第一篇:作文駁論文的常犯錯誤
Fallacies of Distraction
False Dilemma: two choices are given when in fact there are three options
From Ignorance: because something is not known to be true, it is assumed to be false
Slippery Slope: a series of increasingly unacceptable consequences is drawn
Complex Question: two unrelated points are conjoined as a single proposition
Appeals to Motives in Place of Support
Appeal to Force: the reader is persuaded to agree by force
Appeal to Pity: the reader is persuaded to agree by sympathy
Consequences: the reader is warned of unacceptable consequences
Prejudicial Language: value or moral goodness is attached to believing the author
Popularity: a proposition is argued to be true because it is widely held to be true
Changing the Subject
Attacking the Person:
(1)the person's character is attacked
(2)the person's circumstances are noted
(3)the person does not practise what is preached
Appeal to Authority:
(1)the authority is not an expert in the field
(2)experts in the field disagree
(3)the authority was joking, drunk, or in some other way not being serious
Anonymous Authority: the authority in question is not named
Style Over Substance: the manner in which an argument(or arguer)is presented is felt to affect the truth of the conclusion
Inductive Fallacies
Hasty Generalization: the sample is too small to support an inductive generalization about a population
Unrepresentative Sample: the sample is unrepresentative of the sample as a whole
False Analogy: the two objects or events being compared are relevantly dissimilar
Slothful Induction: the conclusion of a strong inductive argument is denied despite the evidence to the
contrary
Fallacy of Exclusion: evidence which would change the outcome of an inductive argument is excluded from consideration
Fallacies Involving Statistical Syllogisms
Accident: a generalization is applied when circumstances suggest that there should be an exception
Converse Accident : an exception is applied in circumstances where a generalization should apply
Causal Fallacies
Post Hoc: because one thing follows another, it is held to cause the other
Joint effect: one thing is held to cause another when in fact they are both the joint
effects of an underlying cause
Insignificant: one thing is held to cause another, and it does, but it is insignificant compared to other causes of the effect
Wrong Direction: the direction between cause and effect is reversed
Complex Cause: the cause identified is only a part of the entire cause of the effect
Missing the Point
Begging the Question: the truth of the conclusion is assumed by the premises
Irrelevant Conclusion: an argument in defense of one conclusion instead proves a different conclusion
Straw Man: the author attacks an argument different from(and weaker than)the opposition's best argument
Fallacies of Ambiguity
Equivocation: the same term is used with two different meanings
Amphiboly: the structure of a sentence allows two different interpretations
Accent: the emphasis on a word or phrase suggests a meaning contrary to what the sentence actually says
Category Errors
Composition: because the attributes of the parts of a whole have a certain property, it is argued that the whole has that property
Division: because the whole has a certain property, it is argued that the parts have that propertyNon Sequitur
Affirming the Consequent: any argument of the form: If A then B, B, therefore A
Denying the Antecedent: any argument of the form: If A then B, Not A, thus Not B
Inconsistency: asserting that contrary or contradictory statements are both true
Syllogistic Errors
Fallacy of Four Terms: a syllogism has four terms
Undistributed Middle: two separate categories are said to be connected because they share a common property
Illicit Major: the predicate of the conclusion talks about all of something, but the premises only mention some cases of the term in the predicate
Illicit Minor: the subject of the conclusion talks about all of something, but the premises only mention some cases of the term in the subject
Fallacy of Exclusive Premises: a syllogism has two negative premises
Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion From a Negative Premise: as the name implies
Existential Fallacy: a particular conclusion is drawn from universal premises
Fallacies of Explanation
Subverted Support(The phenomenon being explained doesn't exist)
Non-support(Evidence for the phenomenon being explained is biased)
Untestability(The theory which explains cannot be tested)
Limited Scope(The theory which explains can only explain one thing)
Limited Depth(The theory which explains does not appeal to underlying causes)
Fallacies of Definition
Too Broad(The definition includes items which should not be included)
Too Narrow(The definition does not include all the items which shouls be included)
Failure to Elucidate(The definition is more difficult to understand than the word or
concept being defined)
Circular Definition(The definition includes the term being defined as a part of the definition)
Conflicting Conditions(The definition is self-contradictory)
References
第二篇:課程論文常犯錯誤總結(jié)
1.論文題目應(yīng)該與任務(wù)書一致,中英文保持一致。2.多個頓號后應(yīng)用“和”字或“與”“及”等字代替。3.不要四級標(biāo)題,三級標(biāo)題下面不要再有序號。如有四級標(biāo)題,可宋體加粗即可。4.英文標(biāo)點后,有一個空格。
5.中文段落中用中文符號,英文句子中用英文標(biāo)點符號,當(dāng)然也包括括號的使用。
1)178/2002,應(yīng)寫成178/2002。
6.英文縮寫的使用,首字母大寫,首次出現(xiàn)應(yīng)先寫中文,而后括號內(nèi)寫清楚英文全稱和縮寫。
1)危害分析和關(guān)鍵點控制體系(Hazard analysis critical control point,HACCP)7.表題圖題放置位置,與正文空一行的距離。圖表內(nèi)字體與正文小一號。
8.英文和數(shù)字字體,為Times new roman。9.段首句空2個字符。10.單位的使用,如mL。
11.拉丁字母斜體,字體為Times new roman。12.線性回歸系數(shù)r不能用R2代替。13.公式應(yīng)有序號。
14.圖表應(yīng)放到文字下面,表題位于表格上方,圖題位于圖的下方。
15.結(jié)論和展望應(yīng)逐條進行,條理清晰,展望和討論應(yīng)分標(biāo)題,結(jié)合文獻報道。
16.英文翻譯,“信、雅、達”。表題和圖題都應(yīng)有英文翻譯,且Table,F(xiàn)igure等均采用全稱,其后的英文首字母大寫或每個字母均大寫,但小詞除外,全文格式統(tǒng)一規(guī)范。17.破折號,只寫一個長橫線即可,不要有多個。18.段前段后空行或間距應(yīng)合理。19.文中不得有多余空行和多余空格。20.段落對齊方式為兩端對齊。
21.參考文獻中,英文參考文獻的標(biāo)點為英文的,英文標(biāo)點后,有一個空格;中文參考文獻的標(biāo)點為中文全角。
22.章節(jié)內(nèi)容安排應(yīng)合理,一頁或半頁內(nèi)容可不單獨成章,應(yīng)并入其他章節(jié)。
23.中文內(nèi)容不得混雜有英文單詞,除非是人名或特別的專有名詞。
24.正文中的英文字句,首字母大寫或每個字母都大寫應(yīng)格式統(tǒng)一。
25.控制好參考文獻中字母間距,可以調(diào)整字符間距或加連字符。
26.語言通順,結(jié)構(gòu)合理,長短搭配。27.大小寫pH, Cl等。28.英文題目除小詞外每個字母均大寫。
29.文章中應(yīng)是白色背景,不得有任何顏色的背景圖案。30.注意標(biāo)點符號的應(yīng)用,英文標(biāo)點后有一個空格,參考文獻中中文標(biāo)點應(yīng)為全角。
http://lib.haust.edu.cn/haust/htmlDocument/2013-04-08/detail_78.html
noteexpress參考文獻管理軟件 endnote參考文獻管理軟件
第三篇:求職信常犯錯誤
常犯錯誤:有些人在工作數(shù)年后,會抽身全職進修,之后一年未有工作做,但當(dāng)
求職時,履歷表卻漏寫了待業(yè)的資料。
1)開始部分,包括:標(biāo)題,姓名,年齡,學(xué)歷,婚姻狀況,健康情況,聯(lián)系地址,求職目標(biāo)等。
求職目標(biāo)要結(jié)合自己的實際情況去選擇職業(yè)目標(biāo),應(yīng)該考慮的因素有:專業(yè)特長
;興趣;待遇;能力;學(xué)歷;年齡;性別;性格;愛好等。(其中興趣與待遇最為重
要)。對于特別熱門、應(yīng)聘人特別多的職業(yè),選擇要謹(jǐn)慎行事。簡歷中職業(yè)目標(biāo)的寫
法:工作目標(biāo)書寫的字?jǐn)?shù)簡練清楚,最好不要超過四十個字。
2)中間部分,主要陳述個人的求職資格和所具備的能力。
A、專業(yè) 包括自己所學(xué)的專業(yè)和業(yè)余所學(xué)的專業(yè)及特長;具體所學(xué)的課程等;自
己所受教育的階段;教育背景的陳述,要突出與招聘工作密切相關(guān)的內(nèi)容。
B、工作經(jīng)歷和能力 說明工作經(jīng)歷,尤其是與求職目標(biāo)相關(guān)的經(jīng)歷,一定要說出
最主要,最有說服力的資力、能力和工作經(jīng)歷;說明的語氣要肯定、積極、有力。寫
工作經(jīng)驗時,一般是由近及遠先寫近期的,然后按照年代的順序依次寫出。最近的工
作經(jīng)驗是很重要的。在每一項工作經(jīng)歷中先寫工作日期,接著是單位和職務(wù)。在這個
部分需要注意的一點是,陳述個人的資格和能力經(jīng)歷之后,不要太提及個人的需求、理想等。
3)結(jié)尾部分,多是提供證明自己資歷、能力以及工作經(jīng)歷的證明材料,其中也
包括自己的一些補充。例如學(xué)歷證明、學(xué)術(shù)論文、獲獎證明證書、專業(yè)技術(shù)職業(yè)證書、專家教授推薦信等。這些可以列在另外的附頁上。
第四篇:中考作文常犯的錯誤
中考作文常犯的錯誤 中考作文占60分,是初三生復(fù)習(xí)的重點,而且作文又是最容易丟分的部分。相關(guān)老師表示,審題不清、缺乏文采、文章較“平”是初三生中考作文常犯的三種錯。
審題不抓關(guān)鍵詞。北京八中老師劉艷認(rèn)為,在近幾年的中考評卷中,發(fā)現(xiàn)相當(dāng)一部分考生審題不抓關(guān)鍵詞,這樣在寫作時就很難抓住重點,容易跑題。如“動力來自??”這個作文題的關(guān)鍵詞是“來自”,考生只有將“來自”作為重點才能寫出好文章。不少考生沒有審題抓關(guān)鍵字的意識,看一眼題目就急著動筆,有的考生考前背過一些范文,一到考場就往里套,不仔細審題,這樣最容易“下筆千言,離題萬里?!背跞B(yǎng)成審題的習(xí)慣,對作文題目要逐字細看,明白題目的要求后再下筆。
北師大附中老師高超提醒考生,審題時還要注意文章體裁和字?jǐn)?shù)要求,看看題目要求寫成什么體裁的文章,字?jǐn)?shù)不要超出或少于要求字?jǐn)?shù)太多。
語言貧乏缺少文采。劉艷說,有的初三生寫文章不會抒情議論,沒有理性思辨語言,這樣的作文很難拿到高分??忌谄綍r就要注意對語言素材的積累。一方面可以多看看名家大師的文章,看看別人的遣詞造句,自己在寫到相關(guān)文章時就可以參考借鑒;另一方面,初三生還可多關(guān)注同齡人的優(yōu)秀文章,和同學(xué)溝通交流,互相學(xué)習(xí)。平時,考生可抽出時間閱讀一些報紙雜志,如《讀者》,每期都有不少親情、勵志方面的文章,對作文素材積累很有幫助。此外,初三生還要注意古詩詞的積累,在文章中恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\用古詩詞也是讓文章增色的好辦法。
文章較“平”缺少細節(jié)。一些考生寫的文章沒有細節(jié),沒有重點,記“流水賬”一樣洋洋灑灑一大篇。初三生在寫作時要有兩把剪刀,一把剪出自己最擅長的一件事,另一把在這件事中剪出要重點描寫的部分。如在寫跑步時,早上怎么集合、怎么準(zhǔn)備,都可以略寫甚至不寫,但發(fā)令槍響時自己如何緊張,跑的過程中遇到的問題,這就需要詳細描寫。有細節(jié)的文章才有真情實感,才能打動人。一般來講,一篇文章中抓住兩個精彩的細節(jié)就夠了,這需要考生平時苦練。
第五篇:撰寫求職信常犯錯誤
撰寫求職信常犯的錯誤
求職信切忌顏色花巧或夾雜圖片,擾亂別人的注意力;應(yīng)利用純白色的紙張打印,讓雇主集中注意信件內(nèi)容。
開場白別寫上如:“本人現(xiàn)附上個人履歷供閣下參詳”之類的陳腔濫調(diào),應(yīng)以特別一點的句子作開場白來突出自己。
要以第一身形容自己,求職信上應(yīng)自稱“本人”或“我”。
千萬不能令對方感到你極道渴求該職位;因雇主只有興趣知道你如何令公司得益,你的熱誠只屬其次。適當(dāng)?shù)乇憩F(xiàn)個人的經(jīng)驗與自信便足夠。
確保求職信沒有錯漏,完成后應(yīng)細心地從頭到尾檢查一次。
千萬不能試圖以可愛、輕松或幽默的方式去演繹求職信內(nèi)容,應(yīng)征要表現(xiàn)得專業(yè)。
切勿于求職信內(nèi)夸大其詞,過分推銷你的賣點只會令自己出丑于人前。
求職信切記不可超過一頁
盡量做多些資料搜集,找出雇主的名字及職銜,將求職信直接送到對方手中。
在第一段先闡述你求職目的,試從雇主角度出發(fā)問自己:“你為甚么要寄這封求職信給我?”
寄出求職信后可予以跟進,以期增加雇主對你的印象。
盡量道出自己的長處及過往的佳績,以期增加雇主對你的興趣。
要從雇主角度出發(fā),集中表達你能如何對其機構(gòu)作出貢獻。
盡量道出自己對該機構(gòu)的了解,令雇主感到你的努力及誠意。
嘗試?yán)脴I(yè)內(nèi)的用語來反映你對其業(yè)界的認(rèn)知。
求職信應(yīng)利用最常用及不花巧的字體,盡量令雇主看得舒服。
一切已準(zhǔn)備就緒,接下來便要注意面試的禮儀及身體語言,盡量避免自己出丑人前。