第一篇：經(jīng)絡(luò)入門學(xué)習(xí)六要點(diǎn)

淺析經(jīng)絡(luò)理論六要點(diǎn)

“不懂經(jīng)絡(luò)，開口動(dòng)手便是錯(cuò)”，這句話表明了經(jīng)絡(luò)在中醫(yī)臨床中起著至關(guān)重要的作用，然而經(jīng)絡(luò)理論枯燥，是入門者學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)的“攔路虎”。筆者從事中醫(yī)藥十余年來(lái)，總結(jié)出經(jīng)絡(luò)六條基本要點(diǎn)，概述如下，以饗讀者。臟腑分陰陽(yáng)“臟腑分陰陽(yáng)”指的是五臟屬陰，六腑屬陽(yáng)。即肺、脾、心、腎、心包、肝等五臟屬陰經(jīng)，大腸、胃、小腸、膀胱、三焦、膽等六腑屬陽(yáng)經(jīng)。也即手太陰肺經(jīng)、足太陰脾經(jīng)、手少陰心經(jīng)、足少陰腎經(jīng)、手厥陰心包經(jīng)、足厥陰肝經(jīng)是陰經(jīng)，手陽(yáng)明大腸經(jīng)、足陽(yáng)明胃經(jīng)、手太陽(yáng)小腸經(jīng)、足太陽(yáng)膀胱經(jīng)、手少陽(yáng)三焦經(jīng)、足少陽(yáng)膽經(jīng)是陽(yáng)經(jīng)。手足定上下“手足定上下”指的是手走上肢，足走下肢。即手三陰經(jīng)、手三陽(yáng)經(jīng)分布于四肢上肢的手臂部；足三陰經(jīng)、足三陽(yáng)經(jīng)分布于四肢下肢的足腿部。陰陽(yáng)分表里“陰陽(yáng)分表里”指的是十二經(jīng)中所有的陰經(jīng)(即五臟)分布于身體上下肢的內(nèi)側(cè)，屬里，所有的陽(yáng)經(jīng)(即六腑)分布于身體上下肢的外側(cè)，屬表。即手三陰經(jīng)分布于上肢內(nèi)側(cè)，屬里；手三陽(yáng)經(jīng)分布于上肢外側(cè)，屬表；足三陰經(jīng)分布于下肢內(nèi)側(cè)，屬里，足三陽(yáng)經(jīng)分布于下肢外側(cè)，屬表。陰升而陽(yáng)降“陰升而陽(yáng)降”指的是當(dāng)左右雙手垂直舉起超過(guò)頭頂之時(shí)，足三陰經(jīng)由足走向胸腹，手三陰經(jīng)由胸腹走向手，即足三陰經(jīng)、手三陰經(jīng)的走向?yàn)樯仙隣顟B(tài)，稱之為“陰升”；手三陽(yáng)經(jīng)由手走向頭，足三陽(yáng)經(jīng)由頭走向足，即手三陽(yáng)經(jīng)、足三陽(yáng)經(jīng)的走向?yàn)橄陆禒顟B(tài)，稱之為“陽(yáng)降”。故曰：“舉起手來(lái)，陰升陽(yáng)降”。前后緣中線“前后緣中線”指的經(jīng)絡(luò)氣血在人體空間的流注順序?yàn)榍熬壍胶缶壷林芯€，并復(fù)向前緣，循環(huán)往復(fù)，周流不息。其中太陰、陽(yáng)明在前緣，少陰、太陽(yáng)在后緣，厥陰、少陽(yáng)在中線。太陰、陽(yáng)明在前緣指的是手太陰肺經(jīng)分布于上肢內(nèi)側(cè)前緣，手陽(yáng)明大腸經(jīng)分布于上肢外側(cè)前緣；足太陰脾經(jīng)分布于下肢內(nèi)側(cè)前緣，足陽(yáng)明胃經(jīng)分布于下肢外側(cè)前緣。少陰、太陽(yáng)在后緣指的是手少陰心經(jīng)分布于上肢內(nèi)側(cè)后緣，手太陽(yáng)小腸經(jīng)分布于上肢外側(cè)后緣；足少陰腎經(jīng)分布于下肢內(nèi)側(cè)后緣，足太陽(yáng)膀胱經(jīng)分布于下肢外側(cè)后緣。厥陰、少陽(yáng)在中線指的是手厥陰心包經(jīng)分布于上肢內(nèi)側(cè)中線、手少陽(yáng)三焦經(jīng)分布于上肢外側(cè)中線；足厥陰肝經(jīng)分布于下肢內(nèi)側(cè)中線，足少陽(yáng)膽經(jīng)分布于下肢外側(cè)中線。依時(shí)空循環(huán)“依時(shí)空循環(huán)”指的是，人體氣血隨著時(shí)間的不同，按照一定的空間順序循行于人體的經(jīng)絡(luò)之中。正如古人總結(jié)的歌訣：“寅時(shí)氣血注入肺，卯時(shí)大腸辰時(shí)胃，巳脾午心未小腸，申屬膀胱酉腎位，戌時(shí)心包亥三焦，子膽丑肝各定位”。即每天3～5時(shí)(寅時(shí))人體氣血充盛于手太陰肺經(jīng)，每天5～7時(shí)(卯時(shí))人體氣血充盛于手陽(yáng)明大腸經(jīng)??等等，其余類同，依時(shí)空循環(huán)，如環(huán)無(wú)端。

總之，“臟腑分陰陽(yáng)，手足定上下，陰陽(yáng)分表里，陰升而陽(yáng)降”說(shuō)明了臟腑經(jīng)絡(luò)之間的相互關(guān)系。五臟屬陰，六腑屬陽(yáng)；手在上肢，足在下肢；陰經(jīng)在內(nèi)側(cè)

屬里，陽(yáng)經(jīng)在外側(cè)屬表；舉起手來(lái)，陰經(jīng)上升，陽(yáng)經(jīng)下降。例如，手太陰肺經(jīng)是陰經(jīng)、分布于上肢內(nèi)側(cè)前緣(里)，由胸腹走手(陰升)，屬肺臟、絡(luò)大腸腑；手陽(yáng)明大腸經(jīng)是陽(yáng)經(jīng)、分布于上肢外側(cè)前緣(表)，由手走頭(陽(yáng)降)，屬大腸腑、絡(luò)肺臟。即肺與大腸表現(xiàn)出“一陰一陽(yáng)、一表一里、一升一降”等關(guān)系。余經(jīng)同此，即五臟與六腑通過(guò)經(jīng)絡(luò)互為絡(luò)屬而表現(xiàn)出陰陽(yáng)、表里、升降等關(guān)系?！扒昂缶壷芯€，依時(shí)空循環(huán)”說(shuō)明了經(jīng)絡(luò)氣血在體內(nèi)的運(yùn)行規(guī)律。經(jīng)絡(luò)氣血在體內(nèi)依照空間上“前緣到后緣至中線，并復(fù)向前緣”以及時(shí)間上“十二時(shí)辰”的順序，依次運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，如環(huán)無(wú)端，循環(huán)往復(fù)，周流不息。

第二篇：經(jīng)絡(luò)館學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)

經(jīng)絡(luò)館學(xué)習(xí)總結(jié)

時(shí)光如白駒過(guò)隙，轉(zhuǎn)瞬，來(lái)經(jīng)絡(luò)館將近一月。

這些日子，承蒙法云師兄給我這個(gè)學(xué)習(xí)的機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)感恩明果師兄和楊群師兄在我的學(xué)習(xí)中耐心的指導(dǎo)，和生活上細(xì)心的照顧，不知幾世修來(lái)的福報(bào)，結(jié)下的善緣。

來(lái)經(jīng)絡(luò)館前，我不知要學(xué)些什么內(nèi)容，通過(guò)字意分析，肯定與經(jīng)絡(luò)有關(guān)。第一天學(xué)習(xí)開學(xué)須知，才了解立體經(jīng)絡(luò)館的涵意。

美之上立體經(jīng)絡(luò)館集美容，經(jīng)絡(luò)，內(nèi)調(diào)為一體，達(dá)到健康生活的目的。

美容：經(jīng)絡(luò)館通過(guò)問(wèn)題皮膚的修復(fù)，舒緩，活細(xì)胞，改善癥狀，打造美麗容顏。

經(jīng)絡(luò)：通過(guò)刮痧、拔罐、點(diǎn)穴補(bǔ)氣血、特效經(jīng)絡(luò)手法疏通體內(nèi)瘀堵，恢復(fù)臟腑器官的功能，調(diào)動(dòng)人體的自動(dòng)調(diào)控能力。

內(nèi)調(diào)：打通經(jīng)絡(luò)的同時(shí)，通過(guò)內(nèi)調(diào)產(chǎn)品清調(diào)補(bǔ)，達(dá)到氣血平衡。

學(xué)習(xí)篇

在經(jīng)絡(luò)館的學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間緊湊，有序，只是我天生愚鈍，自覺頗有壓力。

前兩周學(xué)習(xí)中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論，雖然以前看過(guò)養(yǎng)生方面的書籍，也都是閑暇打發(fā)時(shí)間的方式，并沒有深入理解。通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)理論課，才了解，人活著是要遵循自然規(guī)律的。人與自然是一個(gè)整體，人是大自然的產(chǎn)物，應(yīng)該日出而作，日落而息。在現(xiàn)如今繁華的都市，有多少現(xiàn)代人，包括自己，由于在生活中對(duì)身體的無(wú)知、疏忽，過(guò)著日夜顛倒的生活，夜里不睡，日出不起；暴飲暴食，過(guò)度肥胖或消瘦，拿冰鎮(zhèn)冷飲當(dāng)刺激，腸胃系統(tǒng)功能漸弱麻木；工作壓力，加班加點(diǎn)，生物鐘紊亂的亞健康人群；電視電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)培養(yǎng)出一批肝腎功能失調(diào)的夜貓子……

原本怒放的青春，卻過(guò)著吃飯沒味了，看誰(shuí)都不順眼了，心情抑郁了的日子。生活在快節(jié)奏時(shí)代的我們，真的是要聽聽身體的聲音了。

原本健康的身體，為了達(dá)到各種追求，每天消耗的體內(nèi)能量比身體產(chǎn)出的還要多，陽(yáng)氣逐漸虛弱。此時(shí)的身體一再被過(guò)度透支失衡，開始調(diào)動(dòng)消耗肝腎能量，繼而陰陽(yáng)兩虛，最后失控。頭痛頭暈腿抽筋，各種不舒服的感覺找上身來(lái)，不得不去醫(yī)院看醫(yī)生。

拿到檢查報(bào)告，一連串的數(shù)據(jù)告訴我們，身體生病了，還是慢性病。病是慢慢得的，要慢養(yǎng)，藥片從一顆增加到兩顆三顆，原來(lái)治好了頭痛，卻把胃搞壞。血壓降了，身體無(wú)力了。不尿糖了，飯吃不下了……

慢是一個(gè)過(guò)程，身體一次次給我們發(fā)出信號(hào)，警報(bào)，它累了，需要休息，我們不知也置之不理。失控后的身體百病叢生，難以治愈，原來(lái)，這一切都是咎由自取。

……

這一切并非無(wú)藥可救。

我們要回歸正確的生活習(xí)慣，對(duì)物質(zhì)生活看淡一點(diǎn)，對(duì)身體關(guān)注一點(diǎn)。多食谷類，五谷為植物的種子，埋進(jìn)土里會(huì)生根發(fā)芽，是有生命力的，有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的。現(xiàn)代所食肉類，有很大的健康隱患，為利益驅(qū)使注射催熟劑防腐劑，建議少吃為好。少吃反季節(jié)水果蔬菜，以當(dāng)?shù)禺?dāng)季生產(chǎn)為原則。擺脫快餐文化，細(xì)嚼慢咽七八分飽。每天睡好子、午覺，不挑燈熬夜。順應(yīng)四季養(yǎng)好五臟，春養(yǎng)肝，夏養(yǎng)心，秋養(yǎng)肺，冬養(yǎng)腎，一年四季養(yǎng)好脾。

我們可以通過(guò)刮痧、火罐清除體表寒氣。通過(guò)華佗松筋，溫敷，徹底排除體內(nèi)深層積寒。再通過(guò)人體經(jīng)絡(luò)疏通體內(nèi)瘀堵，打通經(jīng)脈。通過(guò)特效手法幫助身體排除無(wú)力排泄而堆積的垃圾。通過(guò)點(diǎn)按穴位補(bǔ)充身體氣血，通過(guò)內(nèi)調(diào)的產(chǎn)品疏通并補(bǔ)足身體所需營(yíng)養(yǎng)，最終達(dá)到氣血充盈，逐漸找回健康，百病不生。

這是我理解的健康生活。

除了每天大量學(xué)習(xí)視頻和記筆記外，盡量抽出時(shí)間背誦十四經(jīng)穴歌，希望結(jié)業(yè)時(shí)能夠熟記或背誦。

這對(duì)腦子不靈光的自己，必定要下死記硬背的功夫。背經(jīng)穴歌時(shí)，反而讓我找到了樂趣，越背越歡喜。每條經(jīng)絡(luò)熟讀加背誦九十篇，基本不容易遺忘。

實(shí)踐篇

終極養(yǎng)生手法。開始練習(xí)刮痧和拔火罐，覺得并不難，火罐在自己腿上拔的啪啪作響。開始練習(xí)終極養(yǎng)生手法，火罐和刮痧板就不聽使喚了，只此兩項(xiàng)就讓人汗流頰背，亂了陣角。何況還要撥膽經(jīng)心包經(jīng)，疏通胃經(jīng)膀胱經(jīng)……動(dòng)手和眼觀，永遠(yuǎn)是兩回事。

華佗夾脊松筋法。來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)前接觸過(guò)，相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)心理壓力不大。要學(xué)習(xí)摸到精確夾脊穴，還有八髎，加上溫敷會(huì)有更好效果。

進(jìn)入伏天，排除身體寒濕最佳時(shí)間，室外日曬如蒸籠，松筋后溫敷的溫度比室外還要高，汗出得非常痛快淋漓，床單毯子全濕透，隨著一次次的松筋溫敷排寒濕，皮膚也會(huì)一次比一次通透白晳。

特效手法。分塑臉，美乳，推背，緊腹，纖腰，瘦腿手法。反復(fù)切骨縫和疏通經(jīng)絡(luò)把身體無(wú)力排泄的垃圾排出體外，利用外力強(qiáng)力排除身體死角堆積垃圾。需要耐心愛心恒心和一把好力氣。個(gè)人認(rèn)為，拜懺拉筋是減肥最好的運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以對(duì)此項(xiàng)學(xué)習(xí)并非太大用心。

全身經(jīng)絡(luò)氣血調(diào)理。楊群第一次幫我做氣血調(diào)理，感覺非常好，就一直想要早點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)這套手法。雖然早被打過(guò)預(yù)防針，大挴指會(huì)痛，痛得拿不住筷子，提不起褲子。卻一直心生向往。

終于拿起撥經(jīng)棒，先開任督二脈，再撥四肢經(jīng)絡(luò)，然后點(diǎn)按穴位。同時(shí)，要把點(diǎn)按穴位背下，動(dòng)作要正確，取穴要精準(zhǔn)。與同學(xué)相互對(duì)練，當(dāng)下傻了眼。用足全身力氣，卻使不勁。挴指呼呼叫痛，同學(xué)酸麻痛脹的感覺都不曾有。

早上醒來(lái)，挴指被其他四指包住，動(dòng)彈不得。

最難學(xué)得留待最后。

美容。不得不提的一件事。六節(jié)課，只聽兩節(jié)。一是身體原因，白天虛弱無(wú)力，頭暈眼黑，夜里一兩點(diǎn)鐘睡不著覺。爬起來(lái)去佛堂讀經(jīng)，干脆在佛堂打地鋪。二是對(duì)美容一竅不通，課也聽不懂。兩節(jié)課下來(lái)云里霧里，對(duì)美容興趣不大，也不關(guān)注自己這張臉，于是索性放棄四節(jié)課。由于做事太唐突，沒向法云師兄匯報(bào)，就下此決定，給了明果師兄她們很大壓力。

沒有做到老實(shí)聽話。懺悔。

美容，經(jīng)絡(luò)，內(nèi)調(diào)，三維立體，把美容課落下，學(xué)習(xí)是不全面的。希望以后能有機(jī)會(huì)補(bǔ)課。

生活篇

北方人南下，生活習(xí)慣稍有不同。從小啃饅頭長(zhǎng)大，也吃不得辣，這給大家添了不少麻煩。楊群不但照顧我的生活起居，還要專門跑去超市買饅頭。素食也吃的經(jīng)絡(luò)館的客戶直搖頭。

明果是嚴(yán)師，我未必是高徒。她的認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)令我敬佩。

看我身體不好，叮囑楊群每天早上給我松筋溫敷，膚色也漸漸透出白晳來(lái)，連客戶和朋友都這么講。

明果的婆婆唐姨每天三次送飯、湯過(guò)來(lái)，雖說(shuō)離得近，看到老人家我心中總有愧意，家有老人如**，學(xué)習(xí)如果不用心，怎能對(duì)得起老人家的這三餐飯食。

今日，法云師兄趕夜里火車來(lái)經(jīng)絡(luò)館，給同學(xué)們結(jié)業(yè)培訓(xùn)三天。

三個(gè)月的課程，壓縮再壓縮，時(shí)間很快過(guò)去，再有三天就要踏上回家的路。明果一再叮囑，想要手法求精，唯有苦練。希望回去后，盡快把身體調(diào)理好，盡自己的一份力量，去幫助更多需要幫助的人。

感恩大家。

感恩一切。

濟(jì)南云思

2013-7-14

第三篇：英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門時(shí)的一些學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門時(shí)的一些學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

在談到英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門的時(shí)候，很多的朋友都是有著諸多的疑慮，實(shí)際上想要解決好這類問(wèn)題，我們應(yīng)該從很多方面加以分析，接下來(lái)就來(lái)看看英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門的學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)吧。說(shuō)到英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門時(shí)的一些學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)，我們應(yīng)該首先對(duì)于自己的英語(yǔ)能力有一個(gè)明確的認(rèn)識(shí)，自己的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)能力和水平是怎樣的？自己最需要通過(guò)上面方法進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)能力的提升，所以接下來(lái)，我們到下面的文章中來(lái)一看究竟吧。

學(xué)英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門不比其他，特別是英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)，得實(shí)際應(yīng)用，說(shuō)多了才會(huì)，學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境很重要。而且要知道自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法，怎樣才適合自己，才能讓自己更容易更快的學(xué)好。比如：

1.首先要測(cè)試下自己的英語(yǔ)水平；

2.然后根據(jù)自己的實(shí)際情況找到自己最好的學(xué)習(xí)方法；

3.按照具體的學(xué)習(xí)方法堅(jiān)持下去；

4.不僅僅要堅(jiān)持學(xué)習(xí)，還有不定時(shí)的檢測(cè)自己的學(xué)習(xí)效果；

只要做到了這些，沒有學(xué)不會(huì)的。你還可以：

1、從基礎(chǔ)入手，單詞語(yǔ)法每天都要堅(jiān)持背；

2、多聽英語(yǔ)廣播，看英文電影之類的，邊聽邊跟著說(shuō)；

3、多說(shuō)，找老外練習(xí)效果更佳，與人對(duì)話時(shí)大多數(shù)都是口語(yǔ)，這樣才能擺脫啞巴式英語(yǔ)；

4、多讀，課文范例，讀得越多越好，越熟越好；大聲的朗讀。

關(guān)于英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)入門時(shí)的一些學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)，上面給出的一些方法還是十分的行之有效，同時(shí)，隨著我們不斷的深入探討和努力，慢慢的在學(xué)習(xí)成果上也將會(huì)變得顯而易見。小編也在這里祝大家的日后每一天可以擁有一個(gè)更好的新體驗(yàn)。

第四篇：歐洲文化入門要點(diǎn)

WEEK 1-3

Reformation and Counter-Reformation P138-139

The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement.It begin with Martin Luther‘s 95 thesis in 1517.This movement aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible,The demands of the reformists:

---direct communication between the individual and God

---simplifying rituals

---abolishing heavy taxes levied on their countrymen

---abolishing the indulgences

1)Pre-Luther Religious Reformers

John Wycliffe(about 1330?a1384)p-139

Chief forerunner of Reformation.English theologian and religious reformer.He believed that Christ is man??s only overlord and that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership of a visible church.He took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time.Jan Hus(1372-1415)

A Bohemian Czech religious leader, theologian.Attacked the abuses of the Church/ was imprisoned and exiled/ was burnt at stake / the Hus War

2)Martin Luther(1483-1546)and His Doctrines

Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation.His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.Beginning of the Reformation p-140

Translation of the Bible

Gospel of love and Ideas of Equality

In the history of Germany, Martin Luther was more than a religious leader, he was a fighter for democracy and nationalism, a humanist who helped to build a competent educational system and a writer whose forceful language helped fix the standards of the modern German language

3)John Calvin(1509-1564)and Calvinism

Calvin was a French theologian.His Institutes of the Christian Religion was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.Presbyterian government

Calvinism stressed the absolute authority of the God’s will, holding that only those specially elected by God are saved.Calvinism was one of the main courses of the capitalist spirit

4)Reformation in England p-143

John Knox Scottish Presbyterianism

Henry VIII / matrimonial affairs / Catherine Aragon / Anne Boleyn

In 1534, the Act of Supremacy marked the formal break of the British with the papal

authorities.Thomas Cromwell---Vicar-General of the Church, King’s Chief Minister further broke from the Pope, closed the monasteries, took away their land and introduced church reforms.In England, the question of reform was not fundamentally one of belief or interpretation of the Bible but one of rejection of the supremacy of the Pope.5)Counter-Reformation p-144

Council of Trent

The sessions of the Council reaffirmed that the Church had the sole right to interpret the Bible.The Council declared that the Latin Vulgate of Jerome to be the definitive translation of the text.It was also stressed that Catholicism was a religion of infallible authority.The Catholic Reformation, that is, counter-reformation afterwards was to a great extent occupied with the principles and requirements laid down at the council of Trent.Ignatius and the Jesuits p-145

Ignatius was a Spaniard who devoted his life to defending the Roman Catholic Church.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.Today the Society of Jesus is still active with a membership of 31000, having institutions in various parts of the world.6)Protestantism and the Rise of Capitalism p--146

Reformation movement broke the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church.Protestantism came into being.Liberal ideas

Science

Calvinism

Navigation and discoveries of new lands

7)Conclusion P147

In education and cultural matters

In religion

In language

In spirit

D.Renaissance in Other Countries

The influence of the Italian Renaissance reached every corner of Europe.In France

In Spain

In the north: Flanders

In the Netherlands

In Germany

In England

In one word, Renaissance in Europe ¨produced giants in power of thought, passion and character, in universality and learning.”

1)Renaissance in France

Historical Background

A whole generation of humanists emerged in France.They began to study Greek culture and philosophy and this gave rise to writings of Ronsard, Rabelais and Montaigne.The Chateau of the Loire Valley was a great landmark in architecture

In music, the beginning of polyphony

In religion, Calvinism won great popularity

Huguenots—the Protestant group in France

Renaissance Writers in France

i.Francois Rabelais(about 1483---1553)

ii.Pleiade

iii.Michel Eyques de Montaigne(1533---1592)

2)Renaissance in Spain

By 1479, the union of Castile and Aragon.In 1492, Moors were driven out;Columbus discovered America and claimed America for Spain.The 16th century, the beginning of the Golden age of Spanish literature.Meanwhile, Polygolt Bible

Literature

Miguel de Cervantes(1547---1616)a novelist, a dramatist and a poet.Don Quixote was a parody satirizing a very popular type of literature at the time, the romance of chivalry.Its sources are romantic as well as realistic, truthful and imaginative.It is recognized as the father of the modern European novel, and has had great impact on world literature.Art

El Greco(1541---1614)a Spanish painter

Major Work: The Burial of Count Orgaz

3)Renaissance in the North

Renaissance in the Netherlands

Erasmus(about 1466?---1536)a great Dutch scholar and humanist.P-160Work: The Praise of Folly

Renaissance in Flanders

Pieter Bruegel(the Elder)(about 1525---1569)a Flemish painter of landscape and scenes of rural life.He was called peasant Bruegel

Major Works: The Land of Cockayne(1567)

The Return of the Hunters(1565)

Renaissance in Germany

Albrecht Durer(1471---1528)

He was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany.He was a master of woodcut.His engravings are unsurpassed and his Water colours of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.Major Works: The Four Horsemen of Apocalpse

Knight, Death and Devil,1513

Hans Holbein(the younger)(1497---1543)

He was the last great German master of the 16th century.His best known works

are his portraits.Major Works: Erasmus of Rottendam

Portrait of Henry VIII

4)Renaissance in England

Historical Background

The War of Roses(1455-1485)

The Reign of Elizabeth I(1558--1603)was a period of political and religious stability and economic prosperity.The Church of England was re-established, ending the long time religious strife;Commerce and industry forged ahead as a result of the enclosure movement at home and the opening of new sea routes in the world.England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.Thomas More(1477---1535)

A great humanist during the Renaissance.Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII.He resigned(!532)after refusing to agree to the king’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon.When he refused to conform to the Act of Supremacy, he was imprisoned, found guilty of treason and beheaded.Among his writings the best known is Utopia(1516)William Shakespeare(1564---1616)

English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature.His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theatre in London, include

historical works, such as Richard II,comedies, including Much Ado about Nothing and As You Like It,and tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear.He also composed 154 sonnets.The earliest collected edition of his plays, the First Folio, contained 36 plays and was published posthumously(1623).Taken as a whole, it could be said that Shakespeare’s early works showed optimism and his belief that love and benevolence will triumph over everything and concern for a peaceful and unified England whereas his later works, with deep insight, brought to light the contradiction between the humanists and the dark and brutal feudal and capitalist reality.E.Science and Technology during the Renaissance

The Renaissance, among other things, was a revolt against the medieval concepts and an age of creation and discoveries.1)Geographical Discoveries

a.Christopher Columbus(1451-1506)

Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America(1492).He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China

b.Bartholomeu Dias(1466?---1500)

A Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.c.Vasco da Gama(about 1460---1524)

A Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator.The first European to sail to India(1497-1498), he opened the rich lands of the East to Portuguese trade and colonization.d.Amerigo Vespucci(1457---1512)Italian navigator and explorer of the South American coast.America was named in his honor.2)Astronomy

Nicolaus Copernicus(1473---1543)

A Polish astronomer who advanced the theory that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun, disrupting the Ptolemaic system of astronomy.He is known as father of modern astronomy.3)Anatomy

a.Leonardo da Vinci(1452---1519)

a great anatomist in Italy and during his life time Leonardo dissected more than 30 corpses.b.Andreas Vesalius(1514---1564)

A Flemish anatomist.The founder of modern medicine His work Fabrica marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.4)Printing

Aldus Manutius(1450---1515)The foremost printer in Italy.5)Political Science and Historiography

a.Dante(1265-1321)

Dante contributed a great deal to the establishment of the equality of the divine power and the secular power.Although a poet, Dante was a great innovator.He regards Emperor and Pope as independent, and both divinely appointed.b.Niccolo Machiavelli(1469---1527)

An author and a statesman.He was called ¨DFather of political science?? in the West.Works: Prince and Discourses

c.Giorgio Vosari(1511---1574)

Vosari was best known for his entertaining biographies of artists, Lives of the Artists(a study of cultural history).F.Summing-up

The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church??s dispensation.In this release lay the way of development of the modern world.The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.It shattered Medieval Church’s stifling control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism

第五篇：如何學(xué)習(xí)電腦入門

如何學(xué)習(xí)電腦入門

在學(xué)習(xí)電腦之前，先消除對(duì)電腦的緊張感，其實(shí)學(xué)電腦是很輕松的事，電腦并不神秘（如果搞的那么復(fù)雜，估計(jì)也不會(huì)發(fā)展那么迅速了），電腦只是一種工具，電腦的內(nèi)部工作原理雖然很復(fù)雜，但不需要了解那些深?yuàn)W的原理，只要知道怎樣使用就行了。

電腦的使用是比較簡(jiǎn)單的，和使用電視機(jī)，錄像機(jī)沒有什么區(qū)別，使用遙控器選擇電視頻道，該頻道的節(jié)目就出現(xiàn)在電視屏幕上，同樣，只要給電腦些指令，就會(huì)按照要求工作，其次，別被電腦那些”高深”的詞匯嚇倒，諸

如”Windows”，”鼠標(biāo)”，”控制面板，．…”。它們只是一些部件文件的名字，不需要深入理解其意。在開始學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)候，只需要知道常用的名字就可以了，等以后慢慢積累了，就知道很多關(guān)于電腦的東西了。

再次，應(yīng)了解一點(diǎn)電腦知識(shí)的組成及發(fā)展，電腦知識(shí)分硬件部分的知識(shí)和軟件部份的知識(shí)，硬件部分的知識(shí)，如計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理，硬件的組裝，電工電子學(xué)等，軟件部分的知識(shí)，如操作系統(tǒng)(訪問(wèn)windows)的使用，語(yǔ)言程序的使用，辦公軟件office的使用，一般非計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)用戶先只要熟練掌握軟件部分的知識(shí)就足夠了，當(dāng)熟知這些知識(shí)后，自然就能由此及彼，由表及里地掌握電腦的其它知識(shí)了?，F(xiàn)在把流行的，常用的電腦知識(shí)分類，了解一下所學(xué)電腦知識(shí)的用途。今天就簡(jiǎn)單和大家說(shuō)了電腦學(xué)習(xí)的入門，其實(shí)一開始入門，不需要理解復(fù)雜的東西，主要搞懂簡(jiǎn)單的東西就可以了！等你以后慢慢了解電腦，在由表及里地掌握電腦的其它知識(shí)了