第一篇:佛教基礎(chǔ)詞匯釋義
佛:梵文音譯“佛陀”的簡(jiǎn)稱,過去有譯做“浮屠”或“浮圖”的。佛,本是“覺者”、“覺悟者”之意,但佛教給它加上了特定的涵義,說佛不但能夠自己覺悟,還能啟發(fā)他人覺悟,并且這種“自覺”和“覺他“的能力都是至高無上的,十分圓滿的。因此,佛成了釋迦牟尼獨(dú)占的稱號(hào)。雖然后來也泛指佛經(jīng)中提到的一切佛,但實(shí)有其人者僅釋迦牟尼一人。
法:“法”字的梵語是“達(dá)磨”(Dharma)。佛教對(duì)這個(gè)字的解釋是:“任持自性、軌生物解?!边@就是說,每一事物必然保持它自己特有的性質(zhì)和相狀,有它一定的軌則,使人看到便可以了解是何物。
菩薩:菩薩是菩提薩(Bodhisattva)的簡(jiǎn)稱。簡(jiǎn)單地解釋,凡是抱著廣大的志愿,要將自己和一切眾生一齊從苦惱中救度出來,而得到究竟安樂(自度度他),要將自己和一切眾生一齊從愚癡中解脫出來,而得到徹底的覺悟(自覺覺他),這種人便叫做菩薩。
沙門:佛教出家人的另一種稱號(hào),也有譯做“桑門”的?,F(xiàn)不常用。
施主:僧人稱送財(cái)物給寺院和僧人者為施主。
居士:本指正式受過戒不出家的佛教信徒,現(xiàn)泛指所有不出家的佛教信徒。男性叫優(yōu)婆塞即男居士,女性叫優(yōu)婆夷即女居士。同參:僧人之間的相互稱呼。
法師:本是一種學(xué)位的稱號(hào)。指通曉佛法并善于講解以及致力修行傳法的僧人,不是任何人都可以稱的。精通經(jīng)藏的稱為經(jīng)師,精通律藏的稱為律師,精通論藏的稱為論師,精通經(jīng)、律、論的稱為三藏法師。
三寶:佛教稱佛、法、僧為三寶?!胺稹敝阜鸾虅?chuàng)始人釋迦牟尼,也泛指一切佛;“法”即佛教教義;“僧”指佛教出家人。通常三寶即指整個(gè)佛教。
剎:佛教寺院的另一種叫法。如寶剎、大剎、古剎等,剎是梵文的音譯,地方的意思。
居士林:佛教在家信徒仿照僧團(tuán)建立的宗教組織,成員并不限于正式受戒的居士。居士林一般不單獨(dú)組織公眾性宗教活動(dòng),主要從事經(jīng)籍和宗教用品的流通,協(xié)助寺院辦道場(chǎng)等活動(dòng)。
皈依:也稱“三皈依”、“三皈”或“皈依”,即信仰佛教。意思是對(duì)三寶的歸順依附、歸命依靠。
超度:僧人說通過誦經(jīng)拜懺,可以使死者脫離地獄之苦,故稱超度。舍利:梵文的音譯,意指死者的骨灰,佛教用以專指高僧的骨灰?!吧崂奔床赜猩崂乃?。
南無:梵文的半譯,念做“拿摩”,是表示尊敬的用語。佛教把其加在佛、菩薩名號(hào)之前,以示敬意。
涅槃:梵文的音譯,本意是“死”,但佛教給它加上了特定的涵義,指經(jīng)過修行,脫離了人生,進(jìn)入一種不生不滅的幸福境界。涅槃通常只用來指佛的死或指修行的目的。僧人的死稱為“圓寂”。
般若:梵文的音譯,念做“波惹”。譯為中文是智慧的意思。
六度:度,梵文音譯,“到彼岸”之意。佛教指通過修行,脫離人生的苦海,進(jìn)入所謂的幸福境界,因此也譯做“渡”。佛教說有六種途徑可以到達(dá)幸福的彼岸,稱為“六度”,即:布施、忍辱、持戒、精進(jìn)、禪定、智慧。
法器:指僧人舉行宗教儀式時(shí)所用的鐘、鼓、磬、木魚等。
念珠:也叫佛珠或數(shù)珠,佛教徒念經(jīng)咒或佛號(hào)時(shí)用來計(jì)數(shù)的工具,多用香木或玉石制成。有18、21、108顆之分?,F(xiàn)在也流行為佛教信徒的一種裝飾品。合十:又稱合掌,兩手當(dāng)胸,十指相合,佛教徒的普通禮節(jié)。僧俗之間、僧人之間相遇的禮節(jié)。
頂禮:佛教徒的大禮,即跪拜禮,多用于信徒敬師或僧敬佛。
布施:俗人送財(cái)物給寺院或僧人叫布施。僧人把自己對(duì)俗人進(jìn)行宗教宣傳也稱為布施,意思是施法于人。
化緣:僧人向俗人求布施稱化緣。佛教宣稱出布施的人可以與佛結(jié)緣。
放襯:居士送錢給僧人稱放襯。
供齋:信徒送食物給僧人稱供齋。
偈:讀作“記”,也叫頌,或偈頌,是一種類似于詩的體裁,一般四句為一偈,每句字?jǐn)?shù)固定,有四字、五字、六字、七字不等。
開經(jīng)偈:是誦經(jīng)講法之前,講聽之人共同要誦的一個(gè)偈子,傳說是武則天所作,即:無上甚深微妙法,百千萬劫難遭遇,我今見聞得受持,愿解如來真實(shí)義。
無上:佛法是成佛的方法,沒有任何的法是可以超越其上,故叫無上法。
甚深:佛法浩瀚無量,博大精深,如無邊、無底,深廣皆不可測(cè)量之大海。
微妙:成佛之法極其微細(xì)、精妙,是釋迦牟尼佛成佛的體驗(yàn),是實(shí)證之法,從佛祖心中自然流出。
阿彌陀佛: 阿:無。彌陀:量。佛:覺。阿彌陀:無量。阿彌陀佛:無量覺。
阿彌陀佛有另外兩個(gè)名號(hào):無量光、無量壽。
無量光:光:表空間,也表智慧。無量光:表述宇宙,空間無量;也表一切眾生皆本來具有無量的智慧,而十方諸佛,已經(jīng)圓滿證得一切智慧。
無量壽:壽:表時(shí)間,也表壽命。無量壽:表述宇宙,時(shí)間無量;也表一切眾生皆本來具有無量的壽命,而十方諸佛,已經(jīng)徹底斷除分段生死和變異生死,成就了最究竟圓滿的無量壽。眾生由于無明,由于妄想執(zhí)著,由于業(yè)力,未能脫離分段生死,只知道極其有限的時(shí)空,被有限的時(shí)空所局限,本來的無量變成了有量;本具的無量智慧,也沒有能充分地開發(fā)利用。八地以上的菩薩雖然斷除了分段生死,但仍然有不可思議的變異生死。唯佛二死永亡。
二死:即分段生死和變異生死。
分段生死:即凡夫、外道、聲聞、緣覺以及七地以前菩薩的生死,因?yàn)橐荒顭o明四住地?zé)肋€沒有斷盡;初地以上的菩薩雖然能“伏煩惱如阿羅漢”,但為了保留身體,常隨佛學(xué),畢竟故意留了一份煩惱以潤(rùn)來生。
變異生死:八地以上大菩薩的生死,因?yàn)檫€沒有成佛,還沒有斷盡微細(xì)煩惱的種子隨眠和無始無明的隨眠,第八識(shí)中的種子還有生滅;但由于已經(jīng)斷盡了一念無明四住地?zé)赖默F(xiàn)行種子,進(jìn)入無功用行的修道階段,不必起心動(dòng)念,自動(dòng)上求佛道,下化眾生,具大神通,隨眾生心而變現(xiàn)身土,自在應(yīng)現(xiàn)于十方世界,所以也叫不可思議變異生死。
釋迦牟尼:釋迦:寂寞,指佛已經(jīng)徹底解脫一切粗細(xì)煩惱,也指真心之本體本來就無任何煩惱,本來不與任何煩惱相應(yīng),本自解脫。牟尼:能仁,指佛已獲得一切種智,能夠慈悲救度一切眾生。佛用聲聞菩提、緣覺菩提,救度眾生脫離六道輪回;用佛菩提,不但度眾生解脫,還可進(jìn)一步引導(dǎo)眾生成佛。
佛教只宣說兩條道:解脫道,成佛之道。
經(jīng):即經(jīng)典,本義是貫穿,經(jīng)中所說之義理,一以貫之,無可改易。
關(guān)于空: 佛法所說的空,有兩種。一種叫空相,指世間的萬事萬物,由多種因緣和合而生,剎那變化,無有停止,最終必滅。一種叫空性,也叫真空,指能夠產(chǎn)生萬事萬物的那個(gè)總根源。真空能夠產(chǎn)生萬事萬物,所以真空本身其實(shí)并不空。所以佛法所講的空和凡夫所說的、所想象的空是不一樣的。
凡夫所說的空,一是什么也沒有。什么也沒有的空,其實(shí)只是眾生的妄想,根本就不存在,那叫斷滅空;主張斷滅空的觀點(diǎn)叫斷滅論,正是佛法所批判的。
二是感覺不到,感覺不到就認(rèn)為空。如看到杯子里沒有東西,就說是空杯子,看到房子里沒有人,就說是空房子。其實(shí)杯子里雖然沒東西,房子里雖然沒有人,但還有空氣存在。當(dāng)然,在世間法的范圍內(nèi),按照習(xí)慣,大家都能明白是什么意思??墒前堰@種對(duì)空的理解用在佛法上,就會(huì)大錯(cuò)而特錯(cuò)。
對(duì)佛法所說的空會(huì)誤解,對(duì)佛法所說的有,也會(huì)誤解。
佛法所說的有:
一叫假有,就是因緣和合所生的萬事萬物,因?yàn)椴荒荛L(zhǎng)存,只存在一定的時(shí)間,而且還不斷變化,只是一個(gè)過程,必然消失,只是暫時(shí)存在的一個(gè)假相,所以叫假有。正如鏡中花、水中月、夢(mèng)中境,不能說假相不存在,但決定沒有任何真實(shí)性。
二叫妙有,妙有的第一個(gè)意思,指能生萬事萬物的總根源空性,它才是一種真實(shí)的有,因?yàn)樗墚a(chǎn)生萬事萬物,能住持萬事萬物;其本身,其產(chǎn)生、住持萬法的功能作用等等,極其微妙,所以叫妙有;
妙有的第二個(gè)意思,它所產(chǎn)生的萬事萬物,雖然有生有滅,但生生不已,無有窮盡,不會(huì)因?yàn)樯黾樱膊粫?huì)因?yàn)闇缍鴾p少。如一切眾生皆能成佛,從無始劫來,雖有無量眾生已經(jīng)成佛,眾生界并不因此而減少,佛界也并不因此而增加。正如能量守恒,物質(zhì)不滅一樣,十分微妙。從萬事萬物本是空性的顯現(xiàn),本是空性的部分功能的角度來看,空性所生的萬事萬物,也是妙有。
妙有的第三個(gè)意思,指無漏有為法??招运?、所顯的一切法,可分為三種,即有漏有為法、無漏有為法和無漏無為法。前二種是所生法,后一種是所顯法。無漏有為法又有兩種。
一是第八識(shí)空性如來藏本具的有為功能,雖然眾生“日用而不知”,但卻時(shí)時(shí)、處處、事事都在分明顯露,它才是眾生身、口、意一切善、惡、無記業(yè)行的基礎(chǔ)和支持者,若沒有它的微妙作用,眾生便不可能有任何作為。
二是諸佛菩薩及修行者的清凈業(yè)行。從最常見的念佛,到諸佛菩薩的神通智慧,都有不可思議的微妙作用。如一生作惡多端之人,臨終前得遇善知識(shí)講述阿彌陀佛和極樂世界,懺悔業(yè)障,相信這個(gè)法門,并發(fā)心愿意到那里去生活修行,于阿彌陀佛名號(hào),口中或心中能夠十念乃至只有一念,便得往生阿彌陀佛極樂國(guó)土,花開見佛悟無生,三不退畢竟成佛。此類妙行,非世間之有為法,乃出世間之有為法,亦屬妙有。
不論有漏有為法還是無漏有為法,皆是有為法;既是有為法,便一定生滅不停,亦是如夢(mèng)如幻。一切世間、出世間有為之法的相是存在的,但只是有生有滅、變化不停的假相,“有”的存在是物質(zhì)或精神暫時(shí)的聚合,當(dāng)這種暫時(shí)的聚合分散時(shí),“有”的假相就不見了,就成了所謂的“無”,然而在這個(gè)時(shí)候,“無”其實(shí)并不等于原來的“有”的完全消滅,只是又成了另外一種假相。如水被分解,原來的水不見了,變成了氫氣和氧氣;原來的眾生相不見了,通過修行,已經(jīng)變成了佛相。
佛法不是醫(yī)學(xué),但不離醫(yī)學(xué),而超越醫(yī)學(xué);佛法不是科學(xué),但不離科學(xué),而超越科學(xué)。佛法與各門學(xué)科的關(guān)系都如此,所以佛法不是世間法,但不離世間法,而超越世間法。世間的一切法,只是現(xiàn)象,而佛法,正是要為眾生揭示一切現(xiàn)象背后的那個(gè)本質(zhì),是對(duì)現(xiàn)象和本質(zhì)及其微妙關(guān)系的體證,是對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象中最根本的生命現(xiàn)象的最深廣、最真實(shí)的表述,是使一切生命能夠徹底解放,并發(fā)揮其最大潛能的方法,即是使一切眾生都能成佛的方法。
佛:佛是覺義,有覺悟、覺者、覺行圓滿三義。
覺悟:覺悟就是覺醒,真正從人生的大夢(mèng)中徹底醒過來。正如夢(mèng)中人認(rèn)為夢(mèng)境一切真實(shí),醒來才知道夢(mèng)境都是虛假一樣,真醒悟的人,就知道世間的一切萬事萬物其實(shí)都只是假相,本質(zhì)上并沒有任何實(shí)在性,都不能永久存在,所有的一切都只是一種過程,只是一個(gè)名字;而名字,也還是一個(gè)假相,只是暫時(shí)使用的一個(gè)符號(hào)。但是,所有未醒的人都妄想抓住那些根本抓不住的假相,都在做白日夢(mèng),都在夢(mèng)里生活。所以,《金剛經(jīng)》說:“一切有為法,如夢(mèng)幻泡影,如露亦如電,應(yīng)作如是觀”。
覺者:就是已經(jīng)覺悟了的眾生。覺者有種種不同的層次,最初的層次是證得真見道的七住明心的菩薩,徹底圓滿覺悟了的眾生,就改名叫佛。
覺行圓滿:覺也是智慧之義,圓滿的智慧,即佛的智慧,叫一切種智,其包括阿羅漢、辟支佛的一切智及菩薩的道種智。行指修行,主要指福德和智慧兩方面,菩薩修行的法門主要是六波羅蜜,簡(jiǎn)稱六度,即布施、持戒、忍辱、精進(jìn)、禪定、般若。修其前五度,是修福德,修最后一度,是修智慧。但六度的前五度,也是有般若貫穿的。般若,特指成佛的智慧。
佛的另外一個(gè)名字是阿耨多羅三藐三菩提,中文的意思是無上正等正覺。其中阿:無。耨多羅:上。三:正。藐:等。菩提:覺。
三菩提:正覺,即正確的覺悟、正確的智慧,指小乘的聲聞菩提和緣覺菩提,即解脫的智慧。
三藐三菩提:正等正覺,即菩薩的覺悟與智慧,其覺悟當(dāng)與佛的覺悟相等,只是還未圓滿。菩薩的覺悟與智慧,即道種智。
阿耨多羅三藐三菩提:無上正等正覺,即佛的覺悟,最高、最廣、最深,無復(fù)其上者,故名無上,乃是最究竟圓滿的智慧,即一切種智。
覺的意思,在馬鳴菩薩的《大乘起信論》里,還有三種說法,即本覺、始覺和不覺:
1:本覺:是凡夫、外道,乃至不回小向大的聲聞、緣覺所不了解的“第八識(shí)”本身所具有的覺知,是本來就有的覺性,不靠修得,不離修得。
2:始覺:就是通過參禪找到了本覺,開始具有了對(duì)這個(gè)本覺的正確的認(rèn)知和體證。禪就是本覺,參就是找,參禪就是找第八識(shí),找到就叫破參,也叫開悟。開是開示,即佛為眾生開發(fā)演示佛之知見,悟是悟入,即眾生聽聞了佛法,依教奉行,如理作意,如法修行,悟入了佛之知見,開始與佛智相應(yīng)。開了悟的菩薩就叫始覺菩薩。
3:不覺:沒有開悟的眾生所具有的覺知全部叫不覺,因?yàn)槎际墙⒃趯?duì)夢(mèng)幻泡影的不實(shí)妄想基礎(chǔ)上的。
關(guān)于第八識(shí):第八識(shí)是根本心,也叫禪,本識(shí)、本覺、如來藏、異熟識(shí)、無垢識(shí)、阿賴耶識(shí)、本來面目、本地風(fēng)光等等。斷除分段生死之前,即小乘的阿羅漢、辟支佛或大乘的七地滿心菩薩在證得有余涅盤之前,其第八識(shí)都叫阿賴耶識(shí)。
阿賴耶,含藏之義,故阿賴耶識(shí)也叫含藏識(shí),由于阿賴耶識(shí)含藏分段生死的種子過重而有此名。小乘的阿羅漢、辟支佛或大乘的七地滿心菩薩在證得有余涅盤之后,由于已經(jīng)滅除了分段生死的種子,所以第八識(shí)不能再叫阿賴耶識(shí),只能叫作異熟識(shí)了。此名其實(shí)涵蓋阿賴耶識(shí);因?yàn)橹钡匠煞鹨郧?,第八識(shí)中的種子都有異時(shí)而熟、異地而熟、變異而熟的特點(diǎn)。
異時(shí)而熟的意思是,眾生所造善業(yè)或惡業(yè)的種子,成熟的時(shí)間并不是同時(shí),好比一棵果樹種下去,要幾年以后才能結(jié)果;眾生所造之善惡業(yè),可能要幾個(gè)月以后、幾年以后,也可能要到下一世或者更多世以后,才漸漸由于因緣成熟而受報(bào)。
異地而熟的意思是,造業(yè)與受報(bào)不在同一地。眾生生存的環(huán)境共有三界九地。三界即欲界、色界、無色界。九地即欲界一地,色界四地(初禪地、二禪地、三禪地、四禪地),無色界四地(空無邊處地、識(shí)無邊處地、無所有處地、非想非非想處地)。比如在欲界修得初禪,下一世可能得生初禪天,受報(bào)的時(shí)候已經(jīng)不在欲界地了,而到了初禪地了。
變異而熟的意思是,因和果很復(fù)雜,不但有異時(shí)、異地而熟的情況,還常常是變異而熟,比如人身造善業(yè),卻得到了天身,人身造惡業(yè),卻得到了畜生身、餓鬼身甚至地獄身。
為什么有時(shí)好人不得好報(bào)?或好心不得好報(bào)?
首先、人們對(duì)好人、好心的概念很模糊。好人的最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn),應(yīng)該是受持五戒,即不殺生、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語、不飲酒,因?yàn)槭艹治褰涫堑萌松淼幕緱l件。因此世人所謂的好人、好心未必就真好。比如殺生,宰殺雞、鴨、魚、豬、牛、羊等,在世間人看來沒什么,自己飼養(yǎng),殺了吃肉,或招待客人,或賣掉,沒什么過錯(cuò);但在佛教看來,這都是大惡業(yè);因?yàn)橹灰噶藲⑸粭l,又不懂用懺悔、念佛等法去補(bǔ)救,就一定會(huì)失去人身,墮入三惡道去受報(bào)。再如好多人從事的職業(yè),都違犯五戒的原則,諸如屠宰、打獵、捕魚、造殺生器具、造酒、賣酒等等,如此國(guó)法允許的合法的職業(yè),自認(rèn)為有理而造作的惡業(yè),一生中不知有多少,所以,不懂修行的世間人,下一世能夠再得人身的機(jī)會(huì)極其稀少,佛說,得人身者如手中土,而失人身者則如大地土。
其次、一些修行人,其出發(fā)點(diǎn)無可非議,但由于入錯(cuò)了門道,跟隨了“末法時(shí)期,邪師說法,如恒河沙”的邪師,跟著誹謗佛法僧三寶,或誹謗大乘了義正法,或誹謗講說正法的出家或在家的菩薩,把毀法當(dāng)成護(hù)法,結(jié)果,一生勤苦,卻有意無意造下了大惡業(yè),來世必入三惡道受報(bào)。
再次、一些人,或由于前世的善根,或由于得遇外道師,或由于某種特殊的原因等,有一點(diǎn)不太平常的小本事,或能知過去事,或能預(yù)知未來事,或能看到人的內(nèi)臟及其病變,或能看見鬼怪神靈等等,就為人卜兇問吉,趨利避禍,除病禳災(zāi)等,全然不懂不該干預(yù)因果,時(shí)間一長(zhǎng),自己身上便發(fā)生種種怪事,其實(shí)是邪魅入心;不知驚醒,反以為奇特,受人財(cái)物或尊敬,久之與鬼魅相應(yīng),一朝失去利用價(jià)值,鬼魅離身,羸弱昏聵,無能所為,死后必落鬼道。此事在《大佛頂首楞嚴(yán)經(jīng)》里有很詳細(xì)的描述。
佛地第八識(shí)中的種子,因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)全部成為最極清凈的純善法種,不會(huì)再有任何變異,所以又改名叫無垢識(shí)。所以修行的全部過程,就是凈化第八識(shí)內(nèi)的染污種子的過程。怎樣轉(zhuǎn)化呢?就是要先找到本來清凈的、不生不滅的、一切眾生皆具的、與諸佛菩薩無二無別的第八識(shí)本體——如來藏;就是說要先開悟,然后再轉(zhuǎn)依這個(gè)清凈本識(shí)。只有找到,才談得到轉(zhuǎn)依;只有轉(zhuǎn)依,才談得到凈化種子。
這個(gè)第八識(shí)如來藏,有四遍,即遍一切時(shí)(過去、現(xiàn)在、未來)、遍一切地(九地)、遍一切處(十二處)、遍一切界(十八界)。加起來,其實(shí)就是遍一切時(shí)空,無所不在。為什么?因?yàn)闀r(shí)空及時(shí)空中的一切萬法,本來就是第八識(shí)所出生、所住持的。
這個(gè)第八識(shí)如來藏,它沒有開始,也永遠(yuǎn)沒有消失的時(shí)候,甚至沒有一剎那停頓不工作的時(shí)候,所以它永遠(yuǎn)年輕,永遠(yuǎn)健康,無需看醫(yī)生,無需吃藥;它靈明不昧,其了知的內(nèi)涵(根身、器界、種子、七識(shí)心行等),恰恰是第六識(shí)所不了知的;在第六識(shí)中斷不行的五種情況(眠熟、悶絕、正死、無想定、滅受想定)下,它都繼續(xù)工作,它永遠(yuǎn)不累、不睡、不吃、不喝;它的智能,它的能力,是本具的,無需學(xué)習(xí),也無須保持,永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)丟失、不會(huì)變異。由于眾生無明煩惱的覆蓋,它的作用不能充分發(fā)揮出來,但從來也沒有失去,如明鏡蒙塵,一旦塵垢去除,便立即照天鍳地。
而第六識(shí)所了知的,在眾生位,也恰恰是第八識(shí)所不了知的。所以,顛倒夢(mèng)想、生死煩惱的是第六識(shí),第八識(shí)則沒有任何顛倒夢(mèng)想,沒有任何生死煩惱,它本來就解脫,本來就自在,本來就是天真佛。
但本來佛、天真佛還不是究竟佛、圓滿佛,因?yàn)橹皇堑诎俗R(shí)的本體清凈而已,本體中還含有染污的種子。世間法、出世間法,從有無漏失(漏或漏失,指煩惱,是煩惱的異名)或有為無為(為是作用的意思,有為就是有作用,無為就是無作用)、可以概括為三種法,即有漏有為法,無漏有為法和無漏無為法。世間法都是有漏有為法,后二者是出世間法。所以第八識(shí)中含藏的法種,大致也有三種:有漏有為法種,無漏有為法種,無漏無為法種。(注意:既沒有“有漏無為法”,也沒有這樣的種子)
輔導(dǎo)梁武帝學(xué)佛的傅大士有首偈子中說:“夜夜抱佛眠,朝朝還共起,起坐鎮(zhèn)相隨,語默同居止;纖毫不相離,如身影相似,欲識(shí)佛去處,只這語聲是?!闭f的就是這個(gè)道理。所以,每個(gè)人、每個(gè)眾生都有一尊天真佛相隨,這就是我們的真心,第八識(shí)如來藏;平常人由于不知道這個(gè)真心,他們所說的真心,其實(shí)都是妄心。
我們生生世世,因真心而出生,我們的生命,因真心而存在。因?yàn)橛姓嫘挠啦幌?,我們才?huì)有下一世;因?yàn)橛姓嫘谋4嫖覀冃扌械姆N子,所以我們此世修行的任何功德利益,才都絕對(duì)不會(huì)喪失,才都功不唐捐。所以我們不必害怕生死,甚至不必害怕隔陰之謎,我們可以生生世世繼續(xù)不斷地學(xué)習(xí),繼續(xù)不斷地修行,直至成佛。
有你的佛為你站崗,為你看護(hù),累了,你可以盡管放心去睡覺,不必?fù)?dān)心醒不過來;有病,你可以盡管放心去做全麻手術(shù),既可以無痛,也不用擔(dān)心醒不過來;修禪定,你也不必怕入了定出不來。你的天真佛,它忠誠(chéng)無比,永遠(yuǎn)跟著你,絕不會(huì)離棄你,決不會(huì)背叛你。即使你死了,它也不會(huì)拋棄你,它一定會(huì)再出生一個(gè)你,但它絕不是一般人所說的靈魂。你只是一世又一世“因緣”的聚和;有聚就有散,聚的時(shí)候叫生,散的時(shí)候就叫死,然而它卻不會(huì)死,生生世世,它永存不滅。這個(gè)第八識(shí)真心、天真佛,在修行的不同階段,有不同的名字,所以又叫阿賴耶識(shí)、異熟識(shí)、無垢識(shí)。
我們的心,有無量無邊的功能作用,這些功能作用,潛伏在第八識(shí)中的時(shí)候,就叫做“種子”,種子是比喻的說法;種子活動(dòng)、起作用的時(shí)候,就叫“現(xiàn)行”,也叫“業(yè)”。業(yè),按其產(chǎn)生的處所有三種,即身業(yè)、口業(yè)、意業(yè)。按其性質(zhì),也有三種,即善業(yè)、惡業(yè)、無記業(yè)。無記業(yè)是大量的,無記就是無法說它是善,還是惡。如我們平常的衣食住行,說寫讀看,眨眼呼吸等等。
關(guān)于第七識(shí):
第七識(shí)名叫末那識(shí),在十八界中,叫意根。
十八界:即六根、六塵、六識(shí)。
六根是:眼根、耳根、鼻根、舌根、身根、意根。
六塵是:色塵、聲塵、香塵、味塵、觸塵、法塵。
六識(shí)是:眼識(shí)、耳識(shí)、鼻識(shí)、舌識(shí)、身識(shí)、意識(shí)。此六識(shí),以順序,眼識(shí)是第一識(shí),耳識(shí)是第二識(shí)??意識(shí)是第六識(shí)。
注意:十八界中有第七識(shí),叫末那識(shí),即意根;但第八識(shí)不在十八界中,不被十八界所攝,它是產(chǎn)生十八界的總根源。十八界都是可生可滅的法,而第八識(shí)是不生不滅的法。第七識(shí)唯有無余涅盤一種情況可斷滅,但畢竟是可以斷滅的法,既然可斷滅,就并不是常住法。故唯有第八識(shí)是真正永恒不滅的常住法。第八識(shí)在七地以前叫阿賴耶識(shí),成佛以前都可叫異熟識(shí),成佛后叫無垢識(shí)。
一心有八種不同的功能,以其功能的不同,分為八識(shí):眼識(shí),耳識(shí),鼻識(shí),舌識(shí),身識(shí),意識(shí),末那識(shí),阿賴耶識(shí)。識(shí)是識(shí)別、分別、了別、知道的意思。眼識(shí)了別色塵,耳識(shí)了別聲塵,鼻識(shí)了別香塵,舌識(shí)了別味塵,身識(shí)了別觸塵、意識(shí)了別法塵。前五識(shí)只能各自了別五塵的粗相,或叫總相,而第六識(shí),不但能了別全部五塵的總相,還能了別五塵的細(xì)相,或叫別相,以及了別五塵上所生的法塵。其實(shí)第六識(shí)對(duì)前五塵總、別相的了別,也還是透過五塵上所生的法塵來了別的,它不像前五識(shí)一樣能直接了別前五塵,但也正是因?yàn)樗峭高^五塵上所生的法塵來了別的,所以它不但能了別全部五塵的總相,還能了別五塵的別相。
第七識(shí)雖然也是透過五塵上所生的法塵來了別一切的,但它的了別,既不同于前五識(shí)面對(duì)面地直接對(duì)五塵的總相進(jìn)行了別,也不同于第六識(shí)能作精細(xì)的了別,而是另有特點(diǎn)。
第七識(shí)的特點(diǎn)主要有三:恒、審、思量。
恒,指第七識(shí)在大乘法中,由于菩薩雖證無余涅盤,而絕不入無余涅盤,所以,同第八識(shí)一樣,也是恒常存在,無有滅時(shí),無有間斷之時(shí)(但不能因此就說它也是真心,因?yàn)樗吘故强蓽绲?,而第八識(shí)是無論如何都不會(huì)滅的)。
審,指第七識(shí)雖能了別所有五塵上所生的法塵,但由于它只能和五別境心所的慧心所相應(yīng),而且其慧單獨(dú)運(yùn)作時(shí)極其羸劣,所以只能透過法塵了別五塵有無重大變化。但它對(duì)意識(shí)所了別結(jié)果的審查,卻極其敏銳。當(dāng)它發(fā)現(xiàn)五塵有重大變化的時(shí)候,它就會(huì)叫意識(shí)來幫它進(jìn)行具體的、細(xì)致的、準(zhǔn)確的了別。故能地剎那剎那審查。
思量,就是作主、做決定,這是第七識(shí)的一個(gè)重大功能,而且唯有第七識(shí)才有這個(gè)功能。眾生的每一個(gè)起心動(dòng)念,每發(fā)出一個(gè)詞語,每一個(gè)大大小小的行為動(dòng)作,都要靠第八識(shí)中相應(yīng)的種子現(xiàn)行才可以,而第八識(shí)中相應(yīng)的種子要現(xiàn)行,就必須有一個(gè)發(fā)布命令者,因?yàn)榈诎俗R(shí)是一個(gè)被動(dòng)心體。這其中,第六識(shí)是為第七識(shí)提供具體情報(bào)者,第七識(shí)是根據(jù)情報(bào)或業(yè)力發(fā)布命令者,而第八識(shí),則是執(zhí)行命令者。當(dāng)然,有的時(shí)候,第七識(shí)并不一定依第六識(shí)所提供的情報(bào)作決定、發(fā)命令,而是依俱生我執(zhí)的習(xí)氣來做決定、發(fā)命令的,所以才會(huì)有所謂理智與感情的沖突。理智,屬于第六識(shí)根據(jù)實(shí)際情況的清醒思維,而感情,則多屬累世形成的駕輕就熟的相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的個(gè)人性格。
第七識(shí)恒與我見、我愛、我慢、我癡相應(yīng),故曰我執(zhí)識(shí)。
因?yàn)槌醯仄兴_的見道位的修行已經(jīng)圓滿,開始進(jìn)入修道位,所以初地菩薩的知見和佛的知見一樣,叫“見與佛齊”。
菩薩修行成佛一共有五十二個(gè)位次,即十信、十住、十行、十回向、十地,共五十個(gè)位次,再加上等覺、妙覺兩個(gè)位次。
第三轉(zhuǎn)法 輪的唯識(shí)經(jīng)典,又把這五十二個(gè)位次分為五位,即資糧位、加行位、見道位、修道位、究竟位。其中從初信到第五住,是資糧位;第六住位,是加行位;從第七住到初地的入地心(每一地都又有三位區(qū)別,即入地心、住地心、滿地心),是見道位。見道位又有兩種,即真見道、相見道。第七住,是真見道;從第八住到初地的入地心,是相見道。從初地的住地心到等覺,是修道位。妙覺,是究竟位。
三轉(zhuǎn)法 輪和五時(shí)說法都是對(duì)釋迦牟尼佛說法內(nèi)容或時(shí)間的劃分。
五時(shí)說法:
1、華嚴(yán)時(shí):佛成道后,于最初二十一天,上天為大菩薩說《華嚴(yán)經(jīng)》,度大菩薩,是為華嚴(yán)時(shí)。
2、阿含時(shí):即在鹿野苑等處,于十二年中,說小乘阿含經(jīng),度聲聞、緣覺乘人,是為阿含時(shí)。
3、般若時(shí):繼阿含時(shí)后,度菩薩乘人,也為使小乘人回小向大,于二十二年間,說諸部般若經(jīng),講大乘般若總相智和別相智,是為般若時(shí)。
4、方等時(shí):方等經(jīng)即是大乘經(jīng)典的總稱,也叫方廣經(jīng)。繼般若時(shí)后,于八年中,說《維摩經(jīng)》、《勝鬘經(jīng)》等唯識(shí)系列的經(jīng)典,講大乘般若道種智和一切種智,是為方等時(shí)。
5、法華涅盤時(shí):再后八年,說《法華經(jīng)》,會(huì)三乘于唯一佛乘;將入滅時(shí),于一日一夜,說《涅盤經(jīng)》,顯佛地究竟涅盤之常、樂、我、凈義,昭示一切眾生皆有佛性,皆可成佛,是為法華涅盤時(shí)。
三轉(zhuǎn)法 輪:和三會(huì)說法類似,表示釋迦牟尼佛說法,有三個(gè)大的時(shí)期,所說佛法,有其不同的內(nèi)容,不同的度化對(duì)象。
1、初轉(zhuǎn)法 輪:也叫初會(huì)說法,以弘演聲聞、緣覺所修的出離三界生死的解脫道為主,總名二乘菩提,所度部眾為聲聞部。
2、二轉(zhuǎn)法 輪:也叫二會(huì)說法(二會(huì)也叫般若會(huì)),以弘演大乘般若中道、法界實(shí)相般若之總相智與別相智為主,所度部眾為三賢位(即十住、十行、十回向)之菩薩眾。
3、三轉(zhuǎn)法 輪:也叫三會(huì)說法(第三會(huì)也叫方等會(huì)),以弘演大乘成佛之道為主,即是方廣經(jīng)所說諸地菩薩應(yīng)修證之一切種智究竟了義妙法,乃是唯識(shí)增上慧學(xué),所度部眾為登地以上之菩薩。
佛法有五乘之分:人天乘、聲聞乘、緣覺乘、菩薩乘、佛乘。乘,即車,是運(yùn)載工具。人天乘是世間法,余四乘則是出世間法。
《法華經(jīng)》中還有四車之說,即羊車、鹿車、牛車、大白牛車。羊車即聲聞乘,鹿車即緣覺乘,牛車即菩薩乘,大白牛車即佛乘。
如何匯同五時(shí)、五乘和三轉(zhuǎn)三會(huì)?
1、第一會(huì)初轉(zhuǎn)法 輪即阿含時(shí),包括人天乘、聲聞乘、緣覺乘。
2、第二會(huì)二轉(zhuǎn)法 輪即般若時(shí),菩薩乘。
3、第三會(huì)三轉(zhuǎn)法 輪即華嚴(yán)時(shí)、方等時(shí)、法華涅盤時(shí),佛乘。
聲聞乘修四諦法門,四諦即苦諦、苦集諦、苦滅諦、苦滅道諦,簡(jiǎn)稱苦諦、集諦、滅諦、道諦,或苦集滅道。聲聞乘所證,有四果,初果名須陀洹,二果名斯陀含,三果名阿那含,四果名阿羅漢(也簡(jiǎn)稱羅漢)。阿羅漢已經(jīng)徹底滅除了分段生死的見思煩惱,見煩惱即我見,思煩惱即我執(zhí)。眾生所執(zhí)之自我猶如一張皮,煩惱好像皮上的毛,皮沒有了,毛就沒有地方可以長(zhǎng)了。所以要想證解脫果,首先要斷的就是我見。須陀洹是小乘的見道位,小乘的見道位要斷三縛結(jié)(我見結(jié)、疑見結(jié)、戒禁取見結(jié))。
小乘開悟的第一個(gè)問題,就是要認(rèn)識(shí)到根本沒有自我,斷除我見。我見是眾生錯(cuò)誤的想象。我見也叫身見。若我見、身見并用的時(shí)候,身見偏指錯(cuò)認(rèn)五蘊(yùn)中的色蘊(yùn)即色身為自我,我見則偏指五蘊(yùn)中的其它四蘊(yùn)(受蘊(yùn)、想蘊(yùn)、行蘊(yùn)、識(shí)蘊(yùn))即精神作用為自我。而五蘊(yùn)都只是因緣暫時(shí)聚合所生起的現(xiàn)象,因緣若散即滅,只是過程,并無實(shí)質(zhì),所以無我。
苦:佛法所說的苦有三種或八種。
三苦是苦苦、壞苦、行苦:
1、苦苦:純粹的受苦,如被打,牙痛等皮肉之苦以及精神上受煎熬等等。
2、壞苦:指的就是凡夫所認(rèn)為的樂,因?yàn)槠錁凡⒉荒艹1?,所謂樂的感覺很快就會(huì)過去,過去之后又是苦。所以真正不變的永恒的樂,在世間是不存在的。世間往往是苦中有樂,樂中有苦,苦樂參半。比如有愛、能愛是樂,但對(duì)所愛的人、事的思念就又是苦,和所愛人、事的分離也是苦。再如吃美味佳肴感到快樂,但吃得太多了,享受過后生病了,就是苦??匆娏撕脰|西起了欣賞的念是樂,可轉(zhuǎn)念一想得不到又變成了苦。
3、行苦:一切事物,包括我們的身體和精神,剎那變化,無有停止,統(tǒng)統(tǒng)只是一個(gè)暫時(shí)的過程,就像一場(chǎng)場(chǎng)戲一樣,演過就沒有了,永遠(yuǎn)抓不住、留不住,最終一定會(huì)消失。因此,所有的事物,包括我們對(duì)事物的感受,其實(shí)都只是一種不停變化的現(xiàn)象,都為行苦所攝。一般人只能感覺到大的變化,而對(duì)于剎那間的那種微細(xì)的變化是感覺不到的。
眾生無明,都是以苦為樂。佛法,就是教人從根本上離苦得樂的方法。什么叫真樂?在小乘來說,沒有分段生死的煩惱就是真樂;在大乘來說,直到成佛,連變異生死的煩惱也徹底去除得干干凈凈,才是究竟真樂。
小乘修行的目的僅是自覺,使自己從無明煩惱中覺醒過來,離苦得樂。大乘修行的目的,不僅是自覺,還要覺他,使一切眾生也都能從無明煩惱中覺醒過來,離苦得樂。這種自覺覺他的大愿什么時(shí)候圓滿?要到成佛的時(shí)候才圓滿。菩薩還沒有圓滿,還在逐漸圓滿、走向最后圓滿的過程中。
我們所在的世界叫娑婆世界,就是平常人所說的銀河系。娑婆世界的教主就是釋迦牟尼佛。娑婆的意思是堪忍,因?yàn)殒镀攀澜绲谋娚钥酁闃?,極能忍受痛苦,認(rèn)為好死不如賴活著,好多人一直忍受多年的病痛,即使到了臨終,還是不愿意放棄生命。
從我們所在的這個(gè)世界往西,再過十萬億個(gè)世界,那里有另外一個(gè)世界,叫極樂世界,阿彌陀佛是那里的教主,正在那里教化眾生。那是一個(gè)無苦的世界,一切所需,自然而有,無需勞作,所以那里的人有充分的時(shí)間聽聞、思維、修習(xí)佛法;那里的人都從蓮花中化生,長(zhǎng)得都像阿彌陀佛一樣,十分莊嚴(yán);那里的人沒有煩惱,所以也不生病,不會(huì)死亡,永遠(yuǎn)年輕,永遠(yuǎn)健康,無需醫(yī)院、無需醫(yī)生、無需藥物;那里沒有女人,所有的女人往生到那里,就都變成了男子,所以那里也沒有家庭,沒有家庭所帶來的一切痛苦煩惱;那里黃金為地,地平如掌,池樹皆七寶所成,微風(fēng)吹動(dòng),有百千種美妙音樂自然響起,也有無數(shù)美麗的小鳥飛翔鳴叫,都在音樂聲中演說佛法;七寶池中有各色蓮花,大如車輪,放出各種光色,光中有佛化出,無量菩薩圍繞著佛,聽佛說法;寶樹之間有寶網(wǎng)相連,寶網(wǎng)上有無數(shù)寶珠,互相輝映,于寶網(wǎng)上可以看到一切想看的事物,知道自己的過去未來,當(dāng)然也知道自己必然成佛;那里有無量的大菩薩,幫助阿彌陀佛教化眾生,所以那里的修行人,永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)退轉(zhuǎn),直至成佛??詳細(xì)情況,當(dāng)講凈土經(jīng)典時(shí)再說。
阿彌陀佛有兩大助手,一名觀世音菩薩,一名大勢(shì)至菩薩。他們都有大慈悲、大愿力、大智慧、大神通,不但在極樂世界幫助阿彌陀佛,也在娑婆世界幫助釋迦牟尼佛,接引有緣的念佛眾生到極樂世界去生活、修行。
佛法分為三個(gè)時(shí)期,共12000年,其中正法時(shí)期1000年,像法時(shí)期1000年,末法時(shí)期10000年?,F(xiàn)在正處于末法時(shí)期的第一個(gè)一千年中。
佛法中表示時(shí)間極長(zhǎng)的單位叫劫,有小劫、中劫、大劫、阿僧祇劫之分。表示劫的方法很多,其中有一種方法說,人壽從十歲起,每一百年增長(zhǎng)一歲,一直增到人壽八萬四千歲,叫一個(gè)增劫;再?gòu)陌巳f四千歲起,每一百年人壽減一歲,一直減到十歲,叫一個(gè)減劫。這一增一減為一劫。
(84000-10)×100×2=16798000,一小劫約為1680萬年;20個(gè)小劫為一個(gè)中劫,為335960000萬年;四個(gè)中劫為一個(gè)大劫,為1343840000萬年。無量個(gè)大劫是一個(gè)阿僧祇劫。阿僧祇的意思是無量,是印度的一個(gè)大數(shù)字,并不是我們平時(shí)的概念。
佛法中表示時(shí)間極短的單位叫剎那,一彈指就有60個(gè)剎那。事物的生滅極其迅速,肉眼看不到,心也感受不到,現(xiàn)代的儀器也測(cè)量不到,因?yàn)橐粍x那中就有900個(gè)生滅,所以人們不知道是假相。就如電影,大家看到銀幕上的形象都是連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的,其實(shí)原本是一張一張的單張膠片,因?yàn)槿说难劬Ω簧弦粡堃粡埬z片的轉(zhuǎn)換,所以感覺是連續(xù)的??梢娙说母杏X,其實(shí)都是錯(cuò)覺,人都是在錯(cuò)覺中生活而不自知,不知真實(shí),故曰無明。
愛因斯坦說:“物質(zhì)是人的錯(cuò)覺”。他的結(jié)論與佛法很接近。為什么是錯(cuò)覺?因?yàn)槿说母杏X器官的能力實(shí)在是太有限了,即使有現(xiàn)代科學(xué)儀器的幫助,也還是太有限了。如光譜,我們只能看到赤橙黃綠青藍(lán)紫,而此七色,在兩頭都無限的光譜中,只是極其微小的一部分,所以我們看到的,只能是假相,真相永遠(yuǎn)也看不到。但論其究竟,所有的相其實(shí)都是假相,真相是沒有形象的。
釋迦牟尼佛出生于古印度的迦毗羅衛(wèi)國(guó),其父凈飯王,其母摩耶夫人,住世八十年,示現(xiàn)涅盤至今已有2560年。
我們現(xiàn)在所在的劫,名叫賢劫。這個(gè)劫中,共有千佛出現(xiàn)。第一尊名拘留孫佛,第二尊名拘那含佛,第三尊名迦葉佛,釋迦牟尼佛是第四尊佛,未來的彌勒佛將是第五尊佛。
彌勒佛,現(xiàn)在其實(shí)還是菩薩,住在我們這個(gè)娑婆世界欲界的第四天,叫兜率天。兜率天分內(nèi)外院,其外院住一般的天眾,其內(nèi)院則是彌勒凈土,住修行的菩薩們,彌勒菩薩在那里為其它菩薩講解第三轉(zhuǎn)法 輪的唯識(shí)系列經(jīng)典,等待因緣成熟,56億7千萬年以后,下到人間示現(xiàn)成佛。
天,在佛法中,是六種生命形式的一種。其生存環(huán)境叫天界,簡(jiǎn)稱天;其中生活的眾生叫天人,也簡(jiǎn)稱天。六道眾生生存的客觀環(huán)境,大的分為三界,即欲界、色界、無色界。
欲界的眾生都有男女之別,都有男女欲望,故名欲界。欲界共有六天,也叫六欲天。從下往上,依序是:四天王天、忉利天、夜摩天、兜率天、化樂天、他化自在天。欲界天的天人,身體已是微細(xì)物質(zhì)構(gòu)成,一重比一重的高大,平常人是看不見的。
色界的眾生已無男女欲望,故亦沒有男女之別。由此也可見,并非只是極樂世界沒有男女相,即使娑婆世界的色界也已經(jīng)沒有男女的區(qū)別了。其實(shí)三界中,只有欲界的眾生才有男女相和男女的欲望,其它兩界都沒有。
色界眾生處于禪定之中,以禪悅為食,無需飲食,故無大小便利,亦無生藏熟藏。沒有鼻根、舌根之勝義根,無香塵、味塵,故亦無鼻識(shí)、舌識(shí)。十八界中只有十二界了。
色界共有十八天,其中初禪、二禪、三禪各有三天,共九天。四禪則共有九天,其中包括圣人居住的五不還天。色界的最高頂,色究竟天,是釋迦牟尼佛的報(bào)身為地上菩薩講說如何成佛的一切種智的地方;已經(jīng)登地的菩薩,可以發(fā)愿往生極樂世界跟隨阿彌陀佛學(xué)習(xí),也可以發(fā)愿往生色究竟天跟隨釋迦牟尼佛學(xué)習(xí)。色界天人的身體更加微細(xì),一重比一重更加高大,色究竟天天人的身體最為高大,大到一般人根本無法想象。
無色界的眾生則已沒有身體,只是精神的存在,所以十八界中,只剩下意根、法塵、意識(shí)三界了。既然沒有身體,當(dāng)然也沒有男女相以及男女的欲望。
無色界天共有四重,依序?yàn)椋嚎諢o邊處天、識(shí)無邊處天、無所有處天、非想非非想天。
真正的學(xué)佛人,并不發(fā)愿往生無色界天,因?yàn)闆]有身體,并且長(zhǎng)劫住在四空定中,無法聞思修學(xué),無法實(shí)踐佛法,更無法弘揚(yáng)佛法,自利利他,增長(zhǎng)福德和智慧,徒耗生命,浪費(fèi)時(shí)間而已。
佛法雖然也有世間法的人天善法,但它的主法是出世間法,其人天善法的目的,還是引導(dǎo)眾生修學(xué)出世間法。除佛法之外的任何宗教所宣揚(yáng)的法都只是世間法,而世間法不論多么好,從本質(zhì)上來說,就是煩惱法、生死法、輪回法。
中國(guó)的儒教,宣揚(yáng)仁義禮智信,固然是世間法,其實(shí)道教修身養(yǎng)性,一人得道,雞犬升天,也是世間法,縱然能升天,仍在六道輪回之中。其它的各大宗教,如天主教、基督教、猶太教、東正教、伊斯蘭教等等,也只不過宣說升天的法門而已,而且由于他們不修禪定,不可能生到色界天,只能生到欲界天而已。道教、印度教、婆羅門教、耆那教等由于修禪定,倒有可能生到色界天乃至無色界天;但縱然生到色界、無色界天,仍然在輪回之中,不能脫離生死。
但是,這里有個(gè)大問題,就是其它宗教的人到底能不能升天,去享天福?論其實(shí),絕大部分的人,不但不能升到天上,連人身也未必能保住。為什么?因?yàn)椴荒苁艹治褰涔?,因?yàn)椴粴⑸?、不偷盜、不邪淫、不妄語、不飲酒,是獲得人身的起碼條件,如果連人身都保不住,怎么可能升天呢。所以外教所說的升天法門,并不真實(shí)。
五戒是:第一、戒殺生,第二、戒偷盜,第三、戒邪淫,第四、戒妄語,第五、戒飲酒。這是再次獲得人身的五個(gè)基本條件,缺一不可。那么,試試看,究竟有幾個(gè)人能五條都做到呢?所以佛說得人身者如手中土,失人身者如大地土。
眼識(shí)九緣:緣,條件之義。就是說,眼識(shí)的生起,需要九個(gè)條件,缺一不可,即根、塵、空、明、作意、第六識(shí)、第七識(shí)、第八識(shí)、種子。
1、根:即眼根,包括扶塵根和勝義根。根的作用是接觸色塵。扶塵根接觸外色塵,勝義根接觸內(nèi)色塵。
2、塵:即色塵,有外色塵和內(nèi)色塵兩種。外色塵乃山河大地日月星辰以及五根身;內(nèi)色塵乃是第八識(shí)在眼勝義根即大腦視覺中樞處所顯現(xiàn)之內(nèi)色塵影像。眼識(shí)其實(shí)只能了知內(nèi)色塵,對(duì)外色塵的了知,實(shí)際上都是通過內(nèi)色塵來了知的。
3、空:即適當(dāng)?shù)目臻g距離,太遠(yuǎn)太近都看不到。
4、明:即適當(dāng)?shù)墓饷?,光太?qiáng)太弱也看不到。
5、作意:即引導(dǎo)心識(shí)趣向所分別對(duì)象的作用,這里主要指第六識(shí)作意心所的作用,就是俗話說的引起注意,否則,將視而不見。
6、第六識(shí):也叫分別依,意識(shí)是前五識(shí)的俱有依,因?yàn)槿绻麤]有第六識(shí)現(xiàn)行為前提,其作意心所就不能相隨而現(xiàn)行,就不能引導(dǎo)眼根趣向所對(duì)之色塵,眼識(shí)便無從升起。
7、第七識(shí):也叫染凈依,因?yàn)榈谄咦R(shí)是染凈萬法生起的總樞紐,第八識(shí)在世間運(yùn)行,必須要有第七識(shí)配合才行,第八識(shí)中所有功能的啟動(dòng),都要靠第七識(shí)發(fā)布指令。
8、第八識(shí):也叫根本依,因?yàn)槿f法都依第八識(shí)為根本而生起,而住持。
9、種子:也叫種子依,因?yàn)槿f法都由種子變現(xiàn)。這里主要指眼識(shí)的種子。
耳識(shí)八緣:因?yàn)樯鸲R(shí)不需要光明緣。
鼻識(shí)、舌識(shí)、身識(shí)七緣:因?yàn)榧炔恍枰饷?,也不需要空間距離。嗅感細(xì)胞必須直接觸到香塵;味蕾必須直接觸到味塵;身體必須直接觸到觸塵。
意識(shí)五緣:除了不需要光明和距離外,它本身就是第六識(shí),當(dāng)然不需要分別依,又因?yàn)橐飧褪堑谄咦R(shí),所以又少了染凈依,就只剩下五緣了。即:
1、根(意根),2、法塵,3、作意(意根的作意心所),4、第八識(shí),5、意識(shí)的識(shí)種。
末那識(shí)三緣:除了無余涅盤一種情況,第七識(shí),即末那識(shí)意根,永遠(yuǎn)和第八識(shí)在一起。但第七識(shí)既然是可滅之法,也一定是可生之法。既然可生,就一定有生起所需的條件。但為什么所需緣如此之少?我們從意識(shí)五緣而觀。第七識(shí)的根即第八識(shí),所以又少了一緣。法塵與意根是相對(duì)相依而存在,意根還沒有生起的時(shí)候,還沒有法塵。那么,剩下的條件就只有三個(gè)了,那就是:
1、第八識(shí),2、第八識(shí)的作意心所,3、第七識(shí)的識(shí)種。
阿賴耶識(shí)四緣:第八識(shí)不是不生不滅嗎?為什么還有生緣呢?原來,所謂生緣,都是依每個(gè)識(shí)在三界中生起作用而言的。如無余涅盤中第八識(shí)獨(dú)存而不生起任何作用,當(dāng)然就不存在生緣的問題。
第七識(shí)、第八識(shí)互為所依根,所以
1、第八識(shí)的根就是第七識(shí)。
2、既然有第七識(shí)意根,當(dāng)然就有法塵。
3、第七識(shí)的作意心所。
4、第八識(shí)的識(shí)種。
八個(gè)識(shí)生起所需要的因緣數(shù)量:按順序?yàn)榫虐似咂咂呶迦摹?/p>
色:有四種,即顯色、形色、表色、無表色。其中只有顯色是色的實(shí)體。
1、顯色:就是顏色,眼識(shí)所了別的只有顯色。佛教里說的顯色,粗說只有四種,即青、黃、赤、白;細(xì)說則還有明、暗等。
2、形色:是顯色集聚的分位差別,必須比較才能了知,所以是意識(shí)了別的對(duì)象,因?yàn)橹挥幸庾R(shí)有比較的功能。如長(zhǎng)、短、方、圓、粗、細(xì)、高、下、正、不正等。
3、表色:指有所表示的動(dòng)作,是顯色、形色的差別業(yè)用。如取、舍、屈、伸、行、住、坐、臥等。
4、無表色:則是顯色、形色二種色,或再加表色共三種色所顯示出來的綜合效應(yīng),內(nèi)涵,或某種韻味,如美麗、丑陋、宏偉、輝煌等。
死的定義,就是身壞命終。在佛教里,死的指標(biāo),既不以停止呼吸、停止心跳為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),也不以觀察不到腦電波為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),而是以身體冷透為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。為什么?說明第八識(shí)已經(jīng)不再持身了,已經(jīng)完全離開身體了,身體已經(jīng)成了死尸了。
那么,在正死位,此世的身體已經(jīng)不能用了,而中陰身還沒有全部生起,七、八兩個(gè)識(shí)是如何運(yùn)作的呢?第八識(shí)是一個(gè)被動(dòng)心體,如果沒有第七識(shí),它就獨(dú)住于自己的境界中,那就是無余涅盤。如果與第七識(shí)在一起,第七識(shí)是發(fā)布指令者,而第八識(shí)則是執(zhí)行指令者。
第七識(shí)發(fā)布指令,有三種情況。
一、在眠熟無夢(mèng)、二無心定(即無想定和滅盡定)三種情況下,因有正常的五根身故,第八識(shí)接受第七識(shí)剎那剎那要監(jiān)察一切、了解有無重大變化的決定,憑借五扶塵根接觸外五塵,顯現(xiàn)外五塵上有變動(dòng)或無變動(dòng)之外法塵,第七識(shí)便依此法塵監(jiān)察一切,了解有無重大變化。如果沒有重大變化,就剎那剎那做繼續(xù)睡覺或繼續(xù)入定的決定,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)了重大變化,出于保護(hù)生命的本能,第七識(shí)就會(huì)作出要了解這個(gè)重大變化的決定。但它自身沒有了解重大變化具體情況的本事,因?yàn)樗荒芎臀鍎e境心所的慧心所相應(yīng),其慧昧劣。第八識(shí)了別第七識(shí)的決定后,就會(huì)流注第六識(shí)的種子,種子變現(xiàn)行,第六識(shí)就可以幫助第七識(shí)進(jìn)行具體的了別,再根據(jù)具體情況作出相應(yīng)的決定。
第七識(shí)獨(dú)自運(yùn)作的時(shí)候雖然昧劣,但當(dāng)它有第六識(shí)配合的時(shí)候,它對(duì)第六識(shí)所提供情報(bào)的審察,及其根據(jù)此審查和它具有的俱生我執(zhí)的習(xí)氣來作決定,就變得極其敏捷。
二、在悶絕(由于種種原因而喪失了任何知覺)時(shí),由于五勝義根的集合體(大腦)被麻醉或受傷,第八識(shí)或無法藉勝義根而現(xiàn)內(nèi)六塵,或雖現(xiàn)殘缺、模糊的內(nèi)六塵而六識(shí)無法正常出生,所以第七識(shí)雖然一再作決定要出生六識(shí),仍無可能,只能依于求生的習(xí)氣不斷作恢復(fù)根身的決定,等待麻藥力量逐漸消退,或配合第八識(shí)盡可能地修復(fù)受傷的部分。
三、正死位有突然死亡和正常死亡兩種。
突然死亡:如出交通事故,被槍擊,被砍頭等,根身立刻壞死或身首異處,內(nèi)外五根不復(fù)能用,法塵突然不現(xiàn),第七識(shí)立即審察到身體已經(jīng)的確不能用了,就作決定舍身,并根據(jù)其俱生我執(zhí)(生生世世連續(xù)不斷的自我執(zhí)著)的習(xí)氣作決定出生中陰身;第八識(shí)執(zhí)行指令,實(shí)時(shí)流注中陰身色法四大種以及六識(shí)種,中陰身及其六識(shí)便得以出生。
正常死亡:如自然老死、因病去世等,第七識(shí)根據(jù)法塵的衰變逐漸了解到身體越來越不好用了,最后法塵不再出現(xiàn)了,身體真的不能用了,終于決定舍身并出生中陰身。第八識(shí)執(zhí)行指令,便一分一分地從根身中退出,退出一分,中陰身就出生一分,身體就冷一分,全部退出以后,中陰身也就全部成就了,身體便很快冷透了。中陰身一旦成就,就具足十八界,開始了最多四十九天的中陰生命的歷程。
正死位與六識(shí)斷滅的其它四種情況(眠熟無夢(mèng)、悶絕、無想定、滅盡定)的最大不同,就是五扶塵根和五勝義根都?jí)牧?,不能現(xiàn)起外內(nèi)六塵。但是第七識(shí),第八識(shí)都還在運(yùn)作,他們是根據(jù)什么來運(yùn)作的呢?我們知道,第七識(shí)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn),就是審察法塵有無重大變化。當(dāng)法塵不再出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候,第七識(shí)就知道根身不能用了,就會(huì)決定舍身和出生中陰身。至于中陰身在正死位大約八個(gè)小時(shí)中七、八兩個(gè)識(shí)如何運(yùn)作的詳細(xì)情況,那是地上菩薩修學(xué)種智的內(nèi)容,我們不敢妄測(cè)。
中陰身:介于此世和下一世,過渡階段的生命形式。
人死后,在最多四十九天的時(shí)間內(nèi),會(huì)有一個(gè)臨時(shí)的身體,作為一個(gè)過渡。但中陰身一期的生命,最多只有七天。一共最多只有七期。所以每七天,就會(huì)死生一次。每天都有機(jī)會(huì)尋找有緣的父母去投胎。
除了以上所說,中陰身還有以下一些特點(diǎn):
1、中陰身靠嗅食物的香味維持生命。
2、中陰身與此世相連,還知道此世的一些重要情況。
3、中陰身有小神通,而其神通主要表現(xiàn)在尋找未來的父母上,其眼、其耳、其身,不受墻壁、距離的障礙,所以縱然再遠(yuǎn),哪怕遠(yuǎn)在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng),甚至別的世界,縱然有屋舍遮蓋或距離遙遠(yuǎn),對(duì)未來父母,卻看得一清二楚,如在目前。
4、一旦找到相應(yīng)的父母,就等待投胎的機(jī)會(huì)。開始的幾個(gè)七天時(shí)間較從容,越到最后越緊迫,到最后第七個(gè)七天,一定會(huì)投胎,絕不會(huì)超過四十九天。
5、投胎的其實(shí)并不是中陰身,而是第七識(shí)和第八識(shí),由中陰身的第七識(shí)作決定,中陰身的第八識(shí)隨緣。中陰身只是去找未來的父母,一旦投胎,中陰身即告消失。
七、八兩個(gè)識(shí),生生世世都不滅亡,生生世世在一起。所以對(duì)他們來說,根本就無所謂生與死,他們是往來三世的。有生有死的,是前六識(shí)和身體。
五眼:即肉眼、天眼、慧眼、法眼、佛眼。
1、肉眼,即平常人的眼。特點(diǎn)是看前不看后,太近太遠(yuǎn)、太大太小都看不見,沒有光也看不見。而且不能穿越障礙,中間只是哪怕只隔一張紙,也看不見了。
2、天眼,即天人的眼睛,或具有天眼通的人所具有的眼。特點(diǎn)是沒有以上所說的任何障礙,而且可以看到未來的事物。
3、慧眼,即開悟以后的眾生所具有的智慧之眼。特點(diǎn)是已經(jīng)開始能夠看到事物的真實(shí),小乘人能看到空相,大乘人不但能看到空相,還能看到空性。
4、法眼,慧眼只能看到空相、空性的總相以及總相中的別相,而看不到別相以及別相中的別相。而法眼,則不僅能看到慧眼所能看到的一切,還能看到慧眼所看不到的別相和別相中的別相;不但能看到空性別相中的別相,而且能看到一切法各個(gè)層次的總相別相,但是還沒有圓滿究竟。
5、佛眼,可以究竟圓滿地徹見十方一切世界、一切佛、一切菩薩和一切眾生的過去、現(xiàn)在、未來的一切,故號(hào)正遍知。
六通:即天眼通、天耳通、宿命通、他心通、神足通、漏盡通。各種通都有不同的層次。
1、天眼通,即上面所說的天眼的能力。佛能知無量界以后的事,所以可以為人授記,預(yù)告某人何時(shí)成佛,佛國(guó)名何,度眾多少,佛號(hào)為何,住世多久等等。
2、天耳通,即天人或修得天耳通的人所具有的聽力。大菩薩得天耳通,如觀世音菩薩,能聽到一切世界的一切聲音,所以才可以循聲救苦。
3、他心通,能知他人起心動(dòng)念的能力,大菩薩能知一切眾生心中所想。
4、宿命通,指能知過去事情的能力,佛的宿命通能知無量劫以前的各種事。
5、神足通,上天入地,飛行變化,無所不能,大菩薩可以剎那間到十方任何世界。
6、漏盡通,指煩惱已經(jīng)徹底沒有了。小乘的漏盡通只斷分段生死的煩惱,大乘的漏盡通連變異生死的煩惱也斷了。
心法和色法:
在百法里,心法是八大心王和五十一個(gè)心所,色法就是五根六塵十一個(gè)色法;
在五蘊(yùn)里,色法就是色蘊(yùn)——五根、六塵;而六塵,主要是指能由六識(shí)分別的內(nèi)六塵,心法就是受蘊(yùn)、想蘊(yùn)、行蘊(yùn)和識(shí)蘊(yùn);
在十八界里,心法是意根和六識(shí),色法還是五根六塵。
能取和所?。喝∈菙z取、取著之義。能取就是能分別、能執(zhí)著之義;所取就是被分別、被執(zhí)著之義。分別,是了知之義;執(zhí)著是抓住不放之義。能取的是前七識(shí),而所取的,既有色法,也包括心法。
色心二法與能所二取,有一些不同之處:
能取的都是心法,但心法不一定都是能取,第八識(shí)不分別、不執(zhí)著,所以它不屬于能取,能取的只是前七識(shí)。不但如此,第八識(shí)因?yàn)楸坏谄咦R(shí)執(zhí)為自我,反而成了所取的對(duì)象。所以,能取,只是前七識(shí),而所取,是一切法。
一心,就如一只蝸牛,而能取和所取就如蝸牛頭上的兩只角。這個(gè)一心是什么?就是出生一切法的總根源,即第八識(shí),也叫如來藏。能取、所取,相對(duì)而存在,有能取,必然有所??;有所取,也必然有能取。
下面繼續(xù)講《心經(jīng)》。
○無無明,亦無無明盡。乃至無老死,亦無老死盡。這四句是講,在無余涅盤之中,五蘊(yùn)、十八界通通已被消滅,唯余第八識(shí)獨(dú)存,煩惱已經(jīng)沒有了,消滅煩惱的十二因緣法也沒用了。其實(shí)就在五蘊(yùn)、十八界存在的當(dāng)下,站在第八識(shí)本體的立場(chǎng)上,又何嘗不是如此呢?
十二因緣:也叫十二有支,這里指小乘緣覺的修行法門,在定中觀察從生到死的三世因果。有順逆兩種觀法。十二因緣也叫十二有支。即:無明、行、識(shí)、名色、六入、觸、受、愛、取、有、生、老死。
三世:即過去世、現(xiàn)在世、未來世?,F(xiàn)在世只有一世,過去、未來則有無量世。前兩支講過去世,中間八支講現(xiàn)在世,最后兩支講未來世。
一、無明:無明就是煩惱,煩惱就是無明。有兩種,一種叫一念無明,一種叫無始無明,二者加起來,叫五住地?zé)o明煩惱。
一念無明,也叫一念無明四住地?zé)?,即見一處住地?zé)馈⒂缱〉責(zé)?、色界住地?zé)馈o色界住地?zé)?。其中見一處住地?zé)酪步幸娀?,后三者也叫思惑,所以一念無明四住地?zé)?,也叫見思惑?/p>
見一處住地?zé)溃海ㄒ步幸娀螅┰谛〕思粗溉`結(jié),在大乘即是五利使。結(jié)、使,都是煩惱的異名。
三縛結(jié):即我見結(jié)、疑見結(jié)、戒禁取見結(jié)。此三縛結(jié),是證小乘聲聞初果須陀洹所必須斷除的,或說,斷除了三縛結(jié),就證初果。
我見:我見、我執(zhí)是生死輪回的根本原因,而我見是首要原因,因?yàn)槲乙姴粩啵透菊劜簧蠑辔覉?zhí)。所以斷我見是修行的頭等大事。我見,就是認(rèn)為有一個(gè)自我存在,而事實(shí),是決定無我。認(rèn)為有我,既然違背事實(shí),就只能是凡夫和外道的虛妄想。具體說有兩個(gè)方面,一個(gè)方面是認(rèn)為這個(gè)身體就是我,另一個(gè)方面是認(rèn)為這個(gè)能知能覺的心就是我。其實(shí)這兩方面是分不開的,所以,有時(shí)說身見就是我見。但若分開來說,身見是認(rèn)為身體是我,我見是認(rèn)為見聞?dòng)X知心是我。身見很容易斷,因?yàn)槿艘凰溃眢w就壞了。我見則不易斷,因?yàn)橛腥苏J(rèn)為,靈魂不滅。
我見的實(shí)質(zhì):一般的人根本不知道有第七識(shí)、第八識(shí),只知道有前六識(shí),主要是第六識(shí),稱之為心,或者靈魂。好多人認(rèn)為,身體好比一件衣服,人死了,但精神長(zhǎng)存,下一世會(huì)有一個(gè)新的身體,好比換了一件衣服。問題在于,一般人所說的這個(gè)心——意識(shí),它不能到下一世,死的時(shí)候就徹底斷滅了,即使活著的時(shí)候,也還有四種情況會(huì)斷,其實(shí)每天睡著不做夢(mèng)的時(shí)候,它就斷了。所以我見,根本上就是認(rèn)為意識(shí)或意識(shí)的種種變相境界為自我的錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)知。
如何斷我見:就是觀察意識(shí)及其變相境界都虛妄不實(shí)。怎樣進(jìn)行觀察呢?
其一、觀其為因緣所生(前面講過意識(shí)產(chǎn)生需要五個(gè)條件),有生就有滅,有生有滅就不是常住法,不常住就違背我義;
其二、觀察意識(shí)的種種境界都依意識(shí)而有,意識(shí)虛妄,它們也都不實(shí),故對(duì)意識(shí)的各種境界都要有所了解。
其三、對(duì)四諦、十二因緣,以及五蘊(yùn)、六入、十二處、十八界,要有很具體的了解,然后在定中,一一仔細(xì)觀察思維。
其四、特別要弄清楚的是外六塵和內(nèi)六塵,即外相分和內(nèi)相分,以及外六入和內(nèi)六入。
疑見:對(duì)一切世間法都是緣生緣滅不確定,對(duì)無我的真理不清楚,對(duì)意識(shí)不是自我不明白,對(duì)世間的哲人、思想家以及外道所說的道理錯(cuò)在哪里不了解,對(duì)佛門內(nèi)的大師們所說的道理是對(duì)還是錯(cuò),沒有能力判斷揀擇,故人云亦云,隨大流,無有正確的決定心。
戒禁取見:屬于“非因計(jì)因”,即不知正確的證果原因,妄圖修不正確的戒條,取得超生或解脫。比如,有些外道,有一點(diǎn)小神通,當(dāng)他們看到有的牛、魚死后生到天上做了天人,就誤以為吃草,或在水里生活就可以生天,于是,與其弟子就受持所謂的牛戒、魚戒。有些想證初果須陀洹的人,不知證初果必須先斷我見,而我見就是認(rèn)為第六識(shí)是常住不滅的無我真心,于是勤修禪定,企圖修到一念不生、了了常知的禪定境界;不知縱然一念不生,因了了
第二篇:佛教詞匯
佛教
буддизм ;буддийская религия 釋教
буддуизм 上乘(即大乘)
Махаяна 下乘(即小乘)
Хинаяна
大乘
Махаяна;Большая колесница ;Широкий путь спасения 小乘
Хинаяна ;Малая колесница ;Узкий путь спасения 瑜伽宗
секта Егакара 天臺(tái)宗
секта Тяньтай 禪宗
секта Чань
喇嘛教
ламаистский монастырь(храм)喇嘛廟
ламаист(ламаит)喇嘛教徒
желтая секта ламаизма 黃教
красная секта ламаизма 紅教
белая секта ламаизма 白教
Шакья-Муни 釋迦牟尼
Будда 佛(“佛陀”的簡(jiǎn)稱)
Будда
如來(釋迦牟尼的稱號(hào))Будда Татагата
阿彌陀佛
амитафо ;амитабу ;амитаба 菩薩
бодисатва 羅漢
Алохань 阿羅漢
Алохань
三昧
секрет ;суть ;сокровенный смысл 四大
четыре элемента ;земля,вода,огонь,воздух 彌陀
Амитаба
觀音(即“觀世音”)
богиня Милосердия ;бодисатва 觀音菩薩
бодисатва Гуаньинь 彌勒
Будда Мартейя 韋馱
Веда
金剛
Бог-хранитель ;божество-хранитель 達(dá)摩
бодидхарма
閻羅
Ямараджа-владыка ада
閻王
властитель ада Яньван;владыка ада 閻王殿
дворец владыки ада
玄奘
Танский монах Сюаньцзан
鑒真
Дзиянчжэнь
經(jīng)
канон ;сутра
佛經(jīng)
буддийский канон;полное собрание буддийских канон
經(jīng)藏
сутра-питака
藏經(jīng)
буддийский канон ;полное собрание буддийских канонов
三藏經(jīng)
трипитака
釋部
сборник буддийских канонов ;сутры
釋門
буддизм
金剛經(jīng)
сутра бога-хранителя
法華經(jīng)
сутра дхарма
佛學(xué)
буддизм
三寶
три сокровищницы буддизма(Будда,его учение и его ученики)
法
учение ;правила
佛法
буддийское учение
佛教主義
правила буддизма
佛的法力
чудотворства Будды
真諦
истина
四諦
четыре истины буддизма
清規(guī)
заповедь
戒規(guī)
наставления
清規(guī)戒律
заповеди и обеты
禪(意為靜思)
созерцание
禪(泛指一切佛教事物)буддийский
禪定
Диана ;погружаться в созерцание
坐禪
погружаться в созерцание
參禪
созерцание(у буддистов)
禪機(jī)
откровение(у буддистов)
禪心
созерцание
禪悟
пробуждение ;постижение истины
入定
погрузиться в созерцание
菩提
Буди
菩提樹
фикус благочестивый
圓寂
паринирвана
入滅
погружаться в нирвану
解脫
спастись ;спасение души
自在 свобода разума
空
пустота
四大皆空
суета сует ;мирская суета
空門
монашество
遁入空門
принять монашество
法門
путь к буддизму
慈悲
милосердие
劫
мировой период(=4320 млн.лет)
三乘
три пути спасения
業(yè)
деяние
六欲
шесть плотских страстей
因緣
причина
緣
причинная связь
緣分
судьба
夙緣(宿緣)
заветное желание
結(jié)緣
связаться с кем
孽因
грех
因果報(bào)應(yīng)
карма ;возмездие
六根 уесть органов чувств :глаз,ухо,нос,язык,тело,разм
德行(善行)
добродетель ;добрый поступок
功德
доброе дело
陰功
тайное дело
善
добро
惡
зло
造孽
грех
報(bào)應(yīng)
возмездие
前世(前生)
предыдущая жизнь
今生
настояцая жизнь
來世
загробная жизнь
來世報(bào)應(yīng)說
возмездие ;воздаяние ;кара
大千世界
вселенная ;мир
極樂世界
рай ;эдем
西天
рай ;тот свет
凈土
рай
法眼
око Будды
慧眼
прозорливость ;острый глаз
超度
молебствие(панихида)по умершему
慈航
путь спасения
苦海
юдоль скорби
海苦無邊
безбрежное море мук
彼岸
тот свет ;нирвана
轉(zhuǎn)生
перерождение ;переселение душ
濁世
мир земной
凡塵
мирской ;земной
下凡
сойти с неба ;спуститься из рая на землю
下界
дольный мир
看破紅塵
постичь бренность жизни
黃泉
загробный(потусторонний)мир
陰間(陰曹地府)
царство теней
梵
брама
梵文
санскрит
寺院
монастырь
僧院
буддийский храм
梵剎
буддийский монастырь
古剎
древний монастырь
蘭若(佛寺)
буддийский монастырь
阿蘭若
скромное жилище
廟
храм ;кумирня
禪林
(буддийский)храм
庵(尼庵)
женский монастырь
大殿
главный зал(в храме)
禪堂
помещение в храме
禪房
жилище в храме
藏經(jīng)閣
хранилище буддийских канонов
神壇
гробница ;святыня ;рака
方丈 настоятель(буддийского храма);аббат(обычного храма)
住持
настоятель(монастыря)
知客
буддийский церемонимейстер
僧
монах
高僧
возвышенный монах
僧尼
монахи и монахини
僧俗
монахи и миряне
僧師
буддийский монах
和尚
монах
沙門(桑門)
бонзы ;буддийский монахи
比丘(俗稱“和尚”)
бонза ;буддийский монах
比丘尼(俗稱“尼姑”)
буддистка-монахиня
沙彌
послушник
尼(尼姑)
монахиня
頭陀
бродячий монах
行腳僧
странствующий монах
托缽僧
дервиш
法師
святой ;бонза
居士 последователь буддизма,не принявший пострижения ;буддист
**
живой Будда
喇嘛
лама
皈依
исповедовать что ;поклоняться кому
剃度
постриг
戒
епитимья ;умерщвление плоти
受戒
принятие обета
取經(jīng)
паломничество за священными книгами
化緣
собирать пожертвования ;проситт подаяния
布施
подавать милостыню
施主
жертвователь
檀越(即“施主”)
благодетель ;жертвователь
合十
сложить ладони(в знак приветствия)
浴佛舍
Праздник купания Будды
舍利
прах
舍利塔
ступа
寶塔
пагода
浮屠
пагода
七級(jí)浮屠
семиярусная пагода
衣缽
наследие;регалии
袈裟
ряса
缽
миска ;чаша
戒刀
монаший нож
錫杖
монаший посох
念珠
четки
法器
музыкальные инструменты буддийского богослужения
蒲團(tuán)
круглая подстилка
法號(hào)
монашеское имя
坐化
смерть
打坐
сидеть,положив ногу на ногу
膜拜
класть поклоны
念經(jīng)
читать сутру
苦修
подвижничество
舍身
пожертвовать собой
顯靈
явление духа
現(xiàn)身說法
аоказать на личном примере
佛像光輪
нимб ;сияние;орело
南無
Намо
香
курительные свечи
燒香
возджигать курительные свечи
香火
фимиам
香爐
курильница
香客
паломник ;странник
朝山進(jìn)香
паломничать по монастырям
還顧
жертвоприношение по обету
清齋
поститься
齋期
великопостный
開齋
разговляться
齋飯
постная пица
齋戒
поститься
齋戒日
постный день
齋戒沐浴
пост и омовение
吃齋
есть постное
長(zhǎng)齋
(пожизненный)пост
素
овощной
素食主義
вегетарианство
素食主義者
вегетарианец
世界佛教徒聯(lián)誼會(huì)
Всемирное содружество буддистов
第三篇:佛教詞匯
2010年8月23日
第63期
總第280期
雪野辦事處為民解憂受稱贊
近日,東明路街道辦事處登門送錦旗,感謝管網(wǎng)所雪野辦事處員工冒高溫頂烈日,為小區(qū)居民解決用水困難。事情發(fā)生在8月3日晨6時(shí)許,街道轄區(qū)尚博路799弄居民區(qū)一根地下水管突然破損,造成該小區(qū)34號(hào)至39號(hào)共3幢大樓、6個(gè)門洞、186戶居民家中完全斷水。當(dāng)天適逢39.6度高溫,面對(duì)居民因天熱酷暑又遇斷水困擾難題,街道辦事處向浦東威立雅公司緊急求援。雖然物業(yè)水管不屬于維修范圍,但雪野辦事處想群眾所想、急居民所急,不講任何條件,在第一時(shí)間派出了專業(yè)隊(duì)伍赴小區(qū)搶修。為盡快修復(fù)水管,還調(diào)用了大型設(shè)備來掘路。搶修隊(duì)員們?cè)诹胰盏恼丈湎聯(lián)]汗如雨地作業(yè),其敬業(yè)精神令人感動(dòng),受到在場(chǎng)居民的紛紛贊揚(yáng)。搶修過程中,為保障居民基本用水,送水車在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)一直服務(wù)到恢復(fù)通水,使送水車在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。特別要指出的是,搶修工作完成后,第二天凌晨該小區(qū)另一處水管也發(fā)生爆裂,雪野辦事處同樣火速前往掘路搶修,直至4日中午12時(shí),恢復(fù)了居民正常用水。
(公共關(guān)系部
高德祿)
駐場(chǎng)保障組救人、“救水”兩不誤
8月13日下午,40℃的高溫成了近期最為炎熱的一天。駐場(chǎng)保障組不懼高溫,趕往C片區(qū)非洲聯(lián)合館查看空調(diào)機(jī)組內(nèi)裝水壓不穩(wěn)的情況。行駛至長(zhǎng)清路時(shí),邱海雷看到一位“小白菜”在沿途攔車,“麻煩你們把游客送到出入口,游客病了他要叫車回家。”志愿者說道。詢問情況后,邱海雷和莊文俊趕快將游客扶上了
車,其余兩人則步行趕往非洲聯(lián)合館。此時(shí),游客雙手捂著腹部已經(jīng)疼得說不出話了,兩人顧不得多想,一路鳴笛將游客送到最近的醫(yī)療站,在和醫(yī)生做了簡(jiǎn)單的交待后,又匆匆的趕往非洲聯(lián)合館和其他兩人匯合后處理用水問題。幫助非洲聯(lián)合館處理好用水問題后,一行四人放心不下那位游客,在返回駐場(chǎng)保障組的路上又趕到醫(yī)療站,醫(yī)生告訴他們,該名游客被診斷為急性盲腸炎,還伴有發(fā)燒癥狀,已經(jīng)被緊急送往園外醫(yī)院了,多虧了及時(shí)的救助,晚了可能有生命危險(xiǎn)。在保障園區(qū)供水運(yùn)營(yíng)的同時(shí),能夠力所能及地幫助身邊人,駐場(chǎng)保障組的成員都覺得非常值得。
(管網(wǎng)所
華瑛)
光榮榜
在世博運(yùn)行保障“服務(wù)世博、奉獻(xiàn)世博”創(chuàng)先爭(zhēng)優(yōu)活動(dòng)、立功競(jìng)賽活動(dòng)中,我公司捷報(bào)頻傳,涌現(xiàn)出可歌可頌的先進(jìn)事跡和先進(jìn)集體與個(gè)人:
1、管網(wǎng)所閥門二隊(duì)——榮獲上海市工人先鋒號(hào)稱號(hào);
2、駐場(chǎng)保障組——榮獲得上海世博園區(qū)運(yùn)行保障立功競(jìng)賽“月度冠軍”、城投總公司世博運(yùn)行保障單位世博先鋒號(hào)流動(dòng)紅旗;
3、雪野辦事處——榮獲城投總公司世博運(yùn)行保障單位“城投工人先鋒號(hào)”稱號(hào)。
4、管網(wǎng)所邱海雷——榮獲上海市世博先鋒一線行動(dòng)“優(yōu)秀共產(chǎn)黨員”稱號(hào);
5、管網(wǎng)所莊文俊——榮獲上海世博工作優(yōu)秀個(gè)人、城投世博服務(wù)明星稱號(hào);
6、管網(wǎng)所何曄——榮獲上海世博園區(qū)運(yùn)行保障立功競(jìng)賽“月度冠軍”(個(gè)人)、城投世博服務(wù)明星稱號(hào);
7、凌橋水廠楊勇——榮獲上海世博工作優(yōu)秀個(gè)人稱號(hào);
8、客服中心唐亮——榮獲城投世博服務(wù)明星稱號(hào);
9、客服中心李蓓玲——榮獲上海世博會(huì)設(shè)施和環(huán)境管理立功競(jìng)賽保障明星稱號(hào)。(公共關(guān)系部
祝忠義管網(wǎng)所
華瑛)
第四篇:LOGO標(biāo)志釋義常用詞匯
LOGO標(biāo)志釋義,即 LOGO設(shè)計(jì)說明或設(shè)計(jì)意念,是設(shè)計(jì)者對(duì)其設(shè)計(jì)的圖稿作文字的解釋。我們常說,好的設(shè)計(jì)必須要有好的說明,尤其對(duì)“濃縮”的設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)——LOGO標(biāo)志來說,其“說明”顯得更重要。好的說明,不但要準(zhǔn)確無誤、言簡(jiǎn)意賅地反映設(shè)計(jì)者和其作品的意圖和含意,且要文筆流暢,語詞生輝,憑借短短的數(shù)十字或數(shù)百字的介紹,使客戶和讀者很快認(rèn)識(shí)標(biāo)徽并產(chǎn)生共鳴,因而詞匯在釋文中卻有著舉足輕重的作用。
企業(yè)LOGO標(biāo)志釋義 通常有自己慣用的詞匯,它們涉及到企業(yè)理念、行業(yè)特質(zhì)、設(shè)計(jì)術(shù)語、美學(xué)、吉祥用語等等方面。若將這些詞匯有機(jī)地搭配或舉一反三地加以發(fā)揮運(yùn)用,你就不會(huì)犯愁寫不出好的釋文了。
常見詞匯:
一、LOGO設(shè)計(jì)、標(biāo)志、標(biāo)徽、廠標(biāo)、司徽、標(biāo)識(shí)
二、理念、思想、哲學(xué)、精神、信念、信條、目標(biāo)、目的、宗旨、方針、性質(zhì)、使命、宣言
三、意念、意義、意向、意境、含意、寓意、立意、示意、涵意、意象、意為、意味、概念、涵義、釋義、說明、隱含、隱喻、暗喻、代表、表示、顯示、象征、表達(dá)、反映、比喻、內(nèi)涵、聯(lián)想、點(diǎn)明、蘊(yùn)含、揭示、印象、表明、體現(xiàn)、傳達(dá)、展現(xiàn)、含義
四、設(shè)計(jì)、藝術(shù)、手法、定位、定格、創(chuàng)意、構(gòu)想、構(gòu)成、塑造、造型、形象、形態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)、特征、態(tài)勢(shì)、演變、原理、元素、單元、連字、組字、抽象、具象、象形、圖形、圖畫、圖案、符號(hào)、寫實(shí)、變形、漫畫、吉祥物、純文字、純圖形、圖文結(jié)合、漢字組合、數(shù)字組合、符號(hào)組合、圖像、外形、圓形、方形、三角形、直線、斜線、曲線、弧線、幾何形、正形、負(fù)形、共形、共用形、整體、局部、實(shí)體、虛體、陰陽、點(diǎn)、線、面、黑、白、反復(fù)、對(duì)比、調(diào)和、節(jié)奏、漸變、突破、對(duì)稱、均衡、平衡、反襯、借用、重疊、變異、幻視、連接、折帶、裝飾、立體、平面、空間、發(fā)射、排列、動(dòng)感、起伏、肌理、疊透、旋轉(zhuǎn)、交叉、相讓、相背、相向、分離、積集、聯(lián)合、內(nèi)聚、外發(fā)、呼應(yīng)、留白、色彩、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)色、輔助色、暖色、冷色、色相、彩度、明度、對(duì)比色、鄰近色、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)字、基本形
五、美感、美觀、流暢、莊重、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、瀟灑、新穎、結(jié)合、組合、融會(huì)、層次、完整、準(zhǔn)確、明確、鮮明、特色、特性、獨(dú)特、風(fēng)格、風(fēng)貌、個(gè)性、暢快、優(yōu)雅、哲理、格調(diào)、面貌、價(jià)值、情感、主題、主調(diào)、心理、聯(lián)想、共鳴、和諧、貼切、主體、簡(jiǎn)潔、簡(jiǎn)煉、精致、粗獷、高尚、品味、力度、強(qiáng)烈、壯美、優(yōu)美、堅(jiān)實(shí)、有力、直觀、效果、夸張、點(diǎn)題、借筆、互補(bǔ)、相依、相托、布局、營(yíng)造、縮寫、媒介、傳遞、信息、視覺、沖擊力、訴求、主張、題材、素材、感性、理性、知性、人性、個(gè)性、共性、原創(chuàng)性、邏輯性、條理性、直觀性、權(quán)威性、典型性、單純性、鮮明性、藝術(shù)性、裝飾性、識(shí)別性、標(biāo)識(shí)性、規(guī)范性、準(zhǔn)確性、適用性、實(shí)用性
六、企業(yè)形象、企業(yè)識(shí)別、CI戰(zhàn)略、CI系統(tǒng)、理念識(shí)別、行為識(shí)別、視覺識(shí)別、文化、產(chǎn)品、經(jīng)營(yíng)、營(yíng)銷、策劃、廣告、公關(guān)、品牌、名牌、高品位、消費(fèi)者、服務(wù)、一流、好感、信賴、忠誠(chéng)、誠(chéng)實(shí)、團(tuán)結(jié)、合作、交流、發(fā)展、開拓、創(chuàng)新、奉獻(xiàn)、貢獻(xiàn)、壯大、規(guī)模、穩(wěn)健、開明、向上、飛躍、高效、高質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、協(xié)力、創(chuàng)業(yè)、效率、求實(shí)、務(wù)實(shí)、榮譽(yù)、信用、安全、奮斗、前進(jìn)、騰飛、拼搏、健康、永恒、活力、愛心、溫暖、博愛、清潔、品質(zhì)、形象力、商品力、銷售力、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力、開發(fā)力、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力、研究力、創(chuàng)造力、親和力、集團(tuán)力、多元力、多角力、多樣化、專業(yè)化、市場(chǎng)化、人性化、休閑化、都市型化、鄉(xiāng)村型化、商品化、系列化、大眾化。
七、現(xiàn)代感、傳統(tǒng)感、魅力感、親密感、信賴感、親切感、期待感、正義感、安心感、穩(wěn)定感、溫暖感、強(qiáng)力感、堅(jiān)實(shí)感、責(zé)任感、明朗感、活潑感、流動(dòng)感、節(jié)奏感、明快感、躍動(dòng)感、律動(dòng)感、新鮮感、獨(dú)特感、高級(jí)感。
八、國(guó)際性、地域性、社會(huì)性、民族性、大眾性、時(shí)代性、現(xiàn)代性、傳統(tǒng)性、都市性、超前性、未來性、進(jìn)步性、優(yōu)良性、進(jìn)取性、創(chuàng)造性、杰出性、力量性、明朗性、活潑性、靈敏性、開朗性、溫和性、親和性、健康性、躍動(dòng)性、摩登性、安定性、誠(chéng)實(shí)性、協(xié)調(diào)性、獨(dú)特性、方向性、專業(yè)性、技術(shù)性、基準(zhǔn)性、趣味性、情緒性、成長(zhǎng)性。
第五篇:佛教中英文翻譯詞匯
佛教中英文口譯必備
佛教(Buddhism)
A Amitabha 阿彌陀佛 Anterior Tibet 前藏 一個(gè)大**,其廟叫祖卜寺(Tsurpu)Attisha 阿底峽 Avalokiteshvara 觀音
B Bhodisattva 菩薩 Bon(Black)本教(黑)Budda 佛 Dorje(多杰/藏文)C Chapel 佛堂 Circumanbulate 轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)道(v.)Circumanbulation 轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)道 Circumanbulator 轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)道的人 Consort 明妃
D Dakini 空行母 Deity 明王 Dipamkara 燃燈佛;寶光佛 Disciplinarian 鐵棒喇嘛 Dorje 多杰(藏文:金剛)Dorje 金剛 Drakpa 和尚(藏文)Dratsang 扎倉(cāng)(學(xué)校)Drepung 哲蚌寺 Drepung Monastry 哲蚌寺(拉薩三大寺之一)Drolma 卓瑪(藏文:度母)Drolma 度母(女菩薩)
E Emptiness 空 Enthronement 坐床 Esoteric Buddhism 密宗 Exotoric Buddhism 顯宗 F Form 色 Formless 無色
G Ganden Monastry 甘丹寺(拉薩三大寺之一)Ge-kor 鐵棒喇嘛薩三大 Great Perfection 大園滿 Green Tara 綠度母 Gulug(Yellow hat)格魯派 Guru 和沿(梵文)H Hayagriva 馬頭明主 Hinayana 小乘 Holy mountain 魂山 Hutukta **(蒙文)I Incarnated lama 轉(zhuǎn)世**
J Jampa 彌勒慈氏 Jokhang Temple 大昭寺
K Kaggu(White)噶舉 Kalachakra 時(shí)輪(金剛)Kangyur 甘珠爾(佛語)Karmapa 葛瑪巴 Khangtsen 康村(宿舍)Khatag 哈達(dá) Khenpo 堪布(主持)Kumbum 塔爾 Kunbum M.堪布寺(西寧)L Labrang Monastery.拉卜楞寺(甘南)Lama 喇嘛,指大和尚 Lek Trima 妙繪贊 Lineage 傳承 Lobsang 洛桑 Losang 洛桑
M Mahakala 大黑天(本教中神的名字)Mahayana 大乘 Main Assembly Hall 大經(jīng)堂 Maitreya 彌勒慈氏 Mandala 檀城 Mandala 曼陀螺 Manjushri 文殊(菩薩)Mantra 咒語 Master 上師(和尚)Material 色 Medicine Buddha 藥師佛 Monastry 寺院(比Temple大)Monk 和尚(小)Monlam 默然大法會(huì) Monlam 傳昭大法會(huì) Mudra 手印Nga 阿 N Ngari 阿里 Nirvan 涅盤 Nyingma 寧瑪 O Order 教派
P Padma 蓮花 Padmasambhava 蓮花生 Pagoda 佛塔 Palkor Chode 白居寺
Panchen Lama ** Partner 明妃 Pelden Lhamo 吉祥天女 Pelden Lhamo 班丹拉母 Potala 布達(dá)拉宮 Prayer meeting festival 傳昭大法會(huì) Prayer wheel 傳經(jīng)筒 R Ramoche Temple 小昭寺 Reincarnation 靈童 Rinpoche **(通用)S Sakya(Stripe hat)花派(薩迦)Sect 教派 Sera Monastry 色拉寺(拉薩三大寺之一)Shakyamuni 施加摩尼 Shantarakshita 寂護(hù) Shantarakshita 靜命 Sharipu 舍利子(骨灰)Sku-Vbumchen-mo 白居寺 Sontzen Gampo 松贊干布 Soul mountain 魂山 Soul yak 魂牛 Stupa 靈塔 Sutra Chanting Hall 大經(jīng)堂
T Tara 度母(女菩薩)Tashilhunpo Monastry 扎時(shí)倫布寺(日喀澤)Temple 寺廟 Tengyur 丹珠爾(論部)喀澤 Tibetan Buddhism 藏傳佛教 Tibetan Studies 藏學(xué) Tibetan Tripitaka 大藏經(jīng) Tibetology 藏學(xué) Tradition 教派 Trulku **(藏文)Tsam-pa 糌粑 Tsamba 糌粑 Tsang 后藏 Tsongkhapa 宗喀巴(前藏)U Union of happiness 樂空雙運(yùn) V Vajrayana 密宗 Vajra 金剛 W White Tara 白度母
Y Yamataka 阿曼德迦;大威 Yamataka 怖畏金剛 Yidam 本尊 Z Zhang zhung 象雄 2 佛教專用語(附解釋)
覺悟 to get enlightenment 三大語系佛教 Three languages of Buddhism: 漢語系佛教Chinese Language Buddhism 藏語系佛教Tibetan Language Buddhism 巴利語系佛教 Pali Language Buddhism 大乘佛教Mahayana Buddhism 上座部佛教Theravada Buddhism 金剛乘/密宗Vajrayana Buddhism(Lamaism)中國(guó)佛教Chinese Buddhism 佛經(jīng)Sutra 經(jīng)、律、論 Sutras, Vinaya, Sastra 大藏經(jīng)Tripitaka Sutra 三寶(佛、法、僧)Triratna(Buddha, Dharma, Sangha)“三寶”加被 May “Triratna” bless 法師 Master/Venerable 長(zhǎng)老 Thero/Venerable 大長(zhǎng)老Mahathero/ Most Venerable 方丈/主持Abbot
佛教宗派Buddhist School 佛教儀式:Buddhist Ceremony/Buddhist Service for 和平祈禱法會(huì) Buddhist Praying Ceremony for World Peace 禮佛pay respect for Buddha 頌經(jīng)Sutra Chanting 香爐 Incense burner 上香To offer incense to Buddha 因果Cause and effect 成道/成佛To obtain the Buddha-hood 覺悟 To get enlightenment 三皈 go to the Buddha for refuge, go to the Dharma for refuge, go to the Sangha for refuge 五戒
follow the five commandments of Buddhism(no killing,no stealing,no sexual misconduct,no lying,no intoxicant)諸惡莫做,眾善奉行,自凈其意,既是佛教
“To do no evil, to do only good, to purify the will, is the doctrine of all Buddhas” 做功德to make contribution to 普渡終生to save all living beings from sufferings
四諦Four noble truths 八正道 Eight noble paths
善哉Sadhu(good or excellent)佛教寺院 Monastery/Buddhist Temple 山門The Front Gate 大雄寶殿 The Main Shrine Hall 圓通殿 The Hall of Universal Understanding 祖師殿 The Hall of Patriarch 觀音殿 The Hall of Avalokitesvara Buddhisatva 羅漢堂 The Hall of Arhan 藏經(jīng)閣 The Tripitaka Sutra Pavilion 齋堂 Monastic Dinning Hall 四大天王 Four deva-kings, the protectors of Buddhism 客堂Monastic Reception 韋馱Vitasoka/Vigatasoka, the protector of Buddhism 佛像 Buddha statue 四大名山Four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism 彌勒佛Maitreya Buddha 五臺(tái)山 Wutai Mountain is the Holy Place of Manjusri Buddhisattva 峨嵋山 Ermei Mountain is the Holy Place of Mahasthama Buddhisattva 九華山 Jiuhua Mountain is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Buddhisattva 普陀山 Putuo Mountain is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 釋迦牟尼佛Shakyamuni Buddha 迦葉佛Kasyapa Buddha 藥師佛 Bhaisajya Buddha/medicine Buddha 阿彌陀佛 Amitaba Buddha 三世佛 Buddhas of Three Periods: Kasyapa Buddha of the past Shakyamuni Buddha of the present Maitrya Buddha of the future 觀世音菩薩 Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 毗廬舍那佛
Vairocana Buddha 菩賢菩薩 Samandhabatra Buddhisattva 菩薩
Buddhisattva 大勢(shì)智菩薩Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 文殊菩薩
Manjusri Buddisattva
地藏菩薩 ksitigahba Buddhisattva 善財(cái)童子Sudhana 羅漢 Arhan 西方三圣:阿彌陀佛、觀音菩薩、大勢(shì)至菩薩
Amitaba Buddha Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 達(dá)摩Budhidharma 攝摩騰Kasyapa Matanga 竺法蘭 Gobharana/Dharmaraksa 佛學(xué)院 Buddhist College 僧伽Sangha 僧、尼(比丘、比丘尼)monk、nun(Bhiksu, Bhiksuni)方丈/主持 Abbot 首座Chief monk 監(jiān)院/當(dāng)家 Monastic Manger 侍者 Assistant 中國(guó)佛教協(xié)會(huì) The Buddhist Association of China 中國(guó)佛學(xué)院The Buddhist Academy of China 會(huì)長(zhǎng)President 副會(huì)長(zhǎng) Vice President 秘書長(zhǎng) Secretary General 副秘書長(zhǎng)Deputy Secretary General 任持自性、軌生物解 retaining its own nature,such that it can be recognized 正覺 enlightenment 等覺 / 遍覺 erfect enlightenment
圓覺或無上覺 supreme or paramount enlingtenment 我空 Emptiness 緣起 dependent origination 八正道 the Noble Eightfold Path 十二因緣 the twelve-linked causal formula 因果律 the causal principle 究竟菩提心 Absolute Bodhi Citta修持六度(布施、持戒、忍辱、精進(jìn)、禪定及智慧波羅蜜)、萬行,并救度一切眾生脫離輪回苦海的愿心。
輪回 Samsara(藏文kor wa):依因緣而存在的存在形式。眾生因?yàn)樨?、瞋、癡(三毒或煩惱障)而流轉(zhuǎn)于輪回,并承受輪回之苦。
僧、僧伽 Sangha(藏文 gendun):法道上的伴侶?;蚍褐阜ǖ郎系囊磺行姓?,或特指已開悟的圣僧。六波羅蜜(Six): 布施、持戒、忍辱、精進(jìn)、禪定及智慧
輪回六道 Six realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk):由于不同的煩惱或心識(shí)染污特質(zhì)而受生于輪回的六種形態(tài):天道:天人或天道眾生具有強(qiáng)烈的傲慢心,必須歷經(jīng)變易之苦:阿修羅道:具有強(qiáng)烈的嫉妒、猜疑心,必須歷經(jīng)斗爭(zhēng)之苦;人道:是六道中最幸運(yùn)的,因?yàn)槿说辣娚哂羞_(dá)到證悟的最佳機(jī)會(huì),雖然他們有生、老、病、死之苦:畜生道:由于強(qiáng)烈的愚癡而受生,有深切的暗啞之苦:餓鬼道:由于強(qiáng)烈的慳吝而受生,有極端的饑渴之苦:地獄道:由于強(qiáng)烈的填瞋歸鬼恚心而受生,具有極端的冷熱之苦。
聲聞 Sravaka(藏文nyen th):指親聞佛說法的弟子,或泛指修習(xí)四圣義諦而證悟成道,已經(jīng)完全了知無我的小乘修行者(阿羅漢)。
十圓滿 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada,藏文jor wa chu):益于修持佛法的十種因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛傳之地、具有健全的心智、無極大惡業(yè)、對(duì)佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛傳法、值法傳世、有修行者與修行的自由及具善知識(shí)之慈悲教導(dǎo)。三寶 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum):佛寶、法寶及僧寶。
赤松德贊 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A.D.):西藏國(guó)王,邀請(qǐng)偉大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺廟「桑耶林」(Samye Ling)。
三藏 Tri pitaka:佛教的法教通常分為三藏,經(jīng)藏、律藏及論藏。經(jīng)藏,佛陀所說的經(jīng)文;律藏,佛陀所制定的戒律;論藏,佛弟子所造的論述,主體是現(xiàn)象的分析,是法教的闡釋或論述傳統(tǒng)。龍樹 Nagauna 化身 Nirmanakaya 又稱為「應(yīng)化身」,示現(xiàn)于世間,如釋迦牟尼佛于此世間之化現(xiàn)。
涅燊 Nirvana(藏文nya ngen lay day pa):完全證悟時(shí)所達(dá)到的境界。在文字用法上和輪回形成對(duì)比。蓮花生大士 Padmasambhva(藏文Guru Rinpoche):于第九世紀(jì)應(yīng)邀至西藏,降服邢穢及魔障,并建立寧瑪派傳承,為藏傳佛教之祖師。
波羅蜜多 Paramita(藏文pha rol tu phyin pa):能超越輪回的具德行為。大乘道所修持的種波羅蜜是:布施波羅蜜、持戒波羅蜜、忍辱波羅蜜、精進(jìn)波羅蜜、禪定波羅蜜、智慧波羅蜜。頗哇 Phowa(藏文):一種高深的密續(xù)法門,是關(guān)于在死亡時(shí)將意識(shí)投射到善道的法門。
般若 Prajna(藏文she rab):在梵文的意思是「圓滿的知識(shí)」,也可以表示智慧、理解或辨識(shí)能力。通常它是表示從比較高超的角度(例如,非二元)來看事情的智慧。
世俗諦 Relative truth(藏文kun dzop):和勝義諦(或譯為圣諦、真諦)合稱為二諦。世俗諦是尚末開悟的世俗人對(duì)世界的看法,亦即他們基于錯(cuò)誤的自我信念而做的投射。
儀軌 Sadhana(藏文drup tap):密續(xù)修法的法本,詳細(xì)地?cái)⑹鋈绾斡^修本尊的壇城及禪定。三摩地 Samadhi(藏文ting nge dzin):又稱為專一禪定,是禪修的最高形式。
止 Samatha or tranquility meditation(藏文Shi nye):基本的禪修方法。修「止」的時(shí)候,行者通常盤腿而生,專注于呼吸并觀察心的活動(dòng)。
報(bào)身Samb Hogakaya 又稱為「法樂身」,示現(xiàn)給菩薩。
輪回 Samsara(藏文kor wa):依因緣而存在的存在形式,和涅樂相反。眾生因?yàn)樨?、瞋、癡(三毒或煩惱障)而流轉(zhuǎn)于輪回,并承受輪回之苦。
僧或僧伽 Sangha(藏文gen dun):修行道上的伴侶。僧眾可能是法道上的一切修行者,或是已開悟的出家眾。
經(jīng)典 Satra(藏文do):記錄佛陀親口所說的法,所集成小乘及大乘典籍,有別于金剛乘的密續(xù)(tantra)法教及闡釋佛陀之語的論注(Sastras)。
經(jīng)乘 Satrayana:經(jīng)乘的證悟方法包括小乘及大乘。
悉達(dá) Siddha(藏文grub thab):有成就的佛教修行者,即成就者。悉地 Siddhis(藏文ngo drub):佛教成就者的修行成就。
輪回六道 Six Realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk):由于不同的煩惱或心識(shí)染污特質(zhì)而受生于輪回的六種形態(tài): 天道,天人或天道眾生具有強(qiáng)烈的傲慢心,必須歷經(jīng)變易之苦 阿修羅道,具有強(qiáng)烈的嫉妒、猜疑心,必須歷經(jīng)斗爭(zhēng)之苦;人道,是六道中最幸運(yùn)的,因?yàn)槿说辣娚哂羞_(dá)到證悟的最佳機(jī)會(huì),雖然他們有生、老、病、死之苦 畜生道,由于強(qiáng)烈的愚癡而受生,有深切的暗啞之苦: 餓鬼道,由于強(qiáng)烈的慳吝而受生,有極端的饑渴之苦: 地獄道,由于強(qiáng)烈的填瞋歸鬼恚心而受生,具有極端的冷熱之苦。蘊(yùn) Skandha(藏文pang pa):蘊(yùn)的字義為「積集」。色蘊(yùn)、受蘊(yùn)、想蘊(yùn)、行蘊(yùn)及識(shí)蘊(yùn)等五蘊(yùn),是將物體的存在轉(zhuǎn)化為知覺的五種基本功能。
聲聞 Sravaka(藏文nyen th):指親聞佛說法的弟子,或泛指修習(xí)四圣義諦而證悟成道,已經(jīng)完全了知無我的小乘修行者(阿羅漢)。
氣脈 Subtle Channels(藏文tsa):氣脈指的是有氣的能量或「風(fēng)」,《梵文「波若那」(Prana),藏文即「?。↙ung)」》,循環(huán)于其中的微細(xì)管道,而不是解剖學(xué)上的脈。
空性 Sunyata(藏文tong pa nyi):佛陀在二轉(zhuǎn)法輪時(shí)開示外在現(xiàn)象、「我」或「自我」的觀念沒有真實(shí)的存在性,因此萬法都是空性的。
密續(xù) Tantra(藏文gyu):金剛乘法教及其典籍。
十圓滿 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada,藏文jor wa chu):益于修持佛法的十種因素:生于人道、生于佛法盛傳之地、具有健全的心智、無極大惡業(yè)、對(duì)佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛傳法、值法傳世、有修行者與修行的自由及具善知識(shí)之慈悲教導(dǎo)。三寶 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum):佛寶、法寶及僧寶。
赤松德贊 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A.D.):西藏國(guó)王,邀請(qǐng)偉大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏,并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺廟「桑耶林」(Samye Ling)。
佛陀所制定的戒律;論藏,佛弟子所造的論述,主體是現(xiàn)象的分析,是法教的闡釋或論述傳統(tǒng)。不變的“我” 恒常的我 the self-same manner 此有故彼有,此無故彼無 Whenever A is present , B is present;Whenever A is absent, B is absent.Therefore, from the arising of A, B arises;from the cessation of A, B ceases.明緣起,即明佛法 One who discerns dependent origination discerns the Dhamma 一切眾生,皆有佛性,有佛性者,皆得成佛
All living beings have Buddha-nature ,everyone with the Buddha-nuture may attain Buddhahood.3 佛教(Buddhism)
3.1 中國(guó)的佛教 Buddhism in China 佛教是中國(guó)最重要的宗教。通常認(rèn)為佛教是公元67年漢朝時(shí)期從新疆傳到中原的。在其發(fā)展過程中,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的中國(guó)文化和思想有著深遠(yuǎn)影響并成為當(dāng)時(shí)中國(guó)最重要的宗教之一。佛教在中國(guó)的發(fā)展大體上可以分為以下幾個(gè)時(shí)期。
第一時(shí)期是漢朝,佛教剛傳到中國(guó)。在這個(gè)時(shí)期,傳譯了很多佛教經(jīng)文,白馬寺也是在這個(gè)時(shí)期建立的,標(biāo)志著佛教教義在中國(guó)的第一次傳播。第二時(shí)期是在晉朝(265—420),南北朝(386—589)時(shí)期,翻譯、撰寫了更多的佛教經(jīng)文.從南北朝開始,中國(guó)佛教進(jìn)入繁盛時(shí)期。第三時(shí)期是隋朝(581—618)和唐朝(618—907)佛教在中國(guó)迎來了鼎盛時(shí)期并取得前所未有的發(fā)展。隋朝帝王信奉佛教,唐朝帝王雖然信奉道教,但對(duì)佛教采取了保護(hù)包容的政策。因此,在這個(gè)時(shí)期,道教在中國(guó)取得了空前的發(fā)展。然而,在封建社會(huì)末期,由于社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩,中國(guó)佛教發(fā)展得佷緩慢。中華人民共和國(guó)成立以后, 實(shí)施宗教信仰自由的政策,中國(guó)佛教進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展時(shí)期?,F(xiàn)在,佛教在中國(guó)取得了巨大的發(fā)展,國(guó)際上的學(xué)術(shù)交流也擴(kuò)大了。
Buddhism is the most important religion in China.It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220)from Hotan in Xinjiang to Central China.During its development in China, it has a profound influence on traditional Chinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.In general, the development of Buddhism in China can be divided into the following periods.The first period is Buddhism in Han Dynasty when it was just introduced into China.During this period of time, many Buddhist scriptures were translated and explained.The White Horse Temple was built during this period of time and it signifies the first time of Buddhism doctrines delivered in China.The second period is in Jin(265-420), Northern and Southern Dynasties(386-589)when more Buddhist scriptures were translated and Buddhist writings came out.From the beginning of Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese Buddhism has entered its prosperous time.The third period is the Sui(581-618)and Tang(618-907)Dynasties when Buddhism welcomed its heyday and got unprecedented development.The emperors of the Sui Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and though Tang's emperors believed in Taoism, they showed a protective and tolerant attitude toward the development of other religions such as Buddhism.So in this period, Buddhism got a rapid and great development in China.However, in the late of feudal society, because of the social unrest, Chinese Buddhism was slow in development.After the founding of People's Republic of China and the implementing of the policy of freedom in religion belief, Chinese Buddhism embraced its new growing age.Now it is developing greatly and the international academic exchanges are expanded.3.2 佛教的宗派Sects of Buddhism
由于傳入的時(shí)間、途徑、地區(qū)和民族文化、社會(huì)歷史背影的不同,中國(guó)佛教形成三大系,即漢傳佛教(漢語系)、藏傳佛教(藏語系)和云南地區(qū)佛教(巴利語系)。
Three different forms of this religion evolved as it reached the centers of population at varying times and by different routes.The social and ethnic background in each location also affected the way in which each of these forms developed and eventually they became known as Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.3.2.1 漢傳佛教Han Buddhism 傳入中國(guó)漢族地區(qū)的佛教,經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)期的經(jīng)典傳譯、講習(xí)、融化,與中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化結(jié)合,從而形成具有民族特點(diǎn)的各種學(xué)派和宗派;并外傳朝鮮、日本和越南。
Buddhism was introduced into China the Han areas, after a long classic interpretation, workshops, melting, and the combination of Chinese traditional culture D, which form a variety of national characteristics and sectarian schools, and rumors Korea, Japan and Vietnam.佛教傳入中國(guó)漢地年代,學(xué)術(shù)界尚無定論。古代漢文史籍中,有秦始皇時(shí)沙門室利防等18人到中國(guó)的記載。據(jù)《善見律毗婆沙》記述,在阿育王時(shí)代,曾派大德摩訶勒棄多至臾那世界(原注:漢地);派末世摩至雪山邊國(guó)。西藏多羅那他《印度佛教史》稱達(dá)摩阿育王時(shí),高僧善見至大支那弘法。南璺佛教史書則稱派末世摩至支那。以上這些布教活動(dòng)因無譯述遺跡傳世,無法證實(shí)。
Buddhism came to China's Han, the academic community have been inconclusive.Ancient Chinese historical records, there are anti-Qin Li when Salmonella Room 18 people to China and other records.According to the “l(fā)aw of good, see adjacent Posha” account, in the era of Asoka, Buddhism after the third assembled, had sent up to Dade Maha Yu Le abandon that world(the original note: Han);sent to the mountain side of Mount end of the world countries.Doro Tibet that he was “History of Buddhism in India,” said Dharma Ashoka, the Buddhist monk, see Tai Shan Shina preaching.Buddhist school called the South end of the world history books to Shina Mount.These missionary activities handed down because there was no translation of the above sites that can not be confirmed.漢建元二年至元朔三年(公元前139~前~126),張騫出使西域期間,曾在大夏見到從鳊販運(yùn)去的蜀布、邛竹杖,說明當(dāng)時(shí)中印之間已有民間往來,可能佛教也隨之傳入漢地。漢武帝還開辟了海上航道與印度東
海岸的黃支等地建立聯(lián)系。近年考古發(fā)現(xiàn),東漢時(shí)的四川彭山墓葬中已有佛像,江蘇連云港孔望山佛教摩崖刻像初步證實(shí)也屬于東漢時(shí)期。東漢明帝于永平八年(65)賜楚王英詔言其“尚浮屠之仁祠,潔齋三月,與神為誓”,可見當(dāng)時(shí)已有佛教傳入。經(jīng)典的傳入,據(jù)傳始于漢元壽元年(公元前2年)大月氏王使伊存口授博士弟子景盧以浮屠經(jīng)(佛典),但究為何經(jīng),已失傳無聞。歷來均以永平年間(公元58~75)遣使西域取回《四十二章經(jīng)》為佛法傳入中國(guó)之始。此說是否為歷史事實(shí),近代頗有爭(zhēng)議。因當(dāng)時(shí)西域發(fā)生戰(zhàn)亂,交通斷絕,至永平十六年才開放。因此,只能推定大概在公歷紀(jì)元前后,佛教開始傳入漢族地區(qū)。傳播的地區(qū)以長(zhǎng)安、洛陽為中心,波及彭城(徐州)等地。當(dāng)時(shí)人們認(rèn)為佛教同道教一樣是一種神仙方術(shù),故桓帝將黃帝、老子和佛陀同祀,“誦黃老之微言,尚浮屠之仁祠”,把沙門視同方士。佛教在皇室成員和貴族中受到尊崇。
Han Jianyuan Two to Yuanshuo Three years(BC 139 ~ before ~ 126), Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty during the summer to see in a large traffic to go from bream Shu cloth, Qiong Zhu Zhang, indicating that China and India people exchanges has been may be introduced along the Han Buddhism.Han has also opened up sea lanes and the east coast of India and other places to establish contact.Archaeological discoveries in recent years, the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Sichuan have been statues Pengshan, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Lookout Mountain Buddhist cliff carved holes initially confirmed as belong to the Eastern Han Dynasty.Yongping Han Emperor Ming in eight(65)give Chuwang Ying Chao made the “Buddha of the kernel is still Temple, Jie Zhai March, swear to God,” Buddhism has been seen at the time.The introduction of the classic, reportedly began in the first year of life of Chinese yuan(2 BC)Taiyue Shi, Dr.Wang to dictate Iraq disciples kept the Buddha by King Lu(Buddhist), but why study classics, has lost no smell.Always are Yongping period(AD 58 ~ 75)Western emissary back “四十二章經(jīng)” as the beginning of Buddhism into China.Whether it is a historical fact still remained a modern controversial.At that time Western war cut off traffic to Yongping sixteen years before opening.Therefore, the only presumption about the era before and after the Gregorian calendar, Buddhism began to spread into the Han areas.Transmission areas from Chang'an and Luoyang as the center, spread to Pengcheng(Xuzhou)and other places.Buddhism, Taoism was thought that the same technique as a fairy party, it will be the Yellow Emperor Huan, I worship the Buddha with “chanting faire dissatisfied, still the kernel Buddha Temple”, the Salmonella deemed alchemist.Buddhism in royalty and nobility are respected.Buddhism during the Han Dynasty was regarded as having its basis in magic in much the same way as Taoism and it first
took root among members of the royal family and aristocracy.晉朝時(shí)期,佛教在平民中廣受歡迎。在公元401年,鳩摩羅什從月門關(guān)附近的西域地區(qū)來到長(zhǎng)安,和3000名學(xué)士一起翻譯了74 佛經(jīng)。很顯然,這是佛教在中國(guó)的傳播史上的重大事件。在這個(gè)時(shí)期,另一個(gè)新的類,學(xué)者型官僚。他們匯集了既定的,流行的形而上學(xué)和佛教教義。在中國(guó)北方有不少,而在南方許多文人官僚們被譽(yù)為佛教精通者。王室家庭授予佛教僧侶和尼姑相當(dāng)大的權(quán)限。到1768年寺廟如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn),并增加許多僧尼。
The Jin Dynasty witnessed the popularization among ordinary people.In 401 Kumarajiva was invited to Chang'an from the Western Region that lay to the west to Yumenguan Pass and together with 3,000 scholars translated 74 sutras.Obviously, this was an event of great importance to spread of Buddhism.During the Jin Dynasty a new class emerged;that of the scholar-bureaucrats.They brought together the established, popular metaphysics and Buddhist doctrines.In the north of China there were quite a few reputed monks while in the south many scholar-bureaucrats were well versed in Buddhism.The royal families were passionate toward Buddhism and granted monks and nuns considerable privileges.The number of temples mushroomed to 1768 and with them as many as 24,000 monks and nuns.Monks were to become a new class in China and Buddhism took a firm hold on the country.在南北朝,佛教繼續(xù)蓬勃發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)在著名的龍門石窟,云岡石窟建造于此期間。最重要的事件是時(shí)達(dá)摩來到中國(guó)。他到廣州,然后又到南京在那里他與梁武帝進(jìn)行討論。他們沒有達(dá)成一致,所以帶著問題的達(dá)摩來到少林寺。
Buddhism continued to flourish during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.The now famous Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Caves were constructed during this period.The most important event was when Bodhidharma came to China.He arrived in Guangzhou and then went on to Nanjing where he entered into discussion with Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasty.They failed to agree over matters of doctrine and so Bodhidharma went to the Shaolin Temple.Bodhidharma was the first Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, the formation of which marked the independent development of the faith in China.This localized sect of Buddhism had a profound repercussion on Chinese philosophy and culture.隋唐期間,佛教在中國(guó)的發(fā)展達(dá)到了頂峰。唐代皇帝自稱他們是老子—道教創(chuàng)始人的后代和參拜者,但在實(shí)踐中他們認(rèn)識(shí)到佛教的重要性。成立了一個(gè)翻譯機(jī)構(gòu),在長(zhǎng)安(今西安)首都城市,大雁塔佛經(jīng)。玄奘是此時(shí)最知名的和尚,他的旅程是印度,為明代小說西游記(也被稱為孫悟空)模型。
Buddhism reached its zenith during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the restoration of temples and statues of Buddha that had been destroyed during Northern Zhou.Tang Emperors claimed they were descendents of Lao Zi, the creator of Taoism and paid homage to Taoism but in practice they recognized the importance of Buddhism.An Institute was set up to translate Buddhist sutras in the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the capital city of Chang'an(today's Xian).Xuan Zang was the most reputed monk at this time, and it was his journey to India that was the model for the Ming novel The Journey to the West(also known as the Monkey King).慧能(638-713),是佛教禪宗六祖,不應(yīng)被忽略。他著名的詩句,“菩提本無樹,明鏡亦非臺(tái),本來無一物,何處惹塵埃。”這句話被翻譯為:“完美的智慧之樹本來沒有樹,也沒有光明的一面鏡子,任何信佛者永遠(yuǎn)是清凈的,哪里沾染灰塵?”這些已成為流行的詩句,幫人們進(jìn)入心靈的禪想。在公元730年,慧能的弟子贏了與其他教派的辯論。此后,禪宗被介紹給韓國(guó)。Hui Neng(638-713), the sixth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, should not be ignored.His famous verses, “Originally there was no Bodhi-tree, nor stand of a bright mirror.The mirror was originally clean and pure;where can it be stained by dust?” These words have otherwise been translated as: “The Tree of Perfect Wisdom was originally no tree.Nor had the bright mirror any frame.Buddha-nature is forever clear and pure.Where is there any dust?” These lines have become the first thing to pop into the mind when people think of Zen.In 730 Hui Neng's disciples won debates with other sects and Zen was strengthened in China.Zen was introduced to Korea in the 8th Century and to Japan at the end of the 12th Century.佛教深入日常生活,并在建筑,雕塑,繪畫,音樂和文學(xué)產(chǎn)生重大影響。不過,在845由于社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)原因,佛教是禁止的。4600座廟宇被拆除,500僧侶和尼姑被迫放棄他們的宗教。佛教與儒學(xué)的結(jié)合導(dǎo)致了宋代唯心主義哲學(xué)和明時(shí)期儒家學(xué)派的形成。這種傳統(tǒng)繼承了清代與漢傳佛教禪宗成為代名詞。
Buddhism penetrated daily life and had a substantial impact in architecture, sculpture, painting, music and literature.However, Buddhism was forbidden in 845 due to social and economical reasons.Over 4600 temples were demolished and 260, 500 monks and nuns were forced to give up their religion.The combination of Buddhism and Confucianism led to the formation of Li Xue, the Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties.This tradition was
inherited by the Qing Dynasty and Zen became synonymous with Han Buddhism.3.2.2 南傳佛教 Southern Buddhism 西雙版納傣族自治州,云南省信奉南傳佛教。據(jù)記載,7世紀(jì)中葉,巴利語系佛教通過緬甸傳入云南,但只持續(xù)了四個(gè)世紀(jì)。沒有廟宇的建造和口頭上的佛經(jīng)被流傳下來。南傳佛教僧人在11世紀(jì)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)逃去。
Dai people in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province believe in Southern Buddhism.According to records, Pali Buddhism was introduced to Yunnan in the middle of 7th century via Burma but it lasted only four centuries.No temples were built and the sutras were passed on orally.Thus, Southern Buddhism faded and monks fled during the war around the 11th century.The existing Southern Buddhism entered Yunnan from Burma and Thailand after the wars.1277年書面傣語的創(chuàng)建和貝葉經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。在明代,緬甸公主被送往云南,嫁給了一個(gè)傣族地區(qū)統(tǒng)治者。大量的佛教寺廟建于景洪。這些都有助于普及老百姓南傳佛教。憑借其宗教和政治相結(jié)合,南傳佛教,吸收本地的文化,具有靈活的教義。和尚可以吃肉,可以還俗。婦女不出家。
In 1277 a written Dai language was created and the Pattra sutra appeared.In the Ming Dynasty a Burmese princess was married to a local ruler in Dai area and Burmese monks were sent to Yunnan.A large quantity of Buddhist temples were built in Jinghong.All these helped to popularize Southern Buddhism among the common people.With its combination of religion and politics, Southern Buddhism, absorbing Tai culture, has flexible doctrines.Monks can eat meat and can secularize.Women do not become nuns for to do so would break their ancestral line.一般來說,佛教是傣族人民之間的單一的宗教,并比他們的日常生活,像雕塑,繪畫,民間傳說文化的綜合影響還大。年輕的男孩必須去寺廟和學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí),直到他們長(zhǎng)大成人。有些則是在寺廟做人,而從未還俗。從某種意義上說,僧侶承擔(dān)傳授民族文化的作用。
Generally, Buddhism is the single religion among Dai people and has a comprehensive influence over their daily life and culture like sculpture, painting and folklores.Young boys must go to the temples and learn knowledge until they become adults.Some remain in the temples and become monks while others return to secular life.In a sense, monks assume the role of imparting ethnic culture 3.2.3 藏傳佛教Tibetan Buddhism
藏傳佛教,也叫'喇嘛教',開始于7世紀(jì)中葉。當(dāng)時(shí),國(guó)王松贊干布與尼泊爾公主Chizun和文成公主結(jié)婚了。受這兩個(gè)佛教的公主,他皈依佛教,建大昭寺和小昭寺寺(小趙硅)。在8世紀(jì)中葉,佛教經(jīng)印度傳入西藏。藏傳佛教完全形成于10世紀(jì)末。進(jìn)化后在西藏,藏傳佛教與政治獨(dú)特結(jié)合。
Tibetan Buddhism, also called 'Lamaism', started in the middle of 7th century.At that time, King Songtsen Gampo married Nepalese Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng from Chang'an(currently Xian).Influenced by these two Buddhist princesses, he coverted to Buddhism and built Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Monastery(Xiao Zhao Si).In the middle of 8th century, Buddhism was introduced to Tibet via India.Tibetan Buddhism was totally formed in the late 10th century.After centuries of development in Tibet, a unique combination of religion and politics with Tibetan Buddhism evolved.Buddha Unfolding Festival, Drepung Monastery 目前,藏傳佛教可分為四個(gè)教派:寧瑪派,噶舉派,格魯派,薩迦。Major Sects of Tibetan Buddhism Present Tibetan Buddhism can be divided into four sects: Nyingmapa, Kagyupa, Gelugpa, and Sakyapa.寧瑪在藏語中思是'老'。寧瑪派是藏傳佛教中最古老的教派。它也被稱為'紅教',因?yàn)樵谶@個(gè)教派僧人和尚總是穿紅色的帽子。噶舉派創(chuàng)造于11世紀(jì)中葉,它是藏傳佛教中有名的分支機(jī)構(gòu)。它被稱為“白教”是由于這個(gè)教派僧侶穿白色長(zhǎng)袍,他們的寺廟都被漆成白色。在14世紀(jì),宗喀巴創(chuàng)建的格魯派鼓勵(lì)僧侶過著簡(jiǎn)樸的生活和無私的精神。這個(gè)教派僧人戴黃色帽子,所以被稱為“黃教”。在西藏,薩迦意思是“豐富多彩”。薩迦教派的寺院都被漆成紅色,白色和黑色的條紋,象征著文殊菩薩,觀音和金剛,因此它被稱為“豐富多彩的節(jié)”。
Nyingmapa means 'old' in Tibetan.Nyingmapa is the oldest sect in Tibetan Buddhism.It is also called 'Red sect' because monks in this sect always wear red monk hats.The Kagyupa sect was created in the middle of 11th century, and it is famous for having the most branches in Tibetan Buddhism.It is called 'white sect' because monks belonging to this sect wear white robes and their temples are painted white.In 14th century, Tsong Khapa created Gelugpa sect.This sect encourages monks to live an austere and unselfish life.Monks of this sect wear yellow hats, so
it is called 'yellow sect'.In Tibetan, sakyapa means 'colorful'.Temples of the Sakyapa sect are painted in red, white and black stripes, symbolizing Manjusri Bodhisattva, Avalokitesvara and Vajradhara, so it is called the “colorful sect”.有許多藏傳佛教寺院在中國(guó),這是值得一游,體驗(yàn)地道的藏傳佛教文化。著名的藏傳佛教寺院包括:哲蚌寺,甘丹寺,拉卜楞寺寺,薩迦寺,色拉寺,扎什倫布寺和塔爾寺。
There are many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in China, which are worth visiting to experience authentic Tibetan Buddhist culture.Famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries include: Drepung Monastery, Ganden Monastery, Labrang Monastery, Sakya Monastery, Sera Monastery, Ta'er Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery.3.3 佛教對(duì)中國(guó)人生活的影響力
Influence of Buddhism over the Life of Chinese
在其悠久的歷史,佛教對(duì)中華文明留下了不可磨滅的影響。許多單詞和短語,起源于佛教。就以一口語短語,” 臨時(shí)抱佛腳”的意思是”最后一分鐘作出的努力”。這在一定意義上揭示了中國(guó)對(duì)信仰的功利性態(tài)度。許多人磕頭、在寺廟燒香是因?yàn)樗麄冇龅搅死щy。佛教和禪宗文學(xué)的痕跡是顯而易見的。不少像唐時(shí)期著名詩人白居易的居士,但這并不妨礙他們一定程度上的自我放縱。正如今天的白領(lǐng)階層去酒吧,唐朝學(xué)者去餐廳喝酒,調(diào)情。在今天的中國(guó),佛教寺廟,佛教石窟及石窟和佛教圣山,特別是在國(guó)家或省級(jí)歷史文化名城列出的,已成為旅游熱點(diǎn)。
Over its long history, Buddhism has left an indelible impact on Chinese civilization.Many words and phrases have root in a Buddhist origin.Take a colloquial phrase as an example, 'to hold the foot of Buddha at the moment“ means ”to make a last minute effort“.This reveals in a sense the true attitude of the Chinese toward the utilitarian aspects of belief.Many people kowtow to whatever gods they encounter and will burn incense in any temple.In literature traces of Buddhism and Zen are obvious.Quite a few famous poets in Tang Dynasty like Bai Juyi were lay Buddhists but this did not prevent them from indulging in a little from time to time.Just as today's white collar classes go to bars, the Tang scholars went to restaurants to drink and flirt with the almahs.In today's China, Buddhist temples, Buddhist caves and grottoes and Buddhist Holy Mountains, especially the ones listed in the national or provincial historical and cultural relics, have become the hot spots for tourism.It is not uncommon for the income of a temple to
cover the expenses of a whole county or district.4佛教核心觀點(diǎn)
Core Beliefs In Buddhism
1.佛教創(chuàng)立于約公元前6—5世紀(jì)的印度。
Buddhism was founded in India around the 6th to 5th century B.C. 2.據(jù)說佛教創(chuàng)始人為釋迦牟尼。
It is said that the founder of Buddhism was Sakyamuni. 3.大約在2世紀(jì),大乘佛教傳人漢人居住的中原地區(qū)。
About the 2th century,Mahayana Buddhism entered Central China,inhabited by the Han nationality.
4.“三寶”即“佛”、“法”、“僧”。
The Three Precious Treasures include the Buddha,the Dharma(Law 0r Way)and the Sangha(the Monastic Order).
5.佛教在中國(guó)一直與儒學(xué)、道教共存。
Buddhism has always co-existed with Confucianism and Daoism. 6.佛像和菩薩雕塑供奉在寺院里,讓人們拜祭。
Buddhism has and Bodhisattva statues have been placed for worship in monasteries. 7.直到現(xiàn)在,小乘佛教仍然流行于傣族地區(qū)。
Up to the present time.Hinayana Buddhism(Lesser Vehicle)is still prevalent as in the regions inhabited by Dai nationality.
8.傳統(tǒng)之間相互共存促進(jìn)了有中國(guó)特色的宗教的形成。
Their mutual co-existence of the tradition has produced a religion with distinct Chinese characteristics.
9.同一個(gè)寺院里除釋迦牟尼以外,還供奉了許多其他佛像和菩薩雕塑。
In addition to Sakyamuni, many other Buddhism has and Boddhisattvas statues have been placed in the same monasteries 10.佛教在中國(guó)傳播時(shí),僧人把“道場(chǎng)”中國(guó)化,為不同的菩薩安排了不同的“道場(chǎng)”。
As Buddhism spread throughout China,Buddhist monks added Chinese characteristics to the Daochang and accordingly placed different Buddhas in the different Daochang in China. 11.四個(gè)主要宗派為天臺(tái)宗、華嚴(yán)宗、凈土宗和禪宗,這四個(gè)宗派都形成于公元581年到755年之間。這些宗派在中國(guó)和日本有相當(dāng)大的影響。
The four major sects(Tiantai,Huayan,Jingtu and Chan)appeared between 581 and 755A.D., and they had considerable influence in both China and Japan.
12.“八正道”為“正見”、“正思維”、“正語”、“正業(yè)”、“正命”、“正勤”、“正念”、“正定”。
This eight-fold path consists of right knowledge, right thought,right speech,right behavior,fight livelihood,fight effort,right mindfulness and right concentration. 13.修“八正道”的佛法修行人渴望實(shí)現(xiàn)“涅磐”?!澳鶚牎背搅怂劳龊椭T種煩惱,脫離了生死的輪回,進(jìn)人到安靜、自在、無為的快樂境界中。
By following the eight-fold path,Buddhist followers aim to attain Nirvana, a condition of eternal and tranquil bliss that is beyond the limits of death,rebirth,thoughts and feelings. 14.釋迦牟尼是一位王子。他年輕時(shí),痛感人世間遭受的貧窮、苦難、疾病、死亡。29歲時(shí)他毅然舍棄物欲世界,出家修行。.
Sakyamuni was a prince.When he was young, he sadly saw that people suffered in poverty,pain,sickness and death.Around the age of 29,the prince made his break from the material world and plunged off in search of enlightenment. 15.傳說,釋迦牟尼來到一棵菩提樹下,靜坐苦思,后來覺悟成佛。
As the story goes,Sakyamuni came to a fig tree.He sat beneath it and then he slipped into deep meditation.Afterwards he achieved enlightenment and became Buddha.
16.“四諦”即苦、集、滅、道。
The four noble truths:life is suffering,the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the eight-fold path.
17.大乘佛教認(rèn)為,每個(gè)人與一切眾生都有著同體的聯(lián)系,佛祖不會(huì)入涅檗而拋棄眾生,相反,他會(huì)繼續(xù)普度眾生。
Mahayana Buddhism(Greater Vehicle)holds that the fate of an individual is linked to the fate of all others.The Buddha doesn't float off into his own Nirvana,leaving other people behind.He continues to exude spiritual、help to those see—king Nirvana. 18.小乘佛教認(rèn)為,涅桀之路是個(gè)人的追求。凡要證得涅槧者,必須自己走自己的路。
Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle)holds that the path to Nirvana is an individual pursuit.People who seek Nirvana must tread its path on their own.
19.天臺(tái)宗為中國(guó)佛教最早的宗派,創(chuàng)始人為中國(guó)隋代的智顫。他以《妙法蓮華經(jīng)》為基本依據(jù),將其他佛教經(jīng)典分為“五時(shí)八教”,提倡禪定和佛教義理雙修。
Tiantai was the earliest sect of Chinese Buddhism.It was founded by Zhiyi during the Sui Dynasty.Zhiyi took the Lotus Sutra as his basis; he classified the other Buddhist sutras into five periods and eight types of teachings and he also emphasized both meditation practice and scriptural study.
20.華嚴(yán)宗出現(xiàn)于公元7世紀(jì),創(chuàng)始人為唐朝的法藏。此宗在公元7世紀(jì)后期傳入朝鮮,公元725年到740年之間傳人日本。
Huayan Sect was established in the 7th century by a Chinese monk,F(xiàn)a Zang,of the Tang Dynasty.This sect reached Korea in the late 7th century,and Japan between 725 and 740. 21.禪宗是佛教的一個(gè)宗派。梵文“dhyana”的漢語音譯為“禪那”,意思是“靜慮”。相傳印度的菩提達(dá)摩創(chuàng)建了此宗禪法,中國(guó)人稱他為“達(dá)摩”。此宗重視禪定,認(rèn)為人人心里都有佛性。
Chan Buddhism is a sect of Mahayana Buddhism.The“Channa” is a transliteration of the Sanskrit term“dhyana”.which means“meditation”.It is said that the founder of the Chan Buddhism was Bodhidharma who was known to the Chinese as Da Mo.This sect emphasizes meditation,it holds
that the universal“Buddha, nature” is immanent within ourselves.
22.凈土宗以描述西方凈土的印度佛教經(jīng)典為基礎(chǔ),凡是一心專念阿彌陀佛的修行者和認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)佛教的清規(guī)戒律太繁瑣的居士,都可以專修此法。
Jingtu Buddhism is based upon a number of Indian Buddhist texts describing a pure land to the west.Especially it is designed for those, who devoutly chant the name of Amitabha and for laypersons who find traditional Buddhist moral rules and meditation discipline too strict. 23.藏族人信仰佛教。藏傳佛教俗稱“喇嘛教”。在公元7世紀(jì)吐蕃國(guó)王松贊干布統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,佛教傳人西藏。公元14世紀(jì)末,藏傳佛教有了不同的宗派,其中包括紅教、白教和黃教。
The Tibetan people believe in Buddhism.It is called Lamaism.It spread into Tibet during the reign of Tubo King Songtsan Gambo in the 7th century.By the end of the 14th century,the Tibetan Buddhism had a variety of sects, including the Red Sect,the White Sect and the Yellow Sect.
24.公元前65年,佛教傳播到中國(guó)。傳播者為兩個(gè)印度僧人,他們受漢明帝邀請(qǐng),來中國(guó)建立寺廟。剛開始,由于主流傳統(tǒng)文化的原因,佛教在中國(guó)并沒有什么影響。
Buddhism was first introduced to China about 65 B.C.by two Indian monks who had been invited by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty to establish a monastery in China.In the beginning,Buddhism did not have much influence in China due to the prevailing traditional Chinese culture. 25.在早期,佛教術(shù)語、思想,以及佛教的藝術(shù)形式必須中國(guó)本土化。初期的一種辦法是用道家術(shù)語,其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是讓人聽起來熟悉。
At the early stage,Buddhist word and ideas, as well as its artistic forms, had to be translated into Chinese terms.One early solution was to employ Daoist terminology,and this had the advantage of sounding familiar.
26.普賢的坐騎是白象,“普賢”之意即為德行無邊無量。普賢是釋迦牟尼的肋侍之一,有些寺廟把釋迦牟尼、文殊、普賢同祀于大雄寶殿。
Puxian(Samantabhadra)symboHzes infinite virtue and is represented riding a white elephant.“Puxian”is considered to be one of Sakvamuni’s close assistants.In some monasteries,the statues of Sakyamuni.Wenshu and Puxian statues are placed in the Grand Buddha Hall. 27.阿彌陀佛又名接引佛,他隨釋迦牟尼得道成佛。接引佛為西方極樂世界的教主,能接引眾生,往生西方凈土。
Amitabha is also called Jieyin Buddha.Along with Sakvamuni.he attained the state of Buddha-hood through his perfect enlightenment.Amitabha takes charge of the Buddhist Western Paradise.a(chǎn)nd his work is to usher sentient beings into the paradise when they pass away. 28.彌勒佛通常供在寺廟的第一重殿。佛教傳人中國(guó)后,彌勒佛迅速“中國(guó)化”,在民間廣受崇拜。
The statue of Maitreya is usually placed in the first main hall of a monastery.When Buddhism entered China.Maitreya quickly took on Chinese characteristics and became popular among the people.
29.觀音有三十三種化身,如千手相、十一面相、四十八臂相。觀音有大慈大悲、救苦救難菩薩之號(hào),他的法力廣大,因中國(guó)古典文學(xué)名著《西游記》而家喻戶曉。
Guanyin has 33 various images.including an image with 1000 hands,an image with 11 faces. and an image with 48 arms.Guanyin serves as the Bodhisattva of perfect compassion and kindness,helping the needy and relieving the distressed.His infinite Buddhist power is known in every household due to the popularity of the famous Chinese literary classic,The Pilgrimage to the West.
30.根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典,文殊菩薩是轉(zhuǎn)輪圣王的第三太子。相傳佛教傳人中國(guó)后,他在五臺(tái)山顯相。文殊手持寶劍,表示法力廣大、智慧超凡.According to the Buddhist classics.Wenshu was the third son of the Holy King in charge of reincarnations. Legend has it that as Buddhists entered China,Wenshu appeared on Mt.Wutai. Wenshu holds a sword that symbolizes his infinite Buddhist power and perfect wisdom. 31.根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典,地藏受釋迦牟尼的委托,立下宏愿,在佛祖寂滅后、彌勒佛未降生前,盡度六道眾生,拯救諸苦。皆如愿,遂成佛,稱其為地藏。
According to the Buddhist classics, during the period from the Nirvana of Sakyamuni to the advent of Maitreya,Dizang Bodhisattva vowed to save all beings from suffering in the Six
Paths.He vows not to achieve Buddhahood until all the Hells are empty, and is thus therefore referred as the King of Hell.
32.四大天王被稱為“四大金剛”,源于印度佛教傳說。這四大金剛能夠驅(qū)逐邪魔,護(hù)持眾佛祖,保天下風(fēng)凋雨順,故多塑于寺院的第一重殿。
The Four Heavenly Kings are depicted as the Four Warrior Attendants(Vajras).Their origin stems from an Indian Buddhism legend,and these kings are able to drive out evil and monsters.protect Buddhas,and assure favorable conditions for the growth of crops each year.Therefore, their images are usually placed in the first main hall of a Buddhist monastery. 33.根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典,十六羅漢是釋迦牟尼的弟子。受佛祖囑托,他們不入涅槃,長(zhǎng)住人間,受世人供養(yǎng)而為眾生造福。
According to Buddhist classics,Sakyamuni's disciples are sixteen Arhats.They are instructed by the Buddha not to ascend into the Buddhist Western Paradise,and instead they are asked to reside in the world, the human beings take care of them, and in return the Arhats bring benefit to human beings.
34.十六羅漢的傳說受到了漢族佛教徒對(duì)于羅漢的崇敬,他們將羅漢的人數(shù)和法力“擴(kuò)大化”,于是有了“五百羅漢”之說。
The legend pf the Sixteen Arhats gave rise to the esteem for the Arhats fron Buddhist followers in the regions inhabited by the Han nationality. In addition, the followers increased the Arhat numbers and magnified their Buddhist power, thus bring forth the saying about the 500 Arhats.
35.四圣諦,八正道和五戒。
The principles of Buddhist philosophy(The Core Beliefs in Buddhism)in practice are: The Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and The Five Precepts....四個(gè)基本觀點(diǎn)(四圣諦)THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 第一:任何人都會(huì)有不滿意和苦難,能正確應(yīng)對(duì)就是圣賢。
The First Noble Truth Unsatisfactoriness and suffering exist and are universally experienced.第二:無理的欲望和依賴是不滿意和受苦的原因。The Second Noble Truth Desire and attachment are the causes of unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第三:有辦法消除不滿意和受苦。The Third Noble Truth There is an end to unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第四:堅(jiān)持如下八個(gè)規(guī)則就能消除不滿意和受苦。The Fourth Noble Truth The end can be attained by journeying on the Noble Eightfold Path.46.八正道(八個(gè)規(guī)則)NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH 1).堅(jiān)持正確的觀點(diǎn)理念。
不要歪曲妄想事理和規(guī)律。如衣服為御寒,整潔即可,非有它能;性交為生育,非有它獲。富貴來自勤勞無害敬人,非爭(zhēng)搶、非害人、非搞迷信所得。
1).Right View/Understanding(Understanding the Four Noble Truths)Practice self-less conduct that reflects the highest statement of the life you want to live.Express conduct that is peaceful, honest and pure showing compassion for all beings.5).堅(jiān)持正當(dāng)?shù)穆殬I(yè)。
不以非法傷害它人或生命而謀生,要從事養(yǎng)護(hù)和服務(wù)于他人的工作。如,不加入黑社會(huì)等犯罪組織,不聚眾賭博,不參加賣淫、賣毒品行業(yè),不非法漁獵等等。
5).Right Livelihood Earn a living that does not harm living things.Avoidance of work that causes suffering to others or that makes a decent, virtuous life impossible.Do not engage in any occupation that opposes or distracts one from the path.Love and serve our world through your work.6).堅(jiān)持正確的努力。
在努力達(dá)到為善斷惡的目標(biāo)過程中,適度正常而為。相信不可能在短時(shí)間內(nèi)就會(huì)取得很大成績(jī)。如:在斷惡時(shí),會(huì)有反復(fù);在行善時(shí),會(huì)有懷疑,都屬正常。不必氣餒,不斷努力,總會(huì)成功。
6).Right Effort Seek to make the balance between the exertion of following the spiritual path and a moderate life that is not over-zealous.Work to develop more wholesome mind states, while gently striving to go deeper and live more fully.7).堅(jiān)持內(nèi)省檢討。
每日內(nèi)省,要保持自己的感受、情緒、想法、話語、做事等宜善他人而不損害他人。這樣才能獲得好生活。因?yàn)橐松粕!p害得禍、自己的思想觀點(diǎn)言行表情制造了自己生活中的一切。
7).Right Mindfulness Become intensely aware of all the states in body, feeling, and mind.Through constant vigilance in thought, speech and action seek to rid the mind of self-centered thoughts that separate and replace them with those that bind all beings together.Be aware of your thoughts, emotions, body and world as they exist in the present moment.Your thoughts create your reality.8).堅(jiān)持不斷學(xué)習(xí)思考圣賢文、勸善書、心理學(xué)、哲學(xué)等,不斷提高敬順無害勤勞有益的能力,努力做到純善無惡。
8).Right Concentration Deep meditation to lead to a higher state of consciousness(enlightenment).Through the application of meditation and mental discipline seek to extinguish the last flame of grasping consciousness and develop an emptiness that has room to embrace and love all things.47.五戒THE FIVE PRECEPTS(五種對(duì)自己的大害)
五戒是佛教信徒的基本道德準(zhǔn)則。五戒是自愿執(zhí)行的,而不是來自神的誡命。
從本質(zhì)上講,這些戒律能促進(jìn)與人和諧,減少自己與他人之間的痛苦災(zāi)難沖突等。最基礎(chǔ)性的道德原則就是:不害和有益。
The Five Precepts are basic ethical guidelines for the followers of Buddhism.They are undertaken voluntarily, rather than as commandments from a god.Essentially, these precepts promote harmony and reduce suffering between ourselves and others.The underpinning moral code has two qualities: compassion and loving kindness , which are used as the guiding principles in life.五戒:
1).我保證不生氣、不傷害人。I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures.2).我保證不沾他人便宜,更不會(huì)偷盜。I undertake the precept to refrain from taking that which is not given.3).我保證不亂淫、不過淫。I undertake the precept to refrain from sexual misconduct.4).我保證不自贊,不毀他、不胡說、不告狀。I undertake the precept to refrain from incorrect speech.5).我保證不沾毒品,不沾醉酒、不沾迷信歪理邪說。I undertake the precept to refrain from intoxicatants.48.因果報(bào)應(yīng)Karma 因果報(bào)應(yīng)是說有因必有果,也就是說,我們的一切行為都有結(jié)果。
Karma is the law that every cause has an effect, i.e., our actions have results.49.智慧Wisdom 真正的智慧不只是相信教義而是實(shí)踐和了悟真相。
True wisdom does not simply believe what we are told but instead experiencing and understanding truth.50.慈悲Compassion
慈悲心的特質(zhì)包括的愿與別人分享、隨時(shí)愿意給人安樂、有同情心、關(guān)心別人以及照顧別人。Compassion includes qualities of sharing, readiness to give comfort, sympathy, concern, and caring.5 佛教經(jīng)文典籍漢英對(duì)照 5.1 《心經(jīng)》
《般若波羅蜜多心經(jīng)》
The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra 觀自在菩薩行甚深般若波羅蜜多時(shí),照見五蘊(yùn)皆空,度一切苦厄。舍利子,色不異空,空不異色,色即是空,空即是色。受想行識(shí),亦復(fù)如是。舍利子,是諸法空相,不生不滅、不垢不凈、不增不減。是故空中無色,無受想行識(shí);無眼耳鼻舌身意,無色聲香味觸法,無眼界乃至無意識(shí)界;無無明、亦無無明盡,乃至無老死,亦無老死盡;無苦集滅道,無智亦無得,以無所得故,菩提薩埵,依般若波羅蜜多故,心無掛礙。無掛礙故無有恐怖。遠(yuǎn)離顛倒夢(mèng)想,究竟涅槃。三世諸佛,依般若波羅蜜多故,得阿耨多羅三藐三菩提,故知般若波羅蜜多,是大神咒,是大明咒,是無上咒,是無等等咒,能除一切苦,真實(shí)不虛,故說咒曰:揭諦揭諦,波羅揭諦,波羅僧揭諦,菩提薩婆訶。
When Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara was practicing the profound Prajna Paramita, he illuminated the Five Skandhas and saw that they are all empty, and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness;emptiness does not differ from form.Form itself is emptiness;emptiness itself is form.So too are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.Shariputra, all Dharmas are empty of characteristics.They are not produced, not destroyed, not defiled, not pure;and they neither increase nor diminish.Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation, or consciousness;no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind;no sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or Dharmas;no field of the eyes up to and including no field of mind consciousness;and no ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age and death or ending of old age and death.There is no suffering, no accumulating, no extinction, and no Way, and no understanding and no attaining.31
Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva through reliance on Prajna Paramita is unimpeded in his mind.Because there is no impediment, he is not afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind.Ultimately Nirvana!All Buddhas of the three periods of time attain Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi through reliance on Prajna Paramita.Therefore know that Prajna Paramita is a Great Spiritual Mantra, a Great Bright Mantra, a Supreme Mantra, an Unequalled Mantra.It can remove all suffering;it is genuine and not false.That is why the Mantra of Prajna Paramita was spoken.Recite it like this: Gaté Gaté Paragaté Parasamgaté.Bodhi Svaha!End of The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra.5.2 《盂蘭盆經(jīng)》
佛說《盂蘭盆經(jīng)》
The Buddha Speaks: The Ullambana Sutra
聞如是。一時(shí)佛在舍衛(wèi)國(guó)祇樹給孤獨(dú)園。
Thus I have heard, at one time, the Buddha dwelt at Shravarsti in the Garden of the Benefactor of Orphans and the Solitary.大目犍連,始得六通。欲度父母,報(bào)乳哺之恩。
Mahamaudgalyayana had just obtained the six penetrations and wished to cross over his father and mother to repay their kindness for raising him.即以道眼,觀視世間,見其亡母生餓鬼中,不見飲食,皮骨連立。目連悲哀,即以缽盛飯,往餉其母。母得缽飯,便以左手障缽,右手摶食。食未入口,化成火炭,遂不得食。
Thus, using his way eye, he regarded the world and saw that his deceased mother had been born among the hungry ghosts, having neither food nor drink, she was but skin and bones.Mahaudgalayana felt deep pity and sadness, filled a bowl with food and went to provide for his mother.She got the bowl, screened it with her left hand, and with her right hand made a fist of food.But, before it entered her mouth, it turned into burning coals which could not be eaten.目連大叫,悲號(hào)涕泣,馳還白佛,具陳如此。
Mahamaudgalyayana called out and wept sorrowfully, and hastened to return to the Buddha to
set forth all of this.佛言:汝母罪根深結(jié),非汝一人力所奈何。汝雖孝順,聲動(dòng)天地。天神、地祇、邪魔、外道道士、四天王神,亦不能奈何。當(dāng)須十方眾僧威神之力,乃得解脫。
The Buddha said, “your mother's offenses are deep and firmly rooted.You alone do not have enough power.Although your filial sounds move heaven and earth, the heaven spirits, the earth spirits, twisted demons, and those outside the way, Brahmans, and the four heavenly king gods, are also without sufficient strength.The awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha of the ten directions is neceessary for the liberation to be attained.吾今當(dāng)說救濟(jì)之法,令一切難,皆離憂苦。
I shall now speak a dharma of rescue, which causes all those in difficulty to leave worry and suffering, and to eradicate obstacles from offenses.佛告目連:十方眾僧,七月十五日,僧自恣時(shí)。當(dāng)為七世父母,及現(xiàn)在父母,厄難中者,具飯百味五果、汲灌盆器、香油錠燭、床敷臥具,盡世甘美以著盆中,供養(yǎng)十方大德眾僧。當(dāng)此之日,一切圣眾,或在山間禪定;或得四道果;或在樹下經(jīng)行;或六通自在,教化聲聞、緣覺;或十地菩薩大人,權(quán)現(xiàn)比丘。在大眾中,皆同一心,受缽和羅飯。具清凈戒,圣眾之道,其德汪洋。
The Buddha told Maudgalyayana: ”The fifteenth day of the seventh month is the Pravarana day for the assembled Sangha of the ten directions.For the sake of fathers and mothers of seven generations past, as well as for fathers and mothers of the present who are in distress, you should prepare an offering of clean basins full of hundreds of flavors and the five fruits, and other offerings of incense, oil, lamps, candles, beds, and bedding, all the best of the world, to the greatly virtuous assembled Sangha of the ten directions.On that day, all the holy assembly, whether in the mountains practicing dhyana samadhi, or obtaining the four fruits of the way, or walking beneath trees, or using the independence of the six penetrations, to teach and transform sound hearers and those enlightened to conditions.Or provisionally manifesting as bhikshus when in fact they are great Bodhisattvas on the tenth ground--all complete in pure precepts and oceanlike virtue of the holy way--should gather in a great assembly and all of like mind receive the pravarana food.33
其有供養(yǎng)此等自恣僧者,現(xiàn)世父母、六親眷屬,得出三途之苦,應(yīng)時(shí)解脫,衣食自然。若父母現(xiàn)在者,福樂百年。若七世父母生天,自在化生,入天華光。
If one thus makes offerings to these Provarana Sangha, one's present father and mother, parents of seven generations, as well as the six kinds of close relatives, will escape from the three paths of sufferings.And at that time attain release.Their clothing and food will spontaneously appear.If the parents are still alive, they will have wealth and blessings for a hundred years.Parents of seven generations will be born in the heavens.Transformationally born, they will independently enter the celestial flower light, and experience limitless bliss.At that time the Buddha commanded the assembled Sangha of the ten directions to recite mantras and vows for the sake of the donor's family, for parents of seven generations.After practicing dhyana concentration, they then may accept the food.When first receiving the basin, place it before the Buddha in the stupa.When the assembled sangha has finished the mantras and vows, then they may accept it.時(shí)目連比丘,及大菩薩眾,皆大歡喜。目連悲啼泣聲,釋然除滅。時(shí)目連母,即于是日,得脫一劫餓鬼之苦。
At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the assembly of great Bodhisattvas were all extremely delighted and the sorrowful sound of Maudgalyayana's crying ceased.At that time Maudgalyayana's mother obtained liberation from one kalpa of suffering as a hungry ghost.目連復(fù)白佛言:弟子所生母,得蒙三寶功德之力、眾僧威神之力故。
Maudgalyayana addressed the Buddha and said, “this disciple's parents have received the power of the merit and virtue of the triple jewel, because of the awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha.若未來世,一切佛弟子,亦應(yīng)奉盂蘭盆,救度現(xiàn)在父母,乃至七世父母,可為爾否?
If in the future the Buddha's disciples practice filiality by offering up the Ullambana basins, will they be able to cross over their present fathers and mothers as well as those of seven generations past?” 佛言:大善快問!我正欲說,汝今復(fù)問。
The Buddha replied “good indeed, I am happy you asked that question.I just wanted to speak about that and now you have also asked about it.善男子,若比丘比丘尼、國(guó)王太子、大臣宰相、三公百官、萬民庶人,行慈孝者,皆應(yīng)先為所生現(xiàn)在父母、過去七世父母,于七月十五日佛歡喜日、僧自恣日,以百味飯食,安盂蘭盆中,施十方自恣僧。
Good man, if bhikshus, bhikshunis, kings, crown princes, great ministers, great officials, cabinet members, the hundreds of officers, and the tens of thousands of citizens wish to practice compassionate filial conduct, for the sake of the parents who bore them, as well as for the sake of fathers and mothers of seven lives past, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the day of the buddhas' delight, the day of the Sangha's Pravarana, they all should place hundreds of flavors of foods in the Ullambana basins, and offer them to the Pravarana Sangha of the ten directions.愿使現(xiàn)在父母,壽命百年無病,無一切苦惱之患。乃至七世父母,離餓鬼苦,生人天中,福樂無極。They should vow to cause the length of life of the present father and mother to reach a hundred years without illness, without sufferings, afflictions, or worries, and also vow to cause seven generations of fathers and mothers to leave the sufferings of the hungry ghosts, to be born among men and gods, and to have blessings and bliss without limit.是佛弟子修孝順者,應(yīng)念念中,常憶父母,乃至七世父母。年年七月十五日,常以孝慈,憶所生父母,為作盂蘭盆,施佛及僧,以報(bào)父母長(zhǎng)養(yǎng)慈愛之恩。若一切佛弟子,應(yīng)當(dāng)奉持是法。
The Buddha told all the good men and good women, ”those disciples of the Buddha who cultivate filial conduct should in thought after thought, constantly recall their present fathers and mothers when making offerings, as well as the fathers and mothers of seven lives past.Every year, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, they should always, out of filial compassion, recall their parents who bore them and those of seven lives past, and for their sakes perform the offering of the Ullambana basin to the Buddha and the Sangha and thus repay the loving kindness of the parents who raised and nourished them.All Buddhas' disciples should respectfully receive this dharma.“
時(shí)目連比丘,四輩弟子,歡喜奉行。
At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the four-fold assembly of disciples, hearing what the Buddha said, practiced it with delight.5.3 《八大人覺經(jīng)》
佛說八大人覺經(jīng)
Eight Great Awakenings Sutra Translated by Shramana An Shr Gao of the Latter Han Dynasty Buddhist Disciples!At all times, day and night, sincerely recite and bear in mind these eight truths that cause great people to awaken.為佛弟子,常于晝夜,至心誦念八大人覺:
第一覺悟:世間無常;國(guó)土危脆,四大苦空,五陰無我,生滅變異,虛偽無主,心是惡源,形為罪藪,如是觀察,漸離生死。
The First Awakening: The world is impermanent.Countries are perilous and fragile.The body is a source of pain, ultimately empty.The five skandhas are not the true self.Life and Death is nothing but a series of transformations—hallucinatory, unreal, uncontrollable.The intellect is a wellspring of turpitude, the body a breeding ground of offenses.Investigate and contemplate these truths.Gradually break free of death and rebirth.第二覺知:多欲為苦;生死疲勞,從貪欲起,少欲無為,身心自在。
The Second Awakening: Too much desire brings pain.Death and rebirth are wearisome ordeals, originating from our thoughts of greed and lust.By lessening desires we can realize absolute truth and enjoy peace, freedom, and health in body and mind.第三覺知:心無厭足,惟得多求,增長(zhǎng)罪惡;菩薩不爾,常念知足,安貧守道,惟慧是業(yè)。
The Third Awakening: Our minds are never satisfied or content with just enough.The more we obtain, the more we want.Thus we create offenses and perform evil deeds.Bodhisattvas don’t wish to make these mistakes.Instead, they choose to be content.They nurture the Way, living a quiet life in humble surroundings—their sole occupation, cultivating wisdom.36
第四覺知:懈怠墜落;常行精進(jìn),破煩惱惡,摧伏四魔,出陰界獄。
The Fourth Awakening: Idleness and self-indulgence are the downfall of people.With unflagging vigor, great people break through their afflictions and baseness.They vanquish and defeat the four kinds of demons, and escape from the prison of the five skandhas.第五覺悟:愚癡生死;菩薩常念,廣學(xué)多聞,增長(zhǎng)智慧,成就辯才,教化一切,悉以大樂。
The Fifth Awakening: Stupidity and ignorance are the cause of death and rebirth.Bodhisattvas apply themselves and deeply appreciate study and erudition, constantly striving to expand their wisdom and refine their eloquence.Nothing brings them greater joy than teaching and transforming living beings.第六覺知:貧苦多怨,橫結(jié)惡緣;菩薩布施,等念怨親,不念舊惡,不憎惡人。
The Sixth Awakening: Suffering in poverty breeds deep resentment.Wealth unfairly distributed creates ill-will and conflict among people.Thus, Bodhisattvas practice giving.They treat friend and foe alike.They do not harbor grudges or despise amoral people.第七覺悟:五欲過患;雖為俗人,不染世樂,常念三衣,瓦缽法器,志愿出家,守道清白,梵行高遠(yuǎn),慈悲一切。
The Seventh Awakening: The five desires are a source of offenses and grief.Truly great people, laity included, are not blighted by worldly pleasures.Instead, they aspire to don the three-piece precept robe and the blessing bowl of monastic life.Their ultimate ambition is to leave the home life and to cultivate the Path with impeccable purity.Their virtuous qualities are lofty and sublime;their attitude towards all creatures, kind and compassionate.第八覺知:生死熾然,苦惱無量;發(fā)大乘心,普濟(jì)一切,愿代眾生,受無量苦,令諸眾生,畢竟大樂。The Eighth Awakening: Like a blazing inferno, birth and death are plagued with suffering and affliction.Therefore, great people resolve to cultivate the Great Vehicle, to rescue all beings, to endure hardship on beh.alf of others, and to lead everyone to ultimate happiness.如此八事,乃是諸佛,菩薩大人,之所覺悟,精進(jìn)行道,慈悲修慧,乘法身船,至涅盤岸。復(fù)還生死,度脫眾生。以前八事,開導(dǎo)一切,令諸眾生,覺生死苦,舍離五欲,修心圣道。
These are the Eight Truths that all Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and great people awaken to.Once awakened, they even more energetically continue to cultivate the Path.Steeping themselves in kindness and compassion, they grow in wisdom.They sail the Dharma ship across to Nirvana’s shore, and then return on the sea of birth and death to rescue living beings.They use these Eight Truths to show the proper course for living beings, causing them to recognize the anguish of birth and death.They inspire all to forsake the five desires, and to cultivate their minds in the manner of Sages.若佛弟子,誦此八事,于念念中,滅無量罪,進(jìn)趣菩提,速登正覺,永斷生死,常住快樂。
If Buddhist disciples recite this Sutra on the Eight Awakenings, and constantly ponder its meaning, they will certainly eradicate boundless offenses, advance towards Bodhi, and will quickly realize Proper Enlightenment.They will always be free of birth and death, and will abide in eternal bliss.5.3 《四十二章經(jīng)》
《佛說四十二章經(jīng)》 后漢摩騰、竺法蘭共譯 第一章 出家證果
佛言:辭親出家,識(shí)心達(dá)本,解無為法,名曰沙門。常行二百五十戒,進(jìn)止清凈,為四真道行,成阿羅漢。阿羅漢者,能飛行變化,曠劫壽命,住動(dòng)天地。次為阿那含。阿那含者,壽終靈神上十九天。證阿羅漢。次為斯陀含。斯陀含者,一上一還,即得阿羅漢。次為須陀洹。須陀洹者,七死七生,便證阿羅漢。愛欲斷者,如四肢斷,不復(fù)用之。
The Buddha said, “Those who, taking leave of their families and adopting the life of renunciation, understand the mind, reach the source, and comprehend the immaterial, are called Sramanas.Those who observe the two hundred and fifty precepts of morality, who are pure and spotless in their behaviours, and who exert themselves for the attainment of the stages of progress, are called Arhats.The Arhat is able to fly through space and assume different forms;his life is eternal, and there are times when he causes heaven and earth to quake.Below them is the Anagamin who, at the end of a long life, ascend in spirit to the nineteenth heaven and obtains Arhatship.38
Next come the Skridagamin who ascends to the heavens(after his death), comes back to the earth once more, and then attains Arhatship.Then come the Srotaapanna who cannot become Arhat until he has passed seven more rounds of birth and death.By the severance of the passions is meant that like the limbs severed they are never again made use of.”
第二章 斷欲絕求
佛言:出家沙門者,斷欲去愛,識(shí)自心源,達(dá)佛深理,悟無為法。內(nèi)無所得,外無所求。心不系道,亦不結(jié)業(yè)。無念無作,非修非證。不歷諸位,而自崇最。名之為道。
The Buddha said, “The renunciate Sramana cuts off the passions, frees himself of attachments, understands the source of his own mind, penetrates the deepest doctrine of Buddha, and comprehends the Dharma which is immaterial.He has no prejudice in his heart, he has nothing to hanker after.He is not hampered by the thought of the Way, nor is he entangled in karma.No prejudice, no compulsion, so discipline, no enlightenment, and no going up through the grades, and yet in possession of all honours in itself-this is what is meant by the Way.”
第三章 割愛去貪
佛言:剃除須發(fā)而為沙門,受道法者,去世資財(cái),乞求取足。日中一食,樹下一宿,慎勿再矣!使人愚蔽者,愛與欲也。
The Buddha said, “Those who shaving their heads and faces and becomes Sramanas and have accepted the Doctrine of the Way, should surrender all worldly possessions and be contented with whatever they obtain by begging.Only one meal a day and loding under a tree, he desires nothing else.For what makes one stupid and irrational is attachments and passions.”
第四章 善惡并明
佛言:眾生以十事為善,亦以十事為惡。何等為十?身
三、口
四、意三。身三者,殺盜淫??谒恼?,兩舌、惡口、妄言、綺語。意三者,嫉恚癡。如是十事,不順圣道,名十惡行。是惡若止,名十善行耳。
The Buddha said, “There are ten things considered good by all beings, and ten things evil.What are they? Three of them depend upon the body, four upon the mouth, and three upon the mind.The three evil deeds depending upon the body are: killing, stealing and unchaste deeds.The four depending upon the mouth are: slendering, cursing, lying and flattery.The three depending upon
the mind are: jealousy, hatred and ignorance.All these things are not in keeping with the Holy Way, and are therefore evil.When these evils are not done, they are ten good deeds.”
第五章 轉(zhuǎn)重令輕
佛言:人有眾過,而不自悔、頓息其心,罪來赴身;如水歸海,漸成深廣。若人有過,自解知非,改惡行善,罪自消滅;如病得汗,漸有痊損耳。
The Buddha said, “If a man who has committed many sins, does not repent and purify his heart of evil, retribution will come upon his person as sure as the streams runs into the ocean which becomes ever deeper and wider.If a man who has committed sins, come to the knowledge of it, reforms himself, and practises goodness, the force of retribution will gradually exhaust itself as a disease gradually loses its baneful influence when the patient perspires.”
第六章 忍惡無嗔
佛言:惡人聞善,故來擾亂者,汝自禁息,當(dāng)無嗔責(zé),彼來惡者而自惡之。
The Buddha said, “When an evil-man, seeing you practise goodness, comes and maticiously insults you, you should patiently endure it and not feel angry with him, for the evil-man is insulting himself by trying to insult you.”
第七章 惡還本身
佛言:有人聞吾守道,行大仁慈,故致罵佛。佛默不對(duì)。罵止,問曰:子以禮從人,其人不納,禮歸子乎?對(duì)曰:歸矣!佛言:今子罵我,我今不納,子自持禍歸子身矣!猶響應(yīng)聲,影之隨形,終無免離,慎勿為惡。
The Buddha said, “Once a man came unto me and denounced me on account of my observing the Way and practicing great loving-kindness.But I kept silent and did not answer him.The denunciation ceased.Then I asked him.'If you bring a present to your neighbour and he accepts it not;does the present come back to you?' He replied, 'It will.' I said, 'You denounce me now, but as I accept it not, you must take the wrong deed back on your own person.It is like echo succeeding sound, it is like shadow following object;you never escape the effect of your own evil deeds.Be therefore mindful, and cease from doing evil.”
第八章 塵唾自污
佛言:惡人害賢者,猶仰天而唾,唾不至天,還從已墮;逆風(fēng)揚(yáng)塵,塵不至彼,還坌己身。賢不可毀,禍必滅己。
The Buddha said, “Evil-doers who denounce the wise resemble a person who spits against the sky;the spittle will never reach the sky;but comes down on himself.Evil-doers again resemble a man who stirs the dust against the wind, the dust is never raised without doing him injury.Thus, the wise will never be hurt but the curse is sure to destroy the evil-doers themselves.”
第九章 返本會(huì)道
佛言:博聞愛道,道必難會(huì);守志奉道,其道甚大。
The Buddha said, “If you endeavour to embrace the Way through much learning, the Way will not understood.If you observe the Way with simplicity of heart, great indeed is this Way.”
第十章 喜施獲福
佛言:睹人施道,助之歡喜,得福甚大。沙門問曰:此福盡乎?佛言:譬如一炬之火,數(shù)千百人各以炬來分取,熟食除冥,此炬如故;福亦如之。
The Buddha said, “Those who rejoice in seeing others observe the Way will obtain great blessing.” A Sramana asked the Buddha, “Would this blessing be destroyed?” The Buddha replied, “It is like a lighted torch whose flame can be distributed to ever so many others torches which flame can be distributed to ever so many other torches which people may bring along;and therewith they will cook food and dispel darkness, while the original torch itself remains burning ever the same.It is even so with the bliss of the Way.”
第十一章 施飯轉(zhuǎn)勝
佛言:飯惡人百,不如飯一善人;飯善人千,不如飯一持五戒者;飯五戒者萬,不如飯一須陀洹;飯百萬須陀洹,不如飯一斯陀含;飯千萬斯陀含,不如飯一阿那含;飯一億阿那含,不如飯一阿羅漢;飯十億阿羅漢,不如飯一辟支佛;飯百億辟支佛,不如飯一三世諸佛;飯千億三世諸佛,不如飯一無念無住無修無證之者。
The Buddha said, “It is better to feed a good man than one hundred bad men.It is better to feed one who observes the Five Precepts of the Buddha than to feed one thousand good men.It is better to feed one Srotaapanna(Stream-enteree)than to feed ten thousands of those who observe the Five Precepts of Buddha.It is better to feed one Skriddagamin than to feed one million Srotaapanna.It is better to feed one Anagamin than to feed one Arhat than to feed one hundred millions of Anagamins.It is better to feed one Pratyekabuddha than to feed one billion of Arhats.It is better to feed one of the Buddha, either of the present, or of the past, or of the future, than to feed ten billions of Pratyekabuddhas.It is better to feed one who is above knowledge, one-sidedness, discipline, and enlightenment than to feed one hundred billions of Buddhas of the past, present, or future.”
第十二章 舉難勸修
佛言:人有二十難。貧窮布施難,豪貴學(xué)道難,棄命必死難,得睹佛經(jīng)難,生值佛世難,忍色忍欲難,見好不求難,被辱不嗔難,有勢(shì)不臨難,觸事無心難,廣學(xué)博究難,除滅我慢難,不輕未學(xué)難,心行平等難,不說是非難,會(huì)善知識(shí)難,見性學(xué)道難,隨化度人難,睹境不動(dòng)難,善解方便難。
The Buddha said, “There are twenty difficult things to attain in this world:
1.It is hard for the poor to practice charity.2.It is hard for the strong and rich to observe the Way.3.It is hard to disregard life and go to certain death.4.It is only a favoured few that get acquainted with a Buddhist sutra.5.It is hard to be born in the age of the Buddha.6.It is hard to conquer the passions, to suppress selfish desires.7.It is hard not to hanker after that which is agreeable.8.It is hard not to get into a passion when slighted.9.It is hard not to abuse one's authority.10.It is hard to be even-minded and simple hearted in all one's dealings with others.42
11.It is hard to be thorough in learning and exhaustive in investigation.12.It is hard to subdue selfish pride.13.It is hard not to feel contempt toward the unlearned.14.It is hard to be one in knowledge and practice.15.It is hard not to express an opinion about others.16.It is by rare opportunity that one is introduced to a true spiritual teacher.17.It is hard to gain an insight into the nature of being and to practice the Way.18.It is hard to follow the way of a saviour.19.It is hard to be always the master of oneself.20.It is hard to understand thoroughly the Ways of Buddha.”
第十三章 問道宿命
沙門問佛:以何因緣,得知宿命,會(huì)其至道?佛言:凈心守志,可會(huì)至道。譬如磨鏡,垢去明存;斷欲無求,當(dāng)?shù)盟廾?/p>
A monk asked the Buddha, “Under what conditions is it possible to come to the knowledge of the past and to understand the most supreme Way? The Buddha answered, ”Those who are pure in heart and single in purpose are able to understand the most supreme Way.It is like polishing a mirror, which becomes bright when the dust is removed.Remove your passions, and have no hankering, and the past will be revealed to you.”
第十四章 請(qǐng)問善大
沙門問佛:何者為善?何者最大?佛言:行道守真者善,志與道合者大。
A monk asked the Buddha, “What is good, and what is great?“ The Buddha replied, ”Good is to practice the Way and to follow the truth.Great is the heart that is in accord with the Way.”
第十五章 請(qǐng)問力明
沙門問佛:何者多力?何者最明?佛言:忍辱多力,不懷惡故,兼加安健。忍者無惡,必為人尊。心垢滅盡,凈無瑕穢,是為最明。未有天地,逮于今日;十方所有,無有不見,無有不知,無有不聞,得一切智,可謂明矣!
A monk asked the Buddha, “What is most powerful and what is most illuminating?” The Buddha replied, “Meekness is most powerful, for it harbours no evil thoughts, and, moreover, it is restful and full of strength.as it is free from evils, it is sure to be honoured by all.The most illuminating is a mind that is thoroughly cleansed of dirt, and which, remaining pure, retains no blemishes.From the time when there was yet no heaven and earth till the present day, there is nothing in the ten quarters which is not seen, or known, or heard by such a mind, for it has gained all-knowledge, and for that reason it is called 'illuminating'.”
第十六章 舍愛得道
佛言:人懷愛欲,不見道者,譬如澄水,致手?jǐn)囍?,眾人共臨,無有睹其影者。人以愛欲交錯(cuò),心中濁興,故不見道。汝等沙門,當(dāng)舍愛欲。愛欲垢盡,道可見矣!
The Buddha said, “Those who have passions are never able to preceive the Way;for it is like stirring up clear water with hands;people may come there wishing to find a reflection of their faces, which, however, they will never see.A mind troubled and vexed with the passions is impure, and on that account it never sees the Way.O monks, do away with passions.When the dirt of passion is removed the Way will manifest itself.”
第十七章 明來暗榭
佛言:夫見道者,譬如持炬,入冥室中,其冥即滅,而明獨(dú)存;學(xué)道見諦,無明即滅,而明常存矣!The Buddha said, “Seeing the Way is like going into a dark room with a torch;the darkness instantly departs, while the light alone remains.When the Way is attained and the truth is seen, ignorance vanishes and enlightenment abides forever.”
第十八章 念等本空
佛言:吾法念無念念、行無行行、言無言言、修無修修,會(huì)者近爾,迷者遠(yuǎn)乎!言語道斷,非物所拘,差之毫厘,失之須臾。
The Buddha said, “My doctrine is to think the thought that is unthinkable, to practise the deed that is non-doing, to speak the speech that is inexpressible, and to be trained in the discipline that is deyond discipline.Those who understand this are near, those who are confused are far.The Way is beyond words and expressions, is bound by nothing earthly.Lose sight of it to an inch, or miss it for a moment, and we are away from it forever more.”
第十九章 假真并觀
佛言:觀天地,念非常。觀世界,念非常。觀靈覺,即菩提。如是知識(shí),得道疾矣!
The Buddha said, “Look up to heaven and down on earth, and they will remind you of their impermanency.Look about the world, and it will remind you of its impermanency.But when you gain spiritual enlightenment, you shall then find wisdom.The knowledge thus attained leads you quickly to the Way.”
第二十章 推我本空
佛言:當(dāng)念身中四大,各有自名,都無我者。我既都無,其如幻耳!
The Buddha said, “You should think of the four elements of which the body is exposed.Each of them has its own name, and there is no such thing there known as ego.As there is really no ego, it is like unto a mirage.”
第二十一章 名聲喪本
佛言:人隨情欲,求于聲名;聲名顯著,身已故矣!貪世常名而不學(xué)道,枉功勞形。譬如燒香,雖人聞香,香之燼矣!危身之火,而在其后。
The Buddha said, “Moved by their selfish desires, people seek after fame and glory.But when they have acquired it, they are already strikened in years.If you hanker after wordly fame and practise not the Way, your labours are wrongfully applied and your energy is wasted.It is like unto burning an incense stick.”
第二十二章 財(cái)色招苦
佛言:財(cái)色于人,人之不舍。譬如刀刃有蜜,不足一餐之美;小兒舐之,則有割舌之患。
The Buddha said, “People cleave to their worldly possessions and selfish passions so blindly
as to sacrifice their own lives for them.They are like a child who tries to eat a little honey smeared on the edge of a knife.The amount is by no means sufficient to appease his appetite, but he runs the risk of wounding the tongue.”
第二十三章 妻子甚獄
佛言:人系于妻子舍宅,甚于牢獄。牢獄有散釋之期,妻子無遠(yuǎn)離之念。情愛于色,豈憚驅(qū)馳!雖有虎口之患,心存甘伏,投泥自溺,故曰凡夫。透得此門,出塵羅漢。
The Buddha said, “Men are tied up to their famililes and possessions more helplessly than in a prison.There is an occassion for the prisoner to be released, but the housholders entertain no desire to be relieved from the ties of family.Even into the paws of a tiger, he will jump.Those who are thus drowned in the filth of passion are called the ignorant.Those who are able to overcome it are saintly Arhats.”
第二十四章 色欲障道
佛言:愛欲莫甚于色。色之為欲,其大無外,賴有一矣。若使二同,普天之人,無能為道者矣。The Buddha said, “There is nothing like lust.Lust may be said to be the most powerful passion.Fortunately, we have but one thing which is more powerful.If the thirst for truth were weaker than passion, how many of us in the world will be able to follow the way of righteousness?”
第二十五章 欲火燒身
佛言:愛欲于人,猶如執(zhí)炬逆風(fēng)而行,必有燒手之患。
The Buddha said, “Men who are addicted to the passions are like the torch-carrier running against the wind;his hands are sure to be burned.”
第二十六章 天魔嬈佛
天神獻(xiàn)玉女于佛,欲壞佛意。佛言:革囊眾穢,爾來何為?去!吾不用。天神愈敬,因問道意。佛為解說,即得須陀洹果。
The Lord of Heaven offered a beautiful fairy to the Buddha, desiring to tempt him to the evil path.But the Buddha said, “Be gone.What use have I for the leather bag filled with filth which you brought to me?” Then, the god reverently bowed and asked the Buddha about the essence of the
Way, in which having been instructed by the buddha, it is said he attained the fruit of Srotaapanna.”
第二十七章 無著得道
佛言:夫?yàn)榈勒?,猶木在水,尋流而行。不觸兩岸,不為人取,不為鬼神所遮,不為洄流所住,亦不腐敗,吾保此木決定入海。學(xué)道之人,不為情欲所惑,不為眾邪所嬈,精進(jìn)無為,吾保此人必得道矣。
The Buddha said, “Those who are following the Way should behave like a piece of timber which is drifting along a stream.If the log is neither held by the banks, nor seized by men, nor obstructed by the gods, nor kept in the whirlpool, nor itself goes to decay, I assure you that this log will finally reach the ocean.If monks waling on the Way are neither tempted by the passions, nor led astray by some evil influences;but steadily pursue their course of Nirvana, I assure you that these monks will finally attain enlightenment.”
第二十八章 意馬莫縱
佛言:甚勿信汝意,汝意不可信。慎勿與色會(huì),色會(huì)即禍生。得阿羅漢已,乃可信汝意。
The Buddha said, “Rely not upon your own will.It is not trustworthy.Guard yourself against sensualism, for it surely leads to the path of evil.Your own will becomes trustworthy only when you have attained Arhatship.”
第二十九章 正觀敵色
佛言:慎勿視女色,亦莫共言語。若與語者,正心思念:我為沙門,處于濁世,當(dāng)如蓮華,不為泥污。想其老者為母,長(zhǎng)者如姊,少者如妹,稚者如子。生度脫心,息滅惡念。
The Buddha said, “O monks, you should not see women.(If you have to see them), refrain from talking to them.(If you have to talk to them), you should reflect in a right spirit: 'I am now a homeless mendicant.In the world of sin, I must behave myself like unto the lotus flower whose purity is not defiled by the mud.Old ones I will treat as my mother;elderly ones as elder sisters;younger ones as younger sisters;and little ones as daughters.' And in all this you should habour no evil thoughts, but think of salvation.”
第三十章 欲火遠(yuǎn)離
佛言:夫?yàn)榈勒?,如被干草,火來須避。道人見欲,必?dāng)遠(yuǎn)之。
The Buddha said, “Those who walk the Way should avoid sensualism as those who carry hay would avoid coming near the fire.”
第三十一章 心寂欲除
佛言:有人患淫不止,欲自斷陰。佛謂之曰:若斷其陰,不如斷心。心如功曹,功曹若止,從者都息。邪心不止,斷陰何益?佛為說偈:欲生于汝意,意以思想生,二心各寂靜,非色亦非行。佛言:此偈是迦葉佛說。
The Buddha said, “There was once a man who, being in despair over his inability to control his passions, wished to multilate himself.“ The Buddha said to Him, ”Better destroy your own evil thoughts than do harm to your own person.The mind is lord.When the lord himself is claimed the servant will themselves be yielding.If your mind is purified of evil passions, what avails it to multilate yourself?”Thereupon, the Buddha recited the gatha:
“Passions grow from the will,The will grows from thought and imagination.When both are calmed,There is neither sensualism nor transmigration.”
The Buddha said that this gatha was taught by Kashyapa Buddha.第三十二章 我空怖滅
佛言:人從愛欲生憂,從憂生怖。若離于愛,何憂何怖?
The Buddha said, “From the passions arise worry, and from worry arises fear.Away with passions,no fear, no worry.”
第三十三章 智明破魔
佛言:夫?yàn)榈勒?,譬如一人與萬人戰(zhàn)。掛鎧出門,意或怯弱,或半路而退,或格斗而死,或得勝而還。沙門學(xué)道,應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持其心,精進(jìn)勇銳,不畏前境,破滅眾魔,而得道果。
The Buddha said, “Those who follow the Way are like unto warriors who fight single-handed
with a multitude of foes.They may al go out of the fort in full armour;but among them are some who are faint-hearted, and some who go halfway and beat a retreat, and some who are killed in the affray, and some who come home victorious.O monks!If you desire to attain enlightenment, you should steadily walk in your Way, with a resolute heart, with courage, and should be fearless in whatever environment you may happen to be, and destroy every evil influence that you may across for thus you shall reach the goal.”
第三十四章 處中得道
沙門夜誦迦葉佛遺教經(jīng),其聲悲緊,思悔欲退。佛問之曰:汝昔在家,曾為何業(yè)?對(duì)曰:愛彈琴。佛言:弦緩如何?對(duì)曰:不鳴矣!弦急如何?對(duì)曰:聲絕矣!急緩得中如何?對(duì)曰:諸音普矣!佛言:沙門學(xué)道亦然,心若調(diào)適,道可得矣。于道若暴,暴即身疲。其身若疲,意即生惱。意若生惱,行即退矣。其行既退,罪必加矣。但清凈安樂,道不失矣。
One night a monk was reciting a sutra, bequeathed by Kashyapa Buddha.His tone was so mournful and his voice was so fainting, as if he was going out of existence.The Buddha asked him, “What was your occupation before you become a homeless monk? ” The monk replied, “I was very fond of playing a stringed instrument.” The Buddha said, “How did you find it when the strings were too loose?” “No sound is possible.” was the reply.“How did you find it when the strings were too tight?” “They will break.” “How did you find when they were neither too tight nor too loose?” “Every note sounds in its proper tone.”
第三十五章 垢凈明存
佛言:如人鍛鐵,去滓成器,器即精好。學(xué)道之人,去心垢染,行即清凈矣。
The Buddha then said to the monk, “Religious discipline is also like unto playing such a stringed instrument.When the mind is properly adjusted and quietly applied, the Way is attainable.But when you are too feverntly bent on it, your body grows tired, and when your body is tired, your spirit becomes weary, your discipline will relax, and with the relaxation of discipline there follows many an evil.Therefore, be calm and pure, and the Way will be gained.”
第三十六章 輾轉(zhuǎn)獲勝
佛言:人離惡道,得為人難。既得為人,去女即男難。既得為男,六根完具難。六根既具,生中國(guó)難。
既生中國(guó),值佛世難。既值佛世,遇道者難。既得遇道,興信心難。既興信心,發(fā)菩提心難。既發(fā)菩提心,無修無證難。
The Buddha said, “Even if one escapes from the evil creations, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a human being.Even if one is born as a human, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a man and not a woman.Even if one is born as a man, it is one's rare fortune to be perfected in all the six senses.Even if he is perfected in all the six senses, it is his rare fortune to be born in the middle kingdom.Even if he is born in the middle kingdom, it is rare fortune to be born in the time of a Buddha.Even if he is born in the time of a Buddha, it is rare fortunate to see the Enlightened One.Even if he is able to see the Enlightened One, it is his rare fortune to have his heart awakened in faith.Even if he has faith, it is his rare fortune to awaken the heart of wisdom.Even if he awakens the heart of wisdom, it is his rare fortune to realise a spiritual state which is above discipline and attainment.”
第三十七章 念戒近道
佛言:佛子離吾數(shù)千里,憶念吾戒,必得道果。在吾左右,雖常見吾,不順吾戒,終不得道。
The Buddha said, “O Sons of the Buddha!You are away from me ever so many miles, but if you remember and think of my precepts, you shall surely gain the fruit of enlightenment.You may standing by my side, see me always, but if you observe not my precepts, you shall never gain enlightenment.”
第三十八章 生即有滅
佛問沙門:人命在幾間?對(duì)曰:數(shù)日間。佛言:子未知道。復(fù)問一沙門:人命在幾間?對(duì)曰:飯食間。佛言:子未知道。復(fù)問一沙門:人命在幾間?對(duì)曰:呼吸間。佛言:善哉,子知道矣!
The Buddha asked another monk, “How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ He answered, ”By days.“ The Buddha said, ”You do not understand the Way.“ The Buddha asked another monk, ”How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ The monk answered, ”By the time that passes during a meal.“ The Buddha said, ”You do not understand the Way.“ The Buddha asked the third monk, ”How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ The monk answered, ”By the breadth." The Buddha said,50