第一篇:哈佛商業(yè)評論中英文對照-績效薪酬的致命缺陷
The Fatal Flaw in Pay for Performance
績效薪酬的致命缺陷
by Ben W.Heineman, Jr.小本杰明·海涅曼
Many corporate boards, responding to shareholder and public pressure, are designing pay-for-performance plans to hold CEOs accountable.But there is often a crucial flaw in such schemes: They don’t pay for performance with integrity.迫于股東和公眾壓力,許多公司董事會都在努力建立與業(yè)績掛鉤的薪酬體系,以期CEO們恪盡職守。但是,此類薪酬體系往往存在一個致命缺陷:僅關(guān)注業(yè)績,而忽略了操守。
The omission—evident from compensation committee reports in top companies’ proxy statements—is striking.Corporations, after all, face unceasing pressures to make the numbers by bending the rules, and an integrity miss can have catastrophic consequences, including indictments, fines, dismissals, and collapse of market capitalization.Furthermore, performance with integrity creates the fundamental trust—inside and outside the company—on which corporate power is based.從頂級公司股東委托書所附的薪酬委員會報告可以看出,這種忽略是顯而易見的。畢竟,上市公司始終面臨著完成業(yè)績目標(biāo)的巨大壓力。為此,它們不惜違規(guī)違紀(jì)。然而,這種職業(yè)操守的缺失將導(dǎo)致各種災(zāi)難性后果,包括起訴糾紛、罰款賠付、解雇免職以及市值暴跌。殊不知,操守與業(yè)績并重,才能在公司內(nèi)外贏得最基本的信任,而公司力量也只是建立在信任的基礎(chǔ)之上。
A board should explicitly base a defined portion of the CEO’s cash compensation and equity grants on his or her success in handling the foundational task of fusing high performance with high integrity at all levels of the company.Why don’t boards do that? They may be uncertain about the meaning of integrity and how to assess its integration into financial performance.在公司各個層面上將高尚操守和卓越業(yè)績相融合是CEO的基本任務(wù),董事會應(yīng)該在CEO的現(xiàn)金和股權(quán)報酬中劃出一定比例,專門與CEO在上述任務(wù)上的表現(xiàn)掛鉤。但董事會為何沒有這樣做呢?這可能是因為他們自己對操守的含義也并不確定,更不知道該如何考核職業(yè)操守與財務(wù)業(yè)績的融合了。
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Step one, then, in designing pay for performance with integrity is using the following definition: Integrity is a uniform corporate culture with three elements—robust adherence to formal rules;adoption of ethical standards that are in the company’s long-term enlightened self-interest;and employee commitment to honesty, candor, fairness, trustworthiness, and reliability.Step two is for the board to assess whether the CEO has infused high performance with high integrity.The board can do that by answering the following questions, using hard analytics as well as the board members’ own judgment.那么,董事會要設(shè)計重操守的績效薪酬制,第一步要做的就是引入操守概念:操守是全公司的統(tǒng)一文化,有三個要素組成——堅決遵守正式的規(guī)章制度;采用符合公司長遠(yuǎn)利益同時又不損害他人利益的倫理標(biāo)準(zhǔn);員工要承諾做到誠實坦率、公平公正、可信可靠。第二步,董事會需運用一些復(fù)雜的分析工具,當(dāng)然也要運用他們的個人判斷力,來考核CEO是否已經(jīng)把高尚操守和卓越業(yè)績相融合。董事會可根據(jù)以下問題判斷:
? Has the CEO established company-wide performance-with-integrity principles for which the firm’s leaders are responsible and accountable? Examples of these include demonstrating committed and consistent integrity leadership;managing performance with integrity as a business process;using early-warning systems to stay ahead of global trends;providing timely, risk-assessed training;and giving employees a voice.? CEO是否在全公司范圍內(nèi)制定了操守和業(yè)績并重的薪酬制度,且由公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層對此負(fù)責(zé)?舉例而言,CEO應(yīng)該做到:領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層始終如一地恪守職業(yè)操守,把操守和業(yè)績的結(jié)合當(dāng)作一項業(yè)務(wù)流程來管理,運用預(yù)警系統(tǒng)搶先把握全球商業(yè)規(guī)范趨勢,及時提供道德風(fēng)險評估培訓(xùn),并保證員工的發(fā)言權(quán)。
? Have the CEO and top managers implemented these principles through robust practices? If leaders don’t invest time, effort, and resources in embedding key integrity practices in business processes, “tone at the top” is just window dressing.(For examples, see the sidebar “The Practice of Performance with Integrity.”)
? CEO和高管們是否在實踐中貫徹了這些原則?如果領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層沒有投入足夠的時間、精力和資源,將關(guān)鍵的操守原則落實到公司的業(yè)務(wù)流程中,那么所謂的“高層主張”就只不過是空口白話而已。(參見副欄“操守與業(yè)績并重的管理實踐”)
? Has integrity permeated every aspect of the corporate culture? One vital tool for assessing that is an annual, anonymous employee survey across all businesses and regions that asks, “Is
integrity compromised by business pressures?” and “Are the leaders’ verbal commitments to integrity reflected in action?” The board can also have outside HR experts periodically conduct 360-degree assessments of the CEO and top executives that explore such questions.? 操守原則是否已滲透到公司文化的每個層面?一個重要的評估工具就是覆蓋公司所有業(yè)務(wù)及地區(qū)的員工匿名年度調(diào)查表,其中包括這些問題:“操守原則是否會向商業(yè)壓力讓步?”“在恪守職業(yè)操守方面,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)是否言行一致?”董事會還可以定期邀請外部的人力資源管理專家,同樣就此類問題對CEO和高管進(jìn)行360度評估。
? Has the CEO met annual performance-with-integrity objectives set by the board? One example might be effectively handling a major miss or crisis—an environmental accident, a bribery case, or a financial restatement—and remedying the problem systematically after a candid analysis of its causes.Another objective might be hiring leaders in emerging markets such as China, Russia, and India who are skilled in integrating performance and integrity.? CEO是否完成了董事會設(shè)定的操守和業(yè)績并重的年度目標(biāo)?比如說,這個目標(biāo)是:CEO有效處理嚴(yán)重失誤或危機(jī)(如環(huán)境事故、賄賂案,或者財務(wù)造假),并且在對事件起因進(jìn)行坦誠分析后,有條不紊地解決問題。又比如:在新興市場(如中國、俄羅斯和印度)聘用善于兼顧操守與業(yè)績的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。
? How do business divisions rate comparatively? The board should look at how integrity practices differ among divisions and how the CEO deals with laggards.It should also look at how the units rank against external peers.(This may require data from news or government reports or a comparative audit by, say, a former regulatory official.)
? 公司各事業(yè)部在職業(yè)操守方面的相對表現(xiàn)如何?董事會要觀察各事業(yè)部之間的操守差異,以及CEO是如何處理那些落后分部的。同時,董事會還要將這些事業(yè)部與公司外部的同行進(jìn)行比較。(這可能需要從新聞報道、政府報告或前監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)官員的的比較審計資料中收集數(shù)據(jù))
The board’s standards for assessing pay for performance with integrity should also define a new set of “specs” in the company’s CEO succession planning.In evaluating candidates, the board should ask: Do they possess the knowledge, experience, and skills to drive a robust performance-with-integrity culture deep into the company’s global operations? The same specs should be used to evaluate the compensation of senior executives and set goals for leadership development programs.That’s the best way to ensure that, over the long term, the company’s top ranks are filled with managers who live by the principles and practices of performance with
integrity—and thus help the company avoid debilitating risks and secure the trust that is vital to doing business.董事會在明確上述考核標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時,還應(yīng)制定一套新的CEO繼任“規(guī)范”。在考量候選人時,董事會應(yīng)該問:他們的知識、經(jīng)驗、能力是否有利于推動操守和業(yè)績并重的健康企業(yè)文化,使之深入公司在全球的每一個經(jīng)營機(jī)構(gòu)?另外,這套規(guī)范還應(yīng)當(dāng)運用在高管薪酬評估,以及領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人培養(yǎng)項目的目標(biāo)設(shè)定中。長期來看這也是確保公司高層堅持操守和業(yè)績并重原則的最佳方式,有助于公司規(guī)避風(fēng)險,獲取商界成功所必需的信任。
The Practice of Performance with Integrity
Here’s a sample list of questions(greatly shortened
because of space limits)that will help boards
assess a CEO’s performance-with-integrity
practices.They can be answered using tools like
process reviews and substantive audits and
external outcomes(such as environmental
violations or customer complaints).Leadership
Does the CEO...never be compromised to make the numbers?
lapses?
meetings?
Business processes
Does the CEO...processes for
preventing, detecting, and responding to lapses in 操守與業(yè)績并重的管理實踐 下面列出的一份問題清單樣本(限于篇幅,問題數(shù)量已經(jīng)大大縮減),對董事會評估CEO兼顧操守與業(yè)績的實際行為會有所幫助。要找到這些問題的答案,可以借助流程評估、獨立審計和外部影響(如環(huán)境損害或客戶投訴)等手段。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力 CEO是否?? 告知組織上下,操守原則決不向像業(yè)績目標(biāo)讓步? 不僅僅規(guī)范普通員工的操守,同時也約束高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的行為? 定期在員工會議上處理有關(guān)操守的棘手問題? 業(yè)務(wù)流程 CEO是否?? 為員工恪守職業(yè)操守創(chuàng)造必要的基礎(chǔ)條件——設(shè)計流程用以防范、發(fā)現(xiàn)并處理公司各業(yè)務(wù)、各地區(qū)內(nèi)的不端行
? communicate to the organization that integrity must ? discipline generals, not just troops, for integrity ? address difficult integrity issues regularly at staff ? build a strong integrity infrastructure—
all businesses and regions—and put A players in charge of it?
? assess integrity needs realistically and provide adequate funding for those activities?
? respond promptly to early warnings on trends in legal, ethical, and country risks?
Giving employees a voice
Does the CEO...? encourage reporting of financial, legal, and ethical concerns through a system that prevents retaliation?
? ensure that concerns are investigated fairly and promptly, that trends are tracked, and that remedial action is taken if needed?
為,并安排明星員工負(fù)責(zé)此項工作? 現(xiàn)實地評估操守需求,并撥出足夠的經(jīng)費予以支持? 對法律風(fēng)險、倫理風(fēng)險和國家風(fēng)險的變化提出預(yù)警,并及時應(yīng)對? 讓員工有發(fā)言權(quán) CEO是否?? 鼓勵員工通過正式系統(tǒng)來報告財務(wù)問題、法律問題以及倫理問題,同時防止員工因此遭受打擊報復(fù)? 確保及時公正地研究問題,跟蹤問題的發(fā)展趨勢,并在必要時采取補救措施?
第二篇:哈佛商業(yè)評論中英文對照-打折很危險(范文)
Discounts Can Be Dangerous
打折很危險
by Jeffrey M.Stibel and Peter Delgrosso
During tough economic times, companies often rush to reduce prices on their products and services.That seems like common sense: People can’t afford to spend as much, so charge less to keep them buying.But discounting has its perils.每當(dāng)步入經(jīng)濟(jì)困難期,許多公司都會爭先恐后地降低產(chǎn)品及服務(wù)的價格。這似乎也合乎常理:既然消費者花不起那么多錢,那就降價促銷。殊不知,打折蘊藏著諸多風(fēng)險。
To be sure, discounting is effective when done wisely and strategically.It can get consumers excited about a product, encourage them to buy more, and help your short-term bottom line.However, whether the purchase is a hot dog, a handbag, or a stay at a five-star hotel, customers want good value for their hard-earned money.The price of something is often an important determinant of its perceived value, as Dan Ariely points out in Predictably Irrational.Often, the more consumers pay, the more value they ascribe to a purchase.If you discount prices purely to boost sales, buyers may begin to question that value.毋庸置疑,如果能站在戰(zhàn)略的高度,以高明的手段打折,那肯定有效果。它會激發(fā)消費者對產(chǎn)品的興趣,鼓勵他們增加購買,這樣就能在短期內(nèi)提高公司的利潤。但是,消費者無論是購買一個熱狗、一只手袋,還是下榻五星級酒店,他們都希望自己辛苦賺來的錢能夠花得物有所值。丹〃艾瑞里在Predictably Irrational(中文版譯為《怪誕行為學(xué)》,中信出版社2008年出版)一書中指出:價格是決定產(chǎn)品可感知價值的一個關(guān)鍵因素。消費者通常認(rèn)為,他們付的錢越多,購買到的價值就越高。如果打折只是為了刺激銷售,那么買家就可能會懷疑自己買到的價值。
Consider Abercrombie & Fitch, which lowered prices by roughly 15% during the 2000–2002 downturn.When the dust cleared, the company realized that it had sacrificed much of its brand’s cachet and lost significant market share.A&F didn’t recover until 2004—and then only after returning to higher prices.In August 2008, having learned its lesson, the company announced that it was considering another price increase, despite a decline in second-quarter
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profits.The goal: to enhance what the CEO called the ―iconic status‖ of the brand.且以美國時裝品牌Abercrombie&Fitch(A&F)為例,在2000年~2002年的經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退期,該公司產(chǎn)品降價約15%。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)暴塵埃落定后,公司才意識到,降價已經(jīng)大大地?fù)p害了品牌的形象,也導(dǎo)致公司喪失了相當(dāng)大的市場份額。直到2004年,A&F回歸高價路線后,業(yè)績才恢復(fù)元氣。2008年,洗去了教訓(xùn)的A&F公司在第二季度利潤下滑的情況下,仍然在8月份宣布考慮新一輪的提價計劃,目標(biāo)就是提升CEO所提倡的品牌的“標(biāo)志性地位”。
But discounting is so easy that some companies simply can’t resist.Starbucks, which posted its first-ever earnings loss in July, has begun to offer lower-priced options, such as a cup of coffee for $1, with free refills.This strategy may boost sales in the short term, but we suspect that, as with A&F, it will hurt the Starbucks brand in the long term.然而,打折是如此簡單易行,另一些公司無法抗拒這一誘惑。2008年7月,星巴克(Starbucks)有史以來首次公布業(yè)務(wù)虧損,并開始提供低價產(chǎn)品,比如可免費續(xù)杯的一員咖啡。這種策略或許能在短期內(nèi)刺激銷售,但是正如A&F的前車之鑒所示,長遠(yuǎn)來看可能有損星巴克的品牌形象。
Discounting is not always a bad idea, though—there are safe ways to lower prices.Earlier this year, Chrysler discounted something that does not affect its core brand: gasoline.It guaranteed to purchasers of new cars a price of no more than $2.99 per gallon of gas for three years.The idea was to subsidize the fuel that a new car uses, not the car itself.It’s similar to what GM did in 2001 by discounting its financing rather than its cars.Obviously, the auto industry has more problems than brand deterioration.Nonetheless, this is smart marketing during a downturn: It couples the appeal of a discount with an implicit message about the value of the core product.當(dāng)然,打折并非總是危險,我們還是可以找到一些安全的降價方式。2008年年初,克萊斯勒公司(Chrysler)的打著手電就絲毫沒有影響到它的品牌價值——它的方法是給汽油打折。公司承諾向購買新車的客戶提供三年售價不超過每加侖2.99美元的汽油。這種做法看起來是在為新車使用的燃油提供補貼,而不是針對汽車本身。該策略與2001年通用汽車(GM)為購車貸款提供折扣而不是給車打折的做法很相似。當(dāng)然,美國汽車業(yè)的問題顯然不僅僅是品牌式微的問題。但是在經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退時,這的確是一種精明的營銷方式:它兼顧了消費者對折扣的需求,同時又微妙地維護(hù)了核心產(chǎn)品的價值。
So if you’re eyeing a simple, traditional discount strategy during the present slowdown, first consider the potential for damage to your brand and then evaluate the brand insurance that a
more nuanced approach may offer.If you inadvertently shatter your brand’s mystique, reestablishing the value proposition to consumers may be tougher than you expect.在當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑的情況下,如果你還在考慮采用簡單的、傳統(tǒng)的打折策略,那么我們奉勸你首先考慮一下打折給品牌帶來的潛在危害,然后評估一下對傳統(tǒng)打折策略稍作變通所能帶來的品牌保障。如果不小心損害了品牌形象,那么,在消費者心中重塑品牌價值或許比你想象的要困難得多。
第三篇:哈佛商業(yè)評論中英文對照-綠色科技拯救未來
FORETHOUGHT GRIST 前瞻思維
Venture capitalist Vinod Khosla on reasons for long-term optimism about technology and the economy
綠色科技拯救未來
A Conversation with Vinod Khosla by Alison Berkley Wagonfeld
From Vinod Khosla’s perspective, the world’s economic future looks bright.After cofounding Sun Microsystems and spending two decades as a venture capitalist with Kleiner Perkins, Khosla created his own venture firm in 2004 to invest in early-stage technologies, especially those with minimal environmental impact.Khosla Ventures, based in Menlo Park, California, has a portfolio of some 65 start-ups, 45 of which are in clean technology, or cleantech.The latter range from Kior, a speculative biofuels company, to Ausra, which is developing utility-scale solar thermal technology.Khosla’s goals include turning niche cleantech forms of energy into what he calls “maintech” by proving that green technologies can be economically cheaper than current ones.在維諾德〃科斯拉看來,世界經(jīng)濟(jì)前景光明??扑估推渌斯餐瑒?chuàng)立了太陽微系統(tǒng)公司之后,在凱鵬創(chuàng)投基金效力了二十余年,又于2004年創(chuàng)立了自己的創(chuàng)投公司,主要投資于處于早期階段的環(huán)保性技術(shù)。他的公司位于加利福尼亞州的門羅帕克,投資了大約65家初創(chuàng)型企業(yè),其中45家致力于清潔技術(shù)的研發(fā),這里面既有從事探索性生物燃料研究的Kior公司,也有開發(fā)大規(guī)模利用太陽能技術(shù)的Ausra公司??扑估哪繕?biāo)之一就是要證明,綠色科技可以比現(xiàn)有的技術(shù)更加經(jīng)濟(jì),我們應(yīng)該扭轉(zhuǎn)清潔能源技術(shù)目前所處的邊緣狀態(tài),使其躋身“主流技術(shù)”之列。
Do you see the current downturn differently from how other people do?
對于目前的經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡,你的看法和其他人有何不同?
Economists don’t appreciate the extent to which innovation can disrupt assumptions.A new technology can render forecasts obsolete.We are investing in many such technologies, and some of them will surely succeed.I live by an idea from the computer pioneer Alan Kay, who
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said, “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.”
創(chuàng)新能在多大程度上推翻人類原有的設(shè)想?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家往往對此認(rèn)識補足。他們忽略了,一項新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)可能會讓先前的預(yù)測作廢。我們目前就在投資很多的此類新科技,其中不乏成功把握相當(dāng)大的項目。我信奉計算機(jī)領(lǐng)域的先驅(qū)艾倫〃凱說過的一句話:預(yù)測未來的最好方法就是去改變未來。
The technologies we’re working on have the potential to affect energy prices and thus geopolitics and poverty, not to mention global warming.But the impact won’t be immediate.Many of the technologies are in early stages and face significant hurdles before they can become operational.The economists may be correct that in the near term, at least, the cost of inputs will continue to rise.But the specific critical technological events that will truly determine future economics are impossible to predict.我們正在投資的技術(shù)很有潛力,可能會影響能源價格,進(jìn)而改變地緣政治和貧困面貌,更不用提可以遏制全球變暖了。但是這些影響不是立竿見影的,因為很多技術(shù)還處于早期階段,在產(chǎn)業(yè)化之前尚需跨越許許多多的障礙。至少在短期內(nèi),各種投入的成本還會上漲,在這點上,經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的觀點也許是正確的。但是現(xiàn)在不可能預(yù)測究竟何種關(guān)鍵技術(shù)能夠真正左右未來的經(jīng)濟(jì)。
Which technologies give you the greatest hope?
你覺得哪些技術(shù)最有希望?
While home rooftop solar photovoltaic cells will continue to improve, I’m excited about solar thermal’s ability to compete cost-effectively with utility-scale power from coal and natural gas plants.Many of our investments are in biofuels, which I’m very positive about because they have low financial and adoption risks.We look for technologies that don’t require people to change their driving, transportation, and heating patterns.Within 25 years, I believe the world will be able to replace most fossil fuels with nonfood biomass and waste or with solar, geothermal, and wind energy.There is no question in my mind that biofuels can be produced for a dollar per gallon, probably much less.雖然家用屋頂太陽能光伏電池的技術(shù)有待進(jìn)一步完善,但我還是興奮地看到,太陽能在成本效率上可以與煤炭、天然氣等傳統(tǒng)能源一決高下。我們還在生物燃料領(lǐng)域有眾多投資,由于其財務(wù)和應(yīng)用的風(fēng)險較低,我們對這些項目非??春谩N覀儗ふ夷切┎灰笕藗兏淖儸F(xiàn)有駕駛、運輸和取暖方式的技術(shù)。我相信在25年內(nèi),人們就會用食物之外的生物和生物肥料,或者是太陽能、地?zé)帷L(fēng)能來取代目前所用的大多數(shù)化石
燃料。我絕對相信生物燃料的價格可以降低到每加侖一美元,甚至更低。
In the U.S., for example, the acreage that is currently out of production or devoted to export crops is more than adequate to supply the country’s biofuel needs.If we innovate in biomass production, my analysis shows that we may need zero additional land to replace all our gasoline.The biofuels I’m referring to are cellulosic, such as forestry waste and winter cover crops—maybe even algae someday—but not corn, which cannot scale up to meet the world’s energy needs.譬如在美國,就目前荒蕪的,或用于種植出口農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的土地面積來看,要滿足國內(nèi)染料型作物的需求是綽綽有余。如果我們在此類作物的生產(chǎn)上取得突破性創(chuàng)新,那么我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)有土地就可以生產(chǎn)出替代全部汽油消耗的生物燃料來。我所說的生物燃料取自纖維原料,比如林木廢棄物和冬季覆蓋作物,甚至可以是藻類,但不會是谷物,因為谷物無論如何增產(chǎn)也滿足不了全世界的能源需求。
Will the world’s current financial state delay development of some critically important technologies? 當(dāng)前的世界金融危機(jī)會延遲某些特別重要的技術(shù)發(fā)展嗎?
I do worry about that.Energy and cleantech companies require plenty of follow-on financing.Combine the current state of the capital markets with the risk aversion we are seeing among other investors in this space, and there’s real reason for concern.I also worry about governmental policies, both in the U.S.and elsewhere.The traditional enemies of alternative energy—the coal and oil industries—are fighting change.However, policy is gradually moving in the right direction, and the entrenched industries will adapt, because the global imperative is immense.The world is witnessing an unusual confluence of natural, geopolitical, and technological factors that are pulling in the same direction, away from fossil fuels and toward alternatives.I believe there will be many energy and cleantech successes, not just from the companies we’re working with.In addition, traditional energy companies will participate actively as investors and implementers.我確實有這方面的擔(dān)心。能源和清潔技術(shù)企業(yè)需要很多后續(xù)資金,而現(xiàn)在的資本市場風(fēng)雨飄搖,同事我們也看到,這個領(lǐng)域的其他投資者都采取了規(guī)避風(fēng)險的措施,這些都導(dǎo)致了我們的擔(dān)憂。我還擔(dān)心政府的能源政策,無論是在美國還是其他國家。另外,替代能源的宿敵,也就是煤炭和石油公司,還在變革面前負(fù)隅頑抗。好在政策逐漸想正確的方向轉(zhuǎn)軌,而傳統(tǒng)能源行業(yè)也會去適應(yīng)這種變化,因為這畢竟是大勢所趨。
如今,自然環(huán)境、地緣政治和科學(xué)技術(shù)這三股力量爭議罕見的合力推動著新能源替代傳統(tǒng)能源的進(jìn)程。我堅信今后會誕生很多成功的能源和清潔技術(shù),不僅僅是我們投資的這些企業(yè)。另外,傳統(tǒng)的能源公司也會作為投資者和實施方積極參與進(jìn)來。
There’s always another worry, too—that our firm might be dead wrong about its investments.There are no historical rules on what will and won’t work.But we believe that the freedom to fail gives us the freedom to succeed.We are willing to take risks because we believe the opportunities are so exciting.I am a technology optimist.A lot of what can be imagined can be invented.當(dāng)然我們總是還有另外一個擔(dān)憂,那就是我們在某項投資商可能會大錯特錯。沒有現(xiàn)成的經(jīng)驗和規(guī)則告訴我們什么是行得通的,什么是行不通的。但是我們相信,允許失敗就會找到成功的機(jī)會。我們愿意冒險,因為擺在我們面前的機(jī)會是那么誘人。我是個技術(shù)樂觀派,我相信人類夢想的很多東西終將被發(fā)明出來。
第四篇:哈佛商業(yè)評論
哈佛商業(yè)評論
【中文摘要】
一個卓越的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須具備哪些素質(zhì)?許多人會說,領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者必須機(jī)智聰明、堅忍不拔、處事果斷、高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚,等等。然而,僅有這些素質(zhì)并不足夠,因為一個人即使受過世界上最好的訓(xùn)練,縝于思、敏于行,創(chuàng)意無限,但如果情商低下,那恐怕依然成不了一位卓越的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。本文作者,心理學(xué)家丹尼爾?戈爾曼在1995年憑借Emotional Intelligence(中文版譯名《情感智商》)一書將“情商”的概念介紹給大眾。1998年,他又在《哈佛商業(yè)評論》英文版雜志上發(fā)表了這篇堪稱經(jīng)典的文章,率先將此概念應(yīng)用于商業(yè)領(lǐng)域。戈爾曼計算了專業(yè)技能、智商和情商分別對出色績效的貢獻(xiàn)率,發(fā)現(xiàn)情商的貢獻(xiàn)率至少是其他兩項因素的兩倍。而且,在公司中的職位越高,情商的作用就越重要,因為在這個層面上,專業(yè)技能上的差異已經(jīng)變得無足輕重。如果將身居高位的業(yè)績明星與業(yè)績平庸者相比就可以發(fā)現(xiàn),他們的業(yè)績差異有將近90%源于情商因素,而不是認(rèn)知能力。戈爾曼認(rèn)為,情商包涵以下五個要素:1.自我認(rèn)知 自我認(rèn)知是了解自身情緒、情感和內(nèi)心驅(qū)動力及其對他人影響的能力。具有自知之明的人,對人對己都秉持一種誠實的態(tài)度,處事既不過分苛責(zé),也不抱不切實際的幻想。他們了解自身的局限和長處,也不避諱討論這些話題,并且往往很歡迎建設(shè)性的批評意見。他們會坦然承認(rèn)自己的失敗,并敢于自嘲。有自知之明的人往往也比較自信,對自己的能力了然于心,不大可能貿(mào)然接受超出自身能力限度的任務(wù),也知道何時應(yīng)該尋求幫助。2.自我調(diào)控 自我調(diào)控是控制或疏導(dǎo)負(fù)面情緒和破壞性沖動的能力。善于控制自己情緒的人,常常會自我反省,他們總是深思熟慮,而不匆忙下判斷。面對不確定局面,他們處之泰然,順時應(yīng)變。能夠自我調(diào)控的人,有能力打造一個公平信任的環(huán)境,也有助于增進(jìn)誠信。3.內(nèi)驅(qū)力 內(nèi)驅(qū)力是指以成就感為動力,追求超乎自身和他人期望的目標(biāo)。追求成就感的人,對工作充滿了激情,而且往往會對提供該工作的組織產(chǎn)生歸屬感。他們樂于學(xué)習(xí),工作上的每一次成功都讓他們引以為傲。他們也總是一再提高業(yè)績標(biāo)桿,并主動跟蹤業(yè)績水平。這些精力旺盛的人通常不安于現(xiàn)狀。他們會執(zhí)著地追問,事情為什么非得這樣做而不是那樣做,也會積極地去探索新的工作方法。4.同理心 同理心是理解他人情感,視他人情感反應(yīng)待人接物的能力。具有同理心的人能領(lǐng)會肢體語言的微妙含義,他們能聽懂別人的言外之意。這幫助他們在全球化腳步日益加快的今天更有效地進(jìn)行跨文化的交流。同理心還有助于培養(yǎng)人才和留住人才,以及凝聚團(tuán)隊。5.社交技能 社交技能可能是情商的其他幾個要素的集中體現(xiàn),是一種與他人尋求共同點、建立融洽關(guān)系的能力。能認(rèn)識和調(diào)控自身情感,又能體會他人情感的人,往往能有效地處理人際關(guān)系。而內(nèi)驅(qū)力強的人往往心態(tài)樂觀,其奕奕神彩自然會體現(xiàn)在與他人的交談和其他交往之中。社交技能不只是友善,它是一種帶著目的性的友善,其目的就是引導(dǎo)他人按你希望的方向前進(jìn)。社交技能高超的人擅長管理團(tuán)隊,說服力強,能夠在需要時調(diào)動廣泛的人脈資源。情商的前三個要素,即自我認(rèn)知、自我調(diào)控和內(nèi)驅(qū)力,都屬于自我管理技能。而后兩個要素,即同理心和社交技能,則是一個人管理自身與他人之間關(guān)系的能力。研究和實踐均表明,情商是可以后天習(xí)得的,但你必須為此付出時間和努力。
第五篇:哈佛商業(yè)評論
讀過這篇文章之后,我們可以很直觀的了解到,現(xiàn)代的社會,關(guān)于職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃是一個很惹人關(guān)注的話題,我們不應(yīng)該忽視職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃。因為只有你做好職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃,你才能真正的找到自己的定位,準(zhǔn)確的找到合適的且適合你的工作。
從這篇文章中,我們可以了解到,在美國和很多資本主義國家中,一生只從事一份工作的人幾乎已經(jīng)不存在了,大部分的人一生都會轉(zhuǎn)換好幾份工作。這是一種趨勢,也是一種現(xiàn)實。但是,千萬不要誤以為頻繁的轉(zhuǎn)換工作就是值得提倡的。因為很多人頻繁的轉(zhuǎn)換工作是因為做了錯誤的職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃,沒有正確的找到自己的定位。但是有一種比頻繁的換工作意義更加重大的是轉(zhuǎn)變職業(yè),這些轉(zhuǎn)變職業(yè)的人就是像作者所說的,找到自己的需求,明辨自己的能力、跳進(jìn)不同的軌道、讓策略浮現(xiàn)。體驗不同的生活,不斷的挑戰(zhàn)自己,實現(xiàn)自己的不同價值。就像文章中提到的作者、Martin Crampon和Liz Brown一生換了很多的職業(yè),在不同的領(lǐng)域?qū)崿F(xiàn)自己的價值,在不斷的探索中,找到自己的正確定位,找到真正適合自己的位置。其實,我們在自己的職業(yè)生涯中,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)在的職業(yè)也許不是真正適合自己的,那么就應(yīng)該及時的找出自己的問題,及時果斷的轉(zhuǎn)變自己的職業(yè),這是對自己負(fù)責(zé)任的表現(xiàn),這樣才能更好的貢獻(xiàn)自己的價值。就像以前看過一篇文章,是關(guān)于美國前國務(wù)卿賴斯。她的一生轉(zhuǎn)變幾次職業(yè)。她說,“我堅信,人不應(yīng)沉湎于過去。無論你以前當(dāng)過什么,都不要老想著回到以前的那個自己。轉(zhuǎn)變也許你會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個全新的,更加完美的自己。”
那么,如何轉(zhuǎn)變呢?首先,必須確定志向,志向是事業(yè)成功的基本前提,沒有志向,事業(yè)的成功也就無從談起。俗話說:“志不立,天下無可成之事?!绷⒅臼侨松钠鹋茳c,反映著一個人的理想、胸懷、情趣和價值觀,影響著一個人的奮斗目標(biāo)及成就的大小。所以,在制定生涯規(guī)劃時,首先要確立志向,這是制定職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃的關(guān)鍵,也是你的職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃中最重要的一點。其次,必須進(jìn)行自我評估,你必須自己認(rèn)識自己,了解自己,知道自己的水平能力,知道自己的興趣所在,興趣是最好的老師,有興趣才能做好自己的工作,轉(zhuǎn)變職業(yè)生涯也要以好好工作,實現(xiàn)自己的價值為基礎(chǔ)。只有進(jìn)行自我評估,才能對自己的職業(yè)做出正確的選擇,才能選定適合自己發(fā)展的職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃路線,才能對自己的職業(yè)生涯目標(biāo)作出最佳選擇。第三,職業(yè)選擇是十分重要的,可能根據(jù)自己的能力和興趣還有其他許多的因素,你會有很多的職業(yè)選擇,但是,這個時候你就必須做出選擇。職業(yè)選擇正確與否,直接關(guān)系到人生事業(yè)的成功與失敗。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,在選錯職業(yè)的人當(dāng)中,有80%的人在事業(yè)上是失敗者。正如人們所說的“女怕嫁錯郎,男怕選錯行”。由此可見,職業(yè)選擇對人生事業(yè)發(fā)展是何等重要。第四,必須有強大的內(nèi)心力量,有足夠的信心和勇氣,因為轉(zhuǎn)換職業(yè)生涯不是一件簡單的事情,要面臨風(fēng)險。因為,你畢竟不知道前行的路上到底是什么在等著你,你可能會成功,但失敗的風(fēng)險也是很大的。所以,強大的內(nèi)心是必要的。其實,賴斯的經(jīng)歷也能給我們一些的啟示,在她轉(zhuǎn)變職業(yè)生涯時,她說,“我基本上是一個充滿信心的人。這種信心源于充足的準(zhǔn)備,一流的實力。我的信心還跟我小時候就總是身處必須表現(xiàn)自己的場合有關(guān)。鋼琴比賽、鋼琴獨奏、滑冰,這些我原本都做得不大好,但我還是盡力嘗試。還有一點可能也非常重要,我在事情還沒有結(jié)束前不會去想失敗的事,到事情結(jié)束后,我才會想,哎呀,這件事本可能會是怎樣的一個糟糕結(jié)
果。不要過多地去想負(fù)面的東西,別老是想事情會變得如何如何糟糕?!彼?,充滿信心的去做就會加大成功的可能性。最后,對于職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃,我們必須做出評估和回饋,俗話說:“計劃趕不上變化?!笔堑?,影響職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃的因素諸多。有的變化因素是可以預(yù)測的,而有的變化因素難以預(yù)測。在此狀況下,要使職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃行之有效,就須不斷地對職業(yè)生涯規(guī)劃進(jìn)行評估與修訂。這樣,最后,我們就能正確的找到自己的定位,更好的實現(xiàn)自己的價值。