性剪切熱, 這些剪切熱對(duì)于物料的熔融很重要。料筒外的加熱圈能一起保證物料處于熔融狀態(tài)。通常注塑機(jī)有三段或更多的加熱圈, 各部分溫度設(shè)定并不相同。

(4)噴嘴

噴嘴(圖7-5)連接料筒與模具上的主流道襯套并且在料筒和模具之間形成密封。噴嘴溫度應(yīng)設(shè)為物料的熔融溫度或稍低, 這取決于材料供應(yīng)商的推薦值。當(dāng)料筒處在滿料等待注射狀態(tài)時(shí), 噴嘴頭部應(yīng)牢牢壓在帶有定位環(huán)的主流道襯套的凹坑面上, 并保證密封。當(dāng)清洗料筒時(shí), 料筒后退與澆道套分離, 這樣清洗料才能從噴嘴處自由落下來。

模具系統(tǒng)

模具部分包括拉桿、動(dòng)模固定板、定模固定板以及開設(shè)有型腔、主流道、分流道、頂出桿和冷卻水道的成型模具, 如圖7-6所示。模具其實(shí)是

一個(gè)熱交換系統(tǒng), 熱塑性熔體在其中固化成為型腔給定尺寸和形狀的制品。

模具包括凸模和凹模, 常用模具鋼制造, 模具機(jī)構(gòu)可通過型腔成型和頂出制品。定模固定板在注塑機(jī)料筒一側(cè), 并通過導(dǎo)桿與動(dòng)模固定板連接。凹模模板一般固定在定模固定板上并承接噴嘴, 凸模板安裝在活動(dòng)模板上由拉桿導(dǎo)向隨之一起移動(dòng)。凹模模板有時(shí)也可固定到動(dòng)模固定板上, 而凸模板和液壓頂出機(jī)構(gòu)固定到定模固定板上。

液壓系統(tǒng)

注塑機(jī)上的液壓機(jī)構(gòu)可提供開、合模的動(dòng)力和鎖模力, 旋轉(zhuǎn)和驅(qū)動(dòng)往復(fù)式螺桿、推動(dòng)頂桿及帶動(dòng)型芯移動(dòng)。這需要一系列的液壓元件完成, 如泵、閥、液壓馬達(dá)、管接頭、管道和蓄能器等。

控制機(jī)構(gòu)

控制機(jī)構(gòu)可保證設(shè)備連續(xù)重復(fù)工作, 能監(jiān)測和控制成型參數(shù), 如溫度、壓力、注射速度、螺桿速度和位置、液壓狀態(tài)。過程控制對(duì)于制品最終質(zhì)量和成型的經(jīng)濟(jì)性很重要, 可以是簡單的開／關(guān)控制, 也可以是非常復(fù)雜的基于微處理器的閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)來完成。

鎖模機(jī)構(gòu)

鎖模機(jī)構(gòu)用于開啟和閉合模具, 支撐和移動(dòng)模具零部件, 產(chǎn)生足夠的推力防止模具開啟。鎖模力可通過機(jī)械肘桿式機(jī)構(gòu)、液壓式機(jī)構(gòu)或機(jī)械一液壓組合式機(jī)構(gòu)來實(shí)現(xiàn)。