第一篇:初中英語語法動(dòng)詞二教案
第9單元 動(dòng)詞(二)
英語動(dòng)詞有十六種時(shí)態(tài),但初中階段常用的有八種,即:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)和過去完成時(shí)。
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要由動(dòng)詞原形表示,但在第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞在詞尾要加s或es,規(guī)則如下:
a.一般動(dòng)詞在詞尾加-s(讀音規(guī)律同名詞變復(fù)數(shù)),如:play-plays [],like-likes []
b.以字母s,x,ch,sh和o結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞加-es,如:wash-washes [w], teach-teaches [:]
c.以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,先變y為i,再加-es,如:study-studies, fly-flies
(2)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法:
a.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
『例』 He gets up early every day. b.表示主語具備的性格、特征和能力等。
『例』 The Changjiang River is the longest river in China. c.表示客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。
『例』 The sun rises in the east.
d.在時(shí)間、條件狀語從句中表示將來的動(dòng)作。
『例』 I'll tell her about it as soon as she comes back.
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)或目前正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。它由“助動(dòng)詞be(am,is,are)+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。
『例』
The students are singing and dancing now.
現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成如下:
a.一般情況詞尾加-ing,如:look-looking, read-reading
b.以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的詞,去e再加-ing,如:ride-riding, leave-leaving
c.以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的單詞,如果末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,應(yīng)先雙寫這一輔音字母,再加-ing, 如: run-running,swim-swimming,prefer-preferring等。但是,有些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示近期按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,這些動(dòng)詞有g(shù)o, come, leave, start, arrive, return等?!豪籗he is coming to see me next week.
3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞have/has+過去分詞構(gòu)成。動(dòng)詞過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則變化同它的過去式.
(1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法:
a.表示過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。
『例』 We have already seen this film.
The plane hasn't arrived yet.
注意:already,just用于肯定句,yet用于疑問句或否定句。
b.表示過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),往往和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如for a week, since ten years ago等。
『例』 I have lived here since I was born.
He has worked in Shanghai for more than five years.
注意:有些動(dòng)詞代表一個(gè)短暫的動(dòng)作,因而它在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,它們有:begin, start, come, go, buy,sell, die, open, close, join, borrow等。
『例』
His grandfather has died for ten years.由于die是個(gè)短暫性動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,這就要用be來表示連續(xù)狀態(tài): 『例』 His grandfather has been dead for ten years.列舉數(shù)例將短暫性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的表達(dá)法: Buy---have die---be deadfinish/end----be over join----be in/be+a+名詞
fall in/get ill—be ill leave/move----be away from/be out of go out----be out
get up----be up get to know-----know
(2)have/has been to與have/has gone to的用法區(qū)別:
have/has been to表示去過某地現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)返回,表示人已回來。
have/has gone to表示去某地了,可能已經(jīng)到達(dá),也可能在去的路上,表示人不在這兒?!豪华ぁ猈here's Jim? —He's gone to Xi'an. I have been to Xi'an.
(3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示某一完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是現(xiàn)在的狀況,所以它不能和確定的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。
一般過去時(shí)只單純表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),和現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,它可以和確定的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。
『例』 I have read this book.(我了解書的內(nèi)容) I read this book last year.(說明去年看的)
4.一般將來時(shí)
一般將來時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞shall/will加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成。shall(用于第一人稱,will用于任何人稱。表示將來某個(gè)時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常與表示將來的時(shí)間連用。如:tomorrow, next week等。但在表示準(zhǔn)備、計(jì)劃、打算做某事時(shí),常用be going to加動(dòng)詞原形的結(jié)構(gòu)?!豪?We're going to see Uncle Wang tomorrow.
5.一般過去時(shí)
一般過去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞的過去式表示,表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。過去式分為規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化。
規(guī)則變化:
6.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)由was/were加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻或某一階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。常與表示過去某一時(shí)間的狀語或when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語從句連用。
『例』
What were you doing at this time yesterday? My mother was cooking when I got home.
7.過去將來時(shí)
過去將來時(shí)由should/would加動(dòng)詞原形或was/were going to加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,表示從過去某時(shí)看來將要發(fā)生的事情,常用在賓語從句中。 『例』
I didn't know when he would come back.
8.過去完成時(shí)
過去完成時(shí)由had加過去分詞構(gòu)成,表示過去某一動(dòng)作或時(shí)間以前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,也可指從過去某時(shí)開始到過去另一時(shí)為止的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),即“過去的過去”。常用的時(shí)間狀語有:
A.by last month, by the end of last term等; B.before he came here, when I got there.『例』 By the end of last term they had learned about twenty English songs. The film had already begun when we got there.
注意:before與ago的用法有區(qū)別。
before表示“距過去某時(shí)…以前”,即過去的過去,用于過去完成時(shí); ago表示“距今…以前”,即從現(xiàn)在起的過去,用于一般過去時(shí)。
第二篇:初中英語語法動(dòng)詞三教案
第10單元 動(dòng)詞(三)
當(dāng)謂語表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí),它與主語有兩種不同的關(guān)系。若主語為動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí),主謂之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,用主動(dòng)語態(tài);主語為動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),主謂之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,用被動(dòng)語態(tài)。
被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由助動(dòng)詞be加及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成,由助動(dòng)詞來表示不同的時(shí)態(tài)。過去分詞的構(gòu)成分規(guī)則與不規(guī)則兩部分,規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去分詞變化同動(dòng)詞的過去式.(一)幾種不同的被動(dòng)語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu) 1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu): be(isamare)+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 『例』 This desk is made of wood and metal. English is spoken by more and more people.2.一般過去時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu): was/were+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
『例』 A window was broken yesterday. Those tall buildings were built in 1998.3.含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu): 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+be+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
『例』The classroom must be kept clean and tidy every day.
The book can't be taken out of the reading room.注意:以上三種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)是初中階段的重點(diǎn),但初中階段同時(shí)也出現(xiàn)了其他結(jié)構(gòu)。見下面。
4.一般將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
『例』
An English party will be held on New Year's Day.
Our TV set won't be mended until next Tuesday. 5.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
be(am/is/are)+being+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 『例』 A new school is being built. Too many trees are still being cut down.6.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
have/has + been + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
『例』
More than thirty English songs have been taught since September.
The old man has been sent to the hospital.
注意:在初中階段還出現(xiàn)的另三種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語態(tài),要求理解。7.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
was/were + being + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞 『例』
At that time the hall was being built.8.過去將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu):
should/would +be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
『例』
He said the machine would be invented soon.9.過去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu): had+been+及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞
『例』When I remembered and went back for it, the bag had been taken away by someone.(二)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的用法
1. 當(dāng)我們不知道誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者,或者沒有必要指出誰是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)。
『例』
The old woman was hit when she crossed the street. The apples will be picked next week. 2. 當(dāng)以動(dòng)作的承受者為談話的中心時(shí)。
『例』
My glasses were broken by my little son.
The road must be swept by Class Two.
(三)主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問題。
1. 在hear, see, watch, listen to, look at, feel等感官動(dòng)詞及make, have, let等使役動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,后面接不帶to的不定式。但這些詞變被動(dòng)語態(tài)后,后面接的不定式須帶to,(let通常不用被動(dòng)語態(tài))
『例』
Mum made Bill go to bed early.
Bill was made to go to bed early.
They watched the children sing that morning.
The children were watched to sing that morning.2. 帶雙賓語的主動(dòng)語帶變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),可以把其中一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語,另一個(gè)賓語保留在謂語后面,多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語。
『例』 a.Someone will give me a call tomorrow morning.
I will be given a call tomorrow morning.
A call will be given(to)me tomorrow morning.
b.I bought my son a new bike last year.
My son was bought a new bike last year.
A new bike was bought for my son last year.
注意:直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)的主語時(shí),間接賓語要為某個(gè)介詞(如:to、for)的賓語,介詞to可省掉(如例a),介詞for不能省略(如例b)。
3. 當(dāng)一個(gè)含有復(fù)合賓語(賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語)的句子變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),只能把賓語變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的主語,而賓語補(bǔ)足語不動(dòng)。
『例』
They told him to help me.
He was told to help me.
We hear her singing a new song.
She was heard singing a new song.4. 動(dòng)詞短語變被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí),短語中的介詞或副詞不能省略。
『例』
You must take care of your books.
Yours books must be taken care of.
May I try on the coat?
May the coat be tried on?
5. 有些動(dòng)詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如:cook(做飯)、print(印刷)、sell(讀)、miss(丟失)、build(建造)、copy(抄寫)等,它們的進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)就表示被動(dòng)意義。
『例』
My bike is missing.
This kind of sweat is selling well.
再如有些不定式表示性質(zhì)和可能性的形容詞hard, easy, possible等或用于too...to, enough to結(jié)構(gòu)中也表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。
『例』
The problem is too hard to work out.
The air is bad to breathe.
又如在某些動(dòng)詞(詞組)中,用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語,表示被動(dòng)含義。
『例』
The Tianzi Mountain is worth seeing.
第三篇:初中英語語法動(dòng)詞一教案
第8單元 動(dòng)詞(一)
(一)動(dòng)詞的種類
動(dòng)詞是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的詞,按其詞義和在句子中的作用可分為行為動(dòng)詞,連系動(dòng)詞,助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。 1.行為動(dòng)詞
行為動(dòng)詞可分為及物動(dòng)詞(vt)和不及物動(dòng)詞(vi),及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)作謂語,后跟賓語;不及物動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),有完整的詞義,能單獨(dú)作謂語,但后面不能直接跟賓語,如要帶賓語則與介詞或副詞構(gòu)成短語?!豪华ore and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)
2.連系動(dòng)詞
連系動(dòng)詞本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須與表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。常用的連系動(dòng)詞有be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等?!豪?Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. It feels damp.
3.助動(dòng)詞
助動(dòng)詞本身無詞義,不能單獨(dú)作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,表示否定,疑問及動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)等語法特征,助動(dòng)詞有be,do,have,shall,will等?!豪?How do you usually come to school? The children are playing yo-yo now.
4.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞本身有一定的意義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~原形一起構(gòu)成謂語,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有can(could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等?!豪?Can I help you?-Must we go now? –No, you needn’t.a.can與be able to的用法有所區(qū)別。can只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí),指本身有能力的“能”;be able to用于各種時(shí)態(tài)均可,指須經(jīng)過努力而“能”。
b.must與have/has to的用法。must表示說話人主觀認(rèn)為“必須”,只用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般將來時(shí);have/has to表示客觀需要,意為“不得不”,它可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。 c.need和dare既可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也可作行為動(dòng)詞。
(二)動(dòng)詞不定式
動(dòng)詞不定式to do沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,在句中不能獨(dú)立作謂語,但可以和助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成謂語,又可以在句子中作賓語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、狀語、定語、主語、表語等。但它畢竟是動(dòng)詞,因此,具有動(dòng)詞的許多特點(diǎn),如它可以有自己的賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語。
1.作主語:
『例』To learn English is very important. 但實(shí)際上不定式作主語常用it來作形式主語,而將不定式移至謂語動(dòng)詞后作真正的主語。如上句可表達(dá)為:It's very important to learn English.
2.作表語:
『例』 My idea is to ring him up at once.
3.作賓語:
『例』 I have decided to go to Binjiang Primary School.
4.作賓語補(bǔ)足語:
a.ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語?!豪籘he policemen asked him to get off the bus.
b.hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。
『例』 We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.
c.let, make, have這些使役動(dòng)詞后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。但在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中這些不帶to的都須帶上to。
『例』In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.d.動(dòng)詞help接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,可帶to也可不帶to?!豪籆an you help me(to)carry the heavy bag?
5.作定語。
a.與被修飾詞有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如:I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,后面的介詞千萬不要省略。
『例』 Maybe they have three rooms to live in. b.與被修飾詞有主謂關(guān)系。
『例』 Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave. c.與被修飾之間只有修飾關(guān)系。
『例』 I have no time to play cards.
6.作狀語,表示目的、原因、方法、方向、結(jié)果等?!豪?I'll go to meet my friend at the railway station.
7.不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)“for sb.to do sth” 作主語時(shí),常用“It is +adj+ for sb.to do sth” 的句式。It is interesting(difficult, hard, easy, important, dangerous, important, possible, late , time)for sb to do sth.『例』It's dangerous for you to ride so fast. It's very kind of you to help me.It is interesting for us to read this story.It’s late for me to have class.It is important for her to stay at school.形容詞good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever, right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb.to do sth.” It is kind(nice good careful careless)of sb to do sth.其他形容詞用for?!豪?It is very kind of you to give me a hand.It is careless of him to do exercises.8.動(dòng)詞不定式與疑問句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等連用?!豪籌 don't know when to start.= I don't know when we'll start. He didn't tell me where to go.=He didn't tell me where he would go.I don’t know where to go.We knew who(whom)to ask.He wants to know what to do.I want to know why to stand there.
I didn’t know how to when to leave.Do you know how to answer this question? 注意:
a.有些動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語不能帶不定式,只能接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式。
如:enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(錯(cuò)過),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等?!豪?The peasants are busy picking apples. Would you mind my opening the door?
b.有些動(dòng)詞后可接不定式,也可接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式,但意思不同?!豪?Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(該寄但還沒做) Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已經(jīng)寄過信了)
They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作) They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)
9.不定式的否定形式:
在to 前加not.(not to do sth.)
『例』 Ask her not to speak loudly.We found people not to throw it about.Tell the students not to make much noise.10.let , make, have,had better=’d better,will you please= would you please= could you
please(跟動(dòng)詞原形,否定式是在第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形前加not)
『例』 Let’s go.Let me see.Li Feng made the baby stop crying.Don’t have them be in trouble.You had better turn the radio down.Will you please sweep the floor?
Let us not talk.Make him not shout again.You’d better not come back.Will(Would)you please not follow me? Could you please not tell me about it?
11.wish 和hope 的用法:
希望做某事: hope to do sth.wish to do sth.希望某人做某事: wish sb to do sth hope+that 賓語從句 『例』 It hope to get an English dictionary.You wish to stay here.(你希望留在這。)We hope(that)we can see you again.= We hope to see you again.
第四篇:初中英語語法總結(jié)(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài))
初中英語語法總結(jié)(動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài))
11.1 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法
1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。
時(shí)間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。
例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)
離開家。
2)客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如:
The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國東部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái) ?/p>
注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如: I don't want so much.我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行 的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客 觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。11.2 一般過去時(shí)的用法
1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了? 2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。
例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時(shí)間了” “該……了”。
例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。句型:It is time that sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了” “早該……了”,例如: It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。句型:would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。
例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。
例如:I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)注意: 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎? I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:“過去常常”表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。
例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過去沒那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing:對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣,或“習(xí)慣于”,to是介詞,后需加名 詞或動(dòng)名詞。
例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。
典型例題
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。
11.4 一般將來時(shí)
1)shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。
例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?
2)be going to +不定式,表示將來。a.主語的意圖,即將做某事。
例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b.計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。
例如:The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。
例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3)be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。
4)be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。
例如: He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的
時(shí)間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí),be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好準(zhǔn)備
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你脫下衣服,我們將在鏡子前幫你穿上新衣服 11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或 計(jì)劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)11.7 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來
1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如: Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比爾來后,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里,就寫信給你。4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。11.8 用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來
下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎? 11.9 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還 存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have(has)+過去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn) 在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。
2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語 連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。
一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)
I have seen this film.(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)Why did you get up so early?(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))注意:句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。
(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型
1)It is the first / second time … that… 結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在 完成時(shí)。
例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如: This is the best film that I've(ever)seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
(1)---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B。(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。注意: 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)
生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.(對(duì))I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比較since和for Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。
例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。(延續(xù))I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。(開始時(shí)間)注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
I worked here for more than twenty years.(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。
1)(對(duì))Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯(cuò))Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然,第二句不對(duì),它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四種用法
1)since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。
例如: I have been here since 1989.1989起,我一直在這兒。2)since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。
例如: I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。
3)since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后,變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后,變化可大了。
4)It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。11.14 延續(xù)動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1)用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí) 間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。(表結(jié)果)I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異
延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示 “到……,才……”。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題
1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。
再次,several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。11.15 過去完成時(shí) 1)概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí) 以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2)用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如: She said(that)she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句
在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一 般過去時(shí)。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>
c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本…,未能…”。例如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3)過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before.他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題 :
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B,were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過去的動(dòng)作之前,因此“忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去,用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于……”這一背景下,when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。11.16 用一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)
1)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過去時(shí)。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。2)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過去完成時(shí)。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.我聽到這個(gè)消息后,很興奮。3)敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老師告訴我們,哥倫比亞在1492年發(fā)現(xiàn)美州。11.17 將來完成時(shí)
第五篇:初中英語語法形容詞副詞二教案
第6單元 形容詞和副詞(二)
(一)形容詞和副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的用法:
大多數(shù)形容詞和副詞都有三個(gè)等級(jí):原級(jí)、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。形容詞、副詞的原形稱為原級(jí);兩人或兩物之間,在性質(zhì)或特征方面相比較時(shí),用比較級(jí);在三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上人或事物之間進(jìn)行性質(zhì)或特征方面的比較,用最高級(jí)。
注:有些形容詞由于本身涵意的限制,沒有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。如:dead, empty, round, sure, woolen等。
(二)使用比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn) 1.比較應(yīng)在同類事物間進(jìn)行 誤:My hair is longer than you.
正:My hair is longer than yours.
為了避免重復(fù)累贅,比較狀語從句中常有某些成分被省略,但作為“比較的對(duì)象”的成分不能省掉,否則會(huì)造成不合邏輯的比較。誤句中you和my hair不屬同類的東西比較,故要成yours(=your hair),這樣便屬同類比較了。
2.避免雙重比較
誤:His handwriting is more better than mine. 正:His handwriting is better than mine.
在比較級(jí)前加上more屬重復(fù)比較,是錯(cuò)誤的。
3.比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)前的修飾語不可誤用
誤:You can jump very higher on the moon than on the earth. 正:You can jump much/far higher on the moon than on the earth.
very不可與比較級(jí)或最高級(jí)連用,比較級(jí)前可用much, far, even, a lot, a little等來修飾。
4.最高級(jí)后的介詞in與of
誤:Xu Yang sings the best of her class. 正:Xu Yang sings the best in her class.
表示比較的范圍的介詞短語“in...”與“of...”在用法上是有區(qū)別的:
(1)in表示“在…內(nèi)(指某范圍內(nèi))”,其后接表示單位、組織、時(shí)間等概念的單數(shù)名詞或代詞。
(2)of表示“屬性(指在同類人、物中)”,其后可接:
a.“the+基數(shù)詞”或“the+基數(shù)詞+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”
Betty is the youngest of the three girls.
b.“all +the(one's)+名詞復(fù)數(shù)”或“all(作代詞)”
Lin Lan is the hardest of all.
5.形容詞最高級(jí)前要用the
誤:This TV play is best I have ever seen. 正:This TV play is the best I have ever seen.
形容詞前必須用定冠詞the,副詞最高級(jí)前可以用也可以不用the。
6.比較級(jí)前加the
誤:Lucy is nicer of the two. 正:Lucy is the nicer of the two.
形容詞的比較是對(duì)兩種性質(zhì)相同的人或事物的比較:如“A比B漂亮”,英語有兩種譯法:一是把A、B都說出來:A is nicer than B;另一種是只說出其中一個(gè)人:A is the nicer of the two.因此在“主語+謂語+the+比較級(jí)+of the two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”的句型中,比較級(jí)前的the不能省去。
7.比較要符合邏輯
誤:Zhang Feng is shorter than any boy in his class.
正:Zhang Feng is shorter than any other boy in his class. 正:Zhang Feng is the shortest of all the boys in his class.
當(dāng)比較的人或物超過兩個(gè)時(shí),我們使用“any other”或“the+最高級(jí)+of”的結(jié)構(gòu)。誤句中any boy(任何一個(gè)男孩)包括了Zhang Feng,而Zhang Feng不能比他本身還要矮。
8.主格和賓格問題
比較級(jí)than后應(yīng)用人稱代詞的主格,但在非正式語體中常常用賓格,如:I am older than she.
I am older than her.(多用于口語中) 但有時(shí)意義有所不同。如:I like the boy better than her.(我喜歡那個(gè)男孩勝于喜歡她)
I like the boy better than she.(我比她更喜歡那個(gè)男孩)
9.同一個(gè)表示比較的句子,可以有不同的表達(dá)。 如:他是班上個(gè)子最高的。 He is the tallest in his class.
He is the tallest student in his class.
He is the tallest of the students in his class. He is taller than his classmates.
He is taller than any other student in his class.
He is taller than any of the other students in his class. He is taller than any of the others in his class. He is taller than all of the others in his class. He is taller than all the others in his class. He is taller than anybody else in his class. Nobody else in the class is as tall as he. No one is taller than him in his class.
Nobody else is as tall as he in his class.