第一篇：初中英語語法總結(jié)(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài))

初中英語語法總結(jié)(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài))

11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。

時(shí)間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。

例如： I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)

離開家。

2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國(guó)東部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?/p>

注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。

比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。

I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。

第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行 的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客 觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。11.2 一般過去時(shí)的用法

1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？ 2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

例如： When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時(shí)間了” “該……了”。

例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。句型：It is time that sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了” “早該……了”，例如: It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。句型：would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。

例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。

例如：I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。

比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：

Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？

11.3 used to / be used to used to + do：“過去常?！北硎具^去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。

例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過去沒那么健忘。

Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過去常常散步。

be used to + doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后需加名 詞或動(dòng)名詞。

例如： He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。

典型例題

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。

11.4 一般將來時(shí)

1）shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。

例如： Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？

2）be going to +不定式，表示將來。a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。

例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。

例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。

例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。

4）be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。

例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的

時(shí)間狀語連用。

11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好準(zhǔn)備

Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你脫下衣服,我們將在鏡子前幫你穿上新衣服 11.6 be to和be going to

be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或 計(jì)劃。例如：

I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）

I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來

1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如： The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開？十分鐘后。

2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：

When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比爾來后，讓他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就寫信給你。4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來

下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 可以表示將來。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？ 11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還 存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過去分詞。

11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1）一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn) 在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

2）一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語 連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。

一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了）

I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）He has been in the League for three years.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League member for three years.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）注意:句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。

（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1）It is the first / second time … that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí)。

例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。

This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。

典型例題

（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。注意： 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)

生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比較since和for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。

例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。(延續(xù))I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。(開始時(shí)間)注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

I worked here for more than twenty years.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。

1）（對(duì)）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（錯(cuò)）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四種用法

1）since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。

例如： I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在這兒。2）since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。

例如： I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。

3）since +從句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后，變化可大了。

4）It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1）用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí) 間狀語連用。例如：

He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（表結(jié)果）I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）2）用于till / until從句的差異

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示 “到……，才……”。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。

再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。11.15 過去完成時(shí) 1）概念：表示過去的過去

----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí) 以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句

在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一 般過去時(shí)。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>

c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本…，未能…”。例如： We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。

3）過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before.他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題 ：

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此“忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于……”這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開門，他就打了我。

had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如： He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。11.16 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)

1）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。2）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.我聽到這個(gè)消息后，很興奮。3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老師告訴我們，哥倫比亞在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)美州。11.17 將來完成時(shí)

第二篇：英語語法—?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)態(tài)（推薦）

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

英語語法中的時(shí)態(tài)（tense）是一種動(dòng)詞形式，不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示不同的時(shí)間與方式。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此，當(dāng)我們說時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候，指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。

所謂“時(shí)”就是行為發(fā)生的時(shí)段或狀態(tài)存在的時(shí)段，即：“現(xiàn)在、進(jìn)行、過去、將來”四種；所謂“態(tài)”就是行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)所呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)，有一般狀態(tài)、進(jìn)行狀態(tài)、完成狀態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行狀態(tài)四種。由時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合，便形成下列十六種時(shí)態(tài)： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過去時(shí)，一般將來時(shí)，一般過去將來時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)； 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過去完成時(shí)，將來完成時(shí)，過去將來完成時(shí)；

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)． 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1.概念：表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況、有規(guī)律出現(xiàn)的情況、總是發(fā)生的事和事實(shí)真理。2.時(shí)間狀語：Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week(day, year, month?），once a week(day, year, month?），on Sundays（on Mondays ?）.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + do/does +其他；（如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式）。

4.否定形式：主語 + am/is/are + not + 其他（此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞，則在其前加don't，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用doesn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞）。5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數(shù)，則用does，同時(shí)，還原行為動(dòng)詞。6.例句：（1）It seldom snows here.這里很少下雪。

（2）He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于幫助別人。（3）Action speaks louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。一般過去時(shí)

1.概念：過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)；過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。

2.時(shí)間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month?），in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式或be的過去式+名詞。

4.否定形式：主語 + was/were + not + 其他(在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞)。5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問，同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。6.例句：（1）She often came to help us in those days.那些天她經(jīng)常來幫助我們。（2）I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是這么忙。一般將來時(shí)

1.概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。

2.標(biāo)志：Tomorrow, soon, in a few minutes,，the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）主語 + am/is/are + going to + do sth（2）主語 + will/shall + do + do sth 4.否定句：在系動(dòng)詞is/am/are或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will/shall后加not 5.一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。{首字母大寫} 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他們將有一場(chǎng)比賽和我們一起研究。

It is going to rain.天要下雨了。一般過去將來時(shí)

1.概念：立足于過去某一時(shí)刻，從過去看將來，常用于賓語從句中。2.時(shí)間狀語：The next day(morning , year?），the following month(week?），etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + was/were + going to + do + 其它；主語 + would/should + do +其它 4.否定形式：主語 + was/were + not + going to + do;主語 + would/should + not + do.5.一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。6.例句：（1）He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他說他第二天要去北京。（2）I asked who was going there.我問，誰要去那里。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。2.時(shí)間狀語：Now, at this time, days, etc.look, listen 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語+ be + doing + 其它

4.否定形式：主語 + be + not +doing + 其它 5.一般疑問句：把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。

6.例句：How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺如何？ He is doing well in his lessons.在課上他表現(xiàn)得很好。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。

2.時(shí)間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。

3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+was/were +doing +其它

4.否定形式：主語+was/were + not +doing+其它 5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。（第一個(gè)字母大寫）

6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段時(shí)間她在人民解放軍部隊(duì)工作。When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他進(jìn)來時(shí)，我正在讀報(bào)紙。將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來某一時(shí)間開始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來表示詢問、請(qǐng)求等。

2.時(shí)間狀語：Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，in two days, tomorrow evening 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它

4.否定形式：主語 + shall/will + not + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它

5.例句：This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的這個(gè)時(shí)間，他們正坐在電影院。

He won’t be coming to the party.他不去參加聚會(huì)了。過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.概念：表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言，將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，主要用于賓語從句中，尤其多用于間接引語中。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：should/would + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞

3.例句：They said they would be coming.他們說了他們將要來。

He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他說他不能來因?yàn)橐_會(huì)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1.概念：過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，或從過去已經(jīng)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2.時(shí)間狀語：yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for + 時(shí)間段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + have/has + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它

4.否定形式：主語 + have/has + not + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它 5.一般疑問句：have或has放句首。

6.例句：I've written an article.我已經(jīng)寫了一篇論文。

The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在過去的幾年，農(nóng)村發(fā)生了巨大的變化。過去完成時(shí)

1.概念：以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為，或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為，即“過去的過去”。

2.時(shí)間狀語：Before, by the end of last year(term, month?），etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + had + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它

4.否定形式：主語 + had + not +p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它 5.一般疑問句：had放于句首。

6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.當(dāng)我們到車站的時(shí)候，火車已經(jīng)開走了。

By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上個(gè)月底，我們已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了四本書?；窘Y(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + had + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它 ①肯定句：主語 + had + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它

②否定句：主語 + had + not + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它 ③一般疑問句：Had +主語 + p.p（過去分詞）+其它 ④特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞 + 一般疑問句 將來完成時(shí)

1.概念：在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

2.時(shí)間狀語：by the time of;by the end of + 時(shí)間短語（將來）；by the time + 從句（將來）3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + be going to/will/shall + have + p.p（過去分詞）+ 其它 4例句：By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回來的時(shí)候，就將發(fā)生巨大的變化。過去將來完成時(shí)

1.概念：表示在過去某一時(shí)間對(duì)將來某一時(shí)刻以前所會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常用在虛擬語氣中，表示與過去的事實(shí)相反。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：should/would have done sth.3.例句：I thought you'd have left by this time.我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。

He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完?，F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛開始，也可能仍在繼續(xù)，并可能延續(xù)到將來。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + have/has + been + doing + 其它 3.時(shí)間狀語：since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn)，for + 時(shí)間段等。

4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.我已經(jīng)在這里坐了一個(gè)小時(shí)。

The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.從6點(diǎn)起，孩子們一直看電視。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示某個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻，還未完成，一直持續(xù)到之后的當(dāng)前才結(jié)束。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：主語 + had + been + doing + 其它

3.例子：She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧？ 4.特殊含義：①尚未完成：He had been writing the novel.他已經(jīng)在寫小說了。（他沒寫完）②企圖：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過這個(gè)諺語。（他曾努力學(xué)習(xí)過它）③未得結(jié)果：We had been studying what our enemy had said.我們一直致力于敵人所說的。（但是我們沒有理解）

④最近情況：He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一場(chǎng)架。（最近）⑤反復(fù)動(dòng)作：He had been asking me the same question.他一直問我相同的問題。（屢次）⑥情緒：What had he been doing？他做了什么 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間。是否繼續(xù)下去，要視上下文而定。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：shall/will have been doing 3.例子：I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我將在這個(gè)工廠工作20年了。

If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there.咱們?nèi)绮豢煲稽c(diǎn)兒，等我們到了那兒，店門就會(huì)關(guān)了。過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念：表示從過去某時(shí)看至未來某時(shí)以前會(huì)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu)：should/would + have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞

3.例子：He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告訴我，到年底時(shí)，他就在那住了30年了。

第三篇：初中英語語法時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)

初中英語語法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié) 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1）經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如：

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。2）客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如：

The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國(guó)東部。3）表示格言或警句。例如：

Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)　?/p>

注意：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4）現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如： I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語寫得不錯(cuò)，講的可不行。

比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。

第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、一般過去時(shí)

1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如： Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了？

2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如：

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí)，布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去，都受到熱烈歡迎。

3）句型：It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時(shí)間了” “該……了”。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。

It is time that sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了” “早該……了”，例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。

would（had）rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如：I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。

4）wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí)，作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等，而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在

。例如：I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。

比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.（含義：她已不在人間。）Christine has been an invalid all her life.（含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著）Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。）

Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.（含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛離去）注意： 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示委婉語氣。

1）動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎？ I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2）情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如：

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車，能借用一些嗎？ 11.3 used to / be used to

used to + do：“過去常?！北硎具^去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。例如： Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過去沒那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過去常常散步。

be used to + doing：對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣，或“習(xí)慣于”，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如：

He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。典型例題

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't

答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。三、一般將來時(shí)

1）shall用于第一人稱，常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如：

Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先讀哪一段呢？

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？ 2）be going to +不定式，表示將來。

a.主語的意圖，即將做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

b.計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。

c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云，快要下雨了。

3）be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如： We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4）be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。例如： He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。5）be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí)，be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如： If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6）be to和be going to

be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如： I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。（客觀安排）I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。（主觀安排）7）一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來

1）下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來，主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如：

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開？十分鐘后。2）以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如： Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如：

When Bill comes（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me.比爾來后，讓他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里，就寫信給你。4）在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開房間前，務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。8）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)標(biāo)將來

下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如：

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎？

四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成：have（has）+過去分詞。11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1）一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

2）一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用，或無時(shí)間狀語。

一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。

共同的時(shí)間狀語：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：

I saw this film yesterday.（強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了）

I have seen this film.（強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early?（強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了）

Who hasn't handed in his paper?（強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）

He has been in the League for three years.（在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League member for three years.（是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)）

句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。

（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4）用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1）It is the first / second time....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。This is the first time（that）I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu)，that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如： This is the best film that I've（ever）seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。典型例題

（1）---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming

答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選B。

（2）---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。

注意：非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

（錯(cuò)）I have received his letter for a month.6（對(duì)）I haven't received his letter for almost a month.5)比較since 和for

Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。注意：并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

I worked here for more than twenty years.（我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。）

I have worked here for many years.（現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。）注意：用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法，很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。1）（對(duì)）Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2）（錯(cuò)）Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.6)since的四種用法

1）since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)（如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six）。例如：

I have been here since 1989.1989起，我一直在這兒。2）since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如：

I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒，已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。3）since +從句。例如：

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后，變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后，變化可大了。4）It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。7）延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1）用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：

He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。（表結(jié)果）

I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。（表經(jīng)歷）2）用于till / until從句的差異

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句，表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示“到……，才……”。例如：

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet

答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be

答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

五、過去完成時(shí)

1）概念：表示過去的過去

----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2）用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如： She said（that）she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句

在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中，發(fā)生在先，用過去完成時(shí)；發(fā)生在后，用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時(shí)，小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>

c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本…，未能…”。例如：

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來，但是你沒有來。

3）過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如：

He said that he had learned some English before.他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B，were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left

答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過去的動(dòng)作之前，因此“忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去，用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn)，表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于……”這一背景下，when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意： had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如：

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開門，他就打了我。had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如：

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車，轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。4）一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)

1）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連詞時(shí)，多用一般過去時(shí)。例如：

When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。）兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生，可用一般過去時(shí)；如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成，用過去完成時(shí)。例如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited.3）敘述歷史事實(shí)，可不用過去完成時(shí)，而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如： Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、將來完成時(shí)

1）構(gòu)成will have done 2）概念

a.狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：

They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。b.動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前，已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此時(shí)，你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。

七、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法：

a.表示現(xiàn)在（指說話人說話時(shí)）正在發(fā)生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you.我們正在等你。

b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作，說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：

Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。（說話時(shí)并未在寫，只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。）

c.表示漸變，這樣的動(dòng)詞有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如： The leaves are turning red.葉子在變紅。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越來越熱了。

d.與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用，表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài)，往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如：

You are always changing your mind.你老是改變主意。典型例題

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài)，應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí)，由于沒有找到，其影響仍然存在，應(yīng)用完成時(shí)，瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。2）不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞

1）事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers.我有兩兄弟。

This house belongs to my sister.這房子是我姐的。

2）表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：I need your help.我需要你的幫助。He loves her very much.他愛她很深。

3）瞬間動(dòng)詞，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：

I accept your advice.我接受你的勸告。

4）系動(dòng)詞，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如：

You seem a little tired.你看上去有點(diǎn)累。

八、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1）概念：表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。

2）過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

3）常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如：

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來，受了傷。

It was raining when they left the station.他們離開車站時(shí)，正下著雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽光燦爛。典型例題

1）Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情，應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí)，when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性，“瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)”提供事情發(fā)生的背景，因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

2）As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read；was falling B.was reading； fell C.was reading； was falling D.read；fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while，意為“當(dāng)……之時(shí)”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí)，用過去進(jìn)行；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 “在她看報(bào)紙時(shí)，奶奶睡著了?！本渲械?fell（fall的過去時(shí)），是系動(dòng)詞，后跟形容詞，如：fall sick。

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式一覽表

第四篇：初中英語語法練習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練..

初中英語語法練習(xí)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

一、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空：

1．He______swimming in the river every day in summer.(go)2.It________you are right.(seem)3.Look, the children______ basketball on the playground.(play)4.He______to the radio when I came in,(listen)5.It is very cold.I think it______.(rain)6.—I need some paper.—I______ some for you.(bring)7.I can’t find my pen.Who______it ?(take)8.He said that he______back in five minutes.(come)9.I didn’t meet him.He______ when I got there.(leave)10.I______my bike, so I have to walk to school.(lose)11.He______down and began to read his newspaper.(sit)12.He is very hungry.He_________ anything for three days.(not eat)13.I______with you if I have time.(go)14.We will go to the cinema if it______fine.(be)15.I will tell her the news when she______to see me next week.(come)16.“ When______you______the car ?” “ In 1998.”(buy)17.We______good friends since we met at school.（be）18.What______you______ at five yesterday afternoon ?(do)19.The bike is nice.How much______it______?(cost)

二、選擇最佳答案填空

（）1.We’ll go swimming if the weather______fine tomorrow.A.is B.was C.will be D.is going to be（）2.It______five years since he has left for Beijing.A.was B.has been C.is D.is going to be（）3.Please don’t leave the office until your friend______back.A.came B.comes C.have come D.will come（）4.By the end of last year he______about 1500 English words.A.learns B.learned C.was learning D.had learned（）5.Listen!Someone______in the next room.A.cried B.crying C.is crying D.has cried（）6.You must tell him the news as soon as you______him.A.see B.sees C.will see D.is seeing（）7.He told me that he______to see us the next day.A.comes B.came C.will come D.would come（）8.We can’t find him anywhere.Perhaps he______home.A.is going B.went C.has come D.would come（）9.The teacher told us that the sun______bigger than the earth.A.is B.was C.has been D.will be

（）10.Could you tell me where the railway station______? A.was B.is C.will be D.would be（）11.We______to the Great Wall several times.A.go B.were going C.have gone D.have been

（）12.It seemed that the old man______for something over there.A.looks B.looked C.was looking D.has looked（）13.He was sure that he______his wallet in the office.A.left B.would leave C.had left D.has left（）14.You must study hard if you______ want to fail the exam.A.won’t B.don’t C.haven’t D.hadn’t

（）15.—I’m afraid you can’t sit here.—Sorry , I______know.A.don’t B.won’t C.can’t D.didn’t

（）16.As she______the newspaper , Granny______asleep.A.read , was falling B.fell C.was reading , was falling D.read , fell（）17.—Jim is not coming tonight.—But he______!A.promises（許諾）B.promised C.will promise D.had promised（）18.—What’s her name? —I______.A.forget B.forgot C.had forgotten D.am forgetting

三、動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)能力綜合測(cè)試

（）1.He often______his clothes on Sundays.A.washing B.washes C.has washed D.wash（）2.I’m Chinese.Where______from?

A.do you come B.you are coming C.you come D.are you coming（）3.May______to school.A.never walks B.is never walking C.walk never D.never is walking（）4.We will start as soon as our teacher______.A.comes B.will come C.come D.is coming（）5.How long ago______playing football? A.have you stopped B.had you stopped C.did you stop D.do you stop（）6.It______ hard when I left my house.A.is raining B.rains C.was raining D.will rain（）7.I think this question______to answer.A.easy B.is easy C.was easy D.will easy（）8.Don’t talk so loudly.Your father______.A.sleeps B.is sleeping C.slept D.had slept（）9.How many people does the doctor know who______of the disease(疾病)？ A.are dying B.is dying C.has died D.dies（）10.I______my homework now.A.finish B.finished C.have finished D.had finished

（）11.He______for three years.A.has joined B.has been in the army C.joined D.has served the army（）12.His grandfather______for thirty years.A.died B.was dead C.has been dead D.has died（）13.I______ from my brother for a long time.A.not have heard B.have not heard C.have heard not D.do not hear（）14.Maths, one of the most important subjects, ______always interested him.A.has B.have C.are D.is

（）15.—Did your brother go to America last year? —______.A.No , he did never go there B.No , he has never gone here C.No , he never was there D.No , he’s never been there（）16.He______ that factory since 1958.A.has left B.has worked in C.has gone from D.has come to C.have happened D.are taken place（）17.Our teacher______to Beijing three times.A.went B.had gone C.has gone D.has been（）18.Last week John______his leg.A.felt and broken B.fell and broke C.feels and breaks D.fallen and broken

（）19.Jack______his thick coat because it was snowing.A.puts on B.put on C.takes on D.took on（）20.He______the picture on the wall.A.hanged B.hung C.has hanged D.was hanged（）21.Next month______twenty five.A.has my sister B.my sister will be C.my sister shall have D.my sister is going to be

（）22.You______her again in a few weeks.A.will see B.have seen C.had seen D.have been seen（）23.By the end of last term we______English for two years.A.have studied B.have been studied C.would studied D.had studied（）24.Mrs Brown______in New York for three years before she went to London.A.lived B.had lived C.has lived D.will live（）25.When we arrived , the dinner______.A.already began B.has already begun C.had already begun D.was just begun（）26.I will go home for the holiday as soon as I______ my exams.A.will finish B.finish C.finishing D.finished（）27.When______, I’ll talk to him.A.does Peter come B.Peter will come C.Peter comes D.can Peter come（）28.My sister______to see me.She’ll be here soon.A.comes B.is coming C.had come D.came（）29.They said they______our answer the next day.A.had heard B.would hear of C.would hear D.will hear（）30.The old man said that light______faster than sound.A.went B.will go C.travels D.will travel 答案：

一、1.goes 2.seems 3.are playing 4.was listening 5.is raining 6.will bring 7.took 8.would come 9.has left 10.lost 11.sat 12.hasn't eaten 13.will go 14.is 15.comes 16.did buy 17.have been 18.were doing 19.does cost

二、1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A

三、1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.C 中考英語綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練01.附詳解

用方框中所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空，使短文正確、通順。每詞限填一次。

on，friend，ask，and，have，until，but，cheap，invite，in，mother，beautiful，much，because，put

We are going to have a party in our house this evening.It is my（1）______ birthday，and she has（2）______ my uncles and aunts and some of her（3）______.Mother and I are（4）______ to cook most of the food for the party，and father is getting the drinks.The living-room looks very pretty.Balloons of all colours are hanging from the lights（5）______ we have taken the carpets away（6）______ we are going to dance there after dinner.In the dining-room we have（7）______ out the best plates and glasses and tablecloths，and it all looks（8）______.We are going to have soup，fish，chicken，fruit and cheese.We are going to dance（9）______ midnight，and after that，we will have（10）______ food，because we will be hungry after all that dancing.Last year my mother（11）______ her birthday party in a restaurant，（12）______ it is pleasanter and（13）______ at home.When it is my birthday，I am going to invite my friends and have a party in the garden.I will hang pretty lights（14）______ the trees and we will grill our food in the garden and

6.because.前后又都是句子，且為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以用連詞but.dance（15）______ the grass.「答案與解析」

本文講述的是即將為母親的生日party作準(zhǔn)備的事情，以及對(duì)去年母親生日party的回顧和對(duì)本人生日的設(shè)想。

1.mother‘s.從與前后的單詞的搭配來看應(yīng)填“某人的”，在方框中只有friend’s和mother‘s兩個(gè)；由下文的描述，特別是第三段的第一句，可知應(yīng)填mother’s.2.invited.因?yàn)橐e行party，自然就會(huì)邀請(qǐng)親朋好友。由前面的has可知要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示已經(jīng)邀請(qǐng)了，所以用invite的過去分詞invited.3.friends.見上題。

4.asked.由are可知，用ask sb to do sth的被動(dòng)式，所以用過去分詞。

5.and.兩句之間一定是選連詞，兩句之間是并列關(guān)系用and.7.put.首先應(yīng)判斷用動(dòng)詞，又從后面的the best plates and glasses等可知應(yīng)是已經(jīng)

“擺放”出來，所以用put的過去分詞put.8.beautiful.擺放的是最好的東西，房間看起來自然就是美的。

9.until.表示某種動(dòng)用一直延續(xù)到某個(gè)時(shí)候用until.10.more.由后文跳餓了，自然就會(huì)吃得更多。

11.had.與party搭配用have，因?yàn)槭侨ツ?，所以用一般過去時(shí)had.12.but.前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系用but.13.cheaper.與形容詞pleasanter并列的也一定是形容詞，且為比較級(jí)，在方框中選

出cheap和beautiful，根據(jù)常識(shí)應(yīng)是cheaper.14.in.表示在樹上一般用介詞in.注意表示在樹上結(jié)的果子時(shí)又一般在on了。

15.on.跳舞當(dāng)然是在草地上，所以用on.中考英語綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練02.附詳解 根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容在空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~，使短文的意思完整，需填單詞的第一個(gè)字母已經(jīng)給出。

1.among.表示最高級(jí)的比較范圍，意為“在……中”，一般用of或among，等介詞，此處已有首字母a，所以是among.It is well-known that man is much cleverer than any animal.But which is the cleverest a_______（1）the animals？ Some scientists t_______（2）it should be Alex，an African 2.think.根據(jù)前面的提問有首字母t可知是think，表示“有的科學(xué)家認(rèn)為最聰明的動(dòng)物應(yīng)當(dāng)是Alex”。

grey parrot.He is unlike any other animal.He can really t_______（3）with people！

When he says “come here”，he really w_______（4）someone to come up to him.“

“Alex is as clever as a c_______（5）of 2 or 3 years old，” says Dr.Pepperberg.“He does not just repeat the s_______（6）he has been taught.He u_______（7）the words！”

Alex can tell about 50 d_______（8）things，name 7 colours and count from 1 to 6.Is the parrot actually thinking in the w_______（9）how man does？ Nobody can say.But the q_______（10）is very interesting.答案與解析

本文論述了非洲灰色鸚鵡被一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為是最聰明的動(dòng)物。

3.talk.根據(jù)下文對(duì)他會(huì)講會(huì)的描述和空格后的with，可知是talk with sb（同……

談話）。

4.wants.根據(jù)前面的come here及后文的句式搭配可知是want sb to do sth（想要某人做某事）。

5.child.根據(jù)后面的兩叁歲可知是小孩。

6.sounds.由前文的talk和后文的words可知是重復(fù)教他講話的聲音。

7.understands.從后文的描述可知，他不但會(huì)重復(fù)教他的聲音而且還明白其意思。

8.different.根據(jù)things是復(fù)數(shù)及首字母的提示可知是指不同的（different）事物。9.way.根據(jù)句意“他的思維方式是否與的思維方式一樣呢？”。搭配：in the way用這種方式。

10.question.上文“Is the parrot…？”提出的是一個(gè)問題。

中考英語綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練04.附詳解

根據(jù)上下文和括號(hào)里的漢語提示，在下面的空白處寫出正確的單詞和短語，使短文意思完整。

Perhaps more than any other people，Americans have come to depend on their cars.The family car（1）______（一直是）a common thing（2）______（從……以來）the early twentieth century，and it has changed American life.Many people have moved（3）______（外面）of the large cities to the suburbs.Some Americans spend（4）______（每天兩小時(shí)）or more in their cars（5）______（去上班）and home again.Cars have become the（6）______（工具）of transportation for most Americans going shopping，and even going on vacations.Americans（7）______（過去常常）like big cars，and gasoline used to be very inexpensive.Recently，（8）______（然而），the cost of gasoline has increased； smaller

cars have become（9）______（更常見）。Also foreign cars have become very common.Americans have bought（10）______（大量的）Japanese and German cars.They have bought cars from several other countries as well.「答案與解析」

美國(guó)多數(shù)人都擁有汽車，因此有“車輪上的民族”之稱，本文就是講美國(guó)人使用汽

車的一些情況的。

1.has been.句中無動(dòng)詞，由“是”可知要用be；結(jié)合第2題可知要用be的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。

2.since.它引出的時(shí)間狀語常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。

3.outside.修飾動(dòng)詞moved要用副詞outside；另外，短語outside of是“……的外面”。

4.two hours a day.注意表示單位時(shí)間的詞“每天（a day）”要放后面。又如：每小時(shí)十公里ten kilometers an hour.5.going to work.注意與前面spend的句型搭配：spend…（in）doing sth 花多少時(shí)間或金錢做某事。6.means.注意means（工具、方法、手段）這本單詞本身就是以s結(jié)尾的，且單復(fù)數(shù)同形，若作主語要根據(jù)句意來確定是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。

7.used to.表示過去常常用“used to +動(dòng)詞原形”。

8.however.注意however是副詞，且后面常有逗號(hào)；但是but是連詞其后無逗號(hào)。

9.more common.后面省略了than big cars，所以用比較級(jí)；common的比較級(jí)是在前面加more.10.large numbers of.表示“大量的”還可用a large number of.中考英語綜合填空題專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練08.附詳解

閱讀下列短文，在每個(gè)空格處填入一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)挠⒄Z單詞，使短文在結(jié)構(gòu)和意義上完整。

School education is very important and useful.Yet no one can _______（1）everything at school and a teacher cannot teach his _______（2）everything they want to know.His _______（3）is to show his students _______（4）to learn.He teaches them how to read

_______（5）how to think.So much more is to be learned outside school by the students _______（6）。

It is always more _______（7）to know how to study _______（8）oneself.It is quite _______（9）to learn something，but it is difficult to use it to solve problems.Great

inventors do not get everything _______（10）school，but they still can ______（11）

many things and change the world a lot.How can the inventors do all of this？ _______（12）of the answers is： they_______

（13）how to study.A lot of things are not _______（14）in the classroom.They got a lot _______（14）knowledge by reading outside school.They work hard and never give up all their lives.「答案與解析」

1.learn / study.由后文的at school可知是“學(xué)習(xí)”。

2.students / pupils.老師教當(dāng)然是教他的學(xué)生。

3.work / job.結(jié)合全句的意思可知：老師的工作就是教會(huì)學(xué)生如何學(xué)習(xí)。4.how.見上題。

5.and.前后的how to read與how to think顯然是并列關(guān)系，所以用and.6.themselves.句意：還有更多的知識(shí)要靠學(xué)生自己在出校門后自學(xué)。

7.important / necessary 句意：知道如何自學(xué)往往更重要或更必要。詞組：teach by oneself自學(xué)。

8.by.見上題。

9.easy.因but表示前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，后文是difficult，前文應(yīng)當(dāng)就是easy.10.at / in / from.句意：發(fā)明家們并沒有在學(xué)?；驈膶W(xué)校學(xué)到了一切。

11.invent / do / make 由前面的inventors和后文的“改變世界”可知，他們發(fā)明了許多東西。

12.One.從后文的答語和謂語動(dòng)詞is可知，是其中的一個(gè)答案。one of“……中的一個(gè)”。

13.know.第7空后有明顯的提示：know how to study.14.taught / learnt / learned.由in the classroom可知是老師“教給”或自己“學(xué)到”，注意是被動(dòng)語態(tài)，要用過去分詞。

15.of.固定搭配：a lot of許多。

第五篇：高中英語語法精講動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

高中英語語法精講第一章動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

在英語中，不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，要用不同的動(dòng)詞形式來表示，這就叫做動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。一、一般時(shí)

一般時(shí)包括一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)和一般過去將來時(shí)。A.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1． 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要用動(dòng)詞原形來表示。主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞后面要加-s或-es。

They want good jobs.他們想要好的工作。

The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。

This work does not satisfy me.這項(xiàng)工作我不滿意。

Do you understand?

你懂了嗎?

2．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法

①一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)

He always takes a walk after supper.晚飯后他總是散散步。

Everyone is in high spirits now.現(xiàn)在大家都情緒高漲。

b.表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽從東方升起在西方落下。

Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.聲音在水中的傳播速度要比在空氣中快。

Time and tide wait for no man.時(shí)間不等人。

c.表示主語的特征、能力和狀態(tài)

This cloth feels soft.1

這布摸上去很軟。

I love classical music.我喜歡古典音樂。

The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.看來總統(tǒng)仍能有時(shí)間去釣魚。

d.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

The meeting begins at 7:00.會(huì)議七點(diǎn)鐘開始。

We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我們八點(diǎn)整離開這里。

e.在時(shí)間、條件、讓步狀語從句中表示將來動(dòng)作

When you come next time, bring me some magazines.你下次來時(shí)，給我?guī)妆倦s志。

If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.如果時(shí)間允許的話，我們明天去那里。

Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.不管他同意與否，我都會(huì)待在家里。

②一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的特殊用法

a.用于新聞標(biāo)題或圖片說明中

China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful

中國(guó)宣布載人航天飛行圓滿成功

Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow

勞拉·布什抵達(dá)莫斯科

b.用于體育運(yùn)動(dòng)、表演等實(shí)況報(bào)道中

Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿過去，把球傳給姚明，姚明跳起來，接住球投進(jìn)籃里。

Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.現(xiàn)在，看，我按下按扭，打開了這臺(tái)機(jī)器。

c.表示告誡或勸說

You mind your own business.你不要管閑事！

If he does that again, he goes to prison.如果他再那樣的話，他就會(huì)進(jìn)監(jiān)獄的。

d.表示現(xiàn)在瞬間的動(dòng)作

Here comes the bus.汽車來了。

There goes the bell.鈴響了。

B．一般過去時(shí)

1． 一般過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般過去時(shí)是用動(dòng)詞的過去式來表示。

His words fetched a laugh from all present.他的話使在場(chǎng)的人都笑了。

I did not sleep well last night.我昨晚沒睡好。

Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?

你告訴這位游客去旅館的路了嗎？

2．一般過去時(shí)的用法

①一般過去時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示過去某個(gè)特定時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。

The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)因燃料用光而停機(jī)了。

注意：

在一般過去時(shí)的句子中，通常都要有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語。

【誤】I visited the Palace Museum.（在沒有上下文的情況下，應(yīng)避免這樣說）

【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.去年我參觀過故宮博物院。

【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.我參觀過故宮博物院。

b.表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

I wrote home once a week at college.我上大學(xué)時(shí)每周給家里寫一封信。

He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年時(shí)就養(yǎng)成了廣泛閱讀的習(xí)慣。

提示：

表示過去的習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，除了用過去式外，還可以用used to或would來表示。

She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.她上高三時(shí)經(jīng)常學(xué)習(xí)到深夜。

He would sit for hours doing nothing.過去他常常一坐幾個(gè)鐘頭什么事也不做。

c.表示過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的一系列動(dòng)作

She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走進(jìn)房間，拿起一本雜志，認(rèn)真地翻閱了起來。

The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.學(xué)生們很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗讀英語。

d.在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示過去將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

We would not leave until the teacher came back.老師回來我們才會(huì)離開。

She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告訴我如果第二天下雨的話，她就不去了。

②一般過去時(shí)的特殊用法

a.在虛擬語氣中表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

It's time we went.是我們?cè)撟叩臅r(shí)候了。

I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年輕20歲。

I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我寧愿你暫時(shí)先不要采取什么措施。

b.在口語中，一般過去時(shí)往往顯示委婉客氣。

I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想請(qǐng)你幫個(gè)忙。

Might I come and see you tonight?

我想今晚來看你，好嗎？

3．一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的比較

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)要和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間相聯(lián)系，而一般過去時(shí)和說話的“現(xiàn)在”不相聯(lián)系。

His father is a film director.他父親是電影導(dǎo)演。（他現(xiàn)在還是）

His father was a film director.他父親曾是電影導(dǎo)演。（他現(xiàn)在不是）

How do you like the novel?

你覺得這部小說怎么樣？（還在看小說）

How did you like the novel?

你覺得這部小說怎么樣？（已看完小說）

C．一般將來時(shí)

1． 一般將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般將來時(shí)是由“will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的。shall只限于第一人稱，主要見于英國(guó)英語，現(xiàn)在的趨勢(shì)是第一、二、三人稱的單復(fù)數(shù)形式均用will表示。在口語中，shall和will常縮寫成“'ll”，緊接在主語之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常簡(jiǎn)略為shan't 和won't。

I'll go and shut the door.我去關(guān)門。

When will you know your exam results?

你什么時(shí)候能知道考試結(jié)果？

I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙，所以我不會(huì)呆太久的。

提示：在you and I或both of us等短語后，只用will，不用shall。

You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到達(dá)那里。

Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我們倆明年中學(xué)畢業(yè)。

2．一般將來時(shí)的用法

①表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)

I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。

There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天沒有化學(xué)課。

They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他們可能去上海度假。

注意：

在口語中，常用will / shall + be doing結(jié)構(gòu)來代替will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形，以表示生動(dòng)。

I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.我要去機(jī)場(chǎng)給一個(gè)朋友送行。

He'll be going with us tomorrow.他明天和我們一起去。

②表示將要反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.我叔叔每個(gè)星期六都會(huì)來看我。

The students will have five English classes per week this term.本學(xué)期學(xué)生們每周要上五節(jié)英語課。

③表示同意或答應(yīng)做某事

That bag looks heavy.I'll help you with it.這個(gè)包看起來很重，我來幫你提。

I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.我保證不告訴別人所發(fā)生的事。

④表示一種傾向或推測(cè)

Flowers will die without water.沒有水花會(huì)枯死的。

Water will change into ice at 0℃.水在零攝氏度就會(huì)結(jié)冰。

This will be your sister, I guess.我猜想這是你姐姐。

3．一般將來時(shí)的常用結(jié)構(gòu)

①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 賓語從句”中

Don't worry about the exam.I'm sure you'll pass.不要擔(dān)心這次考試，我確信你會(huì)通過的。

I wonder what will happen.我不知道將會(huì)發(fā)生什么事。

I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想這次測(cè)驗(yàn)不會(huì)太難。

②用于“祈使句 + and + 陳述句”中

Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力，就會(huì)成功的。

Go at once and you will see her.馬上去，你就會(huì)見到她了。

③與表示時(shí)間或條件的狀語從句連用

I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.他一到我就通知你。

If you ask him, he will help you.如果你請(qǐng)他，他會(huì)幫助你的。

We shall go unless it rains.除非下雨，否則我們是要去的。4．將來時(shí)間的其他表達(dá)法

①be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形

“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”這一結(jié)構(gòu)常用于口語中。

a.表示決定或打算要做某事

I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.今年冬天我打算買一件新大衣。

Are you going to play basketball after class?

下課后你去打籃球嗎？

He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他長(zhǎng)大后要當(dāng)醫(yī)生。

What are you going to do today?

今天你打算做什么？

b.表示有跡象即將要發(fā)生什么事

Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。

The car is going to turn over.汽車要翻了！

There is going to be a snowstorm.將有一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雪。

比較：

“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”與“will / shall + 動(dòng)詞原形”的區(qū)別

1．be going to通常表示很快就要發(fā)生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的將來，也可表示長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的將來或不確定的將來。

She is going to get better.她的病要好了。（有恢復(fù)健康的跡象）

She will get better.她的病會(huì)好的。（認(rèn)為最終會(huì)恢復(fù)健康的）

2．will表示將來，通常是指事先無計(jì)劃的意圖，是臨時(shí)決定的； be going to則表示事先有計(jì)劃的意圖，是經(jīng)過考慮的。

—

George phoned while you were out.你外出的時(shí)候喬治打電話來的。

—

Ok.I'll phone him back.好的，我給他回電話。（臨時(shí)決定）

—

Matthew phoned while you were out.你外出的時(shí)候馬修打電話來了。

—

Yes, I know.I'm going to phone him back.是的，我知道了。我準(zhǔn)備給他回電話。（早有安排）

但在正式文體中，要用will來表示事先安排的動(dòng)作。

The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m..會(huì)議將在10點(diǎn)開始。

Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.從今天起9:30開始供應(yīng)咖啡。

3．表示有跡象顯示將要發(fā)生某一動(dòng)作時(shí)，要用be going to，不用will或shall。

I feel terrible.I think I'm going to be sick.我覺得不舒服，我想我要生病了。

4．be going to 可用于條件句，表示將來時(shí)間，will則不能。

If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.如果你要出席會(huì)議，你最好現(xiàn)在就動(dòng)身。

②be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

“be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式”表示根據(jù)現(xiàn)在的計(jì)劃或安排，預(yù)期將會(huì)發(fā)生某事，這種安排不容隨意改變。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞-ing形式通常是表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用。如果沒有時(shí)間狀語，則所表示的動(dòng)作有即將發(fā)生之意。

He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.他幾天后要?jiǎng)由砣バ陆?/p>

I am dining out tonight.今晚我將出去吃飯。

The plane is taking off soon.飛機(jī)馬上就要起飛了。

The old man is dying.那位老人快要死了。

比較：

“be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式”和“be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”的異同

1．表示按計(jì)劃發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，兩者可互換。

We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

2．表示由于客觀因素而產(chǎn)生的將來動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)時(shí)，用be going to結(jié)構(gòu)，不用be + 動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。

You are going to fall if you climb that tree.如果你爬樹的話，你會(huì)摔下來的。（不可說 You are falling if...）

Be careful.You are going to break that chair.當(dāng)心！你會(huì)把那張椅子弄壞的。（不可說 You are breaking that chair）

③ be + 動(dòng)詞不定式

這一結(jié)構(gòu)中的be，只有現(xiàn)在式(am, is, are)和過去式(was, were)兩種形式。

a.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

The highway is to be open to traffic in May.這條公路將在五月份通車。

Am I to take over his work?

我是不是要接管他的工作？

b.用于條件句中強(qiáng)調(diào)按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.如果我們乘坐5點(diǎn)的火車的話，那我們現(xiàn)在就得出發(fā)。

c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不許”。

You are to be back before 10 p.m..你必須在10點(diǎn)前回來。

You are not to go out alone at night.晚上你不能單獨(dú)出去。

比較：

“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”與“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”的區(qū)別

1．“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”側(cè)重說話人個(gè)人的意圖和打算，“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”側(cè)重受別人的指示或安排要做的事。

I'm going to try my best to write this article well.我將盡力把這篇文章寫好。

Am I to wait here till their arrival?

我要在這兒一直等到他們抵達(dá)嗎？

2．表示由于客觀因素或不受人控制的將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí)，只用“be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”，不用“be + 動(dòng)詞不定式”。

It's going to rain.天要下雨了。（不說It's to rain.）

Rachel is going to faint.雷切爾要暈倒了。④ 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以用來表示將來時(shí)間，主要用法有：

a.表示由于日歷或時(shí)刻表的規(guī)定而固定不變的或比較不易變更的將來時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

Tomorrow is Friday.明天是星期五。

What time does the next train leave for Paris?

下一班開往巴黎的火車幾點(diǎn)出發(fā)？

b.在時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

I'll give the book to you after I finish it.我看完這本書就給你。

If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.如果他到了，我們就得到火車站去接他。

c.在hope, suppose等后面的賓語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

I hope all is well with him.我希望他一切都好。

Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.我們明天還是去遠(yuǎn)足吧。

D．一般過去將來時(shí)

1．一般過去將來時(shí)的構(gòu)成

一般過去將來時(shí)是由“should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成的。

He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.昨天他問我什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身去巴黎。

They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.他們想知道怎樣才能早一點(diǎn)兒完成家庭作業(yè)。

2．一般過去將來時(shí)的用法

一般過去將來時(shí)間的出發(fā)點(diǎn)是過去，即從過去某一時(shí)刻看以后要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)。

a.一般過去將來時(shí)常用于間接引語中

He said they would arrange a party.他說他們將安排一個(gè)晚會(huì)。

I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我問他是否來幫我修電視機(jī)。

b.一般過去將來時(shí)可用來表示非真實(shí)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)

If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.如果我有機(jī)會(huì)出國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的話，我就會(huì)去劍橋大學(xué)。

I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.今晚他能和我一起去看電影就好了。

3．過去將來時(shí)間其他表達(dá)法

a.was/were going to +動(dòng)詞原形

He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.他說他退休后要住在農(nóng)村。

They thought it was going to rain.他們認(rèn)為天要下雨了。

b.was/were +動(dòng)詞的-ing形式

Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.沒人知道客人們是否要來。

I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.我被告知火車幾分鐘后就要開了。

c.was/were +動(dòng)詞不定式

She said she was to clean the classroom after school.她說她放學(xué)后要打掃教室。

It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.據(jù)報(bào)道長(zhǎng)江上將要再建一座大橋。

提示：

“was/were going to +動(dòng)詞原形”或“was/were + 動(dòng)詞不定式完成式”可表示未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的過去將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。

Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.上星期天我們本想去游覽長(zhǎng)城的，但卻下雨了。（沒有去成）

I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.我是打算幫忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（沒有幫上忙）

d.was/were about to do

“was/were about to do”表示說話的瞬間就會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

I felt something terrible was about to happen.我覺得有可怕的事要發(fā)生了。

e.was/were on the point of doing

I'm glad you have come.I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.很高興你來了。我正準(zhǔn)備給你打電話，現(xiàn)在你省去我這個(gè)麻煩了。

提示：

“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”結(jié)構(gòu)一般不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連 用，但后面可以接when引導(dǎo)的分句。

I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.我正要?jiǎng)由硖焱蝗幌掠炅恕?/p>

進(jìn)行時(shí)

二、進(jìn)行時(shí)

進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，這個(gè)動(dòng)作是暫時(shí)的，也是未完成的。進(jìn)行時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)和將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。A．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“am, is, are +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

I'm reading the evening newspaper.我正在看晚報(bào)。

Now it isn't snowing outside.現(xiàn)在外面不在下雪。

Are they playing soccer in the playground?

他們正在操場(chǎng)上踢足球嗎？

2．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法 ①現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示說話的此刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

通常由表示“此刻”的時(shí)間狀語（now, at this moment），或通過Look/Listen!這兩個(gè)提示語來表明此時(shí)此刻動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。

She is making a fire now.她正在生火。

Listen!Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.聽！瑪麗正在教室里唱英文歌。

b.表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間段中正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

They are planting trees on the hill these days.這幾天他們正在山上種樹。

I don't really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在這兒工作，我只是在新秘書來之前幫幫忙罷了。

c.表示按計(jì)劃或安排將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

能這樣用的動(dòng)詞并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞。這種用法比較生動(dòng)，給人以一種期待感。

Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.12

幾天后簡(jiǎn)和貝蒂將出去度假。

Where are you staying in Guangzhou?

你到廣州后準(zhǔn)備住在哪里？

②現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法

a.表示一種重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)往往與constantly, always, forever等狀語連用，給現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作披上一層感情色彩。

She's constantly complaining.她不停地抱怨。

My brother is always leaving things about.我弟弟總是亂丟東西。

He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.他總是想著為學(xué)生多做些事情。

b.表示某一具體動(dòng)作或心理狀態(tài)的發(fā)展過程

The house is falling down.房子正在倒下。

The weather is changing for the better.天氣慢慢轉(zhuǎn)好了。

注意：

有時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作剛剛開始。

I'm forgetting my English.我的英語開始忘了。

Food is costing more.食品貴了起來。

c.強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的重復(fù)

The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.這個(gè)夏季火車幾乎天天晚點(diǎn)。

Someone is knocking at the door.有人不斷地在敲門。

The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高興地跳個(gè)不停。

d.表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是同一動(dòng)作

He who helps others is helping himself.幫人就是幫自己。

If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.如果你堅(jiān)持做這件事，你就是在干傻事。

e.be動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)

be動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。但有時(shí)可用“am, is, are + being +形容詞”結(jié)構(gòu)表示暫時(shí)或故意如此。

The boy is being naughty.這孩子有點(diǎn)兒淘氣。

I don't think you are being fair.我認(rèn)為你不公平。

He is being modest.他現(xiàn)在很謙虛。

比較：

You are not polite.你不講禮貌。（一貫如此）

You are not being polite.你可有點(diǎn)兒不禮貌了。（暫時(shí)的現(xiàn)象）

3.不用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

①表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。

This backpack belongs to me.這背包是我的。

He seems rather angry with you.看起來他很生你的氣。

②表示知道、信念、理解、推測(cè)、懷疑、希望等含義的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。

I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不會(huì)來。

I still remember the days when we studied together.我還記得我們一起學(xué)習(xí)的那些日子。

提示：

有時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)可表示心理狀態(tài)的緩慢發(fā)展過程。

She's understanding you better now.她越來越了解你了。

③表示要求、心愿等意義的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有want, wish, need, desire等。

Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。

How I wish I were a bird！

我多希望我是一只鳥??！

④表示繼續(xù)或持續(xù)含義的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有continue, keep, last, go on等。

She still continues in poor health.她仍然身體很差。

Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.他每天做完作業(yè)后，都會(huì)繼續(xù)看會(huì)兒書。

⑤表示感覺的動(dòng)詞

這類動(dòng)詞有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。

The apples taste good.這些蘋果嘗起來不錯(cuò)。

This flower smells nice.這花聞上去很香。

Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建議聽上去有道理。

注意：

如果這些動(dòng)詞表示一種有意識(shí)的行為，則可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。

She is tasting the apple.她正在嘗蘋果。

The dog is smelling the footprints.狗正在嗅腳印。

The bell is sounding for dinner.晚飯鈴響了。

4．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的比較

①暫時(shí)性動(dòng)作和經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作

The computer is working perfectly.計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)得很好。（暫時(shí)）

The computer works perfectly.計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)很好。（一直如此）

②持續(xù)性動(dòng)作和短暫性動(dòng)作

The bus is stopping.車停了下來。（漸漸地）

The bus stops.車停了。（迅速）

③暫時(shí)性動(dòng)作和永久性動(dòng)作

She is living in the country.她現(xiàn)在住在農(nóng)村。（暫時(shí)）

She lives in the country.她住在農(nóng)村。（永久）

④有感情色彩和沒有感情色彩

He is doing well at school.他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。（贊揚(yáng)）

He does well at school.他在學(xué)校表現(xiàn)很好。（一般事實(shí)）

B.過去進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“was / were +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個(gè)時(shí)候我正在做作業(yè)。

Were you expecting him yesterday?

你昨天一直在等他嗎？

They were not talking when I came in.我進(jìn)來的時(shí)候他們沒在說話。2.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示在過去某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或該動(dòng)作與過去的另一動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生

I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7點(diǎn)我正在吃晚飯。

She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.她彈鋼琴時(shí)我在看報(bào)。

提示：

當(dāng)句子意思很清楚時(shí)，我們也可以把兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞都換成一般過去時(shí)。

We listened closely while the teacher read the text.老師讀課文時(shí)，我們都仔細(xì)地聽著。

b.表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

We were talking about you the whole morning.我們整個(gè)上午都在說你。

He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午從3點(diǎn)到5點(diǎn)他一直在看電視。

c.表示按計(jì)劃、安排過去將要發(fā)生的事

He told me that he was going soon.他告訴我他很快就要走了。

She said she was leaving for New York the next month.她說她下個(gè)月動(dòng)身去紐約。

②過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法

a.表示故事發(fā)生的背景

It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.那支醫(yī)療小組往前線行進(jìn)時(shí)天正下著雪。

Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.湯姆乘沒人注意時(shí)溜進(jìn)了房間。

b.表示一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作剛剛開始

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)可用來引出一個(gè)新的動(dòng)作，這種用法頗有點(diǎn)兒像鏡頭轉(zhuǎn)換。

Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.5分鐘后，他已站在門口抽著煙。

The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.這嬰兒在大聲啼哭，突然，哭聲停止了。

c.用來陳述原因或用作借口

She went to the doctor yesterday.She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很嚴(yán)重的心臟病。

I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.我作業(yè)沒做完是因?yàn)槲易蛱煲恢睅蛬寢屧诩腋苫睢?/p>

d.與always, constantly等詞連用，表示感情色彩

The girl was always changing her mind.這女孩老是改變主意。

In the past he was constantly asking me for money.過去他總是向我要錢。

3．過去進(jìn)行時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

①一般過去時(shí)往往表示某一動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作在持續(xù)或未完成。

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚給朋友寫了封信。（信寫完了）

She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在給朋友寫信。（信不一定寫完）

②一般過去時(shí)表示只做一次動(dòng)作，而過去進(jìn)行時(shí)卻表示動(dòng)作反復(fù)地進(jìn)行。

She waved to me.她朝我揮了揮手。

She was waving to me.她不斷地朝我揮手。

The boy jumped up and down.這男孩跳了一下。

The boy was jumping up and down.這男孩不停地跳著。

C.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

將來進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“shall/will + be +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.We'll be having classes then.8點(diǎn)到10點(diǎn)之間不要給我打電話，我們那時(shí)正在上課。

Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

今晚你用自行車嗎？

She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.明天8點(diǎn)她不在開會(huì)。

2．將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法

a.表示在將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作

I'll be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。

They will be meeting us at the station.他們會(huì)在車站接我們的。

b.在口語中代替will/shall do

I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按時(shí)來。

I'll be seeing Mr.Smith tomorrow.我明天將見到史密斯先生。

The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部長(zhǎng)將就國(guó)際事務(wù)發(fā)表演講。

②將來進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊用法

a.表示原因、結(jié)果或猜測(cè)

Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.請(qǐng)你明天下午來吧。我明天上午有個(gè)會(huì)。（表原因）

Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那個(gè)孩子，要不他會(huì)掉下去的。（表結(jié)果）

You will be making a mistake.你會(huì)出錯(cuò)的。（表推測(cè)）

b.用在問句中，表示委婉禮貌

Will you be reading anything else?

你還要看點(diǎn)兒什么嗎？

When shall we be meeting again?

我們什么時(shí)候再見面？

c.表示稍后一點(diǎn)兒的安排

The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.這星期我們學(xué)第三單元，下周我們將學(xué)第四單元。

My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任務(wù)在7月結(jié)束，之后我會(huì)回上海。

完成時(shí)

三、完成時(shí)

完成時(shí)是用來表示動(dòng)作的完成與未完成的情況。完成時(shí)包括現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)。

A．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成形式是“have / has +過去分詞”?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去”，因此它不能與明確的過去時(shí)間狀語連用。

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。

I haven't seen much of her lately.我最近不常見到她。

How long have they been married?

他們結(jié)婚多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了？ 2．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法

①表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法，表示動(dòng)作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前就已完成，并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過去的動(dòng)作”對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。

I have bought a pen.我買了一支筆。（結(jié)果：I have a pen now.）

The temperature has increased by 10℃.19

溫度上升了10攝氏度。（結(jié)果：It is quite hot now.）

Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.空氣污染已經(jīng)奪去了很多人的生命。（結(jié)果：Air pollution is very serious now.）

注意：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的上下文所指的時(shí)態(tài)必須呼應(yīng)。

【誤】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有筆了，這和后面的have lost有矛盾）

【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我（過去）買了一支筆，但我已經(jīng)把它丟了。

【誤】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost強(qiáng)調(diào)你現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)沒有筆了，與后面have found的意思有沖突）

【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.我丟了一支筆，但現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)找到了。

②表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一時(shí)刻到說話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。

Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

你去過長(zhǎng)城嗎？

I have visited Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少訪問過十次了。

She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.她從未到海濱度過假。

③表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能要繼續(xù)下去。

He's loved fishing for a long time.他愛好釣魚為時(shí)已久。（他現(xiàn)在仍愛好釣魚）

I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在這兒住了三十多年了。（也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)住下去）

注意：

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法既可用于動(dòng)態(tài)動(dòng)詞（主要是持續(xù)動(dòng)詞），也可用于狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，但它一般不適用于表示短暫動(dòng)作或位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用這類動(dòng)詞表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。

I haven't seen a film for weeks.我已經(jīng)好幾個(gè)星期沒看電影了。

She hasn't written to me since September.自從9月份以來她還沒給我寫過信呢。

3．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語

①與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在時(shí)間以前的某個(gè)未明確指出的過去時(shí)間內(nèi)，和它連用的時(shí)間狀語要與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間有關(guān)，不能是明確地表示過去的時(shí)間狀語。

a.不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語：already, yet, before, recently, lately等

I've seen the film before.我以前看過這部電影。

Have you been there lately?

近來你去過那里嗎?

b.頻度時(shí)間狀語：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等

We have never heard of that.我們從未聽說過這事。

He has sometimes played tennis.他有時(shí)打網(wǎng)球。

Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本鐘很少出差錯(cuò)。

c.包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等

I have just finished the letter now.我現(xiàn)在剛寫完信。

You have just missed the bus.你剛好錯(cuò)過公共汽車。

Has he done much work today?

他今天做了很多工作嗎？

比較：already和yet用法上的區(qū)別

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，置于句末。但already有時(shí)也可用在疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。

She has already gone.她早就走了。

Have you eaten your dinner already?

你已經(jīng)吃過飯了?

He has not come yet.他還沒有來。

②與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“未完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語

與“已完成”用法一樣，表示具體的過去的時(shí)間狀語不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連 用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語以具體表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。

a.since +具體時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開始

Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。

He hasn't been home since he graduated.他畢業(yè)后就沒回過家。

b.for +一段時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久

We have worked here for ages.我們?cè)谶@里工作很久了。

There has been no rain here for nearly two months.這里已經(jīng)近兩個(gè)月沒有下雨了。

c.until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment

到目前為止

I have not seen him so far.到目前為止我沒見過他。

Up to the present, everything has been OK.到目前為止一切正常。

d.in/during the past/last five years

在剛剛過去的5年里

He has been away from school during the last few weeks.過去的幾個(gè)星期里他沒在學(xué)校。

In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.在過去的幾年中他們已經(jīng)和好幾家跨國(guó)公司做成了生意。

e.all the while, all day一直，一整天

She has been busy all day.她忙了一整天。

4．現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別

①兩者都可表示過去發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，而后者則只是表示過去有這一動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。

He locked the door.他鎖過門。（但現(xiàn)在門是開是鎖不清楚。）

He has locked the door.他把門鎖上了。（現(xiàn)在門是鎖著的。）

Who turned on the light?

誰開的燈？（著眼開燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開是關(guān)。）

Who has turned on the light?

誰把燈打開了？（著眼開燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。）

②兩者都可表示過去開始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過去時(shí)則說明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。（現(xiàn)在仍住那兒）

He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。（現(xiàn)在不住那兒了）

B．過去完成時(shí)

過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作須在過去某一時(shí)間之前發(fā)生，即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。

1．過去完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過去完成時(shí)是由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意識(shí)到我犯了一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的錯(cuò)誤。

The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before.飛機(jī)上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒乘過飛機(jī)。

Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的時(shí)候他已經(jīng)回家了嗎？

2．過去完成時(shí)的用法

①“已完成”用法

表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)間之前或過去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。句中常用by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語或以before, until, when, than等詞引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)含一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句。

By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5點(diǎn)鐘時(shí)，我們已經(jīng)做完了那件工作。

He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老師從辦公室回來時(shí)，他剛把教室打掃完。

They came earlier than we had expected.他們到得比我們預(yù)料的要早。

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在進(jìn)大學(xué)之前就已學(xué)了5000個(gè)單詞。

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.旱了好幾個(gè)月之后，昨天下雨了。

注意：

在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中，因?yàn)閺木鋭?dòng)作和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確，可以用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)。

The train(had)started before I reached the station.在我到達(dá)車站之前，列車已經(jīng)開了。

After he(had)arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達(dá)英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。

②“未完成”用法

表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時(shí)刻之前就已開始，一直持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間，還可能再持續(xù)下去。

Up to that time all had gone well.直到那時(shí)一切都很順利。

John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.約翰和簡(jiǎn)在結(jié)婚前就認(rèn)識(shí)很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。

She said she had made much progress since she came here.她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進(jìn)步。

③“想象性”用法

過去完成時(shí)有時(shí)表示一種未實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導(dǎo)的和過去事實(shí)相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導(dǎo)的從句中。

If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.要是她努力的話，她就會(huì)成功了。（事實(shí)上她沒努力，也沒成功。）

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音樂會(huì)就好了。

The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.那兩個(gè)陌生人交談起來就像是多年的老朋友。

④表示“剛剛……就……”

過去完成時(shí)常用在hardly/scarcely/barely...when..., no sooner...than...等結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示“剛剛……就……”。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。提示：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以用來表示一個(gè)本來打算做而未做的事。

I had meant to come, but something happened.我原本打算來的，但有事發(fā)生了。

I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本打算去看你的，但沒能去成。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.他們?cè)霂兔Φ?，但沒能及時(shí)趕到這里。3．過去完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的比較

一般過去時(shí)表示過去時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過去完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前，因此它表示的是“比過去更過去”。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.他對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無所知，因?yàn)樗麤]有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在車站等了20分鐘車才來。

C．將來完成時(shí)

1．將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成

將來完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成是由“shall/ will + have +過去分詞”構(gòu)成的。

Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就會(huì)全然忘記這件事的。

He is somebody now.He will not have remembered his old classmates.他現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)有身份的人了，他可能不會(huì)記得老同學(xué)了。

Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下個(gè)月你認(rèn)識(shí)凱文該有10年了吧？

2.將來完成時(shí)的用法

①表示在將來某一時(shí)間之前已完成的動(dòng)作，并往往對(duì)將來某一時(shí)間產(chǎn)生影響。

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到這個(gè)學(xué)期末，我們將學(xué)完12個(gè)單元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。

Will you soon have finished laying the table?

你會(huì)很快擺放好餐桌嗎？

注意：

在時(shí)間狀語從句中，不用將來完成時(shí)，要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)來代替。

When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.等我做完這件事時(shí)，我就做完我該做的所有的事了。

Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.請(qǐng)待車停穩(wěn)了再下車。

②表示推測(cè)

You will have heard of this, I guess.我想你已經(jīng)聽說過這件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了這個(gè)信息。

四、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)的結(jié)合，包括現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。

A.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1．現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“have/has been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成的。

He is ill.He's been lying in bed for three weeks.他病了，已經(jīng)臥床3個(gè)星期了。

Your eyes are red.Have you been crying?

你眼睛紅了。你剛剛哭過了嗎？

What have you been doing all this time?

這半天你干什么來著？

2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①表示動(dòng)作從過去某時(shí)開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語連用。

I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。

She has been reciting the words all the morning.她整個(gè)上午都在背單詞。

This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.這是我從小以來就一直期待著的事情。

②表示動(dòng)作剛剛結(jié)束

My clothes are all wet.I've been working in the rain.我的衣服全濕了，我剛才一直在雨中干活。

He is dead drunk.He's been drinking with his friends.他爛醉如泥，他剛才一直在和朋友們喝酒。

③表示一個(gè)近期內(nèi)時(shí)斷時(shí)續(xù)、重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

You've been saying that for five years.這話你已經(jīng)說了五年了。

He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.自從任教以來，他一直在為報(bào)刊雜志撰稿。

④表達(dá)較重的感情色彩

What have you been doing to my dictionary?

看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了！

Time has been flying so quickly!

時(shí)間過得可真快啊！

Too much has been happening today.今天可真是個(gè)多事的日子。

3.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較

①現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示動(dòng)作的重復(fù)，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般不表示重復(fù)性。

Have you been meeting him recently?

你最近常和他見面嗎？

Have you met him recently?

你最近見到過他嗎？

②現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一般是平鋪直敘。

I have been waiting for you for two hours.我一直等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（可能表示不滿）

I have waited for you for two hours.我等了你兩個(gè)小時(shí)。（說明一個(gè)事實(shí)）

③現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。

Who has been eating the oranges?

誰一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些）

Who has eaten the oranges?

誰把桔子吃光了？（強(qiáng)調(diào)吃得一個(gè)不剩）

B.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的構(gòu)成

過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是由“had been +現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time?

他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧？

Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.盡管拉斐爾沒做什么錯(cuò)事，但他還是挨罵了。

2.過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法

①表示過去某一時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間之前開始，一直延續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)間。和過去完成時(shí)一樣，過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)也必須以一過去時(shí)間為前提。

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.這東西我找了好多天才找著的。

They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他們只等了一會(huì)兒車就來了。

②表示反復(fù)的動(dòng)作

He had been mentioning your name to me.他過去多次向我提到過你的名字。

You had been giving me everything.你對(duì)我真是有求必應(yīng)。

③過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)還常用于間接引語中（詳見第12章）

The doctor asked what he had been eating.醫(yī)生問他吃了什么。

I asked where they had been staying all those days.我問他們那些天是待在哪兒的。

④過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我剛看了幾分鐘他就進(jìn)來了。

She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她溫習(xí)功課才一會(huì)兒，她妹妹就打斷她了。

3．過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)的比較

She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.她已經(jīng)打掃過辦公室了，所以很整潔。（強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果）

She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.她一直在打掃辦公室，所以我們不得不在外面等著。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行）