第一篇：新編大學英語 Book4 Unit4 音頻原文及答案 核對版 2

Unit 4Creativity

Part 1Listening, Understanding and Speaking

Listening I

In China, education is considered a race.Students have to begin as early as possible and have to proceed as quickly as possible around the track.Success is measured by how many students cross the finish line in the short time.In America, we recognize the race too, but we feel that the students have a chance to explore things for themselves, even if not all of them reach the finish line.As a result of their exploring, some of the participants may have more to offer by the end of the race.The advantage of the Chinese way is that more students become proficient and reach the finish line.The disadvantage is that they may have less to say or to show once they get there.The disadvantage of the American way is that some students never finish the race.The advantage, however, is that some who do go “all the way” have very interesting and original things to say when they get there.Listening II

Once Wealth and Poverty approached a merchant and introduced themselves as Goddesses.The merchant greeted both of them and said, “May I ask why you have come to my humble house?” The Goddess of Wealth said, “We want you to judge between us who is the most beautiful.” The merchant did not know what to say.He knew he was between the devil and the deep blue sea: If he said that Wealth was more beautiful than Poverty, Poverty would curse him.If he said that Poverty was more beautiful than Wealth, Wealth would abandon him.However, he became calm and said, “I have great respect for you both.Would you please do what I ask of you? It is the only way I can judge properly.” The Goddesses agreed.He said, “Mother Wealth, would you please walk towards my house? Mother Poverty, Would you please walk away from my house? This way I can see you both better, from near and far.” The two Goddesses did what the merchant had asked them to do.Then the merchant confidently declared, “Mother Wealth!You appear most beautiful when you are nearest my house.Mother Poverty!You look most beautiful when you are farthest from my house.” The Goddesses appreciated the wit and wisdom of the merchant.The Goddess of Wealth happily stayed in his house while the Goddess of Poverty cheerfully departed.Whenever we have a serious problem, if we look within and think calmly, a solution will come in answer to the problem.Listening III

There is an old and common saying in the United States that “There is nothing new under the sun.” I thought of that today while reading an article in a magazine.The article tells about the growing number of people who are building earth-sheltered houses, which are partly underground.I had known about modern earth-sheltered houses, but I had never thought about their roofs before.Instead of having metal or tiles on the roofs, many of these houses now have living roofs.The

wooden top of the house is covered with a special waterproof plastic material.On top of this there is soil, in which grass and flowers are planted.Such a roof can be very beautiful.But this really is not a new idea.When the early settlers came to the United States, they often made their houses by digging into the ground.Their roofs were made of wood, and then covered by large areas of soil with grass or turf.They were warm, though not always waterproof.People replaced these houses and roofs as soon as they could live in regular wooden homes with wooden or metal roofs.Now, 200 years later, some people think of this as a new idea.But I think, “There is nothing new under the sun.”

Listening IV

Man: It is said that the first sandwich was made in 1762 by the Earl of Sandwich.He didn't

want to take time away from his card games to eat, so he ordered his butler to make

sandwiches instead.Woman: Is that so? Hey, look at this.The first beauty contest was held in Belgium in 1888.Why in Belgium of all places?

Man: Why not? Oh, here's one I bet you're proud of.The electric chair was used for the first

time in 1890, in the United States.Yes, you're first to diagnose AIDS, too.The first

recorded case was in New York.Woman: Plus and minus signs were used in 1514 in Holland.Yeah, there was no way we could

have guessed that one.And the equals sign, you'll be pleased to hear, was first used in

Oxford, in 1557.You'd have thought they'd all have been invented at the same time.Man: Well, we both got these right.Coffee was in Arabia around 1,000 AD, and just before

that, playing cards were invented in China.Woman: Well, I got this one right.First diagram of a flying machine was drawn by Leonardo

da Vinci, as I said, in 1492.Man: Yeah, but the first air flight wasn't made until 1903, and it was in the United States.Woman: But that wasn't the question, was it? Also, England was also the first to transmit

television.Man: Garbage!It was the Italians.Woman: No, it says here, the first TV transmission was in London, 1925.And here we are

again, the first traffic lights were in London, in 1868.Man: But they didn't even have cars then, so why would they have needed traffic lights?

Part 4Further Listening

Listening I

Juan comes up to the Mexican border on his bicycle.He's got two large bags over his shoulders.The guard stops him and says, “What's in the bags?”

“Sand,” answers Juan.The guard says, “We'll just see about that.Get off the bike.” The guard takes the two bags and rips them apart;he empties them out and finds nothing in them but sand.He detains Juan overnight and has the sand analyzed, only to discover that there is nothing but

pure sand in the bags.The guard releases Juan, puts the sand into new bags, hefts them onto the man's shoulders and lets him cross the border.A week later, the same thing happens.The guard asks, “What have you got?”

“Sand,” says Juan.The guard does his thorough examination and discovers that the bags contain nothing but sand.He gives the sand back to Juan, and Juan crosses the border on his bicycle.This sequence of events is repeated every week for three years.Finally, Juan doesn't show up one day and the guard meets him in a bar in Mexico.“Hey, buddy,” says the guard.“I know you are smuggling something.It's driving me crazy.It's all I think about.I can't sleep.Just between you and me, what are you smuggling?”

Juan sips his beer and says, “Bicycles.”

Listening II

Pottery has been found in the remains of every ancient civilization.The oldest known piece of pottery was found in China and dates back to 7,900 BC.That's almost 10,000 years ago!

The first pots were large bowls, formed by taking a lump of clay and making a bowl shape.Pottery doesn't just include pots, but anything made from clay that can hold things, such as jugs, vases and cups.Pottery was used to hold water, milk, seeds and grains.Later, people learned to mix different clays together to make stronger pottery and to put the pottery in a fire oven so that the clay would harden faster.The potter's wheel was invented in China around 3100 BC.The wheel spins clay like a top.It allowed people to make pottery much more quickly and made shapes that were perfectly symmetrical—bowls that were really round, rather than lumpy or uneven.Pottery is not only considered one of the first inventions but also one of the first art forms.Most types of pottery have been painted with figures or designs;some even tell a story!

Listening III

(Students are in the classroom waiting for the teacher to arrive.Two are talking.)

Cathy: I've enjoyed talking about creativity in our English class.I wish I had been

encouraged more when I was in elementary school.Michael: I know what you mean.I always liked drawing, but my teachers and parents

insisted I was just wasting my time with it.My father said I should work on

mathematics.Cathy: Maybe you will still use your artistic talent some day.Michael: Oh, I don't know.After all, I'm in university now.Perhaps I'm too old to be

creative.Cathy: I don't think so.I read an interesting article about a lady who wanted to be an

artist but the whole family wanted her to work in their candy business.Michael: What happened?

Cathy: Well, Jean, the lady, knew painting was what she wanted to do, not making

candy.After graduating from college she tried various jobs to support herself,though none of her jobs was in the candy business.And she kept painting in her

spare time.Michael: Then what?

Cathy: About 20 years ago a worker in the family candy business quit around

Valentine's Day, one of their busiest seasons.Her father needed Jean to come to

help with the business.Michael: Did she?

Cathy: Yes, although she didn't like it.Michael: So, how did she cope?

Cathy: She got an idea of putting art and candy together.Michael: How?

Cathy: First she experimented with making an edible paint.She found that powdered

food coloring mixed with vodka would work.Michael: That's quite a combination.Cathy: Then, for her “canvas”, she melted white chocolate and molded it flat.She even

learned how to make chocolate frames.Michael: What kind of art did she create?

Cathy: She copied the works of famous painters.She displayed her candy art in the

candy shop and customers would come in just to look at the art.Michael: What did her family think then?

Cathy: They didn't take her seriously until the Toledo Museum of Art heard about her

works and paid her to paint 77 reproductions of works in their collection.That

was her first big job.Now she works full-time on her candy creations.Michael: Does she do anything besides copying art masterpieces?

Cathy: Yes, she's done some portraits.However, people love her reproductions.Michael: What are the prices for her candy art creations?

Cathy: From $150 to $200 each.Michael: Well, her creativity has brought her success.Listening IV

For over 30 years, “Sesame Street” has been the most popular TV program for young children in the United States.The characters on this show are mainly puppets, and probably the most loved of the puppets is a gigantic yellow bird called “Big Bird”.Caroll Spinney has played Big Bird all the years of Big Bird's existence on American television.Spinney's love of puppets and his own creativity led him to this career.When he was five years

old, he saw his first puppet show.He loved the show and never forgot it.When he was seven he bought a used monkey puppet for five cents.His mother had made him a stuffed snake from green material, so he got the idea of making his own puppet show.He made a stage from wooden orange boxes and his mother's old curtains.He charged 2 cents for admission and earned 32 cents for his first performance.Spinney's family liked his creativity and encouraged him to do more.For Christmas when he was nine, his older brother made him a better puppet theater and his mother secretly sewed eight colorful puppets for him.Spinney later wrote, “The more I gave shows, the more I felt the power that one has when performing.All these people would sit in a room and listen to everything I said.I did all the character voices: little girl voices, an old lady voice, and a ghost voice.The audience listened and clapped at the end, and also paid me to do it.What could be a better way to make a living than to perform? I knew that I would wind up in the world of entertainment.”

Spinney continued giving puppet shows.When he decided to go to art school, puppet shows helped him pay for his tuition.Even when he was in the army, he managed to continue giving puppet shows.He knew he wanted to do this as his life's work and that he wanted his audience to be children.When he was given the opportunity to create the character of Big Bird on “Sesame Street”, he accepted it and over the years has made Big Bird one of the most beloved characters on American television.

第二篇：新編大學英語視聽說閱讀第四冊home listening原文及答案

視聽閱讀B4HOME LISTENING audio SCRIPT & KEY

Unit4

The World Heritage Organization: Preserving Our Past

Today many organizations, both local and global, are devoted to preserving works of art, buildings, and even entire cities.The World Heritage Organization(WHO)is one such group.The following is a brief update on what is being done to preserve cultural heritage worldwide.The Tombs of Buganda Kings in Kampala, Uganda

The Buganda are one of eight tribal groups who have lived in Uganda for centuries.By 1750 they had created a well-planned centralized form of government.Their leader, called the Kabaka, was assisted by a prime minister as well as the head of the army and the commander of the navy.Over the years, the tribe has continued to maintain many of their original customs and beliefs.Tribal loyalty remains important to the Bugandans, even as many of them leave the country to make lives for themselves overseas.In 1884, in order to preserve and honor the memory of the former kings, the palace grounds of the Kabaka were turned into a burial ground for them.In 2001, WHO declared the area an officialWorld Heritage Site.The City of Quito, Ecuador

Before Europeans arrived in 1532, Ecuador was part of the great Inca kingdom.The area that is now called Quito became an important political center, and by the end of the 1500s the main streets of the city had been laid out and remain essentially the same today.As part of Quito’s early development, many grand public buildings such as palaces and cathedrals were constructed and decorated with beautiful statues and paintings.A powerfully original form of artwork emerged, combining European and South American Indian influences.This style of art greatly influenced the development of art in Latin America over the next 200 years and resulted in Quito being declared a WHO site in 1978.The Antonine Wall in Scotland, United Kingdom

The Antonine Wall is a 37-mile-long earth and stone barrier built across Scotland by the Romans to protect its lands to the south from invasion by enemy groups.It was begun in A.D.140 and completed two years later.Originally, forts were built every six miles along the wall, but this was later increased to every two miles.Today, the remains of the wall are clearly visible in many areas along its length, and it just recently became an official WHO site.Key:

I.1)Uganda2)burial site3)20014)South America5)Quito6)historic7)1500s

8)19789)Scotland10)Romans11)recently

II.1.remains important;even as2.constructed and decorated with3.resulted in

4.Originally

III.1.Many organizations are devoted to preserving works of art, buildings and even entire cities.2.By 1750 they had created a well-planned centralized form of government.3.The tribe has maintained many of their original customs and beliefs.4.This style of art influenced the development of art in Latin America.5.Today, the remains of the wall are clearly visible in many areas along its length.Unit8

Slow Food And More

The Slow Movement is composed of a variety of groups worldwide that advocate paying careful attention to the beauty and pleasure available around us, instead of rushing through life.Slow Food

The Slow Food movement has been growing slowly but steadily since it was started in 1986.It was developed in response to the opening of a hamburger restaurant near the Spanish Steps in Rome, Italy.Today there are several hundred regional groups in over 100 nations worldwide.In 2008, a group in San Francisco sponsored a Slow Food Nation event where 60,000 people convened.In 2004, the organization opened the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Bra, Italy, to promote awareness of good food and nutrition.Slow Cities

Like the Slow Food movement, the Slow Cities movement started in Italy.Its followers believe that cities should retain as much of their originality as possible to preserve their beauty and charm.This involves creating strict rules as to where cars can and can‘t go, and what businesses are allowed to operate in the city.Pedestrians and bicyclists are given priority over motor vehicles, and supermarkets and coffee shops with hundreds of identical stores are not welcome.There are currently 42 Slow Cities in Italy and many more in Germany, Great Britain, Spain, and elsewhere.Slow Homes

Slow Home is a movement founded by John Brown, a professor of architecture at the University of Calgary in Canada.He and his group believe that most new houses are being built cheaply and easily, but are unoriginal and boring.Therefore, the Slow Home movement encourages people to avoid standardized housing.According to Professor Brown, it is important for people to learn about design and construction when building a home, and to become involved with making intelligent decisions about the place where they will spend so much of their lives.Slow Travel

In this age of superhighways and jet planes, some people are talking about slowing down the travel experience.In 2008, two Swedish tour companies offered 8,000 train trips to various destinations in Europe.Typically, if one were to take a plane, the trips would take two hours on average.Alternatively, the train rides take a day or two.Despite the longer time needed, the program was extremely popular and better for the environment, releasing about 20 percent less harmful gas into the atmosphere than the same trip made by car or plane.Key:

I.1.A hamburger restaurant.2.Pedestrians and bicyclists.3.42.4.Standardized housing.5.20 percent less.II.1.The Slow Movement is composed of a variety of groups that advocate enjoying the beauty and pleasure around us.2.The Slow Food movement was developed in response to the opening of a hamburger restaurant in Rome.3.The followers of the Slow Cities movement believe that cities should retain as much of their originality as possible.4.People should become involved with making intelligent decisions about the place where they will spend their lives.5.Despite the longer time needed, the program was extremely popular and better for the environment.

第三篇：新編大學英語4課后答案

新編大學英語4浙江大學編著 Part Three FURTHER DEVELOPMENT Unit 1 Leisure Activities

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)A3)B4)A5)A6 C7)B8)C9)B10)A11)C12)C

2.Translation Practice

這位上了年紀而從未結過婚的英國女士，在1930年第一次出現(xiàn)在小說《牧師住宅的謀殺案》中時，年紀大約在65到70歲之間。在長達41年多的時間里，她出現(xiàn)在12部長篇小說、20篇短篇小說中——最后一次破案時她已經(jīng)很老了。

從外表上看，馬普爾小姐高高瘦瘦，面色紅潤而布滿皺紋，有著一雙淡藍色的眼睛，雪白的頭發(fā)在頭上盤成老式的發(fā)髻。她的外表看上去不會給任何人造成傷害。再加上她那漫無邊際的閑談以及永遠都在身邊的毛線針，她常常會引起人們的誤解，把她僅僅看成是一位“猶猶豫豫的老女人”。那可真是小看了她。那些真正了解她的人都明白，她是人類本性敏銳的觀察者，而且“不可思議地總是正確的”。

雖然馬普爾小姐一生都生活在看上去枯燥乏味的圣瑪麗牧場，她卻相當老到地明白并接受“我們周圍盡是邪惡”這個事實。就像她經(jīng)常指出的那樣，大城市能找到的人性特征和邪惡，在她住的村子及周邊也都能找到。于是，她的破案方式就是找出圣瑪麗牧場和外面世界在生活和人物方面的相似之處。

Unit2 The Power of Words

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C2)A3)C4)B5)B6)A7)C8)A9)A10)A

1.Translation Practice

1)另一方面，打電話更快捷，所以當你需要很快得到一個答復時，電話更合適些。

2)一些最精彩的信是靈感突現(xiàn)時寫的，所以要把文具放在你能坐幾分鐘、很快給朋友寫短信的地方。

3)一封手寫的信，封在一個不是帳單的信封中，在我們的朋友勞累了一天疲憊地回家的時候等候在她的路上，信中的話將幫助她消除一天的辛勞。這是一份多么美好的禮物啊。1

4)有時你無法記住說過的全部議論，因為電話是轉瞬即逝的，而且不能像珍藏的信件那樣，可以保存起來以備以后閱讀。

5)很多成年人一直保留著多年前他們還是孩子時收到的幾頁紙，他們中的一些人還不管走到哪里都隨身帶著。是什么促使他們這么做的呢？答案就是欣賞。

6)利用一切機會表揚別人，因為這會使他們更自信，激發(fā)他們的積極性。這還會使你成為一個在他們的人生中有重要影響的人。

Unit3 Gender Difference.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)C3)B4)A5)C6)B7)B8)B9)C 10)B 11)C 12)A

2.Translation Practice

教室是男生的天下；即使在他們人數(shù)并不占多數(shù)時，他們仍占據(jù)老師三分之二的注意力。他們被允許取笑女生，他們作業(yè)做得馬虎卻受表揚，要是女生做這樣的作業(yè)就得不到寬容。男生們已經(jīng)習慣于做老師的寵兒。如果女生也受到相同的待遇，男生就會抗議，甚至擾亂課堂。

Unit4 Creativity

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C2)B3)B4)A5)C6)A7)A8)C9)B10)A

11)B12)B

1.Translation Practice

1）一個具有獨創(chuàng)性的人沒有難題，只有發(fā)揮獨創(chuàng)性的機會。（多里?勒特格）

2）我一直在做力所不能及的事，那是為了學會如何去做。（巴勃羅?畢加索）

3）存在是為了改變，改變是為了成長，成長是為了不斷創(chuàng)造自我。（亨利?伯格森）

4）想要創(chuàng)造性地生活，我們必須不再害怕犯錯。（約瑟夫?奇爾頓?皮爾斯）

5）創(chuàng)造性就是發(fā)明、試驗、成長、冒險、犯規(guī)、犯錯和游戲。（瑪麗?盧?庫克）

6）我總想著創(chuàng)新。我的未來始于每天清晨睡夢初醒之時。每天我都在自己的生活中找到富有創(chuàng)造性的事情來做。（邁爾斯?戴維斯）

Unit 5 AthletesEnriching Your Word Power

1)C2)B3)B4)B5)B6)C7)A8)A9)C10)A11)C12)C

1.Translation Practice

1)奧林匹克不僅是鍛煉體能和承受力的學校，也是培養(yǎng)純潔、道德高尚的學校。

2)現(xiàn)代奧運精神的總目標一直是促進相互理解，使世界各國一起友好而有效地合作。

3)通過各國相聚、通過給予人們互相認識和尊重的機會、通過建立友好的關系，使奧 林匹克實現(xiàn)了和平這一重要目標。

4)讓我們?yōu)榱松娑\動，而不是為了運動而生存；讓我們記住與自己競爭勝過觀看別人競爭。

5)一個好的運動員應該樹立一個好的榜樣，成為年輕人的行為榜樣。一個好的教練應該樹立一個好的榜樣，成為年輕運動員的行為榜樣。

6)奧運會最重要的精神不是獲勝而是參與，正如生活中最重要的不是成功而是奮斗。最最重要的不是征服了而是努力奮斗了。

Unit 6 Risks

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)A3)A4)A5)C6)C7)B8)C9)A10)B

1.Translation Practice

1)Promising new technologies can power our homes, factories and cars with cleaner, more efficient energy—cutting emissions while strengthening our economy.2)Indeed, unless we reach across borders and face threats to the environment together, the earth may be confronted with an ecological crisis, with half of all species gone, and our grand children enduring deadly floods, droughts and disease brought on by global warming.3)Our planet is a biosphere, which demands that nations work in global partnership to solve complex environmental problems such as the long-range transport of air pollutants and hazardous waste disposal.4)Risks are an unavoidable part of life.They stem from rare events such as earthquakes and fires or from slowly accumulating effects of exposure to hazardous conditions and probably cause loss of property, even loss of life.5)Only 100 years ago man lived in harmony with nature.Today this harmonious relationship is threatened by man’s lack of foresight and planning, and by his carelessness and greed, for man is slowly poisoning his environment.Unit 7 College Life

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)A2)A3)B4)B5)B6)C7)C8)C9)B10)B11)C12)A

1.Translation Practice

1)理解、應用概念和記住那些考試一結束就會忘得一干二凈的事實，這兩者之間有著明確的區(qū)別。

2)尤其在技術領域，變化如此迅速，以致于我們從本科教育中所能期望的最大收益是學習能力的培養(yǎng)。因此，記住事實不如獲取應用的能力。

3)對教授們來說，考試是評估學生掌握了多少知識的最為簡易的方法，至少在比較大的班級是如此。

4)現(xiàn)實生活遠非一場開卷考，它是一場你永遠都無法完全準備好的考試，而且你根本無法補考。

5)在現(xiàn)實生活中，我們無法預測明天會發(fā)生什么，也不知道該準備些什么。

6)成功失敗，起起落落，這些都是現(xiàn)實生活的特征，它并非如人們所猜想的那么容易。

Unit 8 Time

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)A2)B3)C4)A5)C6)B7)A8)A9)C10)C11)B12)B

2.1)with2)to3)on4)with5)from6)into7)of8)up9)with10)with

11)over12)for13)by/with14)to15)through16)on17)in18)of/from

1.Translation Practice

1)蛋白質由氨基酸構成，而氨基酸可以用來建造和修補人體組織。

2)根據(jù)在德國進行的開拓性研究報告，當人們被分成小組，一起置身于與光、溫度、濕度等外部時間提示因素相隔絕的環(huán)境時，他們自身內部復雜的時間節(jié)奏無法（與外部時間）同步了；但他們的生物鐘隨后又恢復了相互間一致的同步節(jié)奏。

3)我們通過這些實驗測試大腦的神經(jīng)生物學模式，這種模式提供了大腦神經(jīng)處理信息及接受刺激的方式。

4)行為科學家們長期以來一直認為這些差異是個人異常習慣或早期訓練的結果。但這種想法遭到了內科醫(yī)生兼生物學家弗朗茲?哈爾伯格稱為時間生物學的一種理論的置疑。

5)溫格特和同在國家航空和宇宙航行局工作的時間生物學家查爾斯?德羅西亞還就如何緩解飛行時差反應所帶來的疲勞提出了一些建議：在出發(fā)前一周左右開始調整日?；顒訒r間，使之與你到達目的地的時間安排一致。

Unit 9 Science and Technology

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)B2)A3)B4)C5)B6)C7)C8)B9)A10)A11)B12)C

1.Translation Practice

因為2000年和2001年連續(xù)的旱災，2002年1月德比鎮(zhèn)遭受了嚴峻的缺水問題。德比郡議會已經(jīng)把解決這個問題放在首位，以便今后不再出現(xiàn)這種情況?？ぷh會早在90年代中期曾就在這一地區(qū)筑壩進行過調查，但是由于當時公眾對調查結果不滿意使計劃受阻，需要做進一步的環(huán)境調查以確定筑壩對周圍農場的長期影響。這一系列的調查已于2003年12月完成。調查結果顯示對環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟沒有明顯的負面影響。2004年6月郡議會提議施行可行性研究的最后階段，整個研究的結論和建議將在擬定于2005年1月12日舉行的議會計劃委員會會議上提交。這份可行性研究報告將幫助議會對改善該郡的水供應狀況作出最后決定。

Unit 10 Satire in Literature

1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C2)C3)C4)B5)B6)B7)A8)B9)B10)A11)A

12)B13)B14)C15)C16)B17)C18)A

1.Translation Practice

Constantine Szobachkov 研究草原犬鼠已有十多年了。他把科研助手派到有草原犬鼠的地區(qū)。派去的人身高不同，衣著顏色不同，帶的東西也不同，有的帶著槍，有的牽著狗，有的空著雙手。對草原犬鼠的每個叫聲都加以分析，把它們相互交流的結構記錄下來并探測出了它們交流的模式。Szobachkov說：

如同人類聲音的波形一樣，草原犬鼠聲音的波形也有一定的結構。它們用叫聲互相交流信息。一個叫聲可以由數(shù)百個基本單位組成，有的類似于名詞，有的類似于形容詞。犬鼠的叫聲里也有和聲，叫聲可以變化，變化的方式所有同類都懂。我們從9個不同的角度考察了它的波形。他們能區(qū)分人與狗，人們所穿衣服的顏色，人們的身高。

被問到犬鼠是怎樣表示一個人的身高時，Szobachkov 說，叫聲中某個系列的直線波形變成弧形就能表示身高。當以一定的方式改變這些（波形）時，就區(qū)別出了不同的高度。他認為草原犬鼠所掌握的詞匯量超過其他任何動物。

第四篇：新編大學英語Unit2課文翻譯及課后練習答案

Unit 2 Myths and Legends In-Class Reading Why the Tortoise’s Shell Is Not Smooth

為什么烏龜?shù)谋硽ぐ纪共黄綇倪h處他妻子們的那些小木屋里傳來的低聲細語，時不時地被歌聲打斷，但是奧康瓦還是聽到了，這是妻子們同各自的孩子在講民間故事。愛克蔚菲和她的女兒愛金瑪坐在一塊小地毯上?，F(xiàn)在，輪到愛克蔚菲講故事了。霎時，低聲細語靜了下來，所有的眼睛都轉向她們最喜歡的故事能手。2 “很久以前”，她開始講道，“所有的鳥兒都被邀請到天上赴宴。它們非常高興，開始為這盛大的日子做準備。它們用顏料把自己的身體涂成深紅色并畫上漂亮的圖案?！盀觚斂吹搅怂羞@些準備活動，并很快了解了事情的來龍去脈。動物界里發(fā)生的任何事都逃不過他的眼睛，（因為）他狡黠無比，詭計多端。他一聽說這一天上的盛宴，不禁垂涎三尺。那些日子正在鬧饑荒，烏龜已經(jīng)有兩個月沒好好吃一頓飯了。他的身體就像一段枯柴棍在空蕩蕩的軀殼里咔咔作響。于是他穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打地開始計劃如何能到天上去。” 4 “但是他沒有翅膀呀，”愛金瑪說。5 “別性急，”她母親回答道，“故事（的關鍵）就在這里。烏龜沒有翅膀，但他去找鳥兒們，請求能跟他們一起去?！?6 “‘我們太了解你了，’鳥兒們聽了他的請求后說道?！阍幱嫸喽瞬⑶彝髫摿x。如果我們答應你，你馬上就會施展詭計。我們老早就把你看透了?！?7 “‘你們不了解我，’烏龜說?！乙呀?jīng)脫胎換骨了，不再是你們以前所知道的那個搗蛋鬼了。相反，我現(xiàn)在既體貼又善良。我已經(jīng)認識到，給別人制造麻煩的人就是在給自己制造麻煩。放心吧，我保證不給你們增添任何麻煩?！?“烏龜巧舌如簧，沒過多久，所有的鳥兒都一致認為，他確實已經(jīng)脫胎換骨了，于是每只鳥兒都給了他一根羽毛，用這些羽毛，烏龜做了兩只色彩絢麗的翅膀?！白詈螅@盛大的日子終于來到了，烏龜?shù)谝粋€到達了集合地點。等所有的鳥兒都來齊了，他們就一塊兒動身。烏龜飛在鳥兒們中間，非常高興，而且由于他擅長演說，很快就被推選為大伙兒的發(fā)言人。10 “‘有件重要的事我們絕不能忘記，’他在飛行途中說道?！斎藗儽谎垍⒓宇愃朴谶@樣的盛宴時，要特意給自己取個新名字。天上的主人們一定也希望我們能遵循這一古***俗?！?“鳥兒們誰也沒聽說過這一習俗，但他們知道，盡管烏龜在其它方面不怎么樣，卻到過許多地方，知曉不同民族的風俗習慣。于是他們每人都取了一個新名字。等他們全都取好了，烏龜也取了一個。他的新名字叫‘你們大家’?！白詈笕壶B飛到了天上，那兒的主人們見到他們非常高興。烏龜穿著他那五彩的羽衣，起身對主人們的邀請深表謝意。他的講話如此得體，所有的鳥兒都很慶幸把他帶了來，對他所說的一切都點頭贊同。主人們把他當成了鳥兒們的國王，尤其是因為他看起來有那么點兒與眾不同。13 “精選出來的各種果仁呈上來吃完之后，天上的人們在客人們面前擺上了烏龜從未見過或夢到過的美味佳肴。湯剛從爐子上燒好就連著罐子熱氣騰騰地端上來了，里面全是肉和魚。烏龜開始很響地嗅氣。有甜薯泥以及用棕櫚油和鮮魚一起煮成的甜薯湯，還有一壇壇棕櫚酒。等所有的菜肴在客人們面前擺好后，有一位天上的人走上前來，把每樣菜肴都嘗一口。然后他請鳥兒們進餐。但這時烏龜一躍而起，問道：‘你們是為誰準備的這個宴會？’

“‘為你們大家啊，’那個人回答道。15 “烏龜轉向鳥兒們說：‘你們該記得，我的名字就是“你們大家”。這兒的習俗是先請發(fā)言人吃，然后才輪到其他人。我吃完以后，他們會請你們吃的。’ “他開始大吃起來，鳥兒們則私下里生氣地抱怨著。天上的人還以為把所有的食物讓國王吃是鳥兒們的習俗。就這樣，烏龜吃掉了最好的食物，還喝了兩壇棕櫚酒，于是酒足飯飽了，他的身體脹得胖鼓鼓的，把整個龜殼都撐圓了?！傍B兒們圍攏來吃些殘羹剩飯，啄著他扔在地上的骨頭。有一些鳥兒氣得什么都沒吃，他們寧可空著肚子飛回去。但是離開前，每只鳥兒都向烏龜要回了各自借給他的那根羽毛。烏龜站在那兒，身上只剩了一個硬殼，里面滿是佳肴美酒，卻沒了可飛回家的翅膀。他請求鳥兒們捎個口信給他的妻子，但被大家拒絕了。最后，最生烏龜氣的鸚鵡，突然改變了主意，同意替他帶個口信。18 “‘告訴我的妻子，’烏龜說道，‘把家里所有軟的東西都拿出來，鋪在地上，這樣我就可以從天上跳下去，而不至于摔傷了?！?“鸚鵡滿口答應一定把這個口信帶到，然后竊笑著飛走了。然而，當他飛到烏龜家時，卻告訴烏龜?shù)钠拮影鸭依锼杏驳?、尖的家伙都拿出來。于是烏龜?shù)钠拮泳捅M心盡責地把丈夫的鋤頭，刀子，長矛，槍甚至他的大炮都搬了出來。烏龜從天上往下看，看到他的妻子正往外搬東西，但相距太遠了看不清是些什么。當一切似乎都已準備妥當時，他就縱身一跳。他掉啊，掉啊，掉，直到他開始擔心自己會這樣一直不停地掉下去。然后，他重重地摔到了地上，那聲響就跟他的大炮轟鳴一樣。” 20 “他死了嗎？”愛金瑪問道。21 “沒有，”愛克蔚菲回答說。“他的背殼摔成了好幾百塊碎片。不過，那附近有一個醫(yī)術高明的行醫(yī)者。烏龜?shù)钠拮泳团扇税阉垇恚@位行醫(yī)者把所有的碎片撿攏來，粘在一起。這就是為什么烏龜?shù)谋硽ぐ纪共黄降脑蛄恕！?/p>

After-Class Reading

Beauty and the Beast

美女與野獸 從前有一位非常富有的商人，他有六個孩子，三個兒子和三個女兒。他滿足女兒想要的一切，但是，除了小女兒，兩個大女兒都非常自高自大，被寵壞了。小女兒名叫“美女”。她既美麗又溫柔，兩個姐姐為此嫉妒得不得了。2 在一個倒霉的日子里，商人得知自己損失了所有的錢，全家人被迫從城里的豪宅搬到鄉(xiāng)下一個小房子去住。三個兒子立即幫助父親張羅外面的瑣事?？蓱z的美女，向來都是仆人照料她的起居。現(xiàn)在她不得不在日出前起床，生火、做飯、打掃屋子。但是她很快適應了這種生活。她說：“哭不會改善現(xiàn)狀。我必須努力讓自己快樂起來?！比欢?，她的兩個姐姐則每天睡到正午，并且還為美女不像她倆一樣痛苦而生氣。一年后，這位父親收到一封信，告知他有一艘失綜的船已被找到，并已滿載貨物而歸。全家人都很高興，因為他們又要變得富有了。在商人離家前，兩個大女兒懇求父親給她們帶回各種各樣珍貴的首飾和漂亮衣服?！澳敲次业拿琅胍裁茨?”父親問道?！芭叮沂裁炊疾恍枰?，但是如果您能帶給我一朵玫瑰，我會非常感激的，”她說。當然，美女并不需要玫瑰，只是她想，為了不使自己看上去似乎在批評兩個姐姐的貪婪，她最好得要點什么。4 商人來到了港口，但是天哪，船已經(jīng)沉沒了，結果他依然貧窮如前?；丶視r他在森林里迷了路，并且天開始下起雪來?！拔視鏊赖?，或者被狼吃掉，再也看不到我親愛的孩子們了，”他傷心地想著。突然，他看到一所富麗堂皇的豪宅，里面燈火通明。他敲了敲門，但 2 沒人答應。他走進去，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)壁爐里爐火正旺，一張桌子上擺滿美味佳肴。他等了很長時間，等著主人露面，但是沒有人來。他餓極了，于是他最后（忍不?。┏粤艘稽c食物。然后他找到一間臥室，并很快在那兒睡著了。第二天早晨他驚訝地發(fā)現(xiàn)一套嶄新的衣服擺在他面前，一頓新做的早餐等著他去享用?！斑@兒一定是仙女們住的城堡，” 他想，因此他大聲喊了聲“謝謝你們”，然后離開了。他驚訝地看到雪已經(jīng)消失得無影無蹤，面前有一個可愛的花園，里面長滿了玫瑰花叢?！拔抑徽欢涿倒?，給我的美女，”他說，但當他折下玫瑰時卻聽到了一聲很可怕的聲音。他看到一頭丑陋的怪獸對他說，“忘恩負義的人！我救了你的命，你卻偷我的玫瑰來報答我。你必須死!”但是商人乞求野獸看在他孩子們的份上不要殺他。野獸在聽說了美女和她要求得到一朵玫瑰的故事之后似乎有了興趣?！澳敲茨惚仨毥兴竭@兒來代替你。給你三個月的時間?；丶胰?，如果她不愿來，那你必須回來。但是我不會讓你空著手離開的。到你房間去，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一箱金子，”野獸說?！昂冒桑绻冶仨毜盟溃辽傥也粫屛业暮⒆觽兩頍o分文，”這位父親想，于是他帶著一箱金子回到了家。5 “給，美女，”他說，“給你這朵玫瑰。你不知道這朵玫瑰將怎樣使你不幸的父親丟掉性命?！庇谑撬言庥鲆矮F的事說了一遍。美女立刻堅持要去野獸家，以此來救她父親一命,而且不愿聽任何勸阻。在離開家的那一天，她的姐姐們用洋蔥抹眼睛，為她的離開并且很可能丟掉性命而假裝悲傷。7 當商人和美女到達那所宮殿時，燈火依舊通明。火旺旺地燒著，桌子上擺滿了精美佳肴?！芭?，野獸想先把我養(yǎng)肥了再殺死我，”美女想。盡管害怕，為了父親她仍然表現(xiàn)得振作而又勇敢。突然他們聽到一個可怕的聲音，野獸出現(xiàn)了?！澳闶切母是樵傅竭@兒來的嗎?”野獸問?！笆堑模泵琅哙轮f。“好，那就和你的父親道別吧?！北从^的商人就這樣被迫離開女兒回家了。美女肯定野獸會在那天晚上把她吃掉。（因此）當她發(fā)現(xiàn)臥室門的上方有一塊刻著“美女房間”的金牌子時非常驚訝。房間里到處是華麗的家俱，書架上排列著所有她愛看的書。還有一架鋼琴供她彈奏。在有一本書里還寫著：

歡迎美女，不要害怕，你是這兒的王后、這兒的主人。

說出你的愿望，說出你的意愿，你的心愿，馬上就會實現(xiàn)。“這一切都這么豪華，我想野獸不會很快吃掉我的，”她說，于是她不太害怕了。10 第二天晚上野獸來到餐桌前說，“美女，讓我看著你吃飯，好嗎? 如果我在場會打擾你，我就離開。告訴我，你是否覺得我很丑?” 美女說，“是的，”因為她不會說謊，但她補充說：“但我認為你心地非常善良。”他們交談著，美女開始感覺鎮(zhèn)定多了。這時，野獸說，“美女，你愿意嫁給我嗎?”盡管美女不想讓野獸生氣，但她還是說，“不愿意”。野獸開始哀號并且傷心地說，“那么，再見，美女，”然后離開了。三個月的時間里，每天吃晚飯時都發(fā)生同樣的事情。美女開始期待這些見面，而且因野獸的丑陋所引起的恐懼感也消失了，但是每天晚上，在離開之前，野獸都問同樣的問題：“美女，你愿意嫁給我嗎?” “哦，野獸，我要是能同意嫁給你就好了。我會永遠把你當作我很要好的朋友，但是我并不愛你?！?/p>

“但是你能答應永遠不離開我嗎?”野獸問。

“哦，野獸，我非常擔心我親愛的父親，我也非常想他?！?15

“啊，那你會離開我，而我這個野獸會傷心死的?！?16

“哦，不，”美女說道，“如果你讓我去看望我父親一次，我一定會回來和你永遠生活在一起?！?/p>

“你明天就會在家里了，”野獸說。“但是記住，當你想回到我這兒時，你必須在上床睡覺前把戒指放在桌子上?！?第二天早晨，當美女醒來時，發(fā)覺自己已在父親家里，而且房間里滿是一箱箱的金子和漂亮高雅的綢緞禮服，都是野獸送給她的。除了兩個狠心的姐姐，所有人見了她都十分高興。兩個姐姐嫉妒難耐，卻裝作非常高興，請求妹妹能住多久就住多久。第十天晚上美女做了一個夢，夢中她看見野獸躺在花園里，快要死了。她從夢中哭醒過來?！芭?，我多么忘恩負義?。∷L得丑陋是他的錯嗎? 他一直對我那樣溫和，那樣慷慨。原先我為什么不同意嫁給他呢?” 于是她下床，把戒指放到桌上，然后又回到床上睡著了。第二天早晨醒來時她已在野獸的城堡里了。她穿上最漂亮的禮服，等待野獸到來。晚飯過后，野獸仍然沒有露面，這時她想起了那個夢，急忙跑到花園里，發(fā)現(xiàn)野獸躺在地上，就要死了。她俯身伏在他身上，抱著他大哭?！芭?，野獸，請不要死!活下來做我的丈夫?！彼徽f完這些話，只見眼前光芒閃耀，還有音樂聲，她看到的不是丑陋不堪的野獸，而是她所能見到的最英俊的王子。王子被一個邪惡的女巫用可怕的符咒把他鎮(zhèn)住，美女把它解除了，王子向她表示感謝。接著，出現(xiàn)了一位拿著魔杖的仙女，然后是美女的全家人。仙女微笑著說，“美女，你做了一個聰明的選擇，（因為）你選取了美德而不是美貌。從今以后，你要和王子一起幸福地生活了?！?然后仙女轉向美女的兩個姐姐說，“你們兩個滿心嫉妒的人，你們將變作兩個石像但卻仍具有思考能力。你們將站在美女城堡的門前，看著她每天幸福地生活，直到你們死去的那一天，這是對你們的懲罰?！?/p>

課內閱讀練習答案

Part One Preparation

1.An Argument about the Sun Sample 1)Both the children are wrong.The sun gives out almost the same amount of heat at any time of the year.We feel sometimes it is hotter, and sometimes it is cooler only because the angle between the sunlight and the surface of the earth varies constantly.That the sun seems bigger at daybreak is an optical illusion.When it appears on the horizon, only a small part of the sky is bright enough to be seen against it.This makes the sun seem bigger.But when it’s high up in the sky, it seems smaller with the huge bright sky against it.That it is cooler in the morning than at midday is not because of the change of the distance between the sun and the earth.It is because of the change of the angle between the sunlight and the surface of the earth.We don’t feel very hot in the morning because less sunlight is received per unit of area when the angle is smaller.But as time passes, more and more sunlight per unit of area penetrates the atmosphere and reaches us, so we feel hotter at midday.2)Confucius was knowledgeable, but not a genius.We can’t expect him to know everything.Everyone has his or her limitations.Another reason is that at that time science was not as developed as it is today and people didn’t have advanced equipment to do research on the sun and the earth.So it was difficult to understand or explain many natural phenomena.3)

―I think Confucius was honest.He didn’t pretend to know the answer.―No one is perfect.One may be an expert in one field, but a novice in other fields.―The children were very curious, a good quality of theirs.But they only saw one side of the phenomenon and then jumped to conclusions.One should consider different aspects before drawing any conclusions.―Children seldom pretend.They do what they want and they say what occurs to them.The two children in the story laughed at Confucius because he could not answer their questions though he was supposed to be a wise man.Adults are less likely to do these kinds of things.2.Chinese Fables

Three at Dusk and Four at Dawn

In the state of Song there was a man who was very fond of monkeys and kept a large number of them.He could understand the monkeys and they could understand him.In order to satisfy the monkeys’ demands, he reduced the food consumption of his family.After a while his family did not have enough to eat, so he wanted to limit the food for his monkeys.But he was afraid the monkeys would not submit to him.So he played a trick on them.“If I give you three chestnuts in the morning and four in the evening, would that be enough?” he asked the monkeys.All the monkeys rose up in a fury.After a short time he said, “If I give you four chestnuts in the morning and three in the evening, would that be enough?”

All the monkeys lay on the floor, happy and satisfied with this proposal.Moral of the story: I think that we can learn two things from the story.First, we should look at the whole picture when we are dealing with a problem, instead of just one side of the problem.If we can’t have a whole view of the problem, we might be fooled by something superficial and can never find the truth.Second, we should be consistent in what we are doing.We should not change our attitude, manner or method from time to time when we are doing a particular job.His Spear Against His Shield In the state of Chu there was a man who had a spear and a shield for sale.He was loud in praises of his shield.“My shield is so strong that nothing can pierce it through.”

He also sang praises of his spear.“My spear is so strong that it can pierce through anything.”

“What would happen,” he was asked, “if your spear is used to pierce your shield?”

He was unable to give an answer.It is impossible for an impenetrable shield to coexist with a spear that finds nothing impenetrable.Moral of the story: This story tells us that we should be logical in what we are talking about.One can not exaggerate too much what he is capable of.Otherwise, he will be laughed at by others.Moreover, one should be honest with other people.A Matter of Dignity

There was a great famine in the state of Qi.Qian Ao, a rich man in Qi, prepared food by the roadside for the hungry to come and eat.Along came a starving man, his sleeves covering his head, his hempen(麻制的)sandals held together by string, walking as if he did not know where he was going.With food in his left hand and drink in his right, Qian Ao shouted at him.“Hey you!Come and eat!”

The man looked up and stared at Qian.“I’m reduced to this state just because I refuse to take anything from loud-mouthed(高談闊論的, 嘰里呱啦的)people giving away food,” he said.Qian immediately begged his pardon but the man still refused to eat and eventually starved to death.Moral of the story: Dignity is more important than anything else.One may lose his life but not his dignity.Today, so many people, in order to reach certain positions or win some titles, give up their conscience or dignity.On the other hand, everyone should respect other people, poor or rich.Only when we are full of respect for other people will we earn other people’s respect.Then the whole society will be in harmony.3.Matching Pictures

1.Aphrodite

2.Ares

3.Hephaestus 4.Artemis 5.Demeter 6.Dionysus

7.Poseidon 8.Athena 9.Apollo

10.Hermes 11.Hera 12.Zeus

Extra exercise: Bedtime Stories

Directions: Of all the bedtime stories your grandparents or parents told you when you were a little child, which one was the most interesting? Share your favorite story with the other members in your group.Sample

Long long ago there were two brothers.The elder brother was rich, but the younger brother was poor.They made a living by cutting wood in the forest.One day when the younger brother was crossing a bridge, his iron axe fell into the water.He was very sad and began to cry.At that time an old man appeared.After he knew what happened, he dove into the water and brought a silver axe to the younger brother, but the younger brother said, “No, this isn’t mine.Mine is made of iron.” Again the old man dove into the water, and brought a gold axe to him.But again he said this wasn’t his.The old man was very happy with this because the younger brother was honest and not greedy.So he gave the younger brother the gold axe.After the younger brother got home, he told all this to his elder brother.On hearing the story the elder brother went to the same bridge and dropped his iron axe into the water.The old man appeared too and dove into the water after knowing what happened.He brought a silver axe to the elder brother, but the elder brother said this wasn’t his, his was a gold one.The old man was very unhappy and brought him a gold axe unwillingly.The elder brother went back home with the gold axe, but as soon as he was home, he became a statue, as a result of the magic power of the gold axe.Part Two Reading-Centered Activities

In-Class Reading

Post-Reading

Reading Comprehension

1.1)Because they were invited to a feast in the sky.2)He saw the birds were busy preparing.3)He planned to go to the feast/sky with the birds.4)They didn’t agree because Tortoise was mischievous, cunning and ungrateful.5)With a sweet tongue, he convinced the birds that he was a changed man.6)He made two wings with all the feathers he got from each bird.7)All of You.8)Nuts, meat and fish soup, pounded yam, yam soup, palm wine, etc.9)For whom have you prepared this feast?

10)Because he knew the answer would be “For all of you”, which was his new name.So he could enjoy all the food first.11)They were very angry.12)They took back the feathers they had lent him.13)He asked them to take a message to his wife.14)Parrot, because he wanted to take advantage of the chance to get revenge.15)He asked Parrot to tell his wife to bring out all the soft things in his house to cover the ground with them so that he would be able to land safely.But Parrot told his wife to bring out all the hard and sharp, not the soft, things instead.16)His shell was broken into hundreds of pieces.2.Ekwefi is telling a story about Tortoise.Long long ago, all the birds got an invitation from the sky to attend a feast there.Tortoise learned about it and with his sweet tongue he persuaded the birds to take him with them and so each bird lent him a feather.Tortoise cunningly thought of an idea that enabled him to have all the food before anyone else by naming himself “All of You.” When they reached the sky, they received a warm welcome and soon the food was presented to them.Then he asked one of the people in the sky: “For whom have you prepared all this feast?” The man replied: “For all of you.” So he ate almost all the best food.The birds became very angry and took back their feathers before flying home.Without feathers, he had to jump onto the ground and his shell was broken into pieces.3.Acting out the Story Sample Bird A: How exciting!All of us are invited to the feast in the sky.Bird B: I just can’t wait.What do you think I should wear? Tortoise: Hello.Good morning.What are you excited about? Bird A: Didn’t you know that we are going to the sky? Bird B: And we are going to have a big dinner.What fun!

Tortoise: How nice it is.What lucky guys.May I go with you? I’m sure we’ll have a lot of fun.Bird A: Yes, we’ll have great fun, but not you.We know you too well.You are full of cunning and you are ungrateful.Bird B: If we allow you to come with us, you will soon begin your mischief.Bird A: We know you of old.Tortoise: You don’t know me now.I’m a changed man.I am not the mischievous man you once knew.In fact, I am thoughtful and well-meaning.I have learned that a man who makes trouble for others is also making trouble for himself.Rest assured, I promise you I will not cause you any trouble.Bird A:(Talking to Bird B)Maybe he is a changed man now.Let’s talk to our bird friends and see if we will take him with us.(After a brief discussion with all the other birds)Bird B: OK.Tortoise, now we all agreed to take you to the sky.Each of us will lend you a feather so that you can have two wings to fly.(During the flight to the party)Bird A: Tortoise is a great orator!

Bird B: Let’s make him the spokesperson for the party.Tortoise: Did you know that we need a new name when we are invited to a great feast like this? It is an age-old custom and our hosts in the sky will expect us to honor it.Bird A: We haven’t heard of this before.But as you are such a learned man, if you say this, we will choose a new name.I will call myself Good-Looking.Bird B: I am Smart-Ass.Tortoise: And my new name is All of You.(On their arrival at the sky)Sky people: Welcome to the sky, our dear friends.We are so pleased to see you again.Please make yourselves at home.Tortoise: My dear respected friends, thank you so much for inviting us to the sky.Nothing can make us happier than this.It is our greatest honor to be here and have a good time with you.Sky people: Thank you for your nice words.Now please help yourselves to the nuts.Bird A: Tortoise is really eloquent, isn’t he? I’m glad we decided to bring him with us.Bird B: Yes.And these are delicious nuts.Sky people: Now the dinner is ready.Please enjoy the soup, meat, fish and pounded yam.Here is palm wine, too.Tortoise: Just a moment.Let me ask you first.For whom have you prepared this feast? Sky people: For whom? Why? For all of you, of course.Tortoise(To the birds): You remember that my name is All of You.The custom here is to serve the spokesman first and the others later.They will serve you when I finish.Sky people(To themselves): Looks like it is their custom to leave all the food to their king first.Tortoise: Mm.Yummy.Mm.I’m full now.You can start to eat.Bird A: We should never bring him here.I am too angry to eat.I’m going home.Bird B: Wait.I am leaving, too.Take the feather from him with us.Tortoise: What are you doing? Leave me the feather.Oh, how am I going home without a single feather? You can’t do this to me!Birds: Bye.Tortoise: Could someone take a message for my wife? Tell her to bring out everything soft and cover the ground…

4.Taking Sides Samples 1)—I don’t admire Tortoise’s cleverness.Actually he was unwise to cheat the birds.After his mischievous behavior, how could he face them and stay together with them? He would have no friends at all.He was clever in a way, but he was very stupid.For example, when all the birds became so angry, how could he have trusted Parrot? He should have jumped into the sea instead of landing on the ground to avoid being hurt.— I admire Tortoise’s cleverness.He was a guy who knew where to look for a nice dinner during time of famine.He knew very well how to have the birds trust him.He was also quick-minded.His only mistake was that he should not be so greedy as not to leave any nice food for the birds.— I sympathize with the birds.They took Tortoise with them to the sky out of kindness, but after flying such a long distance, they had to fly back home on an empty stomach.They were formally invited, but didn’t enjoy the food prepared for them.On the other hand, Tortoise invited himself, went to the sky with the help of all the birds and selfishly ate almost all the delicious food.I think the birds were very unlucky.—I think the birds are stupid.They knew very well that Tortoise couldn’t be trusted as he was always mischievous.But they persuaded themselves that he was a changed man.At the party they should have let the sky people know Tortoise was not their king and they had the right to enjoy the nice food, as they were the guests the sky people had invited.2)The story teaches us that a)we should be honest, and shouldn’t cheat others at any time.If we cheat others, we will be punished in the end;b)we shouldn’t be carried away by sweet words, like the birds;c)a leopard can’t change its spots.Since Tortoise was cunning, he could never change his personality and behave himself.Vocabulary

1.1)A.invitation

B.invited

C.inviting

2)A.prepare

B.prepared

C.preparation

D.preparatory/preparation

3)A.discoveries

B.discoverers C.discovered

4)A.approval

B.approve C.approved D.approving E.disapprove

5)A.eloquent

B.eloquence C.eloquently

6)A.faithful

B.unfaithful/faithless C.faith D.faithfully

7)A.occasional B.occasionally C.occasion

8)A.delivery B.delivering C.delivered

9)A.troublesome/trouble B.troubled C.troubled D.troubling

10)A.assurance B.assured C.assure

2.1)ran/got into trouble 2)no trouble

3)asking for trouble

4)have…trouble

5)The trouble with

6)in serious/deep/big trouble

7)get/getting…into trouble

8)took the trouble 3.1)with a pattern of roses 2)prepared a wonderful/good meal for us 3)promised faithfully 4)deliver this letter

5)a selection of milk and plain chocolate 6)keep out of mischief/behave themselves 7)the sound of distant thunder

8)received approval from the government 9)in spite of the fact that he drank too much 10)agree whether the drug is safe or not

Part Three Further Development 1.Enriching Your Word Power

1)C

2)C

3)A

4)B

5)A

6)B

7)A

8)B

9)A

10)A 2.Myths and Moral

1)--Virtue will be rewarded.For example, Beauty is a kind-hearted and sweet girl.She loves her father and is willing to sacrifice herself for him.Finally she is rewarded with a happy marriage and a happy life.On the other hand, the evil sisters are punished by the fairy.They become two statues that have to observe Beauty’s happiness painfully.--A good heart is more important than appearance.Although the Beast is very ugly, he loves Beauty and has a kind heart.In the end he wins the heart of Beauty and the spell on him is broken by Beauty’s love.2)--Nothing can be gained without effort or hardship.If you want to succeed or make achievements, you have to face and overcome difficulties, or even great dangers.Tang Seng, Monkey and others had gone through eighty-one great dangers or hardships before they could obtain and bring home the authentic version of the Buddha’s teachings.--A person’s strength, skills and judgments are the guarantee of success.Without Monkey King, Tang Seng couldn’t have fetched the Buddha’s teachings.Unlike Tang Seng’s other followers, Monkey developed his martial arts and skills and became so strong that almost no one could defeat him.3.Finding Their Similarities and Differences 1)Similarities:

A.Both of them look like animals and are endowed with human intelligence.B.Both of them have a happy ending.The Beast marries a kind-hearted and beautiful girl and changes back into a handsome prince;Monkey succeeds in getting the Buddha’s teachings and becomes enlightened.His golden band is gone, and he no longer has to be under other people’s control.C.Both of them have a bond.The Beast is under a spell cast by a witch, while Monkey is wearing a golden band which tightens whenever he is mischievous.2)Differences: A.The Beast is actually a real human being.He becomes a beast only because of the witch’s spell, while Monkey is still a monkey though he is finally enlightened.B.They have different personalities.The Beast is gentle, generous, patient, loyal and thoughtful.He was persistent in his love for Beauty.The Monkey is capable, invulnerable, ambitious, brave, and intelligent.3)A.I like the Beast more, because he is loyal and loving.He is very kind and patient to Beauty.He loves Beauty so much that he will die for her.B.I like Monkey more, because he enjoys many magic skills and weapons.I wish I could have those.He is not only brave, but also loyal and obedient to Tang Seng.He goes through eighty-one dangers and helps Tang Seng get the Buddha’s teachings.4.Completing the Story 1)the true reason why there was no such animal in Guizhou 2)they were of no use at all in this place 3)All of a sudden when he saw the donkey, he thought it was a monster 4)He hid himself in the trees while looking at the donkey 5)What kind of animal is this and why does it look different from other animals that I’ve seen? 6)But one day the donkey stretched its thin neck and cried 7)the tiger discovered that the donkey didn’t have any other skills besides crying/had no other skills than crying 8)But he dared not rush to it or eat it just as he did to other animals 9)This did irritate the donkey/make the donkey angry, who raised its hind leg and kicked the tiger 10)

This time he rushed to it without hesitation and bit/broke its throat

5.To Be a Good Story-teller

The Princess and the Pea

Once there was a prince who wanted to marry a real princess.But he had difficulty telling what a real princess looked like.One night there was a terrible storm.Suddenly there was a knock at the door.A young girl was standing in the rain.She said she was a real princess but she looked ugly because of the rain dripping from her hair and clothes.“We’ll see whether she is a real one or not,” the old empress thought to herself.She put a pea on the bed and then put twenty mattresses and twenty padded quilts on it.The princess then slept in this bed.The next morning, people asked her whether she had a good sleep.She answered: “It was terrible.Who knows what was on the bed? I slept on a very hard thing and I am bruised all over my body.”

Now everybody was sure that she was a real princess, because she could feel the pea under twenty mattresses and twenty padded quilts.Nobody except a princess would have such tender skin.The prince married the girl and they lived happily ever after.The pea is now displayed in the museum.The Ugly Duckling Once upon a time down on an old farm lived a duck family, and Mother Duck had been sitting on a clutch of new eggs.One nice morning, the eggs hatched and out popped six ducklings.But one egg was bigger than the rest, and it didn't hatch.But before Mother Duck had time to think about it, the last egg finally hatched.A strange looking duckling with gray feathers that should have been yellow gazed at a worried mother.The ducklings grew quickly, but Mother Duck had a secret worry.“I can’t understand how this ugly duckling can be one of mine!” she said to herself, shaking her head as she looked at her last born.Well, the gray duckling certainly wasn’t pretty, and since he ate far more than his brothers, he was outgrowing them.As the days went by, the poor ugly duckling became more and more unhappy.His brothers didn't want to play with him, he was so clumsy, and all the farmyard folks simply laughed at him.He felt sad and lonely, while Mother Duck did her best to console him.12 Then one day, at sunrise, he ran away from the farmyard.He stopped at a pond and began to question all the other birds.“Do you know of any ducklings with gray feathers like mine?” But everyone shook their heads in scorn.Then one day, his travels took him near an old countrywoman’s cottage.Thinking he was a stray goose, she caught him.Then one night, finding the hutch door open, he escaped.Once again he was all alone.One day at sunrise, he saw a flight of beautiful birds wing overhead.White, with long slender necks, yellow beaks and large wings, they were migrating south.“If only I could look like them, just for a day!” said the duckling, admiringly.Winter came and the poor duckling went to seek food in the snow.He dropped exhausted to the ground, but a farmer found him and put him in his big jacket pocket.The ugly duckling survived the bitterly cold winter at the farmer’s house.By springtime the duckling saw himself mirrored in the water.“Goodness!How I’ve changed!I hardly recognize myself!” The flight of swans winged north again and glided on to the pond.When the duckling saw them, he realized he was one of their kind, and soon made friends.“We’re swans like you!” they said, warmly.“Where have you been hiding?”

“It's a long story,” replied the young swan, still astounded.Now, he swam majestically with his fellow swans.One day, he heard children on the river bank exclaim: “Look at that young swan!He's the finest of them all!”

And he almost burst with happiness.Hua Mulan

Long ago, in a village in northern China, there lived a girl named Mulan.One day, she sat at her loom weaving cloth.Click-clack!Click-clack!went the loom.Suddenly the sound of weaving changed to sorrowful sighs.Her mother asked her what troubled her.“Nothing, Mother,” she replied softly.Mulan’s mother asked her again and again, until Mulan finally told her that invaders were attacking.The emperor was calling for troops.The night before she saw the draft poster and twelve scrolls of names in the market.Her Father’s name was on every one of them.“But Father is old and frail,” Mulan sighed.“How can he fight? He has no grown son and I have no elder brother.I will go to the markets.I shall buy a saddle and a horse.I must fight in Father’s place.”

From the eastern market Mulan bought a horse.From the western market she bought a bridle, and from the southern market, a whip.At dawn, Mulan was dressed in her armor and bid a sad farewell to her father, mother, sisters and brothers.Mulan went to fight in the war for twelve years during which time none of her fellow fighters knew that she was a girl.She was such a great fighter that when the war ended the emperor wanted to name her a high rank official.But she declined the offer and went back home where she received a warm welcome.Her fellow fighters came to visit her and were surprised to learn that she was a girl.

第五篇：新編大學英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

新編大學英語4課文翻譯及課后答案

課內閱讀參考譯文及課后習題答案(Book 4)Unit 1 享受幽默—什么東西令人開懷？

聽了一個有趣的故事會發(fā)笑、很開心，古今中外都一樣。這一現(xiàn)象或許同語言本身一樣悠久。那么，到底是什么東西會使一個故事或笑話讓人感到滑稽可笑的呢？ 2

我是第一次辨識出幽默便喜歡上它的人，因此我曾試圖跟學生議論和探討幽默。這些學生文化差異很大，有來自拉丁美洲的，也有來自中國的。我還認真地思考過一些滑稽有趣的故事。這么做完全是出于自己的喜好。3

為什么聽我講完一個笑話后，班上有些學生會笑得前仰后合，而其他學生看上去就像剛聽我讀了天氣預報一樣呢？顯然，有些人對幽默比別人更敏感。而且，我們也發(fā)現(xiàn)有的人很善于講笑話，而有的人要想說一點有趣的事卻要費好大的勁。我們都聽人說過這樣的話：“我喜歡笑話，但我講不好，也總是記不住?！庇行┤吮葎e人更有幽默感，就像有些人更具有音樂、數(shù)學之類的才能一樣。一個真正風趣的人在任何場合都有笑話可講，而且講了一個笑話，就會從他記憶里引出一連串的笑話。一個缺乏幽默感的人不可能成為一群人中最受歡迎的人。一個真正有幽默感的人不僅受人喜愛，而且在任何聚會上也往往是人們注意的焦點。這么說是有道理的。

甚至有些動物也具有幽默感。我岳母從前經(jīng)常來我們家，并能住上很長一段時間。通常她不喜歡狗，但卻很喜歡布利茨恩—我們養(yǎng)過的一條拉布拉多母獵犬。而且，她們的這種喜歡是相互的。布利茨恩在很小的時候就常常戲弄外祖母，當外祖母坐在起居室里她最喜歡的那張舒適的椅子上時，布利茨恩就故意把她臥室里的一只拖鞋叼到起居室，并在外祖母剛好夠不到的地方蹦來跳去，一直逗到外祖母忍不住站起來去拿那只拖鞋。外祖母從椅子上一起來，布利茨恩就迅速跳上那椅子，從它那閃亮的棕色眼睛里掠過一絲拉布拉多式的微笑，無疑是在說：“啊哈，你又上了我的當?！?/p>

典型的笑話或幽默故事由明顯的三部分構成。第一部分是鋪墊（即背景），接下來是主干部分（即故事情節(jié)），隨后便是妙語（即一個出人意料或令人驚訝的結尾）。如果這個妙語含有一定的幽默成分，這個笑話便會很有趣。通常笑話都包含這三部分，而且每部分都必須交代清楚。如果講故事或說笑話的人使用聽眾都熟悉的手勢和語言，則有助于增強效果。6

我們可以對幽默這種娛樂形式，進行分析，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)究竟是什么使一個有趣的故事或笑話令人發(fā)笑。舉例來說，最常見的幽默有以下幾種，包括了從最顯而易見的幽默到比較微妙含蓄的幽默。

“滑稽劇”是最明顯的幽默。它語言簡單、直截了當，常常以取笑他人為樂。說笑打鬧這種形式過去是、現(xiàn)在仍然是滑稽說笑演員和小丑的慣用技巧。它為不同年齡、不同文化背景的人們所喜愛。幾乎本世紀的每個講英語的滑稽說笑演員都曾以這樣或那樣的方式說過下面這則笑話。一位男士問另一位男士：“昨晚我看到的那位和你在一起的貴婦是誰？”那位男士回答道：“那可不是什么貴婦，那是我老婆。”這個笑話的幽默之處在于第二位男士說他的妻子不是一位貴婦，也就是說她不是一個高雅的女人。這個笑話并沒有因為經(jīng)常講而變得不再那么好笑。由于這是一個經(jīng)典笑話，觀眾都知道要說什么，而且因為大家對這個笑話很熟悉而更加珍愛它。

中國的相聲是一種特殊的滑稽劇。相聲中兩名中國喜劇演員幽默地談論諸如官僚主義者、家庭問題或其他一些有關個人的話題。相聲隨處都能聽到，無論是在鄉(xiāng)村的小舞臺上，還是在北京最大的劇院里，抑或在廣播、電視上。它顯然是中國人家喻戶曉的一種傳統(tǒng)的幽默形式。

“俏皮話”不像滑稽劇那樣淺顯，它是因語言的誤用或誤解而引人發(fā)笑。我特別喜歡的一個例子是三位年長的紳士在英國乘火車旅行的故事。當火車慢慢停下來時，第一位紳士問道：“這是Wembley(溫布利)嗎？”“不，”第二位紳士說：“是Thursday(星期四)?！薄拔乙彩牵钡谌徽f道，“讓我們下車喝杯啤酒吧?！蔽覀冎郎狭四昙o的人往往耳背，因此會把Wembley（溫布利）聽成了Wednesday（星期三），把Thursday（星期四）聽成了thirsty（渴了），這樣一來就為第三位老人的妙語做好了鋪墊。

著名的中國漫畫家和幽默家丁聰便是一位俏皮話大師。在他的一幅幽默漫畫中，一位老師說：“你為什么一字不改地抄別人的作業(yè)？”那位年輕的學生回答道：“我沒有一字不改地抄。我把作業(yè)上的名字改成自己的了?！痹诙÷?shù)牧硪环?jīng)典漫畫里，一位生氣的父親問道：“告訴我，1加2等于幾？”兒子說：“我不知道。”這位不耐煩的父親接著說道：“比方說，你、你媽媽和我，我們加起來一共是幾個，傻瓜？”兒子得意地回答道：“是三個傻瓜。” 這些故事無論是漫畫還是笑話，是由演滑稽劇的喜劇演員說還是由搭檔的相聲演員講，都為各地人們所喜愛。人們喜愛這些有趣的故事，因為它們貼近現(xiàn)實生活，而且里面那些出人意料的妙語十分有趣。

雙關語是一種更微妙的俏皮話。它使用的技巧是利用發(fā)音相似的詞或同一個詞的不同意思。有些批評家認為雙關語是最低級的幽默，但我不同意這種觀點。雙關語與其他形式的幽默相比需要更細微、更巧妙的語言技巧；然而，簡單的雙關語甚至很小的孩子也能利用。例如，謎語或腦筋急轉彎問題常使用雙關語做鋪墊、制造故事情節(jié)，而且更多地是用在妙語部分。雙關語是我最早懂得的幽默。記得大約在五歲時我聽到了下面這個謎語。一個人問：“什么東西整個兒是黑的、白的和紅的？”另外一個人通常猜不出來，于是問道：“我不猜了。是什么呀？”出謎語的人回答：“是報紙。”如果你知道在英語中“red（紅色）”和“read（讀）”的讀音一樣但意思完全不同，答案就很明顯了。12

DOUBLE ENTENDRES（法語中的“一語雙關”）是雙關語的特殊形式, 其中的詞或短語有雙重意思。兩個意思往往很不相同，一個比較恰當，另一個往往比較粗俗—但并不總是這樣。我喜歡那個關于一位中學教師和校長因看見學生在學校操場上接吻而感到擔心的故事。故事并不過火。那位教師對學生們說；“我和校長已經(jīng)決定停止在學校操場上接吻?！甭牭叫β暎庾R到她沒有把意思表達清楚，于是補充說：“我的意思是不能再在我們的鼻子下面發(fā)生接吻這樣的事了。”當然，這個解釋并沒有糾正她的第一句話，反而使這個笑話的雙重含義變得更加好笑。

一些專業(yè)的幽默家認為如今的幽默大多缺乏智慧，不夠巧妙。他們不喜歡在幽默中過多使用有色情意味或粗俗的語言，而且覺得大多數(shù)幽默家缺乏創(chuàng)造性。的確，現(xiàn)在有些幽默令人震驚，但我認為這不是幽默的過錯。幽默本身是活潑健康的，它還會繼續(xù)生存下去，只因為每天都有有趣的事情發(fā)生。一些有幽默感的人會看到聽到這些有趣的事情，并把它們編成妙趣橫生、令人開心的笑話和故事。Vocabulary

1.1)A.entertaining

B.entertainment

C.entertained

D.entertainer

2)A.recognizable

B.recognized

C.recognition

3)A.tempting

B.temptation

C.tempt

4)A.reasoned

B.reasoning

C.reasonable

D.reason

5)A.analyzed

B.analytical

C.analyst

D.analysis 6)A.valuable

B.valuation

C.valued/values

D.values

7)A.humorist

B.humor

C.humorous

D.humorless

8)A.understandable

B.understanding

C.understand

D.misunderstood

2.1)a sense of responsibility

2)a sense of safety/security

3)a sense of inferiority

4)a sense of superiority

5)a sense of rhythm

6)a sense of justice

7)a sense of shame

8)a sense of helplessness

9)a sense of direction

10)a sense of urgency

3.1)Lively behavior is normal 2)Fast cars appeal to

3)diverse arguments

4)I asked my boss for clarification

5)sensitive to light

6)Mutual encouragement

7)made fun of him

8)persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9)to be the focus/center of attention

10)we buy our tickets in advance 4.1）certain/sure

2)involved

3)end

4)behavior

5)disciplining

6)agreed 7)individually

8)first

9)response

10)question

11)attempt

12)voice

13)directly

14)followed

15)trouble Unit 2 便箋的力量

我當體育編輯，最早是為蒙比利埃（俄亥俄州）的《企業(yè)導報》工作，當時我很少收到體育迷的來信。因此，一天早晨放在我桌上的一封來信把我吸引住了。2

打開來信，我看到了下面的話：“關于老虎隊的述評很不錯，再接再厲?！焙灻氖求w育編輯堂?沃爾夫。當時我只是一個十幾歲的小伙子（為每一豎欄寫一英寸文字，稿酬總計達15美分），因此他的話最鼓舞人心了。我把這封信一直放在書桌的抽屜里，后來它的邊角都卷起來了。每當我懷疑自己不是當作家的料時，重溫一下堂的便箋，就又會樹起信心來。3

后來，我逐漸對堂有所了解，知道給各行各業(yè)的人寫快捷而鼓舞人心的便箋是他養(yǎng)成的習慣。他告訴我說：“當我使別人充滿信心時，我也感覺好極了?！?/p>

因此毫不奇怪，他的朋友圈子就像附近的伊利湖那么大。去年他去世了，享年75歲。電話與悼函像潮水般涌向報社，都來自于曾經(jīng)得到過他激勵（文字）的人們。

多年來，我努力效仿堂以及我的其他朋友，他們關心別人，常寫一些鼓舞人心的話語，因為我覺得，他們這樣做是很有意義的。在這樣一個慣于冷漠、無動于衷的世界上，這種便箋給人們帶來了溫暖和安慰。我們都時不時地需要鼓勵，大家知道幾行贊揚的話會改變一個人的一天，甚至一生。

那么，這些激勵人心的便箋的作者為什么寥若晨星呢？我猜想很多人回避寫，是因為他們太看重人們的看法。他們擔心會被誤解，怕別人覺得他們自作多情或者言不由衷。還有，寫也要花時間，遠不如打電話方便。7

當然打電話的缺點是：說過的話留不住。而一張便箋使我們的良好意愿顯得更加珍貴。便箋是白紙黑字記錄在案的東西，而且我們寫下的字可以反復閱讀，細細品味并珍藏起來。8

盡管寫便箋會多花一些時間，但一些非常忙的人也在這么做，其中包括喬治?布什。有人說，他政治上的成功在很大程度上歸功于他那枝隨時準備寫字的筆。這是怎么回事呢？在他整個職業(yè)生涯中，每次與人們接觸之后，他幾乎都隨后寫封信，內容親切——一句贊美之辭，一行表揚的話，或一段感謝語。他不僅寫給朋友和同事，還寫給萍水相逢的人以及完全陌生的人——比如那位借傘給他的人，后來收到他熱情的贊揚信，感到很驚訝。

那些通常做作的公司高層經(jīng)理們，其領導作風只能被形容為強硬、冷漠、脫離群眾。甚至這些人也開始學習寫便箋去鼓舞人心，且從中獲益匪淺。唐納德?彼得森，福特公司的前主席，把每天寫便箋鼓勵同事當作一件日常工作。該公司在80年代時走出低谷取得成功主要是他的功勞?！拔抑徊贿^匆匆地在備忘錄或信的角上寫一些鼓舞人心的話，然后傳遞出去，”他說道?！懊刻熳钪匾囊欢螘r間，就是鼓舞那些為你工作的人的那10分鐘。” 10

“太多的時候，”他發(fā)表自己的看法說，“那些我們真正喜歡的人并不知道我們是怎么看待他們的。太多的時候，我們會以為，我并沒有說過什么批評的話，為什么非得去說好話呢？我們忘了，人類需要正面的肯定或鼓勵——事實上，我們靠這個取得進步，獲得成功！” 11

怎樣才能寫出振奮精神、溫暖人心的信呢？只要我們懷有要表示感激之情的心愿。寫這種便箋的高手都具有我所謂的 “４S”技巧。12

１）真誠(sincere)。沒人要聽虛假的贊美。

２）簡短(short)。如果不能用三句話表達出你的意思，你很可能過火了，寫得太長。14

３）具體(specific)。贊揚一位業(yè)務伙伴 “演講精彩”太籠統(tǒng)含糊；告訴他“關于沃倫?巴菲特的投資策略講得很精彩”才是一語中的。

４）自然(spontaneous)。這使得便箋充滿了生氣，洋溢著熱情，并使讀者的心靈長久地感受這種生氣和熱情。

當你非得到處找寫信用品時，寫出來的東西就難以自然，因此我總是把紙、信封和郵票放在手邊，甚至在旅行時也是如此。信封信箋不需要很花哨，重要的是要表達的思想。17

那么，你周圍又有誰值得你寫便箋表示感謝或鼓勵呢？一位鄰居？為你服務的那位圖書館管理員？一位親戚？你的市長？你的伙伴？一位教師？你的醫(yī)生？你不必富有詩意。如果你需要一個寫的理由，就找一個生活中的重要事件，例如你們共同參加的某個特殊事件的周年紀念日、生日或者節(jié)日。例如，過去的25年里，我總是為遠方的朋友每年準備一張圣誕卡，而且常常在上面親筆寫上一句感謝或祝賀的話。鑒于圣誕節(jié)的氛圍，就一年來所取得的成功與得到的好運特意表示謝忱似乎是最恰到好處的。18

不要吝嗇你的贊美之言。像“最了不起的”、“最聰明的”、“最漂亮的”這種最高級的表達法——使大家都感到高興。即使你的贊美之詞稍稍超前了一點也沒關系，記住，夢想的實現(xiàn)往往孕育于期望之中。

今天，我收到了以前的老板和精神導師諾曼?文森特?皮爾的一封溫暖的贊揚信。這張小小的便箋上滿是鼓舞人心的詞句，這促使我坐到了打字機前來完成幾封我早就該寫的信。我不知道這些信會不會使別人的一天別有意義，但是，對我自己確實如此。正如我的朋友堂?沃爾夫所說的：使別人充滿信心，也就使我自己感覺很好。Vocabulary 1.Creating Compound Words

STEP ONE:

Column A

Column B

The compound words created through

day

throughout up

man

upbeat, uplift draw

eared

drawback teen

ready

teenage hand

conscious

handout, handwritten birth

back

birthday, birthstone chair

distance

chairman rag

beat

rag-eared ever

lift

ever-ready over

age

overdue, overage

long

due

long-distance, long-eared self

stone

self-conscious mile

out

mileage, milestone type

wishing

typewriter, typewritten well

writer/written

well-wishing, well-written

STEP TWO:

1)long-distance

2)upbeat

3)ever-ready

4)overdue

5)typewriter

6)milestone

7)handwritten

8)uplifted

9)self-conscious

10)rag-eared 11)birthday

12)throughout

13)drawbacks

14)chairman

15)teenage

2.1)A.intrigued

v.interest

B.intrigue

n.the act or practice of secretly planning to harm someone or make them lose their position of power

2)A.straining

v.try very hard to do something using all your physical or mental strength

B.strain

n.a force that stretches, pulls or puts pressure on something

3)A.savor

n.taste;flavor

B.savored

v.enjoy the taste or flavor of;enjoy as much as you can

4)A.treasure

v.treat something as being very special, important, or valuable

B.treasure

n.a store of gold, silver, jewels, etc.5)A.credited

v.consider … as having achieved something or being the reason for it B.credit

n.trust;faith 6)A.boost

n.an encouraging act of cheering somebody up

B.boost

v.make someone feel more confident and less worried 7)A.note

n.a short, usually informal, letter

B.noted

v.notice or pay careful attention to something 8)A.signed

v.write your signature on a letter or document to show that you wrote it, agreed with it

B.sign

n.gesture used to express one’s meaning, idea, etc.9)A.totaled

v.come to a certain amount

B.total

n.the whole amount

10)A.stuffed

v.fill something with a substance

B.stuff

n.substance or material

11)A.count

n.the number that is reached when something is being counted

B.count

v.be important

12)A.last

v.manage to remain in the same situation

B.last

n.the remaining part of something

13)A.complimented

v.express praise or admiration of somebody

B.compliment

n.an expression of praise, admiration, approval, etc.14)A.flood

n.a large number or amount

B.flooding

v.arrive in large numbers

15)A.contact

n.communication with a person, organization, country, etc.B.contact

v.reach(someone)by message, telephone, etc.3.1)thrives

2)strategy

3)annual

4)deserve

5)spontaneous

6)sincere

7)investments

8)enterprise

9)follow up

10)characterized 11)lingered

12)acknowledged

4.column: 1)D

2)A

3)B

4)C

tough: 1)D

2)B

3)E

4)F

5)C

6)A 5.1)A.complementary

B.complimentary

C.complimentary complimentary: 1)expressing admiration, praise, etc.2)given free of charge complementary: making something complete or perfect;supplying what is lacking or needed for completion 2)A.stationery

B.stationary

C.stationary stationary: not moving, or not changing stationery: writing materials(e.g.paper, envelopes, etc.)3)A.typist

B.typewriter

C.typist typewriter: a machine with a keyboard that you use for typing words directly onto a sheet of paper typist: a person who types, especially one employed to do so 4)A.vulgar

B.vague

C.vague vague: 1)not clearly expressed, known, described or decided 2)not clear in shape;not clearly seen vulgar: not having or showing good taste or good manners;not educated 5)A.pad

B.pat

C.pad pad: 1)several sheets of paper fastened together, used for writing, drawing, etc.2)a piece of soft thick cloth or rubber which is used to protect a part of the body, give shape to something or clean something

6)A.own

B.owed

C.owes

D.owned owe: 1)have to pay, for something already done or given

2)feel grateful own: 1)a.belonging to oneself and to no one else 2)v.possess(something), especially by lawful right 6.1)searched

2)clever

3)solution

4)wasted

5)tolerate

6)hidden

7)dumb

8)subject

9)noise

10)extra

11)purchased

12)replaced 13)appreciation

14)hurried

15)warrant

16)strange

Unit 3 從文化角度看性別角色

在過去的幾十年里，已經(jīng)無數(shù)次地證實了這樣一個事實：構成男子陽剛之氣和女子陰柔之氣的各種不同類型的行為、情感、和興趣都既是遺傳又是文化熏陶的結果。在成長的過程中，每個孩子學會了細微的行為舉止，數(shù)量之多數(shù)以百計，這一切都帶有文化的烙印，成了他們性別特征的一部分。有些行為舉止是直接學到的。也就是說，別人教孩子如何恰如其分地行事, 男有男的規(guī)矩, 女有女的標準。另一些跟性別有關的具體舉止是無意識地或間接地學會的，因為文化為女孩子和男孩子提供的形象、向往的目標以及成人的榜樣各不相同。2

例如，最近對美國公立學校的一項研究顯示，在教育中存在一種男孩比女孩更受偏愛的文化偏見。據(jù)研究人員反映，這種偏愛是無意的、不知不覺的，但它確實存在，并每年都在影響著數(shù)百萬計學生的生活。為了研究在教育中存在的性別偏愛，戴維?賽德克博士和邁拉?賽德克博士夫婦錄制了教師在課堂上課的情形。他們的研究顯示，許多自認為無性別偏愛的教師驚奇地發(fā)現(xiàn)，從錄像帶上看他們竟是那么偏心。從幼兒園到研究生課程，都可以看到教師們請男生回答問題的次數(shù)遠比女生多。這對學習過程有著巨大的影響，因為總的來說，那些積極的課堂活動參與者對學習更加樂觀有信心，并能在今后取得更大的成就。事實上，在20世紀60年代末期，當美國東北部多所最好的女子學院向男生開放之后，教授們和女學生們都發(fā)現(xiàn)男孩們正在“接管”課堂討論，而女生積極參與的程度則明顯下降。近年來，在法學院和醫(yī)學院的課堂上也發(fā)現(xiàn)了類似的情況：與男生相比女生處于次要的地位。

賽德克夫婦所做的研究顯示，教師有時候會按照固有的性別模式給女孩子和男孩子不同布置的任務，這樣便不知不覺地使女孩子不能像男孩子一樣積極地參與。例如，有位教師在給幼兒園的孩子上自然科學課時，不斷地讓小男孩去操作科學“實驗”，而讓女孩子只是做一些安放材料的工作。既然使用課堂材料動手操作是早期教育的一個重要方面，這些女孩子就這樣被剝奪了重要的學習經(jīng)歷，這會影響到她們今后的整個人生。

美國教師中一個具有代表性的想法是，男孩擅長數(shù)學和自然科學，這些學科都是“難懂的”、“適合于男性的”，而女孩會在語言和閱讀技能上比男孩強。這是教育中性別偏見的另一種表現(xiàn)。結果美國的男孩們確實在閱讀上出了問題，而在數(shù)學方面女孩盡管在九歲以前一直比男孩強，但此后卻落在了他們后面。這成了預言自我應驗的一個例子。然而這些特征是文化造成的，而非遺傳的原因。例如，在德國，讀書學習都被看作是“適合于男性的”，于是在閱讀上有問題的便是女孩子了。而在日本，由于早期教育似乎不分性別，女孩和男孩在閱讀上就旗鼓相當。

在教育過程中對女孩和男孩的不同態(tài)度始于家庭。例如，有一項研究顯示了這樣一種情況：讓學齡前兒童看一幢房子的圖片，然后要他們說出家里允許他們走開多遠，這時男孩所指的范圍要比女孩大得多，女孩指出的范圍很有限，而且離家很近。女孩們不像男孩那樣受到鼓勵去發(fā)展求知欲和動手能力，盡管這些正是與外部世界打交道時有用的；對女孩灌輸?shù)慕Y果是：對自己家外面的世界充滿了恐懼，且期望別人對自己的優(yōu)良品格和循規(guī)蹈矩的服從精神加以認可。這類教誨從家庭一直延續(xù)到課堂。于是，在課堂里我們常?？梢钥吹脚兏蕾嚱處煟⒅刈鳂I(yè)的形式和整潔而非內容，更在乎她們所給的答案是否“正確”而不在乎智力方面的獨立自主以及分析能力和創(chuàng)造能力的提高。教育過程占據(jù)了孩子除睡眠以外的大部分時間，社會則通過這一過程加強了它固有的價值觀，并按其傳統(tǒng)的、期望的模式造就了不同性別的人。Vocabulary

1.1)genetic

2)assign

3)noticeably

4)approved

5)Bias

6)deprived

7)constituted

8)participation

9)unintentional

10)postgraduate

2.conscious – unconscious

positive – negative

encourage – discourage

superior – inferior

directly – indirectly

biased – fair

sexist –

nonsexist

limited – unlimited

dependent – independent

appropriately – inappropriately

3.1)C

2)D

3)A

4)E

5)B

6)C

7)F

8)B 4.1)turn out

2)carry over

3)calling on

4)put away

5)fallen behind

6)take over Unit 4 關于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)——鼓勵孩子思考

教育界和商業(yè)界的專家們說, 具有創(chuàng)造性是通向光明前程的關鍵。本文將介紹一下學校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發(fā)展這一至關重要的能力。

如果1925年迪克?德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們就不會有遮護膠帶這種用品

了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當時就職于“明尼蘇達制造和礦業(yè)公司”，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種用于膠帶有黏性那面的物質，黏性很強，能使物體粘在一起。但是老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究。最后德魯只好利用自己的時間改進了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來工作過的3M公司也從自己的失誤中吸取了教訓：現(xiàn)在該公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋搞創(chuàng)新。

現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家認為，對待孩子也應仿效這種做法，無論是在家里還是在學校。他們認為，如果我們教育孩子進行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在明天的社會中更好地發(fā)揮作用。

受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術領域。能取得成功的學生和成人都是那些會尋求各種辦法解決問題的人。

創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定就是高智慧的特征。一個人智力高并不意味著他必然能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮才智。創(chuàng)造性是指能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子有助于解決某方面的問題。

遺憾的是，學校還沒有想到要促使學生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性。許多教育者十分看重考試分數(shù)，強調閱讀、寫作和數(shù)學能力，往往因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)。其結果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學的知識，卻不知道如何靈活地應用知識。比如，他們可能熟記乘法表，卻不會用它來解決數(shù)學應用題。

然而，在有些學校里，教育者們正逐漸認識到這一問題，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學生創(chuàng)造性的新的教學方法。一些教師把基礎知識和要求學生發(fā)揮想象力的活動結合起來。比如，教師不再簡單地問學生哥倫布何時發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，他們可能讓學生思考如果哥倫布首先到達的不是加勒比地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會是如何。要回答這一問題，學生必須應用自己掌握的關于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比地區(qū)的知識。教師們認為即便學生的回答會很可笑，也毫無關系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家認為，在課堂以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責任和孩子共同努力，使那些念頭成為切實可行的建議。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子，同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家認為必須創(chuàng)造一個可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍，一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或不理會荒誕想法的環(huán)境。

在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到合適的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的各種后果。家長還應鼓勵孩子大聲談論他們正在做的事情。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關的。大聲地談論有助于提高語言能力和思維能力。

具有幽默感對于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當家長表現(xiàn)出幽默時，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造性。從本質上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。要創(chuàng)造往往也得如此。

給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應該允許孩子自己做決定并清楚其后果，要讓孩子從盡可能早的年齡開始這樣做。做決定有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便只是在午餐的兩種食物的選擇上做決定也行。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢；當他們作出錯誤的決定時，不要不假思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解，但這沒有關系。因為富有創(chuàng)造力的人有很強的動力，使他們能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。這是他們的一個最重要的特點。Vocabulary

1.1)confused, confusion

2)intelligence, intelligent

3)humorous, humor

4)strategy, strategic

5)motivated, motivation

6)combination, combined

7)creation, creative

8)pursuit, pursuing

9)multiplication, multiply

10)employ, employment

2.1)perfected

2)approaching

3)value

4)functions

5)approach

6)perfect

7)honor

8)function

9)honor

10)value 3.1)dismiss

2)consequences

3)promoting

4)applies

5)vital

6)scorned

7)conventional

8)original

4.1)consciously

2)innovative

3)unconsciously

4)determines

5)Imagination 6)aware

7)control

8)created

9)extension

10)technique

11)vulnerable

12)unfolding

13)joyful

14)gain

15)Apply Unit 6 風險與你

在說不定的某個時候，我們大家都曾充當過疑病癥患者的角色,只憑一些輕微的癥狀便懷疑自己得了某種可怕的病。有的人只要一聽說一種新的疾病，就會去檢查，看自己是否可能患了這種病。然而，對疾病的恐懼并非我們唯一的恐懼。同樣，患病的危險也并非我們唯一會遇上的危險?，F(xiàn)代生活中充滿了各種各樣的威脅，諸如對我們生命的威脅，對我們平和心境的威脅，對我們家人的威脅，對我們未來的威脅。從而產生了好些問題，我們不得不問自己：我買的食品安全嗎？給孩子們的玩具會傷害他們嗎？我們家的人是不是不該吃熏肉？我度假時會不會遭搶劫？我們的疑慮就無休止地增加。2

對生活中風險的擔憂與疑病癥有相似之處；二者的恐懼或憂慮皆起因于信息不全面。但二者之間也存在一個明顯的差別。疑病癥患者通?？梢郧笾卺t(yī)生，以便澄清疑慮——要么你得了你所懷疑的疾病，要么你沒得。但當涉及到其它形式的風險時，事情就要困難得多，因為對許多風險來說，情況并不那么簡單。

風險幾乎總是一個可能性的問題而無確定性可言。你也許會問：“我該不該系安全帶？”如果你坐的車要與其它車正面相撞，那當然該系安全帶。倘若你的車側面被撞，結果你被困在車里，又因安全帶裝置遭破壞而無法掙脫，那怎么辦呢？這是否意味著你該再花些錢在車內安一個保險氣袋呢？同樣，在正面相撞的情況下，保險氣袋完全可以救你一命。但是，萬一正當你在高速公路上開車時，保險氣袋突然意外充氣膨脹，從而導致了本來絕不會發(fā)生的事故，那又該如何是好？ 4

上面說的這一切，只是從另一角度說明我們所做的事沒有一件是百分之百安全的。有些風險——常常是潛在的重大風險——與我們的每個業(yè)余愛好、所做的每項工作、所吃的每種食物有關，換句話說，與所進行的任何活動有關。但我們又不能，也不該因危險存在于我們將要做的每件事，而變成戰(zhàn)戰(zhàn)兢兢的神經(jīng)癥患者。有些活動是比其它活動更危險。關鍵在于要讓自己了解相應的風險，然后相機行事。5

例如，兩車相撞時，大車總的說來要比小車安全些?？删烤鼓馨踩嗌倌?？答案是這樣：在一起嚴重的車禍中坐小車喪生的可能性是坐大車的兩倍左右。然而，大車通常比小車貴（并且消耗更多的汽油，由此給環(huán)境帶來了更大的風險?。Ｄ敲次覀冊撛鯓哟_定什么時候值得為降低風險增加花費呢？例如，避免風險最保險的做法也許是去買一輛坦克或裝甲車，從而把撞車時死亡或受傷的風險降到最小。然而，即便你買得起，這筆額外的費用以及忍受坦克或裝甲車所帶來的不便是否值得呢？

在我們尚不知所涉及的風險程度之前，我們還無法回答這些問題。那么，我們該如何去衡量風險程度呢？有些人似乎認為答案只不過是一個簡單的數(shù)字。例如，我們知道每年大約有25,000 人死于車禍。相比之下，每年只有大約300人死于礦山事故和災難。這難道就意味著乘坐汽車要比采礦危險得多嗎？未必。事實是，在美國每年大約有兩億人經(jīng)常性地以車代步；而大概只有70萬人從事采礦作業(yè)。我們評估一種風險時，所需要的有關數(shù)字是一個比率或分數(shù)。該分數(shù)的分子告訴我們在某個特定時期由于從事某種特定活動而喪生或受傷的人數(shù)；其分母告訴我們在這一時期從事這種活動的總人數(shù)。這樣，所有的風險程度都是由比率或分數(shù)表示，其大小介于0（無風險）到1（完全風險）之間。7

通過把所有風險都簡化為這種比率或分數(shù)，我們便可以開始比較不同種類的風險，如比較采礦與乘坐汽車。這個比率越大，也就是說它越接近1，那么有關活動的風險就越大。在剛才討論的例子中，我們可以用每一活動中死亡的人數(shù)除以參與該活動的總人數(shù)，從而找出汽車旅行與采煤的相對安全性。此處，我們可以很清楚地看到，乘坐汽車旅行的風險是每一萬人中大約有一人喪生；而就采礦而言，其危險程度是每一萬礦工中大約有四人死亡。所以，盡管在車禍中喪生的人遠比采礦要多，其實后者的風險是前者的四倍。這些比率使我們能夠對毫不相干的活動或情形的危險性加以比較，即便差別如蘋果與橘子那樣大也能比較。如果你反對冒險，你就會選擇風險比率較小的活動。如果你無所畏懼，那么你往往會對高比率不太在乎，除非它們大得令人難以承受。

我們一旦明白了風險是永遠無法從任何情況中完全去除的，因而就沒有絕對安全的事，我們也就會明白問題的關鍵不是要徹底避免風險，而是要理智地管理風險。風險管理需要兩大要素：常識以及與我們可能要承擔的風險的性質和程度相關的信息。Vocabulary Practice 1.1)sensible sensible: having or showing good sense;reasonable sensitive: easily hurt, upset, or offended by things that people say 2)relative relevant: directly connected with the subject or problem being discussed or considered relative: considered in relation or proportion to somebody/something else;comparative 3)mechanism machine: 機器

mechanism: a structure of working parts functioning together to produce an effect 4)requires require: need something request: ask for something politely or formally 5)eliminate reduce: make something smaller in size, number, degree, price, etc.eliminate: completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted 6)crash crash: a breaking to pieces especially by or as if by collision collision: an accident in which two or more people or vehicles hit each other while moving in different directions 2.1)character

2)end up

3)Rarely

4)casual

5)risky

6)all manner of

7)inform

8)sensible

9)definitively 3.1)On the strength of

2)all manner of

3)feed on

4)reduce…to

5)end up

6)associated with

7)focus on

8)turned to

9)participate in

10)involved in