第一篇:任務型教學法在初中生物學課堂教學中的應用
任務型教學法在初中生物學課堂教學中的應用
摘要:近年來,教育研究和教育改革不斷深入,廣大教師在教學實踐過程中通過總結(jié)和創(chuàng)新引入了各種新式教學法,而任務型教學法是在對以往各種教學法“取其精華,去其糟粕”的基礎上形成的一種新型教學法,在課堂教學中的應用范圍不斷擴大。同時,這一教學法對初中生物學課堂教學發(fā)揮了不可或缺的重要作用。任務型教學法作為一種先進的教學理念,強調(diào)學生的主動參與并以學習為中心,旨在引導學生通過實踐,加強合作與交流并履行一系列教學任務,最終實現(xiàn)“做中學,做中求進步”的教學目標。
關(guān)鍵詞: 任務型教學法
初中生物課堂教學
教學應用
任務型教學法顧名思義多指以互動或交際方式進行的合作性活動。生物教學即科學教學,對于生物這樣一門兼具探究性與實驗性的學科而言,“做”的過程即履行任務的過程是生物課堂教學的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié),而任務型教學法將在其課堂教學中發(fā)揮自身不可比擬的優(yōu)勢。下面我就“任務型教學法在初中生物學課堂教學中的應用”這一問題談談自己的看法。
一、充分了解任務型教學法,把握其理念和特點
要在初中生物課堂教學中充分發(fā)揮任務型教學法的優(yōu)勢,提高學生探究能力和自主學習能力,首先充分認識并了解任務型教學法,全面把握其教學理念和自身優(yōu)勢,將其貫穿初中生物課堂教學環(huán)節(jié)中。初中生物內(nèi)容豐富,涉及的一些概念單純依靠教師的講述很難徹底理解,因此要借助實驗等形式幫助學生進行理解,這就需要發(fā)揮任務型教學法的優(yōu)勢。任務型教學法的六大基本要素分別是目標、內(nèi)容、程序、輸入材料、教師和學習者的角色及情景,教師實施任務型教學法時要立足于這六個基本要素,合理規(guī)劃教學環(huán)節(jié)。其次,教師制訂教學計劃時要遵循任務型教學法的原則即真實性原則、可操作性原則、實用性原則、趣味性原則和功能原則,教師應將任務型教學法和初中生物這一學科的特點緊密結(jié)合,發(fā)揮其優(yōu)勢,通過各種任務的設置,激發(fā)學生興趣,并引導學生在履行任務的過程中,通過實踐與操作進行合作與交流,調(diào)動已有知識經(jīng)驗,獨立思考,最終理解并掌握所學知識。
二、任務型教學法在初中生物學課堂教學中的實際應用
對于任務驅(qū)動法在初中生物課堂教學中的應用,需要教師根據(jù)實際學習內(nèi)容設計科學合理的任務。具體來說,我認為任務型教學法的應用可以從以下方面入手。
1.合理分組,科學設計任務。由于生物這門學科具有密集的知識點,涵蓋內(nèi)容很廣,而初中生剛剛接觸生物這一學科,要通過個人完成教室布置的任務具有一定難度,因此教師可以引導學生進行小組合作學習,小組建立要由教師統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃,綜合考慮學生的課堂表現(xiàn)及學習特點等方面,實現(xiàn)合理、互補的分組,并由小組成員推薦出小組長。教師在以小組為單位發(fā)布任務時,要求各小組再將任務分離開來給各成員,確保各個成員都有參與任務的機會并科學地設計任務。如在學習七年級上冊“生物圈中的綠色植物”這一單元時,當學生研究“植物的細胞的吸水”這一內(nèi)容時,讓學生將蔫了的青菜放到清水、鹽水中,進行對比觀察實驗,過一段時間觀察變化,這一實驗過程中包括材料的選擇和觀察結(jié)果的記錄等環(huán)節(jié)都可以具體任務的形式布置給小組成員,實現(xiàn)任務的分解。需要注意的是,教師要提醒小組的分解任務之間要有連接和遞進關(guān)系,便于保證總?cè)蝿盏馁|(zhì)量,體現(xiàn)學生的參與性,發(fā)揮學生的自主性。
2.明確目標,發(fā)揮引導作用。教學目標的制定是教學環(huán)節(jié)實施的先決條件,教師應該根據(jù)本學期整體教學計劃調(diào)整任務教學內(nèi)容,確保課程規(guī)劃的可行性和教材內(nèi)容的配合力度。生物學習講究貫穿性和連接性,教師對任務的設計應該以本節(jié)學習內(nèi)容為基礎,為上節(jié)內(nèi)容簡單回顧和下節(jié)內(nèi)容簡單預習做好鏈接,充分發(fā)揮任務的串聯(lián)作用,并對小組任務完成情況進行分析評估,以此作為下節(jié)課任務設計難度、范圍的參考。其次,教師要在學生履行任務的過程中發(fā)揮引導作用。如在進行各類生物實驗時,為了尊重學生的主體地位,發(fā)揮學生的主觀能動性,教師要密切注意學生的操作過程,可以準備記錄本將學生的表現(xiàn)情況記錄下來,當學生在履行任務的過程中遇到困難時給予及時幫助。
3.合理評價,開展課堂總結(jié)。在傳統(tǒng)初中生物課堂教學中,教師對學生的學業(yè)評價往往以單調(diào)的終結(jié)性考試為檢閱標準,測試結(jié)果僅僅是對單一知識內(nèi)容的體現(xiàn),違背任務型教學法的教學理念,同時限制學生的全面發(fā)展。因此,合理地進行任務評價,講究評價藝術(shù)是實施任務型教學法的重要環(huán)節(jié)。任務評價是檢驗課堂教學效率和學生學習效率的最佳方法之一,目的是激勵學生。教師可以根據(jù)課堂記錄對各個小組和組內(nèi)成員進行點評,提高個人完成任務的積極性并為小組合作提供動力,可以通過設置優(yōu)秀小組和優(yōu)秀個人獎等形式提高學生的參與積極性,而學生自主學習能力是評價的重點內(nèi)容,教師要通過任務評價盡量避免學生的低效和無效學習。此外,通過任務評價,教師可以及時進行教學反思并總結(jié)課堂教學具體開展情況。可以說,進行課堂總結(jié)是實施任務型教學法的重要步驟,通過課堂總結(jié),評價課堂開展效果,為下次生物課堂教學實施提供借鑒,這也是回顧課堂、完善課堂的有效形式。
三、任務型教學法在教學中存在不足,需要進一步完善
作為一種新型的教學方法,任務型教學法在初中生物課堂教學中的應用時間較短,因此在實際應用過程中難免存在一些問題,如在進行任務選擇、需要分析和任務等級評定時存在的不完備地方都是需要進一步完善的,此外,在學生履行任務的過程中教師的指導方式有待研究。任務型教學法在生物教學中存在的這些不足之處,還有待廣大教師進一步探討和研究,教師要針對任務型教學法在初中生物課堂教學中的實施現(xiàn)狀進行分析,充分發(fā)揮任務型教學法的優(yōu)勢,提高學生的創(chuàng)新精神和獨立思考能力。
結(jié)語
任務型教學法在初中生物課堂教學中的實際應用需要廣大教師在教學實踐中不斷探索,總結(jié)經(jīng)驗,為學生的生物學習奠定基礎并提高學生的科學素養(yǎng)。
參考文獻:
[1]陳伶俐.淺談任務型教學法的任務設計原則[J].北方文學(下旬刊),2013(10).[2]王明紅.論探究性學習在生物教學中的應用[J].中國電力教育,2010(04).
第二篇:任務型教學法在初中英語聽力教學中的應用
任務型教學法在初中英語聽力教學中的應用
【摘要】在日常交際中,聽占有十分重要的地位。Rost認為,語言習得主要通過獲得大量的可理解輸入來實現(xiàn),而聽是獲得可理解語言輸入的最重要的渠道。但是,目前我國的初中英語聽力教學仍不盡人意,還存在著許多問題。任務型教學是以具體的任務為學習動機或動力,以完成任務的過程為學習的過程,以展示任務成果的方式來體現(xiàn)教學成就的一種教學方法。
本研究通過課堂觀察和教學進一步探討了任務型教學應用于初中聽力教學?;赪illis的任務型教學模式和Underwood的聽力教學模式理論,筆者將兩者結(jié)合并應用于初中聽力教學中,建立了任務型聽力教學模式,將任務型教學法應用于聽力教學中。試圖解決現(xiàn)階段初中英語聽力教學中存在的兩個主要問題:第一,聽力教材中的問題;第二,教學模式單一的問題。針對第一個問題,本研究按照任務型教學法中任務設計的原則,重新整合教材并設計多種真適實可行的學習任務,從而解決教材中部分內(nèi)容過難學生不易完成、不感興趣等問題。第二個問題的解決也就是任務型教學法的應用。本研究將任務劃分為聽前,聽中,以及聽后三個部分。每一部分按照任務設計的原則安排了多項任務,從而解決了傳統(tǒng)聽力教學模式單一的問題。
通過任務型教學法在聽力教學中的應用,作者希望為初中英語聽力教師提供些許參考,最終對英語聽力教學產(chǎn)生幫助,從而提高聽力課堂的有效性。
【關(guān)鍵詞】任務;任務型教學法;英語聽力教學
i
CONTENTS
Abstract.....................................................................................................................................i
摘要..............................................................................................................................................ii
I.Introduction.......................................................................................................................1 II.Literature review........................................................................................................1
2.1 The studies of listening comprehension.......................................................1 2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening...............................................................................................................2
III.The current problems in English listening teaching......................3
3.1 The problems of teaching materials...............................................................4 3.2 The problems of classroom teaching models.................................4
IV.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class...........................................................................................................5
4.1The Principles for designing tasks in listening...........................................5 4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class.................................................................................................6
V.Conclusion.......................................................................................................................10 References..............................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgments..............................................................................................13
The Application of “Task-Based Approach” to the Listening
Class in Junior High School
Ⅰ.Introduction There are four abilities in the acquisition of language, which are listening, speaking, reading and writing, but listening is the most difficult one among them.Most students are not interested in it, and at the same time, most students always lose confidence in dealing with the listening comprehension questions, because they think that their English is very poor.Therefore, it’s necessary to review the current situation and existing problems of listening comprehension and combine the Task-Based Approach with the English Listening teaching.The Task-Based Approach as a new teaching approach of language appeared in the western world in the 1980s, and it emphasizes “l(fā)earning by doing”.Compared with traditional teaching methods, the Task-Based Approach can not only motivate the students 'interest, but can also help students to improve their English listening ability in the process of learning English.And then by this approach the students’ learning efficiency and English application ability can be improved through cooperative learning and self-learning.II.Literature review 2.1The studies of listening comprehension Listening is a cognitive activity and language skills, and plays an important role in our daily life and language learning, and at the same time, listening comprehension has increasingly become an important criterion to measure the level of learners’ language study(Long, 1993).But according to our longtime observation and study on the teaching practice, the traditional English listening teaching methods used in china inhibit the students’ listening ability to improve.Listening comprehension research includes five aspects, they are listening materials, speakers, tasks, learners and listening processes(Richards and Platt, 1992).The degree of difficulty about the listening material and listeners’ familiarity;the rate of speech, voice, expression of speakers;the type of listening task;the internal and
1External factors of learners;the processes of listening comprehension also can affect learners to understand the listening materials.Among them, there are some important aspects to affect listening, such as the level of language, memory, emotional factors, and background knowledge of learners.The most important thing is the study of the process of listening comprehension, which is an internal mental process, and the way learners to deal with language inputting and understanding it.The researchers of domestic and abroad reached a consensus in this area and hold that the process of language understanding is a process of language producing, and this process includes three stages, which are perception, resolution and application.At the perception stage, the input language is analysised and synthesised preliminary by the brain.At the resolving stage, the brain produces a series of proposition which is the foundation of listening comprehension.At the application stage, the new semantics proposition activates the existing propositions and knowledge in the brain which can form the updated discourse meaning and knowledge systems.The psychological factors are very important for students to understand the listening materials, and these factors are showed through the attitude of learners, such as their interest, self-confidence, the level of effort and anxiety.Learners’ mental states will affect their learning behavior and learning result directly.Negative mental states, such as anxiety, tension, slack, disgust, fear, and so on, will hinder their learning potential to perform normally.In order to help students overcome the negative sentiment in the listening process, cultivating their learning interest and making them in a good mental state is a good way.Therefore, teachers should analyze the reasons why students have so many negative emotions in their teaching practice, and also teacher should create a relaxed and positive atmosphere for students to learn and activate students' learning interests so that they always put them in a state of excitement.2.2 The studies of the application of Task-Based Approach to listening class The Task-Based Approach appeared in the 1980s.It aims to language teaching
real and classroom socialization.The Task-Based Approach is a task or an activity for a particular purpose(Crookes, 1989).In educational curricula, it is mainly used to collect data for research.In the process of language learning, task is a communication activity, and also a kind of language practice which emphasizes “l(fā)earning by doing“.The core of the Task-Based Approach is the ”learner-centered“ and ”people-oriented“, and the theoretical basis is the ”constructivist".The task is composed of five parts, which are the teaching aims, inputs, forms of activities, the role of teachers and students, and the environment(Nunan, 1989).The Task-Based Approach emphasizes that learners not only focus on the language, but also focus on the process of language learning, and it emphasizes the interaction and cooperation in the process of learning, and also emphasizes the process and results.Task-Based Approach use the relatively realistic tasks to make students complete the task in group discussion or role-playing and other activities, and then strengthen the interaction between teachers and students, motivate students’ learning interest, mobilize the students' positive emotional factors, and cultivate students’ awareness and cognitive abilities.At the same time, Task-Based approach also inspires the students to share their individual experience since they have to complete their task in groups, and then train them to understand, operate and use language.Extensive, in-depth, and complex language using has been fully reflected through the process of completing a task.Therefore, the Task-Based Approach has its own unique merits from its teaching aims or from its teaching model, because the Task-Based Approach not only has the advantages of traditional teaching methods but also has the advantages of the communicative teaching approach.There are three stages of the Task-Based Approach, which are pre-task, task-cycle and post-task(Willis, 1996).The pre-task is the preparation stage;the task-cycle is the implementation stage, and post-task is the acceptance and improvement stage.And these three stages influence with each other.Ⅲ.The current problems in English listening teaching For the current application of Task-Based Approach, the first task is to find the
problems of the listening teaching, which are two major problems in the teaching of learning comprehension.One is in the materials, the other is in the teaching models.3.1 The problems in teaching materials In the listening teaching of English in junior high school, the most important problem that troubles teachers lies in the listening materials.And there are two main problems in the listening materials.Firstly, the listening materials usually used by teachers are written language rather than spoken English, so it is difficult for English learners to understand.Certainly, one can not deny that there is a lot of spontaneous teacher-talk during class, but it is not enough to improve learners’ English listening ability.Secondly, the contents of the materials often do not match the real life.Many listening comprehension books usually include many long passages rather than dialogue and most of them beyond the learners’ ability.After listening, they have to do some comprehension exercises, usually multiple-choice.This teaching approach provides a certain type of practice, but it is not related to our real life.So the course of the listening comprehension is so boring to students.There is no doubt that the English leaner can not improve their listening ability.3.2 The Problems of Classroom Teaching Model In junior high school, most teachers usually prepare listening materials before starting listening class.They usually use a similar way to teach, they often play the tape several times, if students can not understand or memory the main idea of the listening materials, teachers often repeat the materials again and again.And teachers help students by explaining the difficult sentences.Finally, teachers usually check and correct the answers students have done, this is not a class of listening but a class of testing students’ memory, so most of the students are very tired after class.These methods of teaching not only fail to improve students’ listening ability but also make them lose confidence and interest of listening.This kind of class ignores students’ motivation to learn, and never be able to arouse students’ interest, also depresses the atmosphere and the fillings of students.The most important problem is that students do not have any chance to communicate in natural languages, let alone knowing about
the characteristics about real-life communication.From the method of teaching their teacher using, students don’t get any comments from their teacher, as a result this teaching method is not satisfied by many English learners.Ⅳ.The Application of the Task-Based Approach to the English Listening Class There are many problems about English listening teaching, especially in rural areas.To solve these problems the Task-Based Approach should be applied to the English listening class.This teaching approach is very important and useful to arouse English teachers’ awareness in order to change these old methods and improve the level of teaching.Task-Based Approach claims that effective learning is not in instruction, but experiential.Task-Based Language Teaching is characterized as collaboration, authenticity, focusing on process and students’ participation, and learning by using it, which is just a sign of modern education(Wang Yanghong, 2004:33-50).4.1 The principles for designing tasks in listening If the teachers want to use the Task-Based Approach in English teaching, they must solve the problem about the teaching materials, and this thesis will introduce three principles for designing of listening tasks.4.1.1 The task should be fun One of the advantages of Task-Based Approach is using the interesting communicative activities to stimulate students’ learning enthusiasm.Therefore, in order to improve the students’ English listening ability, teachers usually design a lot of fun tasks for them, which can arouse students’ motivation of learning.Usually, these interesting games are easy to design.For example, many teacher use pictures and let students describe them before listening, also some teacher permit students to communicate freely in class.These activities are very useful for teacher to help students improve their English learning ability.4.1.2 The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate The difficulty level of tasks should be appropriate.If the difficulty level of the
task is beyond the students’ ability, it will lead to the entire classroom teaching fail, and then dampen the learners’ enthusiasm.Therefore, when teachers design the listening tasks, the difficulty level is very important.There is a lot of factors that can affect the listening difficulty level, but they often fall into three types:(1)The type of language used.The contents of the listening materials should match the real life.Therefore teacher should use the spoken language rather than written language in class.(2)The purpose for listening.Teachers should prepare some questions for students before listening, and ask students to finish them after listening.(3)The context of listening.Many students can’t understand the listening material because of without background knowledge.So teachers should provide enough background information to students.4.1.3 Learning by Doing
Actually, learning by doing is gaining knowledge from practice, which emphasizes to take students as a center.Teachers should guide the students to learn the language by performing a specific task.What’s more, student can achieve and enrich the learning experiences and strategies through designing some special-purpose language activities and completing some specific communicative tasks.Therefore, they can enjoy the joy of success.Students have to master the language used in the classroom communication, although they still have to learn grammar and memorizing vocabulary.If one wants to master the knowledge of the language, he/she should depend on himself, rather than teachers.Long(1933)believe that “ a Task-Based Approach sees the language process as one of learning through doing—it is primarily engaging in meaning that the students’ system is encouraged to develop”.4.2 The steps for designing task-based teaching model in listening class
The traditional model of teaching has affected the validity of the listening class.The nature of the Task-Based Learning is the process of learning by doing, and the students are engaged in natural language learning through experience and expectation.In the process of listening, what teacher needs to do first is to provide opportunities
and designing process.And teachers have to make the process of leaning more effective, in different stages, students can master certain skills of learning by with a specific purpose and working in different sub-tasks.According to the listening teaching model of Underwood’s and Willis’ model of the task-based instruction, the author tries to establish a task-based listening teaching model.Taking “Unit 8, anything else?” as an example(Chinese Ministry of Education, 2002)4.2.1 Pre-listening stage The principal function of tasks and exercises at this stage is to provide orientation to the input topic and to activate learners’ own knowledge and frames of reference(Keith and Helen, 2002:321-328).This target can be achieved through a variety of ways: using pictures, open discussion, reading a text on the same subject, prediction of the content, or doing some language practice, such as identifying related words or a group of pre-listening problems.In addition, teachers may also need to introduce a number of important topics related words and phrases which the leaner don’t know before.The first and foremost, teacher have to come up with an interesting topic which is related to the task.The teachers should know that all the students understand what the task involves and what its goal is.At this stage, Wang(2002)provides students with the following activities to finish.(1)Prediction
Studies show that good learners usually have good prediction.In order to help students become good listeners, the teachers try to help the learners become better predictors.This teaching method can help the students to improve their ability of listening.In order to improve the students’ listening ability, teachers often give students some topics to discuss before start listening, and teachers usually use different activities to encourage students predicting what they will listen to.Many times, the listening materials contain some pictures.Students can usually predict about what they will listen to according to them.(2)Set the Scene
Another type of pre-reading activities for students is to set the scene.It is more
difficult to leaner to listen to in class than in real life.Because in our daily life, we know clearly what we talk and why we talk when we communicate with each other.However, in the classroom, we just passively listen to a lot of listening material and it does not match to real life, so it is difficult for us to understand.Therefore, teacher should provide enough background information to the English learners to activate the schema of the learners, so the students will prepare to understand what they will listen to.For example, teacher provides a picture to students, and asks them to look at it.By doing so, the schema of related scene can be activated, and thus will make the listening task easier.4.2.2 while-listening stage Crookes argues that the while-listening stage is the most difficult for the teacher to control.Because at this stage students can came across many difficulties, for example, they don’t understand what they have listened to, so some student may give up going on listening.However, if the teacher provides students with some background information, students will not lose confidence while listening.Another important thing is that if the teacher provides students with a goal or task it can help the learners to focus on the listening materials.Teacher should design different kinds of tasks for students while they are listening to a passage.A few examples are as follows.(1)Listening for the gist.At this stage, firstly, teachers should make students understand what they should know from the listening material while listening.In our daily life, we have no chance to listen to something several times.Many times, although we can’t catch every single word the speakers said, we can understand them from the gist of what they said.Therefore it is importance for teachers to prepare some questions for students before start listening, and these questions must be related to the listening materials, and then make students understand the gist of the listening materials by these questions.If teacher use this way in listening class, students will cultivate a good habit of how to practice listening, and they will know that they only focus on the gist of listening materials rather than every single word.This not only can arouse their interesting but
also can help them improve their ability of communication in our real life.(2)Taking notes while listening.Because students can’t remember all the information they have heard after listening, teacher should ask them make notes whiling listening, which can help them understand the materials clearly.Certainly, teachers should make students understand how to make notes.For example, if the listening material is about some one, teachers will ask students to focus on some important information as follows: What does he/she do? How old is he/she? What does he/she like? So students can complete some tasks through taking notes.Using this approach can improve the students’ listening ability, so teacher should make students cultivate a good habit of taking notes.(3)Listening and filling When we do listening practice, we always do some questions about blank filling.We are very familiar with it.And this question is very difficult for students to finish.So teacher give students some tips about it.For example, teachers ask students to read the uncompleted passage before listening, and then finish the blank while listening.Also teachers should let students know how to focus on the details.For example, function words are almost unstressed and therefore some times difficult for students to hear, so teachers always help students infer them according to the whole passage.Using this ways can help students improve their ability of listening comprehension.Here is an example.Tom has _____________________.Lily has____________________.Her father is a_________________.He is a _____________________.4.2.3 Post-listening stage Post learning activities comprise a range of follow-up possibilities, including lexical and grammatical development, role play, writing practice various tasks and so on(Keith and Helen, 2001:321-328)
(1)gap-filling At this sage, firstly, teachers give students an incomplete summary of the text that students will listen to.This kind of practice is also very difficult for students.Firstly, the students have to make notes while listening.And then teachers give students some minutes to tidy up their taking notes.Finally, students have to complete the summary according to their own notes.However, they can use their own words, rather than original words from the listening materials to complete the summary.This is good activity for students to practice their listening.(2)Picking up the discussions on the pre-listening.At this stage, instead of other kinds of questions, open-ended questions can be discussed.Teachers always divide the students into small groups.These questions are prepared by teacher before start listening.Certainly, the answers of some questions have been discussed before listening.For example, why do you like Beijing? Do you want to study abroad? Why? Many times, some views of students are similar to the author, so they can complete the questions easily.Another type of questions students can’t discuss before listening but only be inferred from the text.So teachers give students some minutes to prepare and divide them into small groups to share their individual views.This way can improve their study efficiency.V.Conclusion Task-Based approach shows that the teaching aims and teaching functions have been transformed.The Task-Based Approach has become a respectable new teaching approach through the 20 years of exploration and practice.It gives teachers and students a new challenge and innovation.Moreover, it stimulates students' interest and motivation, and gives students a new feeling and sense of accomplishment.At the same time, the Task-Based Approach also continue to be improved and perfected in practice.Each teaching approach has its merits and demerits, however, it is extremely important for teachers to mobilize the students’ interest in learning and to design proper tasks for students to participate in the act of listening.References [1]Anderson and Lynch.Listening[M].London: Oxford University Press,1988.[2]Bruner.Child’s talk: Learning to Use Language[M].New York: Norton,1983.[3]Crookes.Task and language learning: Integrating theory and practice[M].Clevedon: Multilingual Matters,2000.[4]Keith Johnson and Helen Johnson.Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Handbook for Language Teaching[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2001(2):321-328 [5]Long.Input, Interaction and Second Language Acquisition PhD [D],Los Angels:University of California,1993.[6]MC Dough.Research methods for English language teachers [M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1981.[7]Nunan.Communicative Tasks and the Language Curriculum TESOL Quarterly[J].Research methods for english language teachers,1998(2): 279-295.[8]O’Malley.Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1998.[9]Prabhu.Second language pedagogy[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1987.[10]Richards and Rodgers.Approaches and methods in language teaching[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.[11]Richards and Platt.Longman dictionary of language teaching[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1992.[12]Sheerin.Listening comprehension: Teaching or testing[J].English Language Teaching,1987(2):42-43.[13]Skehan, P.Tasks type and task processing condition as influences on foreign language Performance[J].Language Teaching Research ,1998(4):185-211 [14]Ur.Discussion on listening comprehension[M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1996.[15]Underwood.Have you heard?[ M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1999.[16]Wang Qiang.A Course in English Language Teaching[M].Beijing: Higher Education
press,2000.[17]Willis.A Flexible Framework for Task-Based Learning[J].Change in Language Teaching 1996(2)52-62.[18]蔡蘭珍.任務型教學法在大學英語寫作中的應用[J].外語界,2002,(4):41-46.[19]成曉光.對我國課程標準的思考[J].外語與外語教學,1995,(2):23-250.[20]方申萍.譯述第二語言聽力理解中的學習策略培訓[J].國外外語教學,2000,(4):21-45.[21]豐玉芳.任務型語言教學在英語教學中的應用[J].外語與外語教學,2004,(6):35-380.[22]葛文山.簡論任務型教學模式在基礎英語中的實施[J].中小學英語教學,2003,(2):28-300.[23]國家教育部.英語新課程標準[M].北京:北京師范大學出版社,2001.[24]國家教育部.Go for it[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2002.[25]廖曉青.Bangalore交際教學簡介[J].國外外語教學,2002,(2):24-280.[26]李敏.任務型教學在中學英語聽力教學中的運用[D].甘肅:教育學院英語學科教育,2005.[27]魏永紅.任務型語言教學在英語教學中的應用[J].外語與外語學,2004,(6):35-50.Acknowledgements
My deep gratitude first goes to my tutor, Mr.Liu, who has given me a lot of enlightening instructions in my paper and guides me through the process of writing this essay.He always takes pains to read my papers and gives me valuable advice.Without his guidance and valuable suggestions, the completion of this essay would not have been possible.I really appreciate his unreserved help and will keep it in mind forever.Sincere thanks also go to the others teachers who taught me during my four years of college life.They have greatly benefited my intellectual growth through their inspiring lectures.I am also grateful to my dear roommates and friends who have offered me a lot of helpful suggestions and valuable reference books.Finally, I want to express my sincere thanks to my family for their support, encouragement and understanding they have given me for these years.
第三篇:任務型教學法在英語教學中的應用
任務型教學法在英語教學中的應用
任務型教學法始于20世紀80年代,是吸收了以往多種教學法的優(yōu)點而形成的。它作為一個新的理念,正備受英語界的關(guān)注,在英語教學中是非常有效的。它可以激發(fā)學生學習英語的興趣,有助于學生自主學習,同時使學生有意識地把語言知識和語言技能結(jié)合起來,牢固掌握知識,從而應用到英語學習中,獲得語言運用的綜合能力。它給學生的英語學習創(chuàng)造了一個理想的環(huán)境,啟發(fā)學生的想像力和創(chuàng)造性思維,有助于拓寬學生的知識面,使學生能夠運用英語分析和解決真實生活中所存在的問題,從而達到“為用而學、用中學、學中用”的目的。
根據(jù)任務型教學法的重要理論可知,任務型教學法屬于以學習為中心的教學法。任務型教學是指教師通過引導語言學習在課堂上完成任務來進行的教學。它以合理的任務組織教學,使學生積極參與,強化他們的互動交流能力,培養(yǎng)他們自身的認知能力,調(diào)動他們大腦中的英語資源,在履行任務的過程中激發(fā)學生的語言習得和應用能力。任務概念是任務型教學法中的重要概念,也是整個語言教學、乃至許多非語言學科課堂教學理論的重要概念。在英語的教學中,在很大程度上,教師對任務的選擇決定了課堂學習的目標、學習進行的方式、學生和教師角色的作用,甚至學習成果的表現(xiàn)和評價方式。任務型教學法是一種以學生為中心的、能體現(xiàn)英語語言價值的有效教學途徑,包含先進的教學原則和理念,但要將它有效地應用于外語教學課堂中,我們中學英語教學實踐者必須首先做到的是認識和了解任務及任務型教學法的本質(zhì),以及任務設計的基本原則。運用任務型教學法進行英語教學的過程中,教師要做的首要環(huán)節(jié)就是呈現(xiàn)任務。在任務的驅(qū)動下,學生能夠運用自己的思維,通過完成具體的任務主動地去習得英語,并且積極、主動地參與到各種任務中來,真正地做到“做中學”,并從中獲得和積累相應的學習經(jīng)驗,享受學習帶來的樂趣。
在英語教學的實際應用中,任務型教學使學生身臨其境,真正獲得情感體驗和調(diào)整學習策略,形成積極的學習態(tài)度,促進其語言實際運用能力的提高。它強調(diào)以任務為核心,任務設計的質(zhì)量是一堂課成敗的關(guān)鍵。另外,Skehan也提出“表達意義是任務的首要目的。”所以,在設計任務的過程中,教師應當站在教學目標的高度,從學生的角度考慮,分析某特定年齡階段學生的心理,切實了解學生想做什么,會做什么,該做什么,從而設計出促使學生全面發(fā)展的以意義為中心的任務,真正做到教學以教師為主導以學生為主體。任務型課堂教學活動根據(jù)其交互特點可大致分為五類:故事鏈任務(小組中每人講一段故事,全小組講完整個故事);信息差任務(兩組或多組信息互補,協(xié)商完成任務);解決問題任務(圍繞一個問題或根據(jù)一系列信息,找出解決問題的辦法);做決定任務(圍繞一個和多個結(jié)果,通過協(xié)商或討論作出選擇);觀點交換任務(通過討論,相互交換意見,不必達成共識)。譬如,在教師講授有關(guān)購物知識的課堂上,為激發(fā)學生的興趣,可以這樣設計任務:把學生分為兩組:一組學生扮演店員,一組扮演顧客。要求扮演店員的學生要努力銷售自己的物品,以成為第一個賣完物品又掙最多錢的人;扮演顧客的學生每人有50元,要購買老師發(fā)給的購物單上的物品(不同的店可以賣同樣的物品),他們要向不同的店員詢問價格,看誰能用最少的錢買到要求的物品。然后換角色再進行一次。這樣設計符合學生的常識和心理,學生就不會有被迫學習的感覺,具有生活氣息和真實性。從上面所述,我們可以看出任務型教學具有較為明確的目標指向,這種目標指向具有兩重性,一是任務本身要達到的非教學目的,二是利用任務所要達到的預期的教學目的。還具有詳細的任務內(nèi)容和履行某一任務的程序和方法,即做什么和怎樣做;教師要提前準備好一些輔助材料,使任務更具真實性,使任務的履行更具操作性,更好地與教學結(jié)合;促使學生與學生之間、學生與教師之間、學生與輸入材料之間進行雙邊或多邊互動。在任務設計中,要遵循連貫性,實用性,趣味性;并且教師必須轉(zhuǎn)變一個觀念,就是要充分相信學生的能力,學生本身就是最可利用的課程資源;充分發(fā)揮學生的獨立性和創(chuàng)造性,使學生擅于表達,擅于交流。
在英語的實際教學中,影響任務實施的的因素有很多。對于選擇任務型教學法實施課堂教學的教師(包括大綱設計者和教材編寫者)來說,最實際的一個問題就是如何使任務的難度適合于學習者當前的語言程度和水平。要把握和調(diào)整任務的難度,就必須分析影響任務難度的因素。一個顯而易見的事實是,語言因素并不是任務設計中確定難度的唯一因素。我們以聽力任務為例,一些非語言因素也起非常重要的作用。包括聽話人的內(nèi)部因素,如注意力、對一篇聽力相關(guān)知識的了解、對主題的興趣﹑動機等,甚至聽話人當時的心情好壞,都可能對聽力理解的成功與否產(chǎn)生影響。Brown和Yule就曾提出影響聽力難度的四大因素。其一是說話人因素,包括參與說話的人數(shù),說話人是否使用方言,語速、語音是否標準等;其二是聽話人因素,包括聽話人的角色(參與者,旁聽者,甚至偷聽者)、要求回答的信息涵蓋量、聽話人對主題的了解等;其三是內(nèi)容因素,包括所聽語篇的類型、語篇涉及的語法、詞匯及信息結(jié)構(gòu)的復雜度、所涉及的背景知識等;其四是輔助因素,即在聽的過程之中,是否提供可以促進理解的輔助手段,如圖表、關(guān)鍵詞匯或短語等。事實上,如果對Brown和Yule所列舉的這些大項所包含的子項進行進一步分析,還可找出更多的影響理解聽力難度的因素。以“語篇”為例,就包括:首先,語篇信息組織和結(jié)構(gòu)的復雜度;其二,所提供信息的充分程度(是否需要通過推理才能獲得信息或問題答案);其三,所涉及的主題,比如是日常生活中廣為熟悉的,還是較專業(yè)或生僻的;其四,語篇在信息組織中使用銜接手段的類型。另外,聽話人目的也影響任務實施的難度。所謂聽話人目的,是指聽話人根據(jù)任務需要對語篇進行理解和加工的方式和程度。如識別、定位、重點理解、細節(jié)理解、全面理解、推理等。如果只要求識別,判斷出人名﹑地名﹑事物名稱﹑廣告中的形容詞,任務的難度很小,如要求全面理解,或需要推理信息,則任務的難度顯然要增大。由上述可知,在任務設計中,影響任務難度的因素多種多樣。教師應根據(jù)學生的具體情況,綜合分析不同任務中影響任務難度的種種因素,選擇合適的任務的原則搭配,同時利用或提供必要的輔助手段,將任務難度調(diào)整到適當程度,以使任務具有可操作性,真實性,使教學達到最佳效果。在教師的指導下,使學生在活動中學習知識,培養(yǎng)人際交往、思考、決策和應變能力,使學生德智體美勞全面發(fā)展。
在英語教學中,任務型教學仍然存在不足,需要進一步發(fā)展、完善。首先,教師不能完全按照任務型教學法的理論進行教學活動,要有意識地把理論與實踐相結(jié)合,根據(jù)具體情況做適當?shù)恼{(diào)整。譬如,英國語言學家Jane Willis在她的專著A Framework for Task-based Learning 中提出的任務型課堂教學的三個步驟: 1.前任務(Pre-Task)——教師引入任務。
2.任務循環(huán)流程(Task-cycle):
a.任務(task)——學生執(zhí)行任務;
b.計劃(planning)——各組學生準備如何向全班報告任務完成的情況;
c.報告(reporting)——學生報告任務完成情況。
3.語言聚焦(Language focus):
a.分析(analysis)——學生通過錄音分析其他各組執(zhí)行任務的情況;
b.操練(practice)——學生在教師指導下練習語言難點。
如果教師讓學生按照任務循環(huán)流程(Task-cycle)中的三個步驟進行課堂活動,會使學生感覺到?jīng)]有新意,使課堂氛圍機械乏味。因為這樣的任務設計可能大大超出學生的能力和知識面,使他們產(chǎn)生“我們什么都不知道”的心理壓力,導致學生失去學習興趣,產(chǎn)生厭學的情緒。并且,作為促進學習的教學任務,教師更多地關(guān)注它的教學目的,在授課過程中也難以把握這個合適的尺度。所以一些任務型教學的理論需要進一步提高和完善,需要在實踐中多多探討。另外,學生大多以小組的形式來完成任務,教師在其間不直接指導會使一些學生產(chǎn)生僥幸心理,敷衍了事。如果這種現(xiàn)象出現(xiàn),教師不能及時發(fā)現(xiàn)及時給予指導,會非常不利于學生的心理健康乃至國家教育事業(yè)的發(fā)展。
在英語的教學中,任務型教學法的效果是非常顯著的,它給學生提供了表現(xiàn)自我的機會和進行語言交流的平臺,激發(fā)學生進行獨立思考,有利于保持英語學習的積極性,養(yǎng)成良好的語言習得。在教師的指導下,使教學活動呈階梯式層層推進,使語言的學習過程逐漸自動化和自主化。但是它是一種新型的語言教學方式,需要在教學的過程中不斷探索,不斷實踐,從而積累精華,使任務型教學模式在英語語言學習上達到近乎完美的效果。
第四篇:任務型教學法在英語教學中的應用
任務型教學法在英語教學中的應用
2012級英語師范2班 李倩 20124033058 【摘要】:隨著全球化形勢的發(fā)展,以及對具有英語綜合能力的人才的需求,任務型教學法由國外引入到我國的大學英語課堂教學中。任務型教學法重視學生的情感因素,強調(diào)通過任務來實現(xiàn)對語言的意識和感知,它不僅發(fā)展聽、說、讀、寫等多種語言技能,并且在此基礎上發(fā)展綜合運用英語的能力。本文從各個方面著手,通過對任務型教學法的分析,探討任務型教學法在英語教學中的應用?!娟P(guān)鍵詞】: 任務型教學法 英語教學 分析應用 【正文】:
一、任務型教學法的定義及其基本理論
任務教學法是指以完成交際任務為教學目標的外語教學方法,它通過師生互動來共同完成語言教學任務,使外語學習者自然地習得語言,取得外語學習的進步。學生知識的獲得主要不是靠教師傳授,而是學習者在一定的情境(即社會文化背景)下借助他人(包括教師和學習伙伴)的幫助,利用必要的學習資料獲得。在這一教學過程中,教師根據(jù)教學目標,課前精心設計任務,課堂上以學生完成既定任務為主,輔以教師的適當指導,學生通過自己的努力去實現(xiàn)計劃、完成任務,而且在這一過程中不斷評估自己的學習。任務型教學法模式,要求學生在教師的指導下通過“做中學,學中做”全面發(fā)展。綜合運用語言能力,以任務為教學策略基礎,強調(diào)從運用語言的任務入手進行教學,讓學生完成一項事實的任務進行學習,從而培養(yǎng)學生運用語言的能力。它體現(xiàn)了“以學生為主體,以任務為中心和以活動為方式”的思想,有助于學生自主學習,提高學生運用語言進行交際的能力,增強學生學習的興趣和信心,是素質(zhì)教育在英語教學中的具體體現(xiàn)。
任務型教學的目標:任務型教學把人們在社會生活中所做的事情細分為若干非常具體的“任務”并把培養(yǎng)學生具備完成這些任務的能力作為教學目標。任務型課堂模式把學生的注意力聚集在怎樣利用英語作為交流的工具來完成任務,而不只是關(guān)心自己所說的句子是否正確,任務完成的結(jié)果為學習者提供自我評價的標準,并使其產(chǎn)生成就感這些目標是為課堂教學服務的,學生是直接的受益者。任務型語言教學的理論依據(jù):理論依據(jù)來自許多方面,有心理學、社會語言學、語言習得研究等等。任務型語言教學的理論依據(jù)之一來自對語言習得的研究,根據(jù)語言習得懂得規(guī)律,語法知識的記憶不能保證語言使用的正確,必須有大量的語言輸入才能使得學生掌握所學習的語言,即語言的真實使用。任務型教學法也可以最大限度地激發(fā)學生內(nèi)在的學習動機。在語言的使用方面,采用各種各樣的任務,也可以使學生有機會綜合運用他們所學的語言,在交流中把注意力集中在語言所表達的意義上,以運用語言和完成任務為最目標,從而降低他們的心理壓力。在完成任務的過程中,學生學會調(diào)控自己的學習目標,調(diào)整自己的學習的學習行為,逐漸產(chǎn)生自主學習的意識。學生通過完成任務,在真實或模擬真實的情境中創(chuàng)造性地綜合運用他們所學的語言知識,發(fā)展他們的語言能力。
二、任務型教學法在英語教學中的實際應用
任務型教學模式,讓學生在教師的指導下,通過感知、體驗、實踐參與和合作等形式,逐步達到教學目標規(guī)定的要求。教師要在教學目標的指導下施教,使學生能在任務型教學方式下感受成功,并在學習的過程中獲得情感體驗和調(diào)整學習策略,形成積極的學習態(tài)度,促進其語言實際運用能力的提高。任務型課堂的教學就是把課堂活動任務化,以任務為核心,計劃教學步驟,所以“任務“設計的質(zhì)量是一堂課成敗的關(guān)鍵。設計的任務應具有挑戰(zhàn)性,能讓學生體驗成功。所以我們必須認真作好學生需要分析,切實了解學生想做什么,會做什么,該做什么,需要設計學以致用的任務,與生活有關(guān)的任務,促進學生全面發(fā)展的任務。
任務設計的原則:①交際性。交際能力的培養(yǎng),旨在以更加有效的方式提高外語教學水平,使學習者的學習與社會需要密切結(jié)合起來。②科學性,以認知心理學理論框架為基礎,目標明確,導向作用鮮明。③知識性、趣味性。通過完成各項任務,學生既鞏固了語言知識,又擴展了知識面,提高了綜合運用語言能力。④可操作性,以學習者為中心,以大綱和教材為基礎,以學習者的需要和現(xiàn)實交際活動為參照,有利于用外語解決實際問題。⑤創(chuàng)造性,人人參與其中,每個人都要為他人設計任務,每個人都要以自己的方式,用自己的語言完成他人設計的任務。
任務教學法的步驟:具體的任務教學模式有所差別,但大致都依據(jù)一下步驟:
?前任務:教師引入任務,呈現(xiàn)完成任務所需的知識,介紹任務的要求和實施任務的步驟。
?任務環(huán):以個人、雙人、小組等形式執(zhí)行各項任務,小組向班級報告任務完成的情況。
?后任務:由分析(學生分析并評價其他各組執(zhí)行任務的情況)和操練(學生在教師指導下練習所學知識難點)兩部分組成。
任務型教學的關(guān)鍵在于任務設計。任務的設計須具有意義性、可操作性、真實性、差距性和拓展性等。我們最終要建立的是師生高度交互的專業(yè)英語教學模式,如圖1所示。
下面以一課為例說明任務型教學法在英語教學中的應用:
教學SEFC BOOK1 Unite 16 Fire,圍繞:制定一個家庭火災逃生計劃(make a home fire escape plan)這一主題,我為學生設計了下列任務:1.Find the fire hazards of the rooms of the house.2.correct the fire hazards.3.Safety tips to make a house safe 4.How to respond safety to home fire.火災給人類帶來很大的危害,稍有不慎就會造成巨大的人員傷亡和財產(chǎn)損失。如果學生具有一定的火災防范意識和掌握一些自救措施,就能在生活中有效地防止火災的發(fā)生或減輕火災造成的傷害。因此,我在該單元教學中設計了上述任務,其目的在于使學生能夠運用英語解決真實生活中所存在的問題,從而達到“為用而學、用中學、學中用”的目的。我現(xiàn)將此任務的實施步驟分訴如下:
在完成任務一“尋找房間的危險”之前,我先讓學生看一段介紹Michelle所住房屋的錄像片段,觀察他家的bedroom,living room,kitchen ,bathroom等不同房間所存在的火災隱患,從而為完成這一任務打下基礎。為了更好地完成任務二“消除火災患源”我讓學生4人一組進行有針對性的討論。學生在完成前兩項任務的基礎上結(jié)合錄象內(nèi)容,以小組合作的形式圍繞smoke alarms,fire extinguisher,doors and other things that easily catch fire ,cooking safety ,heating safety ,electrical safety等方面進行討論,進而完成任務三“房屋安全建議”。第四個任務是“如何安全逃離火災現(xiàn)場”,學生結(jié)合課文所學到的知識和一般性常識找出應對措施。通過完成此項任務,學生能夠后清楚地了解火災發(fā)生時應該做什么,不應該做什么,如何才能安全逃脫現(xiàn)場,我將學生討論的結(jié)果總結(jié)和整理如下: 1.Have something wet cover your face or your body to avoid being burned.2.Before opening any door in a fire ,feel it first to avoid being trapped.3.When escaping ,stay low to the floor ,because smoke rises during a fire.4.Get out fast and never hide or tackle tine to gather up your belongings.5.Use the stairs instead of the lift if you live in the upper floor of a tall building.6.Stay outside no matter what has happened.Do not go back for anything.7.Call 119 or the fire department for help.8.Choose a safe place to meet outside after you have left your home.從上面所訴,我們可以看出任務型教學注重真實場景下的,以明確目標為向?qū)У恼Z言交際活動,它要求學生通過完成任務的學習活動來掌握真實、實用和有意義的語言。它提倡以教師為主導,以學生為主體的教學活動,它倡導體驗、實踐、參與、交流和合作的學習方式。學生在參與教師或教材精心設計的任務型學習活動中認識語言,運用語言,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,找出規(guī)律,歸納知識和感受成功。
三、任務教學法的優(yōu)點及不足:
優(yōu)點:1)任務型教學法有助于解決大學英語大班上課的難題
在大班英語課堂教學中,學生人數(shù)較多,一直以來的傳統(tǒng)教學模式是以“教師講授,學生聽記”為主,學生只是被動地學習,很少有運用所學語言進行交流的機會,缺少參與課堂活動的積極性,導致課堂氣氛沉悶。這種教學方式不僅忽視了培養(yǎng)學生應用語言的能力,而且違背了語言學習的基本規(guī)律。而在“任務型”教學中,學生在完成一系列特定設計的“任務”的過程中實現(xiàn)運用語言和語言習得的目的。在此過程中每個學生都是任務的參與者和執(zhí)行者,不再是傳統(tǒng)課堂上的旁聽者。
2)任務教學法有助于發(fā)展學生的綜合技能
綜合技能是指除了語言技能和交際技能之外,其中還包括學習技能、生活技能、競爭技能等。任務型教學法創(chuàng)造情境讓學生在運用語言當中學習語言,在小組活動中和交際當中學習語言,改“語言學習”為“完成任務”?;顒舆^程中不再只是重視語言形式,語言功能、語言內(nèi)容和使用都在活動當中得到重視。語言技能從理論形態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為實踐形態(tài),都必須通過學生自身的實踐活動,從而大幅度增加了學生的語言實踐機會。
3)任務型教學法有助于培養(yǎng)學生的良好性格和情感
在執(zhí)行任務的過程中,每個學生都承擔著不同的任務,并且小組成員之間需要相互協(xié)作,小組之間不僅是競爭的關(guān)系還是相互學習的關(guān)系,這有助于培養(yǎng)學生的團隊合作精神。學生在完成任務的過程中能夠體會進步感和成就感并感受到自己的不足。
4)任務型教學法有助于學生的自主學習能力和創(chuàng)新思維的培養(yǎng) 任務型教學模式強調(diào)語言環(huán)境的真實性,任務的設置都是根據(jù)學生的生活場景、學習場景、興趣愛好、實際英語水平等,任務的完成過程也非常貼近生活,因此很容易激發(fā)學生的學習興趣。其次,學生在完成任務的過程中因為要與其它小組競爭,會想出各種點子來體現(xiàn)出與眾不同,每次任務匯報時總能發(fā)現(xiàn)有幾個小組讓人耳目一新的表現(xiàn)。因此任務型語言教學也有助于學生創(chuàng)新思維的培養(yǎng)。
5)任務型教學法有助于更好地轉(zhuǎn)變教師的作用和角色
大學英語教師的角色應該根據(jù)不同的教學形式有所變化。在任務型課堂中,教師不再僅僅是知識的傳授者,而且是語言活動的指導者、組織者和促進者。任務教學法尤其強調(diào)明確教師的任務。教師要根據(jù)不同的學習目的設計任務,確定不同群體的學生的學習目標。教師從傳統(tǒng)教學法的滿堂灌似的疲憊中解脫出來。在布置任務時,起的是組織者的導演作用 ;在學生執(zhí)行任務的過程中給與及時的指點、評價和建議,支持和鼓勵學生,讓學生有安全感、滿足感和成就感,充當?shù)氖菂f(xié)調(diào)員、咨詢員,是指導者、促進者的角色。這種教師角色的轉(zhuǎn)變一方面有利于課堂教學的需要,有利于培養(yǎng)學生的能力,另一方面也有利于發(fā)展教師自身的組織協(xié)調(diào)能力和管理能力,以便不斷接受來自學生的挑戰(zhàn)。
不足:任務型教學法要求學生運用所學語言完成具體任務、并強調(diào)學生的主動參與,它強調(diào)交際的過程和語言的功能,注重發(fā)展學生的學習策略,因而有利于提高學生的創(chuàng)新精神和語言運用能力。當然,任務型教學存在一些不完備的地方,比如任務的選擇并有進行需求分析,任務的等級評定也是任意的,并且任何形式中心的活動在語言教學中都受到排斥,學生以對子或小組的形式來完成任務,教師在其間不直接指導都有待進一步探討和研究。
任務型教學法是語言教學的有效途徑,同時它是一種新型的教學方式,因此需要在教學中大膽實踐,積極探索,使任務型教學模式能夠在提高學生的英語實際運用能力上發(fā)揮出最大的效應。
結(jié)論:
通過教學實踐對比,可發(fā)現(xiàn)任務教學法的教學效率遠高于其他類型的教學效率。它的應用活躍了課堂氛圍,激發(fā)了學習興趣,學生積極參與各項任務,他們查找和處理信息的能力、探究問題的能力和交際合作的能力能得到充分展現(xiàn)。學習英語的最終目的是為了在實踐中運用,而英語教學的目的是為了實現(xiàn)學習者在日常生活中能用英語來完成交流的目的。任務教學法正是為了實現(xiàn)這一目的應運而生,它從重視語言本身到強調(diào)語言習得與運用,它較好體現(xiàn)以學生為中心的理念。任務教學法倡導的意義:長期以來,我國大學英語教學所采用的是講授法。教師的講解占據(jù)了課堂的大多數(shù)時間,學生沒有足夠的實踐機會,學生成為語言知識的被動接受者。教育部2001年7月制定《英語課程標準》明確指出:“教師應該避免單純傳授語言知識的教學方法,盡量采用`任務型'的教學途徑”。任務教學法是如今高等教育界提倡和推崇的“以人為本”、“以學習為本”、注重培養(yǎng)應用能力的一種新型教學法。任務型教學法與傳統(tǒng)的英語教學法有很大的不同:?任務型教學開始就呈現(xiàn)任務,以學生在任務的驅(qū)動下用語言做事。?為了完成各項學習任務,學生的活動將以意義為中心,盡力調(diào)動各種語言資源進行意義構(gòu)建,以達到解決某個交際問題。?任務型教學具有目的性、過程性、綜合性和思維的挑戰(zhàn)性等的特點,有效地培養(yǎng)學生語言綜合能力。任務教學法與其他講授法相比,更加重視聽、說能力的訓練,它吸取、融合了其它教學法的精華,為學習過程提供了更好的語境,能更好地培養(yǎng)學生的英語運用能力。
總的來說,在大學英語課堂上采用任務型教學法無論對于學生還是教師來說都是巨大的轉(zhuǎn)變,實踐證明學生普遍接受這種教學模式,并且這種模式的課堂效率遠遠高于傳統(tǒng)課堂,有效緩解了大班上課教師無法顧及大部分學生的弊端,有利于學生健康情感的培養(yǎng)。參考文獻:
[1]豐玉芳、唐曉巖.任務型語言教學法在英語教學中的運用[J].外語與外語教學,2004(6).[2]李海燕(廣東金融學院,廣東,廣州510521)任務教學法在大學英語教學的應用研究 [3]林純(廣州紡織服裝職業(yè)學校, 廣東 廣州 510310)淺談任務語言教學法
[4]鄭紅蘋(西南大學 外國語學院,重慶 400715)英語任務型語言教學的內(nèi)涵、特點及實施
第五篇:任務型教學法在課堂中的應用
任務教學法在課堂中的應用
摘要:教師的教學目標決定所采取的教學法及相應的教學形式。本文闡述了任務型教學法思想在課堂中的應用方法、原則、可能遇到的問題及相應的解決辦法。關(guān)鍵詞:任務型教學法 以人為本 教學目標
所謂好老師,簡爾言之,就是能教好書育好人的老師。教書和育人是同一過程的辨證統(tǒng)一的兩個方面,教好書的同時,塑造好學生的思想品德,促進學生智力和品行的發(fā)展。
這樣,以什么樣的思想或計劃去上課,到底要把學生培育成什么樣的人至關(guān)重要。老師不僅要讓學生學到起碼的專業(yè)知識,更重要的是樹立他們的學習生活目標,改變他們的生活認知壞習慣,然后,教他們?nèi)绾稳プ?,以怎樣的生活學習態(tài)度去做。學生自己做了,才能真正學到想要的東西。這樣,明確了教學目標,再去設計課堂,就有的放矢。
鑒于以上教學思想,本人在設計課堂時主要采用任務型教學法的思想:“以學習者為中心,以人為本?!眲?chuàng)造生動活潑的課堂氣氛,在分析了解學習者認知能力和習慣的基礎上,為其設計目標和任務,激發(fā)他們的學習興趣和動機,鼓勵他們以獨立或小組討論的形式完成任務。在完成任務的過程中或反思復習時,老師再做必要的引導,闡述自己的思維、思想、邏輯,讓學生潛移默化養(yǎng)成好的習慣,認識自己的學習生活目標。簡而言之,任務型教學法,就是在老師的指導下,以學習者完成某些任務的形式來組織教學活動。
在實際教學中,經(jīng)過認真充足的備課,總能給學生們提出很多的問題,精心安排好各種活動或任務。這些問題,不是像講課那樣直接就告訴或者灌輸給學生。學生必須要用腦子去想,然后試著努力去做。無論是上課剛開始的口語報告(由學生課下準備,報告結(jié)束后,任何學生都可以對報告人提問,這樣,全班的氣氛都會調(diào)動起來),還是課文中的詞匯辨義比較,文化背景典故,以及課后的練習,都要作為一種任務的形式由學生自己去完成。哪怕課程稍微慢點,但效果卻遠比一般的灌輸式好。學生是主體,是課堂的中心;老師是舵手,是引導者,同時也是課堂的創(chuàng)造者和示范者。
一、應用任務型教學法的原則
1.讓學生自己去做。上課不是老師去想去做,而是讓學生怎樣去做。自己口若懸河,天花亂墜也無濟于事。學生應該是“歷史的創(chuàng)造者”。
2.讓學生養(yǎng)成好習慣。好習慣可收事半功倍之效。這里的好習慣不僅指良好的學習認知習慣,還有生活中的好習慣。要讓學生養(yǎng)成好習慣,自己必須養(yǎng)成好習慣,不僅向?qū)W生展現(xiàn)自己的思維學術(shù)能力,還包括不要養(yǎng)成隨地吐痰等惡習。你的言行舉止學生都看在眼里,記在心里。
3.教師要有計劃有目標。每一年,每一學期各階段要有全局和階段性計劃。自己都六神無主,更不用說學生了。只有計劃和目標做好,并盡力去實行,學生才能“從勝利走向勝利”。本人在綜合英語教學中,針對學生特點及學科要求,每學期目標都非常明顯。學生無意中已學到每個階段應該學到的東西。
4.教師要做好充足準備。因為學生隨時提問,任何問題都有可能。這就要求老師提前做充足的準備,對教材要了如指掌,對語法、詞匯、文化等知識面要更寬,理解更深,更熟悉。同時,還要反應敏捷。
二、任務型教學法的優(yōu)勢
1.以學習者為中心,以人為本。更加重視學生的自我解決問題的能力和“自學”。本人曾經(jīng)做過實驗,期末考試時,考學生沒有上過的五個單元的課文和練習??荚嚨慕Y(jié)果絲毫不亞于以前上過的課程。這說明,學生能完成老師代替他們完成的任務,他們可以從懶惰中變得主動和勤快。
2.所有任務都具有真實性,貼近生活,能激發(fā)學生的學習樂趣。所有的話題和任務都是經(jīng)過精挑細選的,學生具有完成任務的能力和材料。各種任務都能發(fā)揮他們的想象力和創(chuàng)造力。整節(jié)課在相互提問,解決問題中完成。課堂氣氛相當活躍。
3.最能提高學生各種語言能力以及思維和解決問題的能力。因為在完成任務時,誰也不會料到會發(fā)生什么情況,別人會有什么疑問,所以這一過程往往會變得非常真實,最后,情景交融。學生不會再去背自己已經(jīng)寫好的稿子,他們需要的是如何解決問題,這時候的英語更加真實。最終,學生的隨機應變能力肯定會增強,語言交流能力也會在不經(jīng)意間得到改善。4.更能展現(xiàn)老師和學生的想象力和創(chuàng)造性,為年輕老師展示人格魅力和才華提供了一個舞臺。應用任務型教學法,課堂往往沒有定格,氣氛非?;钴S,老師在創(chuàng)造和引導學生的時候可以隨心所欲地發(fā)揮自己的見識和才能。老師與學生的交流變得自然,人與人之間的障礙也自然而然地消除了,師生之間的感情甚是融洽。
三、應用任務型教學法碰到的問題
1.所安排的任務難度較難把握。容易了,學生就不能更好地鍛煉自己的能力,完成任務無異于浪費時間。本人在我校某一商貿(mào)英語班就碰到類似問題。當時,為了鍛煉學生獲取信息的能力,要求他們在課下盡最大努力找到離我們學校最近的三家編織袋生產(chǎn)商,并且獲取有關(guān)編織袋的規(guī)格數(shù)據(jù),以及廠家盡可能多的信息。本人曾經(jīng)暗示他們可以通過電話查詢,公司黃頁,熟人,使用編織袋的廠家,或是到市場上去獲取信息。但經(jīng)過一個星期,沒有一個人完成。除了學生固有的惰性之外,任務的難度可能確實超出了他們的能力范圍。
2.課堂轉(zhuǎn)軌困難。學生已經(jīng)習慣了灌輸式教育,習慣老師站在講臺上口若懸河地講,他們在底下悠閑地聽課,這種惰性使得他們不愿去接受任務。有位同學曾經(jīng)跟我這樣說:“我們上課跟不上差不多”。她的意思是說,我沒有像其他老師那樣按部就班地把課文、習題細致入微地講解,所以她感覺老師明明就沒有上課嘛,自己沒有學到東西。這其實是學生還沒有認識到課堂的變化。老師教的是方法和習慣,而不是那些學生完全可以自己完成的練習,單詞。
3.對任務型課堂組織形式適用范圍的理解。任務型課堂組織形式更適合基礎較好,年級較高的學生。如果基礎太差,還沒有解決問題的能力,或無法糾錯、矯正錯誤,則此形式會適得其反。
四、解決所遇到的問題的方法
設計任務時要有一定彈性。只要了解學生的基本知識水平和能力,就可以對任務進行挑選,使這些任務更加適合學生,同時引起他們的興趣,激發(fā)他們的想象,使他們在自己的努力下完成任務時有種成就感。
學生的思想也是可以塑造的。首先,要想讓他們接受這種課堂教學,必須要做一些說明,做學生的思想工作。讓他們了解自己的意圖,共同的目標。其次,是課堂設計要有想象力,能激發(fā)學生的興趣,創(chuàng)造真實而又活潑生動的課堂氣氛,讓學生自然而然地溶入課堂。這就要求教師充分地去設計課堂。
任務教學法不像灌輸式教學那樣注重細節(jié),可能容易錯過一些語言點,一些細節(jié)的東西。另外,完成任務時間有限,瑣碎的知識就不能逐一細說。這就要求老師時刻注意學生缺少的部分,鼓勵學生在課下做充足的準備,并在課堂活動或任務中盡量引入利用新知識點,語言點。
任務型教學法使教師充分發(fā)揮自己的優(yōu)勢和引導作用,讓學生自己去做的思想,不僅使學生在學校能達到預期的目標,最重要的是改變了他們的一些壞習慣,培養(yǎng)了學生的學習能力,這將讓他們受益終身。