第一篇：研究生英語教程《法律英語》譯文2

在11世紀(jì)末,博洛尼亞大學(xué)開始教授羅馬法,尤其是《法律大全》。這在一開始是一項單純的學(xué)術(shù)活動，因為羅馬法在西歐任何一個地方不再是法律。這標(biāo)志著之后被認(rèn)為三羅馬法淵源的開端。之后其他西歐大學(xué)緊跟博洛尼亞的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，幾世紀(jì)后由于一些復(fù)雜的原因這里就不再贅述，羅馬法在歐洲大陸幾乎任何一個地方都被接受。它成為歐洲大陸的“普通法”。

羅馬法事實上被接受限于我們所稱的“私法”（所有權(quán)，侵權(quán)，合同等）。那是為什么民法學(xué)家把我們所說的私法簡單的稱為“民法”。（公民權(quán)，物權(quán)和債權(quán)）。

盡管現(xiàn)在大部分民法國家都有一部民法典，但事實上法典化是近期的一種現(xiàn)象。第一部民法典僅僅可以追溯到1804年，而第一部日耳曼民法典可以追溯到1896年。

法國和日耳曼法典是兩個主要的民法類型。拿破侖把他的法典帶到了他和他的軍隊所到達(dá)的任何一寸土地。法國民法典類型在拉丁語國家包括歐洲和美洲都有深遠(yuǎn)影響。在蘇維埃政權(quán)（蘇聯(lián)）占領(lǐng)之前，它也深深影響了前歐洲國家。日耳曼法已被日本接納。

2，法律方法——比較

你一定了解民法法律方法教程和你所學(xué)的會完全不一樣。在你法律職業(yè)生涯的開端，你意識到在不同的社會形態(tài)和文化形態(tài)中法律會扮演著不同的角色，這點相當(dāng)重要。在美國，你將學(xué)習(xí)的不是應(yīng)然法而是實然法。下面是關(guān)于民法與普通法的一些區(qū)別。

首先，在普通法國家，判例通常被認(rèn)為是主要的法律淵源。法律方法教程是以判例教學(xué)為起點的。在羅馬法國家，判例至少在理論上不會被簡單的看作是一種法律的淵源?，F(xiàn)實更可能是這樣的：在普通法國家立法變得更加重要，在羅馬法國家判例變得越來越重要。但是，羅馬法學(xué)家和普通法學(xué)家對立法和判例的態(tài)度卻截然不同。

羅馬法學(xué)家傾向于把民法典看作為一部包羅萬象的文書。他們愿意對其進(jìn)行大量的解釋，使為了讓其達(dá)到調(diào)節(jié)整個司法的目的。該部法典適用于這種解釋是因為它的條款通常被制定的相當(dāng)籠統(tǒng)抽象。

相對而言，在普通法管轄區(qū)立法更傾向于被認(rèn)為是判例法的一種例外。因而法院傾向于更嚴(yán)格的解釋法律。結(jié)果，法院和立法者為了解決相當(dāng)特殊的問題，就要傾向于用特殊條文來闡述法律規(guī)則。一般情況下，判例和立法不應(yīng)該運用抽象條款或者闡述一般原則。

民法學(xué)生將研習(xí)“法律學(xué)說”而不是案例。“法律學(xué)說”是法學(xué)教授對法律是什么和應(yīng)該是什么的文章的匯集。在民法中，“法律學(xué)說”被認(rèn)為是法源的一種并享有很高的贊譽(yù)。你應(yīng)該記得的是：是高等學(xué)府，而不是法院，將民法再次引入了歐洲大陸。因而后不意外的是法學(xué)專家在給法律下定義的時候仍扮演著重要的角色。普通法專家一般在他們自己管轄區(qū)內(nèi)沒有同等的地位，法官享有最高聲望。

每個國家的法學(xué)教育不盡相同，但可以很直接的說，美國法學(xué)教育很新穎并且在很多方面是獨一無二的。案例法或問答法對于美國是很獨特的。你一定很清楚的是，在民法國家“判和例”不被予以考慮。在那些國家（正如英國的案例中）法律就是學(xué)士學(xué)位。法學(xué)教育比在美國更悠久。教育方式具有權(quán)威性——教授講法律知識傳授給他或者她的那些做筆記并且不干擾課堂的學(xué)生。

第二篇：研究生新階英語閱讀教程+(1-4)參考譯文范文

研究生新階英語閱讀教程（unit 1-4）參考譯文

unit one Text A 如何變?末流?為?一流?： 哈佛對捐贈大戶的回報 初春的一個夜晚，暖意融融。一群公司執(zhí)行官、律師、石油巨子、理財經(jīng)紀(jì)人、身價不菲的咨詢師以及巨額財產(chǎn)繼承人，悄然走出查爾斯賓館和哈佛飯店的套房。這些商界顯要，男的個個頭發(fā)花白，身著灰色西裝──有的拄著手杖，有的則由于長期在哈佛運動隊或網(wǎng)球隊鍛煉，一副運動員身材，充滿活力、臉色紅潤；女的戴著絲巾，身穿苗條的黑色長褲，但其中幾乎沒有一張黑人和拉美人的面孔，他們穿過一道普通的門，走進(jìn)安尼博格餐廳。此次聚會，校內(nèi)沒有通報，媒體也不得報道。

２平常簡樸的新生餐廳今天用連翹花和郁金香裝點一新，客人們品嘗著雞尾酒、葡萄酒和牛柳、蟹黃蛋糕、蘆筍尖等開胃小菜，享受著時任哈佛校長勞倫斯〃撒莫斯的殷勤。有幾位客人談?wù)撝Ｋ固夭级【銟凡孔罱哪菆鲅莩?，這個俱樂部是一個學(xué)生戲劇協(xié)會，每年春天都要上演一場音樂滑稽戲，由哈佛的男生男扮女裝參加表演。

３ 過了一會兒，布臵在二樓陽臺的哈佛樂隊開始演奏?萬名哈佛人?，客人們各自入席，燭光晚宴開始。酒足飯飽之后，客人們興高采烈，對撒莫斯校長的餐后致詞報以陣陣掌聲。唯一例外的是，撒莫斯校長簡要介紹學(xué)校計劃擴(kuò)大低收入家庭子女的招生，為年收入低于四萬美元家庭的子女上哈佛提供免費教育，此時，校長似乎在等待在場貴賓們贊許的掌聲，但竟然沒有掌聲。我分析，這種令人尷尬的沉默傳遞了一個信號，甚至可稱為威脅：你要是擴(kuò)大招收低收入家庭的子女而將我們這些人的孩子拒之門外，我們就會停止數(shù)以百萬計的捐款。

４ 4月8日的這頓晚宴，拉開了哈佛大學(xué)學(xué)校資源委員會（COUR）2005年年會的序幕。該委員會或許是高等學(xué)校里一個最具財力的顧問團(tuán)，但鮮為人知，媒體亦少有提及。實際上COUR不是一般意義上的委員會──它并不正式制定學(xué)校政策或發(fā)表正式意見──但撒莫斯同其他任何一任哈佛校長一樣，離不開COUR的支持。該委員會成員均為哈佛最大的捐贈人，他們捐贈的資金構(gòu)成哈佛2005財政255億捐款的主要部分，使得哈佛成為美國高校中收到捐款最多的學(xué)校，比位居第二的耶魯大學(xué)高出100億美元。在過去15年中，COUR委員會成員增加了兩倍，原因是哈佛啟動了史無前例的26億美元籌資計劃，該計劃從1994年至1999年，主要依靠能夠出資數(shù)百萬的捐贈大戶。COUR主席小羅伯特〃斯通于1991年在該委員會第一期新聞?？懈嬲]其成員說，?作為COUR的成員，你將被要求在此項籌資計劃中發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)作用。?截至2004年，由哈佛籌資者精心挑選的424名COUR成員中，有10名為福布斯雜志中的美國400最大富翁，為首的前三名為微軟首席執(zhí)行官史蒂夫〃巴爾默（2005年凈資產(chǎn)140億美元）、石油大王羅伯特〃巴斯（30億美元）以及銀行家大衛(wèi)〃洛克菲勒（25億美元）。COUR成員大多為哈佛本科或研究生校友，但并不全是。比如巴斯，就是先上的耶魯，它是哈佛的主要對手，后畢業(yè)于斯坦福大學(xué)商學(xué)院。盡管也有少數(shù)捐資者主要依靠其向校友和商會籌資的能力而進(jìn)入COUR，但一般地說，成為該委員會成員，捐贈人須向哈佛捐資或者承諾捐資至少100萬美元。由73名成員組成的COUR核心層，即執(zhí)行委員會成員，一般須捐贈或籌資至少500萬美元，有時甚至遠(yuǎn)高于此數(shù)。免費晚宴和新聞?？⒉皇枪饘OUR成員表示感激的唯一形式。學(xué)校經(jīng)常會安排其頂尖名師在COUR年會上專題介紹納米科學(xué)、老年科學(xué)等；同時學(xué)校經(jīng)常會以捐贈者名字命名其體育場館、研究中心、教授教席、獎學(xué)金以及助學(xué)金等。8 而最大的回報在于哈佛會大大降低錄取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，招收捐贈大戶的子女入學(xué)。哈佛招收他們的子女，在選招中沒有利益沖突原則，一味向這些富翁及有過硬社交關(guān)系的人士傾斜，所以他們的子女在入學(xué)時暢通無阻。盡管哈佛對于將部分招生名額標(biāo)價出售的任何暗示表示憤怒，但我發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量實例，即某子女入學(xué)往往緊隨其父母的大筆捐贈，或者是在父母大筆捐贈之前。這至少給人一報還一報的感覺。最引人注目的是，有政治背景而同哈佛無任何關(guān)系的一個新澤西州房地產(chǎn)大王在其大兒子獲準(zhǔn)錄取前僅幾個月，向哈佛捐贈了250萬美元，而他的兒子并沒有達(dá)到哈佛的錄取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。哈佛本科生錄取率不到十分之一，SAT滿分的考生中，有一半以上被拒之門外。十分之九新生的學(xué)業(yè)成績在其高中班級中排名位于前10％。哈佛研究生院以及?？茖W(xué)院，錄取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大抵相當(dāng)。比如，哈佛法學(xué)院的錄取率只有11％。而捐贈大戶的錄取機(jī)會要大得多。我在查閱了名人錄、哈佛校友錄和其他資料以后發(fā)現(xiàn)，424名COUR成員中有218名成員（占一半以上）至少有一個孩子在哈佛上過學(xué)。許多捐資人有多名子女進(jìn)入哈佛，這樣，近年被哈佛錄取的COUR成員子女總數(shù)至少達(dá)到336名，其中近300名就讀本科，其余大都就讀于哈佛法學(xué)院和商學(xué)院，為他們走上美國權(quán)力之廊打開了大門。

１１ 據(jù)我統(tǒng)計，COUR成員中，至少有80人膝下無子或者子女未到上大學(xué)的年齡，這樣，其他約340名成員的適齡子女中，在哈佛上學(xué)的達(dá)到336人，捐資人和招收子女的比例幾乎為1∶1，這一錄取率令人吃驚。美國一對夫婦一般有一至兩個孩子，女富翁的子女往往少于平均數(shù)量，而且許多COUR成員的子女根本就不報考哈佛，這樣，按保守估算，哈佛大學(xué)招收最大捐資者子女的比例遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于50％。

1２ 這些幸運兒輕松進(jìn)入哈佛后，得到的不只是學(xué)業(yè)上的長進(jìn)，同時，他們將擁有顯赫的職業(yè)資格背景，結(jié)交名流朋友和未來佳偶，以鞏固其家族在美國上流社會的地位。?去年我的小女摩根同她的哈佛同班同學(xué)約翰〃斯塔福德喜結(jié)良緣，這可是我們第二次完成了?帽子戲法啦。?COUR成員、投資銀行家拉爾夫〃海爾默德，也是大學(xué)資源委員會成員，在2002年舉行的四十周年同學(xué)會上向自己當(dāng)年的哈佛同學(xué)夸耀道，?至此，我的三個女兒不僅從哈佛畢業(yè)了，而且都嫁給了哈佛男生。?

１３ 毫無疑問，COUR委員會成員的子女中有些是十分優(yōu)秀的考生，即使沒有任何關(guān)系，也有可能被哈佛錄取。但是，還有一些子女，特殊優(yōu)惠的作用超出了他們低于哈佛錄取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的考分。這些幸運考生，個人資質(zhì)平平，類似于許多依靠防止種族與性則歧視的政策而入學(xué)的少數(shù)民族及女性考生，他們經(jīng)常陷于自我懷疑，不知道自己是否真的該獲得在哈佛上學(xué)的資格。

１４ COUR委員會成員子女上哈佛，大多憑的是校友關(guān)系。對于這一群人，哈佛承認(rèn)至少給予了一定的照顧。哈佛校友子女的錄取率達(dá)三分之一，是其平均錄取率的近四倍。因校友關(guān)系而入學(xué)的學(xué)生占到哈佛學(xué)生總數(shù)的13％。哈佛招生和資助辦公室主任威廉〃費茲蒙斯曾在COUR會議上作客發(fā)言，他告訴我說，凡是校友子女的申請材料，他都要親自審讀，他說哈佛招收的校友子女SAT成績同全校平均錄取成績相比只差一兩分，在同等條件下，他會以校友關(guān)系來確定錄取人選。當(dāng)我請教他如何為這種并不源于成績的做法辯護(hù)時，這位1967屆哈佛畢業(yè)生說，校友們?貢獻(xiàn)了大量時間為母校招生、為母校學(xué)生捐資助學(xué)、參加當(dāng)?shù)毓鹁銟凡康母鞣N活動，推動了母校的整體發(fā)展。?他又補(bǔ)充道，?校友們有對母校一種特別的忠誠和對生活的熱情，對于母校營造一種特殊的氣氛發(fā)揮了作用，……而且使母校更加美好。?因而他說，?校友子女報考我校，我們會非常關(guān)切地閱讀申請材料，并在錄取過程中給予相應(yīng)的關(guān)照。?

１5 除了忠誠和志愿服務(wù)等因素，哈佛對校友子女給予特殊青睞的最大原因還是資金。校友捐資增強(qiáng)了哈佛的經(jīng)濟(jì)實力，而畢業(yè)生向母校捐資的能力和意愿則影響著學(xué)校對其子女入學(xué)的優(yōu)惠程度。本人調(diào)研發(fā)現(xiàn)，COUR委員會成員子女的錄取率超過一半，這表明，校友捐贈大戶子女的錄取機(jī)會遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于費茲蒙斯所說的同等擇優(yōu)關(guān)系標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

Text B 引領(lǐng)學(xué)校教育走出20世紀(jì)

１ 對政府教育政策持異議的教育家中流傳著這樣一個黑色小笑話：瑞普〃凡〃溫克爾沉睡一百年后一覺醒來，進(jìn)入了21世紀(jì)，自然，他對所看到的景象一片茫然，不知其解：男男女女們一個個行色匆匆，對著塞在耳朵里的金屬小玩意兒說話；年輕人坐在家里的沙發(fā)上，將微型運動員在電子屏幕上挪來挪去；老人們胸戴節(jié)拍器、身上安著金屬或塑料制成的人造髖骨，同死神和殘疾抗?fàn)帯瓩C(jī)場、醫(yī)院、購物中心等等，每到一處，無不讓他滿腦子困惑。但溫克爾老人最后來到一間教室時，卻清楚地知道他到了什么地方，他說，?這是學(xué)校，我們1906年時的學(xué)校就是這個樣子，只是現(xiàn)在黑板改成綠色的了。?

２ 美國的學(xué)校并非真正如此一成不變。但相對于生活中其他領(lǐng)域的變化節(jié)奏，我們的公立學(xué)校卻令人感到是在倒退?，F(xiàn)在的孩子們依然整天做著爺爺奶奶做過的事情：規(guī)規(guī)矩矩地坐成一排一排的、聽著老師講課，潦潦草草地手寫筆記、讀著在付印時就已過時的課本。一條寬寬的鴻溝（注意，是寬寬的）將學(xué)校生活同外面的世界隔絕開來。過去五年中，全國關(guān)于教育的討論集中在閱讀成績、數(shù)學(xué)測試以及如何縮小不同社會階層的?成績差距?等方面。目前我們的教育目標(biāo)設(shè)定過低。閱讀能力和數(shù)學(xué)能力只是最起碼的要求，同樣科技能力完全需要，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展要求的不只是傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)領(lǐng)域的高度能力，而且包括各種可稱為21世紀(jì)的技能，例如：

進(jìn)一步了解世界的技能；

打破常規(guī)、創(chuàng)新思維的技能；

善于掌握新的信息來源的技能； 發(fā)展良好的人際關(guān)系的技能。Google時代的真正知識 ?記住南美所有河流的名稱，?這是學(xué)校給德波拉〃斯蒂派克的女兒瑪麗蒂什布臵的作業(yè)。身為斯坦福大學(xué)教育學(xué)院院長的斯蒂派克對此頗不以為然。?這種作業(yè)有點傻。? 她對女兒說，?告訴你們的老師，如果要了解亞馬遜河以外的河流，你滿可以到Google上去搜。?其他任何傳統(tǒng)的作業(yè)，如記住南北戰(zhàn)爭中的各大戰(zhàn)役、記住元素周期表等，現(xiàn)在看來，都顯得有些荒謬。此類信息，如果不經(jīng)常使用，很難記住；而要用時，鍵盤一按，即時可得。然而，人們不會提議美國兒童毋須學(xué)習(xí)有關(guān)南北戰(zhàn)爭的原因或者毋須理解元素周期表如何反應(yīng)元素的原子結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)。教育批評家赫時在其《知識的缺失》一書中指出，孩子們要理解小學(xué)水平以上的閱讀材料，需要足夠的信息儲備。不掌握關(guān)于數(shù)學(xué)、科學(xué)和歷史等基本材料，就無法掌握復(fù)雜的概念。許多分析家認(rèn)為，要在以上核心知識和教育家們所謂的?可傳遞技能?（如批評性思維、在各種觀點之間建立聯(lián)系、學(xué)會持續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)等等）兩者之間尋求合適的平衡，美國的課程設(shè)臵應(yīng)該向新加坡、比利時和瑞典等國家學(xué)習(xí)。這些國家的兒童在數(shù)學(xué)和科學(xué)測試中的表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于美國學(xué)生，他們的課堂教學(xué)側(cè)重于深入地、循序漸進(jìn)地講解重要概念，而不像美國的課堂，往往只是羅列一串記不住的細(xì)節(jié)。教材和測試同樣有助于采用這一方法。斯坦福大學(xué)創(chuàng)新型學(xué)習(xí)中心主任羅伊〃琵指出，?德國、新加坡等許多國家的教材極其短小精悍，側(cè)重闡述那些最有輻射力和創(chuàng)造力的觀點。?這些觀點包括數(shù)學(xué)中的關(guān)鍵定理、科學(xué)中的熱力學(xué)原理或者經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的供求關(guān)系。與此相反，美國的教材篇幅臃腫，為了應(yīng)付一大堆面面俱到的教育標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，往往快速通過一長串標(biāo)題和小標(biāo)題，使人頭腦昏昏，不得其解。側(cè)重知識深度而非廣度以及跨學(xué)科能力的培養(yǎng)恰恰是亨利〃福特學(xué)院（密歇根州迪爾伯恩市的一所公立學(xué)校）教師們追求的目標(biāo)。去年秋天，在查爾斯〃德石米爾的科學(xué)課上，十年級學(xué)生開展了一項活動，綜合運用地球科學(xué)、化學(xué)、商業(yè)和設(shè)計學(xué)的一些概念。學(xué)生們首先通過閱讀一組材料，了解耐克公司如何開發(fā)一種對環(huán)境更友好的運動鞋，然后選擇一種消費品，分析并解釋其對環(huán)境的影響，最后提出一個方案，重新設(shè)計產(chǎn)品，在不犧牲商業(yè)魅力的前提下降低產(chǎn)品的污染成本。查爾斯〃德石米爾說，?這樣的活動，無論對學(xué)生還是我自己都是一個挑戰(zhàn)。?

新型信息認(rèn)知能力 全球教育大學(xué)預(yù)科學(xué)校在小電視屏幕上播放的一部名為Loose Change 有關(guān)9/11內(nèi)容的紀(jì)錄片，深深地吸引了比爾〃斯托德所教授的高中三年級學(xué)生。片中運用9/11的現(xiàn)場錄像，并采訪了建筑工程師和世貿(mào)中心恐怖襲擊中的幸存者，以求表達(dá)一個盡管略帶偏執(zhí)、卻依然具有說服力的觀點，即在那個災(zāi)難性的日子里，是內(nèi)部爆炸使世貿(mào)中心大廈轟然倒塌，而同飛機(jī)撞擊無關(guān)。影片結(jié)束后，同學(xué)們（不同種族的紐約人各有自己對9/11的記憶）投入了一場有關(guān)真理不可捉摸性的討論。羅亞〃哈里斯發(fā)現(xiàn)，電視紀(jì)錄片比官方關(guān)于事件真相的報道更具說服力。而瑪利莎〃瑞克爾則反對這一結(jié)論，?你能用一個短片改變自己的想法嗎？?她質(zhì)疑道。?僅憑人們聽到的爆炸聲并不能說明真正發(fā)生了爆炸，你可以說你感覺房間在旋轉(zhuǎn)，但其實它沒有轉(zhuǎn)。?這種關(guān)于我們了解什么以及如何了解的討論是知識理論課的典型做法，也是國際大學(xué)預(yù)科會考文憑的一個必要條件。斯托德在黑板上向?qū)W生提了這樣一個問題：?如果真相難以在歷史中證實，是否表明所有說法都一樣可以接受呢？? 在整整一年時間里，該班學(xué)生將查閱報紙、網(wǎng)站、宣傳品、歷史書籍、博客、乃至流行歌曲，目的在于教孩子成為有辨別力的信息接受者，并學(xué)會研究、闡述和捍衛(wèi)自己的觀點，斯托德如是說。斯托德四年前建立了這所公立學(xué)校，并親任校長。類似這種培養(yǎng)信息認(rèn)知能力的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容的課程在公立教育體制中尚不多見，但越來越多的大學(xué)和用人單位指出，隨著世界上越來越多地充斥著良莠并雜的各種信息，這種課程十分必要。為了回應(yīng)高校需求，教育測試服務(wù)中心去年發(fā)布了一項基于計算機(jī)的新型測試，旨在考量應(yīng)試者對信息和通訊技術(shù)的掌握程度，對參加該測試的6,200名高中三年級學(xué)生和大一新生的研究表明，只有一半學(xué)生能夠準(zhǔn)確判斷網(wǎng)站的客觀性。該測試開發(fā)團(tuán)隊負(fù)責(zé)人特里〃伊根指出，?孩子們往往到Google去搜索一些資料，經(jīng)過剪切和粘貼，就拼湊成一個研究報告。?伊根說，?我們原來多少以為這一代孩子技術(shù)十分嫻熟，知道如何利用技術(shù)進(jìn)行研究和深入思考，但實際并非如此，如果不教他們這些技能，他們不一定能夠掌握它們。?

接近真實世界教師們無需擔(dān)心自己會被歷史淘汰。但他們會感到壓力越來越大，需要努力使自己的教學(xué)方法──以及課程設(shè)臵──符合現(xiàn)代社會運行的方式。這意味著，應(yīng)進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)教育孩子學(xué)會團(tuán)隊協(xié)作、組成小組解決問題，并且將所學(xué)到的東西運用于真實世界。此外，研究還表明，同傳統(tǒng)的粉筆講課式教學(xué)相比，這種教學(xué)方法能使孩子學(xué)得更好。在密歇根州郊區(qū)的法明頓高級中學(xué)里，設(shè)有工程技術(shù)部，運作方式效仿工程公司。教師充當(dāng)項目經(jīng)理，福特汽車公司的一位工程師擔(dān)任顧問，同學(xué)們結(jié)成團(tuán)隊工作。微積分、物理、化學(xué)和工程學(xué)的各種原理通過各種活動教給學(xué)生?；顒舆^程中，敲釘子聲、拉鋸聲、機(jī)器的噠噠聲匯成一片，充滿了整個門廳。結(jié)果是，孩子們學(xué)會了將各種科學(xué)原理應(yīng)用到現(xiàn)實世界、學(xué)會了思考方法和解決問題的方法。這樣的教學(xué)還使孩子們學(xué)會尊重他人、遵守時間、認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)和良好協(xié)作。而21世紀(jì)技能聯(lián)盟對400多名人力資源管理專業(yè)人員所作的一項調(diào)查表明，在最近聘用的高中畢業(yè)生中，這些技能十分貧乏。邁阿密-戴德教育督導(dǎo)魯?shù)婪颉唆斨赋??孩子們畢業(yè)時連如何握手都不知道。?他說，孩子的舉止風(fēng)度過去在成績報告單上是有體現(xiàn)的。一些有超前眼光的學(xué)校正在恢復(fù)這一做法，這恰恰是睡眼惺忪的老瑞普依然認(rèn)識的21世紀(jì)教育的一部分。Text C 知識分子：自以為是的家伙

英國人往往以不喜歡知識分子為樂事。在英國人看來，?知識分子?有點太格格不入、自命不凡；實際上，有點太像法國人。

我在法國時恰逢《法國知識分子詞典》出版，這個大部頭著作載錄了從A（Raymond Abellio）到Z（Emile Zola）的所有偉大的法蘭西思想家。權(quán)威的左翼思想家思吉斯〃德布勒估計，此時此刻和以后的任何時代，法國擁有至少120,000知識分子，包括他自己。這部辭典厚達(dá)1,300頁。

?他不是知識分子，?這對于法國人來說是一種侮辱，而在英國，這卻更可能是一種褒揚(yáng)，因為我們英國人更傾向于認(rèn)為我們實際上根本沒有知識分子、或者說不曾有過、或者說過去某個更有文化的傳奇時代曾經(jīng)有過，但不曾再有。在我國，知識分子究竟意味什么，困惑重重，而W.H.Auden的描述最能反映大眾的一般態(tài)度：

尋常百姓觀世事，目光敏銳悟真諦； 可是我要告訴你，?知識分子?有寓意： 女不忠夫男叛妻。

有才氣的英國人尤其以奚落知識分子為樂。金斯勒〃埃米斯認(rèn)為，知識分子很可能是?可怕的女人，會跟你大談以斯拉〃龐德、胸部扁平、也許還不太洗澡。?喬治〃奧韋爾，上一世紀(jì)英國最偉大的知識分子，曾經(jīng)指出，?英國人不喜歡嚴(yán)肅思考，他們害怕抽象思維，他們感覺不到對哲學(xué)或系統(tǒng)‘世界觀’的需要。?

更有甚者，他尖刻地將薩特貶低為?風(fēng)袋兒（空談家）?。英國的偉大思想家們英雄所見略同：知識分子往往就像不講衛(wèi)生、婚姻不忠、胸部扁平的法國空談家。

但是英國這種糟蹋知識分子的風(fēng)氣同法國人裝腔作勢、以知識分子自居的風(fēng)氣同樣淺薄。知識分子歷史研究專家、劍橋大學(xué)教授斯蒂芬〃柯里尼在其精彩新著《思想的貧乏：英國知識分子》一書中，抨擊了英國人那種虛無的自我形象：自以為自己講求實際、不尚空談，同時對法國式的夸夸其談、賣弄哲理不以為然。

盡管?英國知識分子?的概念似乎依然充滿矛盾，但是，同過去相比，當(dāng)今知識分子的心態(tài)也許比以往任何時候都更為健康?，F(xiàn)代英國知識分子既沒有法國知識分子那種陰郁而自戀的虛榮，也沒有美國公眾輿論中那種意識形態(tài)上的派別之爭。美國最著名的兩位公眾知識分子──安德魯〃沙利文和克里斯多佛〃希金斯──均為英國人，并非偶然。

盡管英國知識分子被斥為?胡侃一族?，他們所談?wù)摰臇|西同過去相比，傳播更為廣泛，人們對這些東西的態(tài)度亦更為嚴(yán)肅。同其他多數(shù)國家不同，英國報紙的評論欄目往往能夠引發(fā)真知灼見。據(jù)稱，《展望》、《倫敦書評》、《泰晤士報文學(xué)增刊》等公然聲稱為知識分子出版物，不但得以生存，而且欣欣向榮。人們依然堅信觀念具有改變世界的力量。正如柯里尼所言，?無論那個特定詞語是否繼續(xù)用來指稱這一群體，?知識分子在觀察和改變社會過程中的作用仍將舉足輕重。

大眾文化吞噬了英國知識分子階層的生活，這種感慨不絕于耳，不過有人爭辯說英國已十分成功地將知識分子的生活同明星世界融于一體，澳大利亞籍學(xué)者、作家杰曼〃格理在英國獨立電視臺的《我是名人……救救我吧》欄目中露面，即是最好的證明。

生性怪癖、作品引發(fā)諸多爭議的作家薩爾曼〃拉什迪成為了報紙漫談專欄的黃金素材。但是，由一個觀點鮮明且常常出格的階層向老百姓傳播智慧的觀念從未在英國扎根，這塊知識分子賴以生活的土壤已經(jīng)被懷疑主義、經(jīng)驗主義和對不切實際（也即是法國式）的意識形態(tài)的質(zhì)疑弄得非常貧瘠了。

英法兩國的這些觀念差異反映在一位法國外交官對其英國同行所說的話中（但此話無從考證）：?這在實踐中固然可行，但在理論上成立嗎？?英國知識分子誰都不愿意把自己說成知識分子，這也許就是為什么《展望》雜志收錄100位英國大知識分子的舉動在文人中間（無論男女）掀起一場軒然大波：那些列入其中的，不知是榮是辱；而未列入其中的，更是如此。

假如奧韋爾仍然健在，他肯定會堅持將自己的名字從類似收錄中刪去，鑒于奧韋爾是一位堅定反知識分子的思想家，他的這種態(tài)度也許正說明了何為英國知識分子。作為一位真正的大學(xué)問家，奧韋爾無論對藝術(shù)還是政治都充滿激情、直言不諱，同時對于知識分子的言不由衷、詞不達(dá)意和裝腔作勢義憤填膺，他了解知識分子一詞所蘊(yùn)含的自得情結(jié)，因而對此不屑一顧，對于薩特晦澀費解而自以為是的論述，他忍不住給予非常典型的英國式回應(yīng)，用他自己的話說就是，要?狠狠地踢他一腳?。也正因為如此，永遠(yuǎn)不可能出現(xiàn)《英國知識分子詞典》。

unit 2 Text A 拉美人的美國 在邁阿密城的西北第八街——西班牙語稱為卡爾〃奧奇渥——閑逛，就像是穿越另一個國家旅行。但是上個星期，卡爾〃奧奇渥街上的情景和嘈雜聲既非常有異國情調(diào)，又不可否認(rèn)地充滿了美國味。一群憤怒的古巴流亡者在這條街上示威游行，譴責(zé)美國海岸警衛(wèi)隊前一天在本地海灘附近動用武力來圍捕6名古巴難民。在一旁觀看的有很多拉美人：福音教派書店里衣著整潔的洪都拉斯店員、阿根廷牛排餐廳里衣冠楚楚的商人、吃著薩爾瓦多玉米餡餅滿身是汗的建筑工人。多來咪音像店對此十分冷漠，播放著震耳欲聾的默朗格舞曲。而正在馬克西謨〃哥美公園玩多米諾骨牌的古巴老人則站在那里和示威者們一起高呼：?自由！自由！? 2 在美國，沒有比邁阿密更國際化的地方了；甚至管理該城市的拉美裔人也開玩笑道：他們喜歡它，因為?它和美國太相象了?。但是邁阿密就象紐約和洛杉磯一樣是個席卷美國的人口大變動的爆炸點。就像20世紀(jì)初到來的歐洲移民一樣，拉丁裔的移民浪潮──和快速增長的拉美家庭──已經(jīng)給這個國家的許多城市注入了一股新的活力。拉美人正在改變這個國家的面貌、感覺、思想、飲食、舞蹈和選舉的方式。從擁擠不堪的移民圣地到美國的小鎮(zhèn)，他們擠滿教堂、充斥建筑行業(yè)，頌揚(yáng)他們的拉美傳統(tǒng)。在一個由《新聞周刊》對拉美裔美國人進(jìn)行的特別民意測驗中，83％的人說保持拉美文化對他們的身份很重要。他們中絕大多數(shù)人都信奉天主教，42％的人一星期到教堂去一次。他們已成了一股潛力很大、日益變得不可估量的政治力量。有37％的18至34歲的拉美裔美國人說自己是獨立派人士，其人數(shù)是老拉美裔人的兩倍。在美國這樣一個不斷重新給自己定義的國家里，拉美裔美國人的崛起也造成了種族、身份及文化──還有美國是否真正會是一個國家的問題。下列數(shù)字再清楚不過地說明了上述問題。因為有大批（大多數(shù)合法）移民和高出生率作后盾，自1990年起拉美裔人已增加了38％──達(dá)到了3,100萬──而美國全國人口只增長了9％。由于拉美裔美國人中三分之一以上還不滿18歲，因而他們的生育高峰才剛剛開始。到2005年，預(yù)計拉美裔美國人將成為這個國家最大的少數(shù)民族，首次超過非拉美裔的黑人。到2050年，近四分之一的人口將是拉美裔美國人。?美國黑人的民權(quán)運動口號是‘我們必勝’?，創(chuàng)辦雙語雜志《拉丁人》的編輯，30歲的克里斯蒂〃豪伯格說，?我們的口號將是‘我們完勝’。? 他們也許完全有力量來支持這句口號──特別是在政治方面。雖然在1998年的中期選舉時，他們在投票的選民中只占6％，但是墨西哥裔美國人聚居在11個關(guān)鍵州，這些州占選舉總統(tǒng)所需的270張選票中的217張，而且共和、民主兩黨沒有一個能控制住這股新生力量。新美國基金會的格雷戈爾〃羅德里格斯說：?拉美裔美國人是2000年的足球媽咪。?上星期艾爾〃戈爾和喬治〃W〃布什兩人都把佛羅里達(dá)和加利福尼亞作為競選的停留站，并熱情地用西班牙語向選民們問好，這件事會令人感到驚奇嗎? 6 拉美裔美國人激增的推動力是一批有時叫做N一代的成員（請看下面報道），這些年輕講西班牙語的美國人──拉美裔的X一代──不僅僅是因為他們?nèi)藬?shù)眾多而極具影響力。他們越來越引人注目，并使所有拉丁的東西一下子就變得很時髦。35歲的古巴裔美國人胡斯〃坎斯柯和在多米尼加出生的30歲的薩米〃索薩在重大的美國棒球本壘打比賽中勝出。27歲的瑞奇〃馬丁和28歲的詹尼弗〃洛佩茲高居流行音樂排行榜榜首。35歲的演員本杰明〃布拉特和30歲的索爾馬〃海克使整個國家的脈搏加速了跳動。美國的其他地方準(zhǔn)備好了嗎?從東海岸到西海岸的所有時髦的英裔美國人都在跳薩爾薩舞、學(xué)西班牙語、涉獵新奇的拉美烹飪手藝。還有好像每個五年級的小學(xué)生都知道《不怎么有活力的新居室》的歌詞。但是許多拉美裔美國人懷疑美國是否會輕易拋棄把他們描繪成不法分子、團(tuán)伙犯罪分子或藝人的成見。密歇根大學(xué)一個21歲的四年級學(xué)生曼紐爾〃馬加納說：?不要想通過瑞奇〃馬丁來理解拉美裔美國人。這就像試圖通過聽‘后街男孩’來理解美 國人一樣。? 8 拉美裔美國人不可能被劃分得一清二楚。他們來自22個國家，包括每一種可能存在的混血兒。很多是白人，有些是黑人，但大多數(shù)處于黑人白人之間的某個位臵。有些拉美人家庭自從美國南部大部分還屬于墨西哥的時候起就住在美國，已在美國住了好幾個世紀(jì)。其他人就像上個星期泅渡到美國海岸的6個古巴難民。（海岸警衛(wèi)隊第二天就把他們釋放了。）很多拉美人正在融入城市一些臟亂差的地方；40％的拉美裔美國人的孩子生活在貧困之中，是有史以來的最高比例。但是也有幾百萬講西班牙語的美國人正走向中產(chǎn)階級，他們說英語、與異族通婚并且花很多錢──大手大腳地花錢。拉美裔美國人每年都要往美國經(jīng)濟(jì)里投入3,000億美元。并非每個人都熱心地?fù)肀Ю酪崦绹恕?0世紀(jì)90年代中期，當(dāng)加利福尼亞投票通過限制移民權(quán)利的提案及華盛頓緊縮聯(lián)邦移民政策時，拉美裔美國人就將其視為戰(zhàn)斗的號令。最好的防御武器就是公民權(quán)和投票。1994-1998年間，在全國總的選民投票率下降了13％的情況下，參加全國中期選舉投票的拉美裔美國人卻提高了27％。2000年總統(tǒng)選舉可能會讓我們看到更劇烈的增長，拉美裔美國人領(lǐng)袖打算屆時再登記300萬選民。拉美裔美國人長期以來一直傾向于民主黨（克林頓獲得了72％的選票），但是如今他們的選票卻很誘人，這正是因為他們的選票任何人都可以爭奪──而且N一代也打算保持這種狀況。戈爾在所有進(jìn)行過民意測驗的拉美裔美國人中以很小優(yōu)勢領(lǐng)先于布什——29％對28％，但是支持布什的N一代的選民卻領(lǐng)先9個百分點。沒有任何人比內(nèi)華達(dá)州的民主黨參議員哈里〃里德更了解拉美人可以怎樣左右一場選舉了。在1998年里德參加的一場勢均力敵的競選中，他的朋友──拳擊賽推廣人鮑勃〃阿倫說服了奧斯卡〃德〃拉〃荷亞參加助選。這位富有魅力的拳擊手舉辦了兩次籌款和一次公開的群眾集會，并在西班牙語媒體上作了幾次廣告。里德說：?他使我坐在了參議院。?不相信他的話？這位參議員僅以多出428張選票贏得了這場競選。人們討好拉美裔美國人，吹捧他們是熱銷的商品，不管是作為選民、消費者、雇員還是藝人都是這樣。但是他們的志向和他們對美國社會的重要性遠(yuǎn)比僅被社會接受深遠(yuǎn)得多。他們不是正在跨越障礙進(jìn)入美國主流社會，而是已經(jīng)進(jìn)入了美國主流社會，而且影響力與日俱增，所以其他美國人也得學(xué)會適應(yīng)這種情況。?有巨大意義的事情正在發(fā)生，?30歲的小說家伊萬斯特〃馬業(yè)〃默里說。?這一代拉美裔美國人將改變美國審視自己的方法。?在這個千年中的最后一個獨立日，一個新的國家正在誕生。

Text B 開路先鋒：羅莎〃帕克絲 我們都知道這個故事。一個12月的傍晚，一位婦女下了班，上了一輛公交車準(zhǔn)備回家。她很疲乏，雙腳疼痛。但這是在1955年的亞拉巴馬州的蒙哥馬利，當(dāng)汽車上的人多起來時，有人命令這位黑人婦女給一位白人乘客讓座，而她卻坐在座位上不動。就是這樣一個簡單的決定最終導(dǎo)致了南方種族隔離制度的解體，開創(chuàng)了人權(quán)運動的新紀(jì)元。2 帕克絲拒絕讓座時是42歲，她堅持說自己的雙腳當(dāng)時并不痛。根據(jù)她自己的證詞，她比平常累不了多少。她事先并沒有計劃這次意義重大的行動，她說：?我上這輛公交車不是想讓人把我抓起來，我是想回家。? 蒙哥馬利的種族隔離法非常復(fù)雜：黑人得把車費付給司機(jī)，然后下車再從后門上車。有時還沒等已付了車費的乘客趕到后門，車就開走了。如果白人區(qū)滿了，這時又上來一個白人乘客，黑人就得讓位，再往后挪；黑人甚至不得隔著過道與白人對坐。由于在蒙哥馬利乘坐公交車的人中三分之二是黑人，這就使得這些對黑人的羞辱更為嚴(yán)重。帕克絲并不是首位因觸犯這項法律而被拘留的人。8個月前，15歲的克勞迪特〃考爾文因不讓座而被捕。一些黑人積極分子會見了她，看她是否能在一起試驗案件中擔(dān)當(dāng)起當(dāng)事人這個角色——作為當(dāng)?shù)厝珖猩朔N協(xié)進(jìn)會（N.A.A.C.P.）的秘書，帕克絲參加了會見——但是，他們決定有必要尋找一個更加?正派的?人選去承受法庭的審查和新聞界的監(jiān)督。接著10月份，一位名叫瑪麗〃路易斯〃史密斯的年輕婦女被捕。N.A.A.C.P.的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者們同樣打消了讓她在試驗案件中作當(dāng)事人的念頭，他們還在尋找更有能力經(jīng)受媒體監(jiān)督的人選。史密斯付了罰款就被釋放了。6個星期后，時機(jī)成熟了。這一事件經(jīng)過多次加工，講起來有聲有色。大體情況是： 1955年12月1日，為蒙哥馬利商品展銷會百貨商店當(dāng)女裁縫的羅莎〃帕克絲夫人上了克利夫蘭大道的公交車。她在第5排──?黑人區(qū)?第l排的座位上坐了下來。司機(jī)還是那個12年前因她拒絕下車再從后門上去而將她趕下車的司機(jī)，（?他還是那副刻薄樣?，她說）是因為這件事她才變得那么執(zhí)拗嗎?或者是她在N.A.A.C.P.的工作使她的感覺敏銳了起來，所以她知道該怎么做?或者更確切地說，她知道該不做什么：不要表示不滿，不要反抗，不要叫喊，不要交罰款? 5 聽到羅莎被捕的消息后，當(dāng)?shù)氐拿駲?quán)領(lǐng)袖E.D.尼克松驚呼：?我的上帝呀，瞧種族隔離把什么送到了我手中！?帕克絲不僅在道德方面無可指摘（她的婚姻穩(wěn)固，有正當(dāng)?shù)墓ぷ鳎?，而且她個性沉靜剛強(qiáng)，政治覺悟高──總之，在這樣一個試驗案件中，由她出任原告是最合適不過的了。她是在星期四被捕的；白人律師克里弗德〃杜爾為她支付了保釋金，這位律師的太太曾雇用帕克絲當(dāng)她的縫紉。那天晚上，與母親和丈夫商談后，帕克絲同意對蒙哥馬利種族隔離法是否符合美國憲法提出挑戰(zhàn)。在婦女政治聯(lián)合會于午夜召開的會議過程中，35，000份傳單油印了出來，以便第二天早上分發(fā)到所有的黑人學(xué)校，傳單上的信息很簡單： 7 ?我們……為了抗議逮捕和審訊……請求每個黑人星期一不要乘公交車。你們一天不上課是可以做到的。如果你得上班，就請乘出租車或步行。但請大家，不論是孩子還是大人，在星期一這一天不要乘公交車。請大家星期一不要乘公交車。? 星期一到了，雖然天陰有雨，但蒙哥馬利的黑人民眾卻不乘公交車。他們要么步行，要么乘黑人開的出租車，這些車在每個公交車站?？?，每個乘客只收10美分——標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公交車票價。同時，這一天也是帕克絲預(yù)定出庭的日子。她身著白領(lǐng)和白色袖邊的黑色長袖套裙，一件灰色外套，頭戴一頂帶飾邊的黑絲絨帽，手上戴著雪白的手套，一副端莊的模樣。當(dāng)她從聚集在法院門口的人群中走過時，人群中一個女孩子看見了她，大聲叫到，?噢，她多可愛呀!這一次他們可是找錯了人!? 是的，的確是這樣。審訊持續(xù)了330分鐘，判決結(jié)果和懲罰不出人們所料。那天下午，蒙哥馬利改進(jìn)協(xié)會成立了。為了不惹惱當(dāng)?shù)氐姆e極分子，會員們選舉了一個相對而言到蒙哥馬利時間不長的人擔(dān)任他們的會長，就是德克斯特大街浸禮會教堂的年輕牧師馬丁〃路德〃金。那天晚上，在給聚集在霍爾特街浸禮會教堂的人群演講時，金牧師用他那洪亮如銅鐘，隨即震撼全世界千萬人民的聲音宣布：?人們厭倦的時刻到來了。?他的演講結(jié)束時，帕克絲站起身來讓聽眾能看見她。她一言未發(fā)；因為沒有這個必要。她的沉默告訴大家：我就在這里，在你們中間。自那時起她就一直和我們在一起──一個在野蠻的當(dāng)權(quán)者面前為維護(hù)人類尊嚴(yán)而不屈不撓的象征。那張國際聯(lián)合通訊社拍攝的著名照片（其實是在一年多以后1956年12月21日拍攝的，那天蒙哥馬利的公共交通系統(tǒng)依法取消了隔離制度）是鎮(zhèn)定有力的真實寫照。她望著車窗外面，雙手放在彩色方格裙的皺折里，而一個白人男子則平靜地坐在她后面的座位上。那清晰的側(cè)面像，整潔的衣著和眼鏡，還有那件實用的外衣──她可能會是我的母親，一個能讓任何一個人喜愛的嬸嬸。歷史常常被描繪成一場大歌劇中的一串詠嘆調(diào)，其中盡是由男中音和男高音組成的陰謀和英雄史詩。然而，一些最混亂嘈雜的事件卻是由意外引發(fā)的──刺殺一個微不足道的大公引起了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)，芝加哥大火可能是由一只踢翻的燈籠引燃的。人們禁不住會問，假如在抵制行動開始的第一個晚上機(jī)會沒有自動送上門來——假如羅莎〃帕克絲從一開始就選擇了一個靠后一些的座位，或者說假如她干脆就沒乘上這趟車，那么馬丁〃路德〃金在人權(quán)運動中又會扮演什么樣的角色呢? 12 在這個千年（也是一個特別喧囂不安的世紀(jì)末），支撐著我們的是羅莎〃帕克絲那端莊樸實的榜樣。她所鼓舞的正是對個人力量的信念，這是美國夢的基石，同時也給我們帶來了希望，那就是當(dāng)關(guān)鍵時刻到來時我們每個人──甚至是最微不足道的都能夠像羅莎〃帕克絲那樣勇敢，那樣平靜，充滿人情味。

Text C 非新教徒和非西歐人的同化過程

正如在許多文化中的情形一樣，一個少數(shù)民族群體與占支配地位的大多數(shù)人的特征所存在的差別程度決定了該群體被接受的程度。盡管象早期拓荒者那樣的移民被接受了，但那些具有重大特征差別的移民往往被看成是對美國傳統(tǒng)價值觀以及生活方式的一種威脅。這一點尤其對于那些19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初來到美國的上百萬移民來說是千真萬確的。他們中的大多數(shù)人來自南歐和東歐那些極度貧困的國家，他們講的語言不是英語，而且他們中的很多人是天主教徒或猶太人。

當(dāng)時的美國人對這種新的移民潮感到非?？謶帧Ｋ麄儞?dān)心這些移民如此習(xí)慣過貧困和依賴別人的生活以至不能理解自由、自立以及競爭這些傳統(tǒng)的美國價值觀。新移民如此之多以至于他們甚至可能以不受歡迎的方式來改變這個國家的基本價值觀。

美國人試圖通過向新移民講授英語和公民課程來傳授基本的美國信仰，以對付他們認(rèn)為對他們的價值觀構(gòu)成的威脅。然而，移民們經(jīng)常會感到他們的美國教師不贊成他們國家的傳統(tǒng)。此外，學(xué)習(xí)美國的價值觀對滿足他們最急需的要求（如就業(yè)、食物和住房）幾乎沒有任何幫助。

對這些新移民有很大幫助的是美國東北部較大城市的政治?老板?政治機(jī)構(gòu)中的首腦們，那些城市是大多數(shù)移民們首先到達(dá)的地方。這些老板注意解決移民們的許多實際需要，并且愿意更多地接受不同移出國的傳統(tǒng)。作為交換條件，政治首腦們希望移民們在選舉中投票支持他們，使他們繼續(xù)執(zhí)政。

有許多美國人強(qiáng)烈反對這些政治首腦。部分原因是由于這些首腦經(jīng)常貪污腐化，也就是說，他們常常從他們管轄的市政府中盜竊錢款并從事其他非法活動。然而，更重要的令美國人不滿意的也許是這樣一個事實：這些首腦們似乎正在毀掉美國人的諸如自立和競爭這樣的基本美國價值觀。

看起來，似乎這些首腦正在教育移民們依靠他們而不是依靠自己。此外，這些首腦正在向移民們?買?選票，使他們能在許多較大的城市里獨霸政權(quán)。這種做法破壞了行政公職的競爭，而美國人把行政公職的競爭視為政治事務(wù)中一個重要的傳統(tǒng)，正如競爭在美國生活的其他方面一樣重要。

盡管存在這些批評意見，但許多學(xué)者認(rèn)為這些政治首腦在19世紀(jì)末和20世紀(jì)初履行了重要的職責(zé)。他們通過給移民們找工作和找房子來換取其對己方政治上的支持，然而他們有助于使大量新移民融入更大的美國主流文化之中。后來，這些首腦還幫助這些新移民們的子女就業(yè)，而這第二代人通常有著從小講英語的優(yōu)勢。

美國在世紀(jì)之交經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展的事實，使新移民有可能改善在美國的生活，而這往往也得益于政治首腦的幫助。作為這些新機(jī)遇和新回報的結(jié)果，移民們逐漸開始接受美國主流文化中的大部分價值觀，反過來，他們也被絕大多數(shù)美國人所接受。因此，真實情況是，對于白人種族群體而言，他們感到自己是主流文化即更大的美國文化的一部分，這種感覺通常要比屬于他們各自的種族群體——愛爾蘭、意大利、波蘭等許多群體中的感覺強(qiáng)烈得多。

unit 3 Text A 年輕的幸存者 對大多數(shù)人來說，8月27日不過是個平常日子，縮在夏日無憂無慮的倦怠與日益臨近的秋日寒意之間，橫跨日歷將時間分隔為苦樂參半的兩部分。而對于凱倫〃戴爾來說，8月27日遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止這些。1994年的8月27日見證了她從一個典型的青少年到癌癥患者的艱難轉(zhuǎn)變。正是在那天，醫(yī)生從她左臀上方切除了他們原來認(rèn)為的良性囊腫。于是15歲的凱倫意識到她的生活永遠(yuǎn)改變了。?可笑的是，?凱倫說，?我那時最大的憂慮是怕失去我的頭發(fā)，與別人看起來不一樣。我從沒想過死亡，甚至連可能死也沒有想到過。? 這可能聽上去有些天真，但是戴爾是對的。和其他大約300，000美國年輕人一樣，戴爾受益于幾十年來對年輕癌癥患者的治療研究，屬于第一批兒童時期患癌癥而幸存下來的人。現(xiàn)在，戴爾28歲，與之前的許多年輕癌癥患者不同，她是南佛羅里達(dá)大學(xué)的一名研究生，有一切希望實現(xiàn)大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的人生例行大事：畢業(yè)、工作、結(jié)婚。所有這些年輕人成就的不僅僅是幸存下來。他們的病史將成為醫(yī)生內(nèi)容豐富的教科書，并告訴未來的患者如何應(yīng)對癌癥——不僅是這種疾病早期的危險，還包括手術(shù)后期的并發(fā)癥，以及挽救了這些年輕生命的化療和放療。?我們知道長期存活的癌癥患者會越來越多?，田納西州孟菲斯市圣裘德兒童研究醫(yī)院的梅利莎〃哈得孫博士說，?我們需要監(jiān)控他們成長的過程，以便了解如何最好地幫助他們保持身體健康。? 這是一個值得面對的挑戰(zhàn)。直到最近，醫(yī)生才開始關(guān)注他們處方中給年輕癌癥患者的烈性藥可能引起的長期并發(fā)癥。以前醫(yī)生根本不需要關(guān)注這些，因為即便是在最好的情況下，也只有半數(shù)的兒童癌癥患者能夠成長為青少年。但是現(xiàn)在不同了，美國每1,000名年輕人中就有一名是兒童時期患癌癥的幸存者。自從20世紀(jì)70年代以來，一個被診斷出患有白血病或淋巴癌（最常見的兒童時期癌癥）的兒童存活5年的幾率穩(wěn)步增長，從原來的25%上升至現(xiàn)在的80%，超出了大多數(shù)成年癌癥患者的治愈率。令人驚奇的是，治療成功很大程度上并不源于新抗癌藥物的開發(fā)。直至2003年美國法律仍沒有授權(quán)?食品和藥物管理局?允許制藥公司利用兒童實驗新藥，部分原因是擔(dān)心實驗會危害年輕人的權(quán)利和健康。即便是現(xiàn)在，抗癌藥物也總是先在成人身上被批準(zhǔn)使用，而讓兒童勉強(qiáng)使用更老的藥物。所以兒童癌癥患者的更好療效大部分源于理智地利用現(xiàn)有的化療藥物進(jìn)行創(chuàng)造性重組，發(fā)揮遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比個別藥物效果更佳的強(qiáng)大藥物組合威力。6 幸運的是，對于這些年輕的患者來說，這樣的策略被證明是非常有效的。比如，僅僅提高某些藥物的劑量就有利于孩子們戰(zhàn)勝一些快速增長的癌癥。年輕人的心臟、肺、腎臟似乎有相當(dāng)大的復(fù)原力，并且比成人更能耐受更高劑量有毒藥物的攻擊。針對嚴(yán)重的惡心、嘔吐、貧血和感染這些化療和放療的副作用和后果的改良型藥物幫助孩子們更好地接受強(qiáng)化治療。然而，像任何受過外傷或休克的病人一樣，這些年輕人也從來沒有完全擺脫早期疾病在精神和醫(yī)學(xué)上的遺留問題。他們知道自己的勝利是有代價的，科學(xué)也不會讓他們遺忘這一點。隨著對兒童時期患癌癥幸存者的研究的每一新進(jìn)展，治療遺留問題對健康的威脅的證據(jù)——心臟病、衍生癌癥、認(rèn)知缺陷——也在持續(xù)增加。?有時候我感覺自己就是顆走動的定時炸彈，? 戴爾說。因此，醫(yī)生也正在擴(kuò)展研究重點，不僅關(guān)注今天正在接受他們治療的孩子們的健康，還要考慮到明天可能需要治療的成年人的健康。目前對于兒童時期患癌癥幸存者的最廣泛研究是由美國國立腫瘤研究所1994年開始仍在繼續(xù)的調(diào)查。該調(diào)查已發(fā)現(xiàn)這些兒童時期患癌癥的幸存者與他們沒有患癌癥的兄弟姐妹相比，患慢性病的幾率為三倍左右。最普遍的問題來自心臟?；紕用}硬化、心臟病發(fā)作和中風(fēng)的高幾率主要源于早期化療藥劑，特別是像阿霉素這樣的蒽環(huán)霉素。雖然它們對腫瘤有奇效，但是這些藥劑可以削弱心肌，使血管變硬，比正常人大大提早一個人動脈硬化的年齡。但是，嚴(yán)重的心臟病可以通過適當(dāng)?shù)暮Y選清查和后續(xù)的良好照顧加以避免，許多在癌癥治療多年后出現(xiàn)的健康問題也是如此。比如，過去幾十年里，患何杰金氏病的女孩子都經(jīng)常接受胸部放射性治療，這大大提高了她們成年后患乳腺癌的機(jī)率?，F(xiàn)在通常建議的做法是對她們在25歲而不是40歲排查，這可以更早地發(fā)現(xiàn)疾病，希望醫(yī)生能有機(jī)會在病變生長或擴(kuò)散前就做小手術(shù)切除它。（放射性治療現(xiàn)在很少在兒童身上使用。）同樣，為了避免在化療結(jié)束后犯心臟病，醫(yī)生在開降膽固醇的藥或降壓藥時可以更放得開手腳。接受內(nèi)科醫(yī)師或全科醫(yī)師的體檢對于保持警惕尤為重要。但美國國立腫瘤研究所的最新研究數(shù)據(jù)表明，盡管治療醫(yī)生一再忠告，但是，只有20%的兒童時期患病幸存者采用了這條簡單的預(yù)防措施。這也就是為什么這些治療癌癥的醫(yī)生們不斷積極尋找幸存者的原因，因為他們中許多人正值30到40多歲的年齡，而這一時期許多慢性疾病都開始發(fā)作。?我們需要停止對發(fā)生在這些患者身上的現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行的分類，而開始引入一些可以擊退癌癥或阻止癌癥治療對健康產(chǎn)生長期影響的治療方法。?休斯頓M.D.安德森癌癥中心兒科教授尤金〃克雷勒曼醫(yī)生說。目前，研究人員對于年輕患者在接受癌癥治療后十年內(nèi)的前景是非常清楚的。?但是我們無法確定隨著他們年齡的增長，20年甚至30年后會發(fā)生什么。? 紐約斯隆-凱特靈癌癥研究中心的查理斯〃斯科拉醫(yī)生說。為了填補(bǔ)這一空白，哈得孫和圣裘德醫(yī)院的流行病學(xué)家勒斯〃羅賓遜正在著手開展迄今為止最為龐大的一個追蹤調(diào)查項目。他們計劃聯(lián)系5,000名已經(jīng)成功度過10周年的癌癥患者，邀請他們回到研究中心進(jìn)行免費的終生體檢。這個項目和醫(yī)院一樣，主要由私人募捐支持。最初的650名志愿者預(yù)計從本月開始圣裘德生命計劃。所有志愿者都將接受血液檢查，以便評估他們的腎、肝、甲狀腺和免疫功能；進(jìn)行核磁共振成像掃描以尋找異常生長物；并且根據(jù)他們接受的不同治療，進(jìn)行生殖和其他專家的會診。大力推行癌癥治療后更徹底的后續(xù)篩查已經(jīng)在幫助那些對自身健康狀況不明的癌癥幸存者們。?在我的腦海中，自己一直在等待發(fā)生那些你剛才讀的問題——心臟病、衍生癌癥等等?，戴爾說。但是就在最近，斯隆-凱特靈癌癥研究中心的一次評估表明，戴爾擔(dān)心的那些并發(fā)癥至今仍未出現(xiàn)。戴爾說：?這真是個極大的安慰?。所以今年8月27日她打算慶祝再次度過不僅免受癌癥困擾、并且身體健康的一年。三年前慶祝幸存十年的時候，戴爾做了特技跳傘。她說：?我真的感到興奮，我真正在活著，不用浪費時間擔(dān)心或懷疑自己的健康。?通過幫助科學(xué)家了解她患癌與抗癌的經(jīng)歷，戴爾可能會激勵更多的幸存者今后和她一樣行動。

Text B 沒有什么預(yù)防心臟病或癌癥的奇效飲食 1 最近發(fā)表的三項對近50，000名健康的絕經(jīng)后女性的研究表明，從中年開始低脂肪飲食的做法本身并不能減輕女性患心臟病或中風(fēng)的幾率，也不能明顯降低乳腺癌和結(jié)腸癌的風(fēng)險。但是還別忙著準(zhǔn)備好冰淇淋美餐一頓。調(diào)查人員強(qiáng)調(diào)，您一旦深入了解研究的基本內(nèi)容，就會知道研究結(jié)果仍然證明一個普遍觀點，即您需要注意脂肪的攝入量——尤其是脂肪的種類。不過，由?美國國家心肺及血液研究中心?贊助的這些研究發(fā)表在美國醫(yī)學(xué)會的學(xué)報上，其結(jié)果不容忽視，或輕而易舉地不予考慮。這畢竟是目前為止對于低脂肪飲食——即從脂肪中產(chǎn)生的卡路里含量等于或少于總量20%的飲食——一次規(guī)模最大的、最嚴(yán)格按照科學(xué)方法進(jìn)行的試驗。研究者將參加實驗的受試人員隨機(jī)分成兩組，盡量讓其中一組減少脂肪攝入量，并在以后的幾年中進(jìn)行結(jié)果對比。通過重點組活動和與營養(yǎng)學(xué)家的交流，所謂的介入組獲得了大量的幫助和如何在飲食中減少脂肪攝入量的信息。全組人員很難一下子將脂肪攝入量降到20%以下，但是他們確實在第一年成功地降至24%，盡管第六年又反彈至29%。另外一個所謂的控制組人員收到飲食指導(dǎo)的印刷材料，但是沒有其他關(guān)于健康飲食的幫助。他們一年后的脂肪攝入量是35%，第六年后升至37%，并且體重還有所增加。（介入組人員體重減輕或維持原狀。）總之，兩組被試女性在實驗的八年中患心臟病或中風(fēng)的數(shù)量并沒有什么根本不同。部分原因可能是介入組人員低密度脂蛋白（LDL）或有害膽固醇的含量僅僅下降了2.4%——對于一項研究來講要在結(jié)果中發(fā)現(xiàn)差異，這個下降的數(shù)字實在是太小了。也有可能是如果想要阻止心血管病的發(fā)生，僅僅關(guān)注飲食中總的脂肪攝入量是不夠的；還需要關(guān)注攝入脂肪的種類——尤其是飽和脂肪和反式脂肪——以及運動量。為什么研究沒有更多地關(guān)注這些變量呢？因為研究者在20世紀(jì)80年代開始設(shè)計這個實驗時，對于這些變量的重要性并不知道。攝入低脂肪食物組較控制組的女性來說患乳腺癌的幾率低9%。雖然這樣的差別在統(tǒng)計學(xué)上沒有意義，但是數(shù)據(jù)依然很有啟發(fā)性?？紤]到大多數(shù)腫瘤的發(fā)展周期，有可能實驗持續(xù)的時間還不足以呈現(xiàn)出重大差別。另外，有一小組女性明顯受益，開始實驗的時候她們脂肪的攝入量是最高的，但是因為在飲食中堅持減少來自脂肪的卡路里也最多，所以這組女性患乳腺癌的幾率下降了15%至20%。攝入低脂肪食物那組的女性患結(jié)腸癌的幾率下降不是很明顯，但這仍然可能是實驗持續(xù)的時間不夠長所導(dǎo)致的。低脂組的女性生長息肉和在胃腸道下部出現(xiàn)其他癌癥前期病變的幾率都下降了9%——這是一個統(tǒng)計學(xué)上有意義的發(fā)現(xiàn)?？紤]到結(jié)腸癌的發(fā)展周期，我們有理由為那些結(jié)果感到振奮。為什么9%的差別在結(jié)腸癌組有意義，而在乳腺癌組就沒有意義？這需要進(jìn)入紛繁復(fù)雜的統(tǒng)計學(xué)世界來了解答案。參與研究的統(tǒng)計學(xué)家在利用各種數(shù)學(xué)工具審視了數(shù)據(jù)的變化后，確定他們無法排除患乳腺癌降低9%的差別有可能只是源于巧合。（可能是巧合；也可能是因為低脂肪飲食。）另一方面，將同樣的數(shù)學(xué)工具運用到結(jié)腸癌研究的數(shù)據(jù)上時，統(tǒng)計學(xué)家確定息肉數(shù)目減少9%不可能僅源于巧合。這樣看來，從很多方面來講，研究提出的問題遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)比它能夠回答的多。（鑒于這些研究是作為?女性健康行動?的一部分展開的，因此其結(jié)果是有可靠依據(jù)的，該?行動?于2002年出色地得出結(jié)論：長期的激素替代療法無法保護(hù)更年期后的女性的心臟。目前仍有大量醫(yī)生和眾多患者在努力尋求這個結(jié)果究竟意味著什么。）嚴(yán)格地講，研究結(jié)果不能應(yīng)用于男性，他們往往比女性患心臟病的年齡更早，而低脂肪飲食也有可能讓他們特別受益。但這項研究已經(jīng)為未來飲食方面的研究設(shè)定了黃金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。幸運的是，有足夠的科研基金可以讓實驗在未來五年繼續(xù)追蹤?女性健康行動?的受試人員。希望這次的時間足夠長，能夠得到更多具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的有效結(jié)論，有可能挽救生命。

Text C 飲食決定你的健康和大腦

我們都知道你吃什么，不吃什么會影響健康。但是，有可能像白兔對愛麗絲建議的那樣?喂你的大腦?嗎？真的有人腦食物這樣的東西存在嗎？我確信答案是肯定的。有力的證據(jù)表明魚就是這樣的食品，而姜黃和色彩鮮艷的蔬菜是否同樣有益，尚無有力的證據(jù)。但是上述的食物對人都無害，也當(dāng)然不會讓人變蠢。

魚對人腦有益的原因是來自它自身包含的所謂歐米茄3脂肪酸。含油魚類，比如大馬哈魚、沙丁魚、鯖魚、鯡魚、藍(lán)魚和黑鱈魚，都是富含這類特殊脂肪的魚類。歐米茄3脂肪酸中的一種——DHA——是腦部細(xì)胞膜的主要成分，缺少它會削弱腦部結(jié)構(gòu)，使大腦容易受到疾病的侵襲。

與長壽和身體健康相關(guān)的飲食，像地中海地區(qū)和傳統(tǒng)日式的飲食，都富含從魚類汲取的歐米茄3脂肪酸。北美的飲食就不是這樣。我長期以來一直推薦美國人吃更多的魚——至少每周兩次——但是我最近越來越為某些魚類身上積聚的汞、聚氯聯(lián)二苯和其他污染物持續(xù)上升的報道憂慮。我在飲食中總是堅持食用沙丁魚、鯡魚、阿拉斯加黑鱈魚和阿拉斯加紅大馬哈魚。所有的大馬哈魚（紅色）都是野生的——漁民至今為止還無法飼養(yǎng)——并且因為紅大馬哈魚比其他的大馬哈魚食肉少，所以當(dāng)你追溯食物鏈時會發(fā)現(xiàn)它們體內(nèi)積聚的環(huán)境污染物也就偏低。罐裝紅大馬哈魚在大多數(shù)超市都有出售，是攝取歐米茄3脂肪酸的極佳來源。

但是，對某些人來說，依靠魚油補(bǔ)充物可能更簡單安全。最好的魚油由蒸餾得來并且有不含汞和其他毒素的書面證明。有些魚油添加了口味，有些甚至嘗起來很好吃——至少比我小時候被迫吃的魚肝油好得多。我推薦一種產(chǎn)品，南極磷蝦油，它是由南部海域盛產(chǎn)的小甲殼類水生動物制成，也是鯨和其他海洋哺乳動物大量吞吃的食物。南極磷蝦因所含類胡蘿卜素而呈紅色，這種色素具有高抗氧化活性，不會因魚腥而令你打嗝。剛開始服用不論哪種魚油的最佳劑量是每天1克。更大的劑量，每天不超過10克，一般被用于治療抑郁、注意力不集中、雙向感情失調(diào)甚至孤獨癥這樣的一些病情，但療效不盡相同。

歐米茄3脂肪酸的素食來源，如核桃、亞麻和大麻，是飲食的良好補(bǔ)充但不如魚類可靠。素食來源提供短鏈化合物（ALA），但是必須由人體轉(zhuǎn)化成長鏈的DHA，轉(zhuǎn)化過程的效率也因人而異。有些人的轉(zhuǎn)化過程就不是很好，而那些吃主流食物的人更是處于不利地位，因其攝入的加工食品和事先準(zhǔn)備好的飯菜中大量含有歐米茄6脂肪酸，而歐米茄6脂肪酸會影響ALA向DHA的轉(zhuǎn)化。對于素食者和極端素食者來說，有一種非魚類的長鏈歐米茄3來源：由海藻制成的補(bǔ)充物。（海藻是魚類在其脂肪中存貯歐米茄3的來源。）

我不知道還有什么對人腦有益的食物能夠像魚和魚油那樣有充分證明它們有益于大腦的科學(xué)依據(jù)。但是我會密切關(guān)注姜黃這種黃色的調(diào)味品，它是美國芥末和印度咖喱的一種主要成分。作為姜的近親，姜黃來自一種熱帶植物的地下根莖，其醫(yī)療效果正在仔細(xì)研究中。姜黃是一種有力的抗炎癥藥，有抗癌性，有可能會有效抗擊老年癡呆癥這種從腦部發(fā)炎開始的疾病。抗炎癥藥劑，如異丁苯丙酸，能減少患老年癡呆癥的風(fēng)險，姜黃和它備受關(guān)注的成分酸性黃也有同效。有些專家認(rèn)為，印度之所以在世界范圍內(nèi)老年癡呆癥的患病率最低，部分源于每天攝入姜黃。

最后，除了已知的那些食用水果和蔬菜的原因以外，還有一些與人腦有關(guān)的原因。形成蔬菜和水果顏色的色素含有抗氧化活性，能夠有效預(yù)防癌癥和一些慢性疾病，同時還能防治一些周圍環(huán)境中的毒素，包括殺蟲劑。對腦部的毒素侵害幾乎可以認(rèn)定是帕金森氏癥的罪魁禍?zhǔn)?，并有可能是?dǎo)致肌萎縮性側(cè)索硬化癥（運動神經(jīng)元疾病/漸凍人/雷福森氏癥）的原因。僅僅為此，人們就應(yīng)該每天盡可能多地從飲食中吸收各種色譜。最好每天還攝入適量的富含維生素和礦物質(zhì)的增補(bǔ)劑，它們要能提供正確劑量和形式的關(guān)鍵抗氧化劑：維生素C和E，混合類胡蘿卜素及硒。

良好的飲食當(dāng)然不是保護(hù)和提高人腦健康的唯一途徑。有規(guī)律地進(jìn)行頭腦訓(xùn)練并遠(yuǎn)離香煙也是非常重要的。但是食物的選擇確實重要。所以，堅持食用蔬菜，想想你每天歐米茄3脂肪酸的攝入量，并且考慮在食物中加入更多的姜黃吧。

unit 4 Text A 你想要的愛——成功婚姻的七個秘密 每個婚姻都有它的問題，而且這些問題可能隨時都會冒出來。重要的是在這些問題破壞你們的關(guān)系之前，你應(yīng)該學(xué)會正確地解決它們。不管你在婚姻的高速路上駛了多遠(yuǎn)，還是得遵守一些簡單而又基本的規(guī)則。把這些規(guī)則付諸實踐并不是件容易的事，但卻是十分重要的。如果你確實遵守了這些原則，那么你的婚姻就會更穩(wěn)定，樂趣、性生活、信任及愛情等這些婚姻中的益處就會優(yōu)于以往任何時候。第一，建立你的愛情平衡關(guān)系。無聊、挫折及日常的煩惱會澆滅你和愛人之間的火花，這類情況如果經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，肯定不會燃起你們激情的火焰。所以當(dāng)務(wù)之急就是創(chuàng)造更多的樂事。下面是具體方法： 首先，想想一句壞話、不屑的一瞥抑或不耐煩地一聲?哼?所造成的傷害可能需要二十句好話來彌補(bǔ)。所以多說好話，少說壞話。贊揚(yáng)一下你妻子穿的新鞋子，或者你丈夫的新的藍(lán)色襯衫。謝謝你丈夫幫你操持整個家。給妻子的辦公室打個電話說聲?想你了?（切忌談?wù)摷彝ガ嵤录昂⒆釉愀獾某煽儐危?。要確保這些贊揚(yáng)和感謝是真心和具體的。例如?有了你，我的車總是安全的并且隨時可用。? 或者?新桌布真漂亮，你總能想辦法讓我們的家更溫馨。? 微笑或贊揚(yáng)時要有眼神的交流。愛撫時試著發(fā)出點快樂的聲音（例如一聲快樂的嘆息）。6 采取這種方法之后你就會發(fā)現(xiàn)你不僅知道如何點燃你的另一半的激情，而且還知道怎樣使他（她）感到愉悅（這里并不僅指性方面）。不管怎么說，一切就從這兒開始了。不久你就會欣喜地發(fā)現(xiàn)隨時都可以用一些小事來表示你的愛意。比如說回到家后給丈夫一個?見到你真高興?的擁抱和親吻，或者在下雨的周日早晨給妻子一個驚喜，把咖啡端到床前（接著就在床上聊天）。展現(xiàn)你最棒的一面，忽略缺點。把沉重的垃圾桶拖到路邊時，要展示你的微笑，表明?我們兩人在一起，我真幸福。?每晚睡覺前兩人可以享受一個長長的吻。你對孩子做許多小事情，為什么不能為你愛人也做呢？ 第二，主動伸出手。人們之間的接觸有助于彼此釋放感到愉悅的激素，所以去雜貨店時，兩人可以挽著胳膊。早晨擁抱早安時，指尖可以輕撫妻子的臉頰。想想你以前接觸的方式——耳后的親吻抑或手指穿過她的發(fā)間。觸摸是一種復(fù)雜的語言，多學(xué)些觸摸的方法是很值得的。更多接觸可以建造堅固的愛情城堡。這一點很重要，因為夫妻倆緊密聯(lián)系在一起的婚姻能經(jīng)得起任何風(fēng)暴（而且還能很好地避免婚外情）。那么該怎樣建立這種紐帶呢？首先，支持你心靈的伴侶。在外面遇到麻煩時，無論何時都盡可能站在他/她那一邊。替他/她保守秘密，就算所有的同事都說出了自己的秘密，你也不要說。除非有十萬火急的事情，否則不要讓任何事情打擾屬于你們倆的時間，不然語音信箱和臥室門鎖還有什么用呢。說到二人世界，有一點要注意：每天要安排一二十分到半個鐘點的時間聊天，聊聊每天的計劃呀、目標(biāo)呀，對了，還有夢想。但是注意不要談?wù)撚嘘P(guān)家庭事務(wù)或者兩人之間的關(guān)系這類的話題。這個時間要用來建立一種友誼。研究表明，朋友關(guān)系能維持長久、親密的有性婚姻。當(dāng)然別忘了要有親密的時間，即使你忙得需要把它列入你一天的計劃中。安排定期的性生活，如果必要，絕對可以的。興之所致的性關(guān)系當(dāng)然好，但是夫妻中如果有一個人渴望溫情或軀體之愛，干嗎非得等到那個特別的時刻呢。還有一件事，那就是不要等待慶祝勝利的機(jī)會。超級季后賽贏家、世界聯(lián)賽冠軍和滑冰金牌得主都有一個共同點，那就是他們一旦獲勝，就會開慶功會，甚至是小小的勝利也值得慶祝。如果你們的婚姻運行順利，單是這一點就應(yīng)該慶祝。去你以前求婚的餐館用餐，或者預(yù)定一個冬季去巴黎的價格公道的旅行，這都是你應(yīng)得的。第三，記住一點——人無完人。在婚姻中感到氣憤、失望、厭倦、被背叛或者壓力過大時，你很容易去責(zé)怪你的配偶，然后很快就會認(rèn)為為了改善你們的婚姻，你的配偶應(yīng)該改變自己。這是逃避責(zé)任的表現(xiàn)。試圖改變你的配偶會讓他/她產(chǎn)生抵觸情緒，也會讓自己變成一個沉悶的人。結(jié)果是什么呢？誰也沒有改變，沒人承擔(dān)責(zé)任，大家都不高興。把你的配偶當(dāng)成壞蛋就意味著你沒有看到他/她百分之九十的好處。真正的解決辦法是：改變自己。面對自己的缺點，尋找配偶最大的優(yōu)點，這時奇跡也就發(fā)生了。樂觀增加了，你的配偶認(rèn)為自己得到了賞識而不是譴責(zé)，因而感覺也好多了。你們兩人都感覺有動力去改變，從而獲得更多的樂趣。一種幫助你這樣思考的方法：采納日本的非完美哲學(xué)，它同樣適用于現(xiàn)實的愛情。下次你丈夫或妻子的行為讓你很惱火的時候，深呼吸，并且提醒自己他/她的動機(jī)是好的，雖然做得不對。同時，不要忽視你配偶的優(yōu)點。這個月的每一天都要找出些你喜歡他/她的地方，大小皆可，然后要說出來。例如：?我的妻子很體貼?或者?我丈夫愛逗我笑?。然后找個具體的例子來證明它，比如：?上周她把我汽車擋風(fēng)玻璃上的雪掃干凈了?或者?如果我心情不好，他總會逗我開心?。最后，承認(rèn)自己的不完美。很多時候，因為婚姻中所有的磕磕絆絆，我們都會自責(zé)。太多的內(nèi)疚會使人癱瘓。所以，想想你所注重的品質(zhì)，告訴自己你具備這些品質(zhì)，還要找出現(xiàn)實的證明，例如：?我體貼、善良，昨天我把最后一片餅干給了愛人?或者?我很誠實——我告訴她我真實的想法?。第四，增加活力。專家給尋找完美伴侶的單身的經(jīng)典建議是：當(dāng)一個能吸引對方的人。這同樣適用于婚姻。你自己感覺越幸福，你的婚姻也就會越幸福，婚姻中的矛盾也就越容易解決。如果早晨做十五分鐘瑜伽，改喝不含咖啡因的咖啡，或者一個新的愛好能讓你感到放松、增加活力，這種快樂的感覺一定會使你們倆在一起的時光更幸福、更豐富。17 同時，要承認(rèn)過去你曾十分在意自己的頭發(fā)，為了選擇最性感的衣服上床而煞費苦心?？墒乾F(xiàn)在穿的是什么呢？是臟臟的棉衣褲和破舊的滾石樂隊T恤。到了收拾自己的時候了，梳梳一頭亂發(fā)、刷刷滿口臟牙、穿件新的睡衣。對自己的外貌感覺良好能讓眼睛閃光，這樣就可能有更多的目光交流，進(jìn)而把火花傳遞給你的配偶，接下來做什么，就不用說了。第五，總是尋求公平。對于任何婚姻來說，沖突都是不可避免，甚至是有益的。重要的是如何解決這些矛盾。佛羅里達(dá)州的一項研究表明在結(jié)婚多年的夫妻中，對于百分之七十的美滿婚姻來說，兩人共同解決問題的能力十分重要；然而在不美滿的婚姻中，只有百分之三十三的夫妻具有這種能力。采取正確的方法和態(tài)度，沖突能讓你們變得更加親密，因為這是一個機(jī)會，能讓你的配偶看到并且愛上真正的你，讓你接受迷人而又易受傷害的真實的愛人，讓你無需屈服或暗自生氣就能建立穩(wěn)定的婚姻。首先，避免批評、沖突和敵意，否則就如火上澆油。加利福尼亞大學(xué)的調(diào)查者追蹤七十九對夫婦達(dá)十年之久，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那些早離婚的夫妻爭吵的時間長、聲音大，而且總是在批評對方或者為自己開脫。而那些幸福的夫妻則總是避免尖銳的批評，從不讓討論升級為爭吵，也從不用那些像?絕不?、?總是?等那些絕對的詞語。如果爭吵已起，那么試著換個話題，加點幽默、對對方的態(tài)度表示理解或者給配偶額外的贊揚(yáng)。如果這些都太晚了，那就趕緊停戰(zhàn)，走開冷靜會兒。第六，選擇適宜的時機(jī)。休息不好或者沒有填飽肚子時，不要談?wù)撀闊┑脑掝}，因為饑餓和疲勞容易讓你說出惡毒的話語、產(chǎn)生陰郁的想法。同樣，也不要喝酒，等你們關(guān)系緩和時，再喝酒，因為那值得慶祝。精力不集中時也不要試圖去處理嚴(yán)重的婚姻問題。先關(guān)掉電視、掛掉電話、放下筆記本電腦，合上購物指南。如果當(dāng)時你精力不集中或者要出門，那就另外選個時間再談。匆忙中是不可能解決好沖突的。同時還要記住，怎樣處理這些狀況不僅僅關(guān)系到你們自己。你們的談話是否合適讓孩子聽到？能不能取得滿意的結(jié)果？如果不是，那就挑個孩子不在的時候再談。孩子在的時候，談話應(yīng)該相互尊重而富有成效。研究表明如果父母能夠卓有成效地解決問題，孩子就能茁壯成長（還能學(xué)會維持良好關(guān)系的技巧），相反，如果父母絕望地大吵大鬧，孩子就會產(chǎn)生不安全感，容易產(chǎn)生不良行為。第七，學(xué)會傾聽。維持婚姻穩(wěn)定的最有效的方法是什么呢？少說多聽。責(zé)怪、辱罵、批評和恐嚇都會導(dǎo)致糟糕的結(jié)局，至少也會如生活在地獄中。爭論激烈時，不要打斷對方、不要馬上提出解決方案、也不要馬上為自己辯解。感情出現(xiàn)問題時，需要傾聽，所以點點頭、換句話重復(fù)他/她的話，或者輕柔的?嗯?聲表明你明白他/她話語中流露的情感。有時候，為了和某人感覺親近一些，我們真正需要做的只是仔細(xì)傾聽他們在說什么。

Text B 父親的毛衣

——女兒竭力解開自己家庭糾纏不清的往事

１ 父親自殺后不久，我和母親就在他的存衣室把里面的衣服全都塞進(jìn)一個黑色的大垃圾袋里面，聞著他熟悉的味道，心里仍然感到很不是滋味。如果說父親是以結(jié)束自己生命的方式來斷絕與我們的關(guān)系，那么我們現(xiàn)在就是要在生活中消除一切與他有關(guān)的物質(zhì)痕跡。但是在舊貨店取走這些衣物前，我從中挑出那件父親曾經(jīng)稱之為來萊克斯〃哈里森的駝色開襟羊絨衫帶回了家。父親去世十二年后，我才有勇氣穿上那件毛衣并且感受到它的溫暖，要不是因為我參加了匹茲堡大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的一個叫做?自殺幸存者（SOS）?的課程，我做不到這一點。連續(xù)八個星期，我乘車從紐約到匹茲堡和一群陌生人坐在一起，除自殺外我和他們沒有任何共同點。我剛開始去那里是為了?研究?那篇講述具有自殺史的家庭中可能存在遺傳聯(lián)系的文章，就像我的家庭一樣。但是有一個參加者問我為什么來這里，為什么做那么多筆記，于是我開始放下筆聽他們的故事，而且告訴他們我的故事。那時我才意識到長久以來，我的家庭始終不愿意承認(rèn)父親的抑郁消沉。而我，對于他的死，卻把自己的感覺深埋在心底。

３ 十二年來，我一直堅持認(rèn)為父親的自殺是他自己的選擇，八十六歲高齡，他有權(quán)結(jié)束自己的生命。在他兩年前第一次試圖自殺后，母親讓哥哥、姐姐和我保證不對任何人提起（甚至包括我們的孩子），對別人只是說父親中風(fēng)了，雖然他的中風(fēng)根本沒有癱瘓、口齒不清的后遺癥以及任何可見的損傷。而人們的反應(yīng)也加深了我們的隱瞞。有人問我父親是怎么死的，?他是自殺的?，但是在我這樣回答后，他們卻馬上轉(zhuǎn)過目光，再不提這個話題，連記錄他病歷的醫(yī)生也是如此。

４ 盡管后來我還寫了一篇小說，小說中主人公的父親也自殺了，但是談起父親的死，我還是感覺很不自在，因為這讓其他人都感到很不舒服。正是為了消除人們對于自殺原因的誤解和對自殺持有的負(fù)面反應(yīng)，在２０世紀(jì)８０年代后期開展了?自殺幸存者?的課程。盡管這個課程有很好的療效，但卻不是一種療法。它的目的不僅是撫慰，而且是為了教育人們。經(jīng)過八周的課程，我們了解到自殺成功的人的大腦與別人是不同的；很多像我父親那樣曾經(jīng)自殺過的人很可能再次自殺而且很可能自殺成功；我們還了解到美國年逾三萬自殺的人中，大部分是白人男性，這一點從我們的學(xué)員構(gòu)成也可以看出，因為參加課程的人多數(shù)是白人女性。排隊進(jìn)入匹茲堡大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心的會議室，在標(biāo)牌上寫下名字并把它別到我的衣服上，那時我感覺自己像一個第一天上學(xué)的孩子。我們的撫慰老師讓我們坐成一個圓圈，在介紹了這個課程之后，他讓我們說出一個死者的名字、他和自己的關(guān)系及去世日期。有些人在說到他們的兒子或女兒、丈夫或父親的名字時就當(dāng)眾哭了起來，另外有些人看起來很氣憤。輪到我的時候，我還沒準(zhǔn)備好怎么說。十二年來，提到父親我未曾流過一滴眼淚，但是這次說到他的名字，我感到喉嚨發(fā)緊，眼睛充滿了淚水。如果你愛的人因心臟病或者癌癥去世了，你記住他不是因為他的死，而是因為生活中的他。然而對于自殺的人卻不是這樣。你會一遍又一遍地仔細(xì)考慮他是怎樣自殺的，他為什么要自殺以及你原本應(yīng)該怎樣想辦法阻止他。你不停地重新編寫著這個故事，并且試圖尋找到所有的答案，又或者會封存起這些問題，從不去體味失去的悲傷。但是如果你一直重新編寫自殺者的生活，那么你自己的生活也就停滯不前了。直到聽到一個和我年齡相仿的男士談起他的父親，我才意識到我自己的生活一直是停止的。他說他的父親體貼而又殘忍，大方而又自私，從不原諒別人的錯誤卻又極端渴望別人的愛。當(dāng)談起他父親和母親的關(guān)系時，他說父親一個人的情緒控制著整個家庭的氣氛。坐在那里，聽見這些，我發(fā)現(xiàn)他描述他父親的話語和我父親的形象完全吻合，盡管我父親是位婦產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生而他父親是個藍(lán)領(lǐng)工人，但這并不重要，因為他們倆的自殺都與階級或職業(yè)無關(guān)。他們倆都是在退休后為類似的抑郁情緒所困，不能自拔，而且在他們生命中的關(guān)鍵時刻基本上沒能得到治療。但是我又會想為什么那么多的人退休，而人家卻沒自殺呢；有那么多人深受抑郁之苦卻沒選擇自殺呢？后來我們了解到這是因為在一個關(guān)鍵的時刻，諸多因素——生物的、生理的、心理的、遺傳的——綜合在一起才促使某人跨越界限，選擇了自殺。9 ?像心、肝、腎等其他的身體器官一樣，大腦也是我們身體的一個器官，它的首要功能就是保證我們活著?，我們的老師這樣給我們解釋，?如果我們沒抬頭走下人行道，突然看到一輛卡車向我們駛來時，我們的大腦會告訴我們趕緊后退。但是對于自殺的人，這項功能卻關(guān)閉了。就好像那兒有一堵墻，在某個時候，無論如何他都要去穿過那堵墻。? 我頭腦中忽然閃現(xiàn)出了父親的畫面，在他生命的最后一年，他的眼中總是有一種遙遠(yuǎn)的神情，似乎是在看別人都看不到的東西。會是那堵看不見的墻嗎？ １１ 讓人沉痛的現(xiàn)實是關(guān)于自殺的部分原因我們永遠(yuǎn)無法理解，但是，現(xiàn)在有越來越多的科學(xué)證據(jù)證明，在自殺的人中大腦的一個特別區(qū)域——前端軌道皮層有缺陷。目前為止，唯一的治療方法就是綜合采用藥物治療和心理療法，但是很不幸，很多需要幫助的人都沒有這種治療的渠道。這種情況在我們這個組中一再出現(xiàn)，人們講述著他們愛的人如何沒能得到正確的治療或者是有些人根本是服用了錯誤的藥物，于是可怕的事發(fā)生了。但是對于我們中的大多數(shù)人來說，意識到自殺是一種疾病，是一種?腦病發(fā)作?，已經(jīng)是一種解脫了。１2 那天晚上，我談起父親，有他的照片在我身邊，我感到很安心。我記得登山去醫(yī)學(xué)中心時，我的手指捧著鏡框，感覺就象是父親牽著我的手。十二年來頭一次，我又重新體會到這種美好的感覺，緊繃的內(nèi)疚和憤怒之弦開始松弛了。

１３ 不止我一個人，在最后的一次課上，組里的所有成員都更加放松了，不再象以前那樣動不動就哭，甚至都能夠笑了。那個總是喋喋不休的艾倫以前看起來形容枯槁，現(xiàn)在可是漂亮多了。性格沉靜的安娜，她公公在兒子自殺后就不愿提起他，但是現(xiàn)在安娜能夠勇敢的面對他了。阿莉西婭的兒子在與雙向情感障礙斗爭并且酗酒多年后選擇了自殺，但是現(xiàn)在卻正是她已完全從痛苦中恢復(fù)過來，重現(xiàn)往日的精神活力。她說她兒子喜歡花，尤其是玫瑰。?他死后，我花園里的玫瑰一直盛開到秋天，?她說，?然后就在圣誕節(jié)前的一星期它們又開了，又大又香的玫瑰花。我知道那是我兒子回來告訴我他終于獲得了平靜。? 我相信沒有人能從親人自殺的陰影中完全解脫出來，但是在參加了這一課程之后，我知道對于父親的死，我的感覺改變了，我不再為他選擇死的方式而責(zé)備他。有關(guān)他的回憶也讓我感覺像他溫暖的懷抱，就象他的舊羊絨衫一樣。

Text C 我的小可人兒

吉爾和我在中國收養(yǎng)了我們的女兒貝奇后，我就被描繪成?拖著步子、跺著腳、一路驚聲尖叫??，F(xiàn)在我還會不時地聽到這種說法，通常是從隔壁屋里輕聲傳出來的。當(dāng)然這都是胡說，我那時并沒有拖著步子，更沒有跺腳，也許是有時尖叫一聲，但那是在我們上飛機(jī)之前。在整個飛行過程中，我可是個模范乘客，十分安靜。那完全是我妻子和其他收養(yǎng)迷對我的誤解，他們把我稱為?勉為其難的配偶?。

我們是一對自由職業(yè)者，收養(yǎng)貝奇時我和妻子已結(jié)婚八年而沒有孩子，這次收養(yǎng)經(jīng)歷改變了我們的生活。吉爾在1997年甚至寫了一本關(guān)于我們收養(yǎng)孩子的書，名字就叫《膝下無歡》。但是直到最后的章節(jié)里，她才透露那些她花了幾百頁描寫的極端可怕糟糕的事情并沒有發(fā)生。她把好消息藏到最后才說。

我那時沒有賣掉房子，我也出力幫助，我成了?夜貓子?。下班回到家，我就把活兒從老婆手中接過來，給貝奇換尿布、洗澡、喂奶。我記住了?晚安月亮?等催眠曲，星期六下午去看電影。我還定下合理的規(guī)矩，例如女兒在四十歲之前不可以穿耳洞，不可以約會。

那么，到底發(fā)生了什么事？對于收養(yǎng)向來小心謹(jǐn)慎的我怎么就變成了我小女兒壘球隊的第二助理教練了呢？

我還能說什么呢？我愛上了這個孩子?；蛘哒f不知怎么的我成了父親。這個變化是什么時候開始的呢，妻子和我持不同的意見。她說那是在見到孩子三十秒后，那是一九九五年一月的一個下午，那時孤兒院的女士們把貝奇送到了揚(yáng)州我們居住的賓館房間里。我卻認(rèn)為不對，是那天夜里。

那時妻子睡著了，而在我們兩個床之間的臨時嬰兒床上的貝奇則一直發(fā)出奇怪的聲音，不是哭聲，也不是嗚咽聲。她的兩只手還不停的做著奇怪的動作。于是我抱著她走到大廳里并且不停地走來走去，希望能讓她重新睡著。但是她卻仍然不停的發(fā)出聲音，摩擦著雙手。

突然間，我明白了：孩子餓了。可是接著就感到驚慌：我得給她喂奶?？墒窃趺次鼓?？我毫無頭緒。

當(dāng)然我知道我們有一罐罐可以用水沖的黃豆配方嬰兒奶粉。然后我發(fā)現(xiàn)必須先把小塑料袋放進(jìn)小塑料瓶子狀的圓筒中，接著把適量的奶粉倒進(jìn)塑料袋中，然后沖進(jìn)開水就行了，當(dāng)然還需要等開水涼些后才可以，因為任何笨蛋，包括我，都知道開水太熱不能喝，尤其是對于一個僅僅七個月大的孩子來說更不可以。

以上這些都是在擁擠的賓館浴室中完成的，而且僅用一只手，因為另外一只手還抱著孩子。做這些還得靜悄悄的，因為妻子在睡覺。但是還得迅速點，因為孩子餓了。

那時，我們可愛的小女嬰仰頭看著我，期待我這個大人能喂喂她，如她所愿，我給她喂了奶。喂奶的時候，我抱著她坐在床上看著她咕嘟咕嘟地喝下我給她沖的奶粉。喝完奶后不久，她就睡著了，我把她放回嬰兒床，長久地注視著。那一刻，我喜歡上她了。第二次沖完奶后，我甚至想用奶瓶喂奶挺簡單的。

男人總是很猶豫到底要不要收養(yǎng)，一個原因就是因為他們是現(xiàn)實主義者，他們知道收養(yǎng)可以說是一種冒險，牽扯到很多問題，包括時間、金錢、事業(yè)、年齡、睡眠、尿布以及對遙遠(yuǎn)未來的控制。養(yǎng)孩子是一件很昂貴的事情，尤其是他們要吃要穿（更別提夏令營了）。此外，每兩個小時要起來一次給他喂奶，甚至更糟糕的是，還要換尿布，這樣會讓人感到筋疲力盡。讓我們直說吧：我們還有很多其他的事情要做。有個孩子，就不允許你做這些其他的事情，甚至是任何別的事情都不能做。試想一下周日早晨你想看?直面媒體?，但是同時還有天線寶寶或者其他的兒童節(jié)目在播放，怎么辦？或者開車的時候，你想聽NPR新聞，但是另外一個調(diào)頻臺卻正在播放迪斯尼，這時又該怎么辦呢？還是再想想吧。

男人通常在事先都看不到眾多的好處。他們只有在真正有了孩子后，才能看到完整的畫面。然后他們就明白了。他們懂得身為人父和收養(yǎng)大大豐富了他們的生活，也明白了其他無用的男人不愿談?wù)摰囊磺小?/p>

那么好處究竟是什么呢？我們就不在那些不切實際的事情上做文章了，而是談?wù)撘恍┲匾氖虑榘?，例如事業(yè)。老板希望你有孩子，因為那樣就意味著不管老板多么糟糕，你都不能辭職。也可能是他們只是喜歡孩子。

但是收養(yǎng)了貝奇之后，我的生活重心變了。我過起了另外一種生活，我想呆在家里，而不是去工作。

貝奇五歲的時候，我得到一份夢想中的任務(wù)：出版一期關(guān)于越南的特刊。因此我需要到那兒一個月監(jiān)督報導(dǎo)與攝影工作。但是我女兒這一關(guān)卻沒能順利通過。我不知道是不是任性使然，總之她說她不想讓我去。

我告訴她我也不想去，但那是我的工作，我必須去。聽完后，她開始大喊?越南很愚蠢，爸爸。? 她甚至都不跟我擁抱道別。直到我回來的那天，揪著的心才放下了。那天我正好趕上她在校車上。她邊喊著?爸爸?邊跳下車向我沖來，一切都沒事了。

我發(fā)現(xiàn)越南也許真的很蠢，這可不是我從收養(yǎng)中學(xué)到的唯一的一件事，還有跟年齡有關(guān)的事。猜猜是什么？孩子讓你變得年輕。你學(xué)習(xí)他們的生活、他們的音樂、他們的電影。還有讓你遠(yuǎn)離麻煩。

但是我學(xué)到的最重要的一課就是孩子是收養(yǎng)的也沒關(guān)系。一旦你成了家長，就不會再去想孩子是怎么來的。她就是你的孩子，而你就是她的父親。收養(yǎng)成了一個腳注，一個可以忽略的星號。而我也確實忘記了這一點。

換句話說，收養(yǎng)是一個事件，它只是組建一個家庭的眾多方式中的一種。事情完成后，它就和你的鄰居為創(chuàng)造她的家庭而進(jìn)行的剖腹產(chǎn)一樣，無關(guān)緊要。

當(dāng)然，關(guān)于自己的來歷問題，貝奇考慮很多。但是對于我來說，這只不過是父母要幫助孩子學(xué)會面對的又一個問題而已。大多數(shù)父母都需要向孩子解釋一些棘手的問題，像死亡、宗教信仰、床底下的怪物等。同樣，妻子和我也面臨同樣的問題，只是我們還多了一個收養(yǎng)的問題。

貝奇有一次問如果我們沒有收養(yǎng)她，那她會怎樣呢。她總是愛問問題，甚至在她會說話之前就已經(jīng)開始了，那時她總是指著一些東西，然后???？?一聲，我就會告訴她那是什么。等她會說話后，她的問題就更有趣了，她會問?爸爸，如果你倒穿著鞋子，那你還能轉(zhuǎn)身嗎？? 還會問?大自然是嫁給了上帝嗎？?

迄今貝奇沒有問過關(guān)于她的親生父母的事情。這種情況會變化，尤其當(dāng)她長成青少年時。很有可能她的親生父親根本不知道他有這樣一個孩子。但這對我來說正好。

事實是，我寧愿相信我是宇宙之中關(guān)心我女兒前程的唯一的爸爸。

第三篇：研究生英語閱讀教程(下冊)教案電子版2

Unit Seven: The Virtues of Ambition

Joseph Epstein

Explanation of the Text

1.define it and you instantly reveal a great deal about yourself: the way you personally define ambition will tell a lot about you, your dreams, your desire, your values, your philosophy, etc.reveal v.: make known something that was previously secret or hidden e.g.He revealed that he had been in prison twice before.His biography revealed that she was not as rich as everyone thought.These letters revealed him as an honest man.2.give itself away: reveal itself give oneself/someone away: reveal oneself/someone;show one's real self secret e.g.The swindler gave himself away when he was asked to establish his identity.She really likes him and thinks no one knows, but the look on her face when I mentioned his name gave her away.3.assumes a heat incommensurate with good sense and stability: takes on a desire disproportionate to good sense and stability be commensurate with/to: match something in size, quality, or length of time;suitable 相稱的,相當(dāng)?shù)?e.g.The salary will be commensurate with age, experience and position.He was given a job commensurate with his abilities.be commensurable to/with: can be measured by the same standard as 相應(yīng)的，勻稱的 e.g.Their achievements are not commensurable to their hard work.4.be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering, for the enlightenment of mankind: strive to be successful, rich, powerful, etc., in order to help the public, to ease human suffering, to enlighten mankind 5.Surely ambition is behind dreams of glory: Ambition makes possible dreams of glory.Pay attention to the meaning of “behind” in the following sentences: e.g.: I knew that behind(=hidden by)her smile was sadness.Marie Curie was the woman behind(=responsible for)enormous changes in the science of chemistry.He wondered what was behind(=the true reason for)his neighbor's sudden friendliness.We're all behind(= in support of you in this decision.6.distinction n.: 1)classification of two or more;a clear difference between two similar things 區(qū)分，區(qū)別 e.g.Do other countries have the same distinction between amateur and professional? Look at them closely when they occur separately and the distinction between them is then clear.2)quality of excellence;honor, mark of respect 非凡，卓越 e.g.He is a man of distinction in his own country.I had the great distinction of being invited to speak at the conference.7.What life does with our dreams and expectations: What will actually happen to our dreams and expectations during our lives.do with: get on with somebody;have a connection with something.e.g.: Truth to tell, I don't know how to do with him.The program has to do with mental illness.do without: get along without 沒有...也行 e.g.As Old Li isn't here, we shall have to do without him.1 8.The unpredictability of the outcome of dreams is no reason to cease dreaming: Although the outcome of dreams cannot be predicted, one shouldn't stop dreaming.9.the sheer thing: The word sheer is used for emphasis, and the sheer thing means the simple, pure thing.e.g.The suggestion is sheer nonsense.The engine's sheer size would make it difficult to transport.10.some larger purpose than merely clambering up: a reason to do more than merely climb up socially or materially 11.prospect n.: likelihood;something one expects e.g.There was little prospect of significant military aid.Success or failure here would be crucial to his future prospects.She rejoiced at the prospect of the China trip.12.As drunks have done to alcohol, the single-minded have done to ambition-given it a bad name: Just as people who have had too much alcohol have given alcohol a bad name, so people who have had only one aim, to get what they themselves want, have given ambition a bad name.13.Like a taste for alcohol, too, ambition does not always allow for easy satiation: As with people who enjoy the taste of alcohol, it is very difficult for ambitious people to become satisfied, they usually want to obtain more and more.Taste here means preference.satiate v.:(usu.passive)completely satisfy(oneself or one's needs)e.g.He drank greedily until his thirst was satiated.The company can hardly produce enough of these toys to satiate public demand.14.driving ambition under the counter: forcing ambition to become secret and hidden under the counter: secretly;illegally e.g.handle business under the counter;The banned book was sold under the counter.At least one of my own novels has to be sold under the counter as though it were whisky.(...好像私下里賣 whisky 似的)15.The ambitious individual, far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group, wishes to rise above it: An ambitious person does not want to be part of a group, but he wishes to progress and outdistance it.Far from: not at all e.g.The newspaper accounts are far from(being)true.He was far from the attainment of his object.It isn't far from the truth.Far from eye, far from heart.眼不見，心不想。identify...with: equate with;associate oneself with 等同，聯(lián)系 e.g.If I protested he would at once identify me with his father.It is a mistake to identify art with life.She has always been identified with the radical left.I didn't enjoy the movie because I couldn't identify with any of the characters.(I didn't enjoy the movie because I felt unable to share or understand the situation or feelings of any of the characters.)2 16.argue those possessed by it into believing: persuade those who are controlled by ambition to believe argue...into: persuade to do something e.g.: They argued him into adoption of the plan.You want to argue me into agreeing your proposal? possess vt.: control e.g.I'm absolutely dreading making the after-dinner speech-I don't know what possessed me to agree to it.possessed(by)a.: obsessed(with)e.g.She is possessed by her drive to get into the best college.If you behave like someone possessed, you behave in a wild and uncontrolled manner(often associated with an evil spirit)so that other people don't understand you.17.a dog-eat-dog world: a world that is very competitive or a very competitive world where the weak are the prey of the strong 18.they are distinguished by wanting to be the dogs that do the eating: what makes them different is that they want to come out on top in the competition 19.From here it is but a short hop believe: From this point, it is easy to think...but: only, just(It can also be used to give force to a statement.)e.g.She's but a young girl!Everyone, but everyone, will be there.20.through corruption: by dishonest and illegal means 21.high places: high positions 22.on ambition's behalf: because of ambition on someone's behalf(on behalf of someone): because of;representing;for the sake of e.g.Please don't leave on my behalf.On behalf of the company as a whole, I would like to thank you for all your work.Unfortunately, George cannot be with us today so I am pleased to accept this award on his behalf.23.not least:(usu.not the least)especially e.g.The president's speeches were alarming, not(the)least to the country's allies.not the least/not in the least/not the least bit: none at all;not at all e.g.She didn't seem the least bit worried.24.There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this: The situation is filled with hypocrisy.a note of: showing someone's thinking and feeling by the way their voice sounds 口氣，特征 e.g.a note of anger/jealousy/anxiety 25.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its accoutrements now than formerly: Certainly people now seem as much interested in success and the comforts that come with it as before.accoutrement:(usually in pl)equipment 3 26.lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive, vulgar: in order that they not be thought ambitious, greedy ill-mannered, lest: in case;in order that...not e.g.: I'll be kind to her lest she decide to leave me.27.Instead we are treated to fine pharisaical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: We see more hypocritical examples now than ever.treat...to: supply...with...e.g.I shall treat myself to a good weekend holiday.John treated Linda to the theater when they met first time.I offered to treat you to dinner.treat n.: a special event;something pleasant e.g.Granny took us for tea at Lyons Conner House as a special treat.A meal at home came as a real treat after all the institutional food I've been having.28.quarter: find lodging 29.in all phases of life: in all stages of life 30.its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive: Public defenders of ambition are few.In the cases where they are not extremely repulsive, they are unimpressive.where conj.: It can be used to introduce a clause that contrasts with the other part of the sentence.e.g.Where most people saw nothing but a hardened criminal, John saw a lonely and desperate man.31.As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and inculcated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States: As a result, support for ambition as a respected value to be taught to youth is lower than ever in the US.inculcate...in/into somebody e.g.: inculcate young people the duty of loyality 32.at an end: finished e.g.This latest injury must surely mean that her tennis career is now at an end.33.its stirrings and promoting: its stimulation and encouragement 34.as witness the blatant pratings of its contemporary promoters: as shown in the offensive ongoing idle talk of its current sponsors.35.get on in life: be successful in life 36.distrustful of ambition: suspicious about/of ambition be distrustful of: be suspicious about e.g.I was distrustful of his motives.37.were to blame for: were responsible for;were the reason for e.g.: The hot weather is partly to blame for the water shortage.4 38.is morally a two-sided street: has two sides to it.A two-sided street is a metaphor.One side means blind ambition, that is to say, sacrificing some morally important things because of ambition.The other side indicates that ambition is not important enough to sacrifice moral principles for it.39.Place next to John Dean Andrew Carnegie: Place Andrew Carnegie next John Dean 40.among other philanthropic acts: besides other philanthropic acts 41.excesses:actions so bad that they pass the limits expected of human behavior 過度行為，暴行 e.g.: The soldiers in the conquered town committed the worst excesses.42.worldly or unworldly things: material or spiritual things

43.holding many of its disparate elements together: hold/keep...together: remain united e.g.: use a pin to hold the pages together;The needs of the children often hold a marriage together.disparate c.f.: desperate!44.Remove ambition and the essential elements...: If we remove ambition, the essential elements...45.as opposed to:(you are contrasting 2 things and you want to emphasize the first one)相反，而不是 e.g.There is a need for technical colleges as opposed to universities.He was wearing a grey lightweight suit as opposed to his usual check sports jacket.The juvenile offender's misbehavior should be well treated, as opposed to being punished.46.incidentally: by the way e.g.: I must go now.Incidentally, if you want that book I'll bring it next.47.run on: be concerned with, have as a subject e.g.His talk ran on recent developments in the industry.Bright's mind kept running foolishly on the same theme.48.shorn of: having lost completely e.g.The gambler came home shorn of his money.shear of:(fig)deprive of;strip bare of: be shorn of one's right;His recent illness has shorn him of strength.49.superfluous: more than is necessary or wanted;redundant ample: 1)more than enough e.g.: We have ample money for the journey.2)large, with plenty of space e.g.There is ample room for an garden.50.unrelievedly: completely e.g.: unrelievedly dull unrelieved adj.not varied in any way;continuous or complete e.g.unrelieved anxiety/darkness Comprehension

1.(1)ambition is an ardent desire for rank, fame, or power(2)ambition is incommensurate with good sense and stability(3)one can be ambitious for the public good, for the alleviation of suffering and for

the enlightenment of mankind 2.The main idea of this part is that, although for a long time ambition has come

under heavy attack, and has been given a bad name, and can be dangerous, it is by no means a completely bad thing.3.Aspect 2: Most ambitious people are to be distrusted.Aspect 3: The outcome of ambitious dreams is usually unpredictable.Aspect 4: Ambition does not always allow for easy satisfaction;single-minded ambitious people give ambition a bad name.antisocial;ignore the collectivity;socially detached;on his own;out for his own;

far from identifying himself and his fortunes with the group;wish to rise above

the group;battle;jesuitical;dog-eat-dog world 4.According to the information conveyed in paragraph 4, it is very easy to believe

that the common goals of ambition such as money, fame, and power are often

achieved by dishonest means.5.According to the worst that can be said about ambitious people in paragraph 4，one might think that any high-ranking politician must have gone against moral

principles in order to climb so high.By using this example, the writer suggests

that the worst idea about ambition seems unreasonable.6.The writer thinks if ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared, and it must be esteemed by people who are themselves admired.But strangely, those who enjoy the rewards of ambition have claimed to have given up on ambition as ideals.So the writer gives readers a warning that there is a heavy note of hypocrisy.Four examples are mentioned.They are(1)the revolutionary lawyer,(2)the critic of American materialism,(3)the publisher of radical books, and(4)the journalist.7.The surface meaning is to try every means to succeed but not to appear ambitious.The deep meaning is that nowadays the educated are more hypocritical than before.8.(1)F(2)T(3)F

9.The Watergate incident is a good example to show readers why many people are naturally istrustful

of ambition.And from this example the author gives readers some advice on the relationship

between ambition and morality.10.It refers to ignoble actions versus kind and helpful actions.The Watergate affair is an example of ignoble actions and Andrew Carnegie, a Benefactor, is an example of someone who performed kind and helpful actions.11.because to discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of greatness.12.No.The author thinks ambition should be admired, and he also mentions ambition must be underscored.Even in the last paragraph , he says how unrelievedly boring life would be without ambition.Although the author mentions a number of good things that would exist if there were no ambition, he criticizes what the world would be like without competition, without creativity, because he thinks there would be no progress, or development in such a world.The communication technique used here is disproving.13.It is impossible for a world to be empty of ambition.If it were, the life in it would be very boring and nobody would endure it.14.Part 2(paragraph 4 to paragraph 5)“What is the worst that can be said about ambition?”

Part 3(paragraph 6 to paragraph 7)“There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this.”

Part 4(paragraph 8 to paragraph 11)“To discourage ambition is to discourage dreams of greatness.” Key to vocabulary and structure A.1.distinction 2.sheer 3.commensurate 4.refraining 5.incidentally 6.alleviate 7.deemed 8.are blamed for 9.impulse 10.come across B.1.give...away 2.going at 3.imbued with 4.identify...with 5.has risen above 6.own up 7.allow

for 8.treat...to 9.Dog-eat-dog 10.the counter C.1.choice;choose;chosen;2.inextricable 3.shorn 4.definition 5.increasingly 6.social 7.Participatory 8.acquisitive 6.weighing 10.intimacy D.1.D)to pay them 2.A)Much as 3.D)endearing himself 4.C)number of 5.D)ignored 6.D)differently 7.A)respond 8.C)no more 9.B)that 10.C)/ E.1.holds 2.therefore 3.Does 4.really 5.empty 6.of 7.success 8.nor 9.not 10.exists 11.likely 12.in 13.historial 14.upbringing 15.condition 16.choicelessness 17.honorably 18.trivial 19.how 20.ours Key to theTranslation from English into Chinese A.1.毫無疑問，雄心大志期望的是榮耀，財富，愛情，非凡，成就，歡樂與善良美德。當(dāng)然，伴隨我們的抱負(fù)與希望，我們的生活將會是怎樣，這些總是無法意料的。有些想法，出發(fā)點是絲毫不為自己，但結(jié)果卻是結(jié)下深仇；而有些計劃，原意是為了自己，但到頭來卻是為他人做了善事。計劃，設(shè)想的結(jié)果雖然難以預(yù)測，但仍無理由阻止計劃與設(shè)想的進(jìn)行。

2.不難想象，沒有抱負(fù)與雄心的社會將會是怎樣的。它很可能是一個比較隨和的社會：沒有要求，沒有矛盾，也沒有失望。人們有時間深思。他們所做的工作不是為了自己，而是為了集體。從來沒有競爭。沖突將被消滅，緊張已成為過去。不再需要創(chuàng)造力。藝術(shù)不再是高深未測的，它的作用純粹是為了歡慶與頌揚(yáng)。家庭作為一個社會的單元將成為多余，它以前的束縛力已消失。長壽會增加，因為 7 死于由于緊張，辛勞的工作引起的心臟病與中風(fēng)的人會越來越少。思慮將不復(fù)存在。人類長期地擺脫抱負(fù)，欲望的壓力，日子會過得越來越舒坦。

B.Key to the translation from Chinese into English 1.In spite of her recent election success, she remains first and foremost a writer, not a

politician.2.Ambition is always identified with rank, fame and power.So many people have

been unwilling to talk about their dreams for a long time.3.Surely, if you want to be famous, it is necessary for you to have ideals, because it is

behind the accomplishment, but different from ambition.4.Ambition is often regarded as being commensurate with bad sense because the single-minded have tried to achieve their goals by fair means or foul and often harm others.5.Truly ambitious people seem to be modest but actually they are on their own.6.Certainly people are very interested in their rank and fame.But what has

happened is that they do not own up to it.7.Some people try to go on in life at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious.We should be aware that there is a note of hypocrisy.8.Although he has come under attack and has been considered ambitious, but none

of them are strong enough to make him give up on his dreams.9.It is not difficult to imagine a world shorn of ambition.It would probably be a world with no progress, no development.And, of course, it would be a tedious world.10.To develop our society, we need a large number of people who have both ideals and ambition, because both of these have the power to inspire people to further efforts.Therefore, either of them is an important part of society.Reading practice 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.A

Unit 8 The Harm That Good Men Do

Bertrand Russell 8

1.Introduction to the Author

Bertrand Arthur William Russell(1872-1970)was known as a British philosopher, logician, essayist and social critic, best known for his work in mathematical logic and analytic philosophy.His most influential contributions include his defense of logicism(the view that mathematics in in some important sense reducible to logic), and his theories of definite descriptions and logical atomism.Along with G.E.Moore, Russell is generally recognized as one of the founders of analytic philosophy.Along with Kurt Godel, he is also often credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century.Over the course of his long career, Russell made significant contributions, not just to logic and philosophy, but to a broad range of other subjects(including education, politics, history, religion and science), and many of his writings on a wide variety of topics have influenced generations of general readers.After a life marked by controversy(including dismissals from both Trinity College, Cambridge, and City College, New York), Russell was awarded the Order of Merit in 1949 and the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950.Also noted for his many spirited anti-war and anti-nuclear protests, Russell remained a prominent public figure until his death at the age of 97.2.Russell's Work Logic

Russell's contributions to logic and foundations of mathematics include his discovery of Russell' Paradox , his defense of logicism, his development of the theory of types, and his refining of the first-order predicate calculus.Russell discovered that the paradox that bears his name in 1901, while working on his Principles of Mathematics(1903).The paradox arises in connection with the set of all sets that are not members of themselves.Such a set, if it exists, will be a member of itself if and only if it is not a member of itself.The paradox is significant since, using classical logic, all sentences are entailed by a contradiction.Russell's discovery thus prompted a large amount of work in logic, set theory, and the philosophy and foundations of mathematics.3.Introduction to the Text

In The Harm That Good Men Do , Bertrand Russell, the inimitable British Voltaire, evaluates the difficulty and dilemma of answering children, or their more adult versions, just what is a “good man?” A contemporary in the critical spirit of LU Xun, and the vitriolic critic of his fellow Americans, H.L.Mencken, Russell is the “enfant terrible” of English letters.He deflates, debunks and denigrates the conventionally defined “good man,” as generally a moralistic flop, a mere defender of the superficial status quo.Chauvinistic, religiously zealous, a petty moralist, and anti-intellectual, this “good man” in often a caricature behind which cynical politicians can hide.“Good men” are often inquisitorial, safeguarding the public from unpopular or critical opinions, a nemesis in most political systems, including so-called democracies, where the “tyranny of the majority” rests on their discerning and protective eyes.Russell attacks these “good man” who represent the unjust power of the dominant classes.“The world is full of injustice and those who profit by injustice are in a position to administer rewards and punishments...and to invent ingenious justifications.”

However, on closing his critical litany against the conventional “good man,” Russell offers the hope of science and reason(2nd half, 20th century events question this faith);they eventually will enable men to realize that institutions based on hatred and injustice will not produce happy societies, and that “good men” need a morality based on “l(fā)ove of life...pleasure in growth, and not upon repression or exploitation.” Though difficult and painful to follow, Russell's criticism and positive suggestions are a positive beacon of lucidity and light for all who would like to be called “good men,” or “good women.” Notes:

1.Bertrand Arthur Russell(1872-1970): English mathematician and philosopher, known in Chinese as 羅素.2.wholesome adj.promoting good health or well-being;healthful;sound.e.g.wholesome air/food/advice.//He has a wholesome attitude towards life.Paraphrase: He has a good sense of right and wrong.When he sees other people doing wrong things, he feels horrified.3.castigate vt.to criticize sharply in public.e.g.John wrote a series of articles to castigate male superiority.// sin n.the willful breaking of religious or moral law;any offence or fault.e.g.Mary confessed her sins to the priest and asked to be forgiven.Explanation: The original sin was committed by Adam and Eve when they ate the forbidden fruit.In the text, the author wrote “Sin” instead of “sin” to catch attention.4.safeguard vt.to protect or guard.e.g.The government should do more to safeguard the interests of citizens.Para: He thinks it is the responsibility of the government to protect the young people against those(bad elements)who challenge the wise views generally accepted by middle-aged successful citizens.Exp: In western countries, views and conducts of middle-aged successful citizens are regarded as social norms.In the text “ it ” is a logical object to stand for “to safeguard the young...”.5.assiduous adj.hard-working;persevering;careful.e.g.Bill is assiduous in/at his duties./ Jane is an assiduous student.// assiduity n.10 6.Pay attention to the usage: to spend time in(doing)something;to spend money on something.para: He spends much time in doing good things.7.patriotism n.the love of one's country.e.g.The death of Wang Hai, a fighter pilot, has aroused a strong sense of patriotism among the Chinese people.// patriot n.one who loves and is ready to defend his country;patriotic adj.8.industry n.the quality of being hard-working(勤奮，勤勉).e.g.His success is due to his industry and thrift.sobriety n.seriousness;staying away from alcohol.e.g.As sobriety ensures quick response in emergency, you should never drink when you drive.9.see to it that...make sure that...e.g.I'll see to it that you get paid in full and on time in the future.in these respects / in this(that)respect with regard to some aspect(s)在這(那)方面.e.g.The twins resemble each other in many respects.due adj.suitable;proper;right.e.g.The old gentleman is paid due respect.Para: He may encourage wage-earners(workers/common people)and their children to be hard-working, virtuous, and stay away from alcohol(Alcohol used to be regarded as a social curse, like the drugs today, that ruined many poor families.).If they fail to do these, he will make sure that they get proper punishment.10.trustee n.理事。board of trustees 理事會。

11.subversive adj.tending to overthrow or destroy something(established).e.g.Bill was house-arrested for making speeches that are subversive of peace and order according to the police.// subversive propaganda.Para: He may serve on the board of trustees of a university, and keep the university(in the “improper” name of respecting knowledge)from hiring professors who intend to overthrow the government or the established religion/institutions.Exp: In western countries, there was a great controversy(argument)over the teaching of evolution at school.Some people who believe that God created man instead of the Darwinian Theory that man came from monkey, were strongly against the hiring of such teachers.There was even a “Monkey Trial” in the United States that ended with the victory of scientists.12.above all most important of all.e.g.John is industrious, handsome, and above all, honest.in a narrow sense in the exact/strict meaning(從狹義上說).e.g.What does the word mean in the narrowest sense?// Cf.in a broad sense.|| irreproachable adj.that denies criticism;faultless.e.g.His irreproachable conduct wins the trust from his employer.Paragraph one describes a good man from the moral point of view.11 13.Para: Of all the uses of good men, the main one is to provide a smoke-screen(煙幕)to those politicians who can do illegal things behind it unsuspected.|| Exp: In the sentence, “which” stands for “uses”.In the following part, “screen” is used as a verb, meaning “to offer some protection to”.14.suspect sb.of sth.to have a feeling that sb.may be guilty of sth.e.g.Quite a few leaders of listed companies are suspected of lying to their investors.// The police suspects him of murder.|| shady adj.questionable;bad.e.g.Tom is believed to be a shady character(person).15.Exp: The author is being very sarcastic here.“A narrow-minded” public is not narrow-minded at all.Since the public are taxpayers, they simply want their money(public funds)to serve good purposes instead of letting it go into the hands of a few rich people;and “the deserving rich” do not deserve the money contributed by the public.Grammatically, “wherever” means “where”, which is used here for emphasis.16.endorse vt.to approve or support;write on the back of a document or check.e.g.The Republican presidential candidate has been endorsed by the party conference.// You'll have to endorse your check before cashing it.Exp: The phrase “though far be it from me to endorse this statement” is in literary style.To put it in simple English, it reads “though I am far from approving the following statement/though I don't agree at all to the following statement” that in the recent past, an American President(probably referring to Warren Harding according to the text compilers), a “good man”, transferred public funds to the rich.|| This paragraph tells why good men are useful to some politicians.17.undesirable adj.& n.unwanted(things and/or persons).e.g.Because of his deformity, James was often treated as an undesirable by his classmates at parties.|| by means of through;with the help of.e.g.Thoughts are expressed by means of words.|| scandal n.shame;any thing that offends moral feelings and leads to disgrace.e.g.Richard Nixon was involved in the Watergate Scandal.// Bill Clinton was involved in the Lewensky Scandal.// For fear of creating a scandal, the family decided to give away the baby borne to their teenage daughter.|| Para: Of all uses of good men, another one is to use them to get rid of unwanted rivals by creating a scandal(such as Mr.X, a father of three lovely kids and husband of a plain-looking wife, is having an affair with a beautiful bar girl).This immoral act, when becoming public, will surely arouse the anger of good men, who will force Mr.X to hand in his resignation, which is the real purpose of other politicians who don't like Mr.X.18.The sentence, formal and literary, simply means “99% of the men break the moral law”.19.in relation to concerning;as regards.e.g.His skill is very important in relation to his job.genuine adj.real;true, not fake or artificial.e.g.This painting is a genuine one by Qi Baishi whereas that one is an imitation.// genuinely adj.|| follow suit to do what sb.else has done.e.g.Mr.Young resigned from the company, his friends immediately followed suit.// When the other boys went fishing, I followed suit.Para: Suppose in 100 men, there is only one who is really free from any moral mistakes.When someone from the other 99 men gets caught when committing something morally wrong, or when his immoral deeds get exposed(become public), that really good man will say that he is really horrified to learn the guilty man's sinful behavior, the other 98 men, afraid that they will be suspected of breaking the moral law themselves if they do not do something quickly, are forced to follow one another to express their position regarding the sinner.20.obnoxious adj.very unpleasant, nasty, offensive.e.g.John has some obnoxious habits.He sleeps with his snake and eats with his cat.venture into to take the risk going into.e.g.He was originally a high school teacher.When China started its reform and opening up drive, he quit his job and ventured into business.// Cf.venture capital(風(fēng)險基金）.institution n.a significant practice, relationship, organization in a country or culture(體制).institutional adj.e.g.institutional reform.have sth.at heart to be deeply interested in it;anxious to support or encourage it.e.g.He had music at heart even when he was forced to work in the countryside.keep/lose track of to follow/fail to follow the course or development of...;keep in/lose touch with.e.g.The old man reads Yangcheng Evening News every day to keep track of the current events.ruin vt.& n.to cause great damage or destruction to.e.g.The tropical storm ruined his house.// If you go on like this, you will ruin your career.Para: When a man of offensive opinions becomes a politician, the defenders of our old system need only follow and watch his private activities secretly until they find something bad about him that will finish him as a politician.21.make sth.known to make sth.public;expose.e.g.That the mayor took drugs in a hotel was soon made known to the public.obloquy n.shame or disgrace resulting from widespread criticism.“a cloud of obloquy” , a metaphor, means great shame.blackmail vt.& n.(to force sb.to make a)payment of money for not making known sth.discreditable about him(敲詐勒索).e.g.Threatening to turn the evidence over to the police, he blackmailed the firm into paying him for keeping quiet.Para: They can choose to do three things: to make public the bad deeds committed by the sinner and cause him to disappear quickly in great shame, or to make some easy money from him by threatening to expose him.22.commend vt.to praise.e.g.The Chinese athletes are commended for winning honors for the country.23.render sth.possible to make sth.possible.e.g.Dr.Deal rendered it possible for three American students to teach English in China during the summer vacation.Notice the sarcastic tone in the last two sentences of the paragraph.24.The Archduke(大公), refers to Franz Ferdinand, whose assassination on June 28, 1914 at Sarajevo(薩拉熱窩)touched off the First World War.25.militarism n.軍國主義;military despotism(軍人/軍事專制).The slogan “to make the world safe for democracy” is often used by some countries as an excuse to invade other countries.Notice this sentence is in subjunctive mood and the tone is very sarcastic.Para: Because of his death, we had the First World War, the world was made “ safer for democracy”;though militarism has been abolished in some countries, we still have military despotisms in Spain, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria.Paragraphs three and four further illustrate the uses of good man.26.dominant adj.ruling;prevailing.e.g.In a wolf pack, there is always a dominant male(wolf).27.morality n.standards or principles of good behavior;right or moral conduct.e.g.Is commercial morality high in your country?

taboo n.sth which religion or custom regards as forbidden, not to be touched, spoken of , etc.e.g.Pork is a taboo among

the Muslims.// Among Hindus there is a taboo against killing cows.superstitious adj.迷信的.e.g.Most people in primitive societies are superstitious./ In the past, superstitious fishermen regarded white-flag dolphin as the goddess of the Yangtze River.// superstition n.on the ground(s)because(of), on the assumption.e.g.On what grounds do you suspect him?// Joe turned down the invitation to the party on the ground that he would have to go to the airport to meet his aunt.Para: Standards of good behavior seems to have grown out of the idea of taboo, something that a particular religion or custom regards as forbidden, in other words, primitive morality was at its beginning purely superstitious, it discouraged some 14 harmless acts based on the assumption that these acts would lead, for reasons that could not be explained then, to some bad ends.28.have authority over to have influence on/power over.e.g.The notion that it is a great disrespect to talk loudly in a Buddhist temple still has authority over some people.29.regardless of paying no attention to.e.g.She bought that expensive fur coat regardless of cost.30.revision n.reconsideration;change.e.g.The current taxation law needs some revision.Para: If the conduct that makes people feel horrified were not(subjunctive mood)harmful, then more people would be ready to revise/change our moral standards.31.vengeance n.revenge;the return of an injury for an injury.e.g.He swore a terrible vengeance on the enemy who murdered his brother.// She killed him in an act of vengeance.Para: It was believed that the murdered man's blood or his ghost demanded that those who had murdered him be revenged, and the ghost might punish not only the guilty men, but also those who were kind to the guilty men.32.purify vt.to free from guilt, sin, etc.;make pure.e.g.When purified, this metal can fetch a good price./ This music seems to be able to purify one's spirit of evil thoughts.ritual adj.of, like, or done as a ceremonial or solemn act.e.g.ritual ceremony(儀式).// The tribeswomen performed some ritual dances before the priest started to offer the sacrifice to their god.disguise vt.& n.to hide the real nature of;make look, sound so different as to be unrecognizable.e.g.The murderer disguised himself as a woman and ran away./ He went among the enemy in disguise./ Disguised as a woman, the French journalist slipped into Afghanistan.Para: Some ritual ceremonies, originally designed to change the appearance of the murderer so that the ghost would not recognize him(thus unable to seek the revenge), could free the murderer of his crime.33.Sir J.G.Frazer(1854-1941): Scotish anthropologist.34.repentance n.the action or process of feeling sorrow or regret for misdeeds or moral shortcomings.e.g.You must show signs of repentance if you wish to be forgiven.35.derive from to get from.e.g.The young artist derives a large sum of income from teaching painting to kids.36.antiquity n.ancientness;the ancient period of history.e.g.Homer was a great men of antiquity.// in remote antiquity means in ancient time.expiation n.贖罪;expiate vt.e.g.She worked silently to expiate her sin.// In expiation of his sin, he gave up all worldly pleasures.This paragraph seems to say that moral standards are generally superstitious.38.a mist of hazy;vague;unclear.Her eyes are covered with a mist of tears.39.forgery n.the making of false signature, banknote, will or other documents in order to deceive.e.g.He made a fortune with the forgery of paintings.// The criminal was sentenced to death for the forgery of millions of RMB.// forge vt.40.This sentence means goodness lies in doing nothing instead of doing something, because the doer is more likely to make mistakes.41.abstain from to hold oneself back from;stay away from.e.g.The doctor told him to abstain from cigarettes.// At the last election, Bill abstained from voting.42.inculcate vt.usually inculcate sth.in sb.to fix(ideas)firmly by repetition;instill.e.g.The authorities are trying hard to inculcate patriotism in young people.the Gospels 福音書.thyself, old English for yourself.precept n.a rule or guide for behavior;moral instruction.e.g.Example is better than precept.43.persecute vt.to punish or treat cruelly.e.g.Many good people were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution.// persecution n.44.administer vt.& vi.to give;control;manage;cause to take.e.g.The traffic police administered a fine on him for speeding./ The courts administer the law./ The Red Cross administers aid in disaster areas.45.ingenious adj.clever and skillful.e.g.The ingenious boy made a radio set for himself./ Not even the experts could work out the magician's ingenious escape.justification n.a good reason for;the act of showing that a person, statement, act, etc.is correct and reasonable.His justification for stealing was that his children were starving.// justify vt.remedy vt & n.to put right;provide a cure for;method used to put sth.right.e.g.Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied.// There is no effective remedy for dengue fever.46.Jean Jaures(1859-1914): French socialist.47.acquit vt.to discharge completely(as from an obligation or accusation).e.g.When the rapists were acquitted by the court on the ground of insufficient evidence, the audience became very indignant/angry.Para: The murderer was pronounced not guilty and set free, the reason provided by the court was that he had done something good for the society.In this paragraph, the author illustrates his topic sentence that our current morality is a strange mixture of superstition and rationalism.48.crumble vi.& vt.to break, rub or fall into small pieces.e.g.The British Empire has crumbled and fallen.// His hopes crumbled to dust.49.Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832): English jurist and philosopher.50.arduous adj.difficult, using up much energy.e.g.It must have been a very arduous task to build the pyramids.// It used to be an arduous climb to reach the top of Mount Emei, but now you can get to the top in a cable car in no time.51.conventional adj.traditional;customary.e.g.Rifles are conventional weapons.//White is the conventional color of a wedding gown.52.champion n.person who fights or speaks in support of a cause;person, team, animal, etc.winning the first place in a competition.e.g.Mr.Smith is a champion of equal rights for women./ Joe Louis was the world heavyweight boxing champion for many years.incur vt.to bring upon oneself.e.g.To build that factory, he had incurred a lot of debts, which ultimately ruined him.enmity n.hatred.e.g.He is at enmity with all his neighbors.Para: In order to bring the greatest possible happiness to the greatest possible number of people, he will have to become a great fighter for the interests of the oppressed people.His revolutionary acts will arouse the hatred from a few rich and powerful people who are always afraid of the redistribution of wealth and power.53.proclaim vt.make known publicly and officially;reveal;show.e.g.Zhang Guotao was proclaimed(to be)a traitor./ His accent proclaims that he is from Hubei.// proclamation n.conceal vt.to hide;keep secret.e.g.The bank robber concealed his weapon under his coat./ The trees concealed the deer from view.alienate vt.to cause sb.previously friendly to become unfriendly, hostile or indifferent by distasteful actions;cause to be taken away.e.g.President Bush's policies have alienated many of his followers./ The property of the enemy was alienated during the war.// alienation n.Para: He will make public some facts that the powerful people wish to hide, and he will declare untrue lies aimed to take away sympathy from those people who need it.54.“thou shalt not”, old English, means “you shouldn't(do this)” in modern English.55.“the code” here means “moral code” or “moral law”.56.mystic n.an advocate of the theory of mysticism.Grammar: This sentence is in inverted order, normally it should read “all the great mystics and religious teachers have protested against this kind of morality(official morality)in vain”.57.explicit adj.clearly stated or shown;definite;outspoken.e.g.He gave explicit instructions not to be distributed./ The lease is explicit in saying that the rent must be paid by the 5th of every month.pronouncement n.a formal declaration of opinion;an authoritative announcement.e.g.The accused stood and heard the pronouncement of his sentence.While trying to refute the claim that morality cannot be criticized, the author goes on to say that since the methods used are not correct, there will not be much improvement of moral standards.58.draw n.neither side won.e.g.Our team has had five wins and two draws this season.// The game ended in a draw.59.repress vt.to keep or put down/under;oppress.e.g.For fear of waking up the sleeping baby, she repressed a sneeze./ Many peasant uprisings have been repressed in history.// repression n

60.expansive adj.able or tending to expand;unreserved, high-spirited;broad.e.g.That silent boy became expansive after dinner./ Jane has an expansive character./ Adam has an expansive forehead.61.peccadillo n.a small fault or slight offence.e.g.No one is free from peccadilloes.18 62.exploit vt.to make unethical use of sth./ sb.for one's own profit;take advantage of.e.g.Workers are heavily exploited by the mine owners./ You must exploit every opportunity to learn new things.// exploitation n.63.ill-gotten adj.acquired by illegal or improper means.e.g.Private mine owners in Nandan, Guangxi who dig state mines spend their ill-gotten money like water.Some of them flew to Beijing just for some cigarettes not available in their county.Para: A man who gets rich by being cruel to and making immoral use of others should be viewed now as an immoral man even if he goes to church regularly and spends part of his immorally-obtained money on public welfare or facilities.64.bring about to cause to happen.e.g.Greater efforts must be made to bring about institutional reforms.instill vt.to introduce(ideas)gradually;cause to enter drop by drop.e.g.We must try to instill in children a love of

learning./ Medication is being instilled into the veins of the sick child.muster n.examination;inspection.pass muster to be considered satisfactory;be good enough for the purpose or occasion.e.g.The evaluation group believed that the quality of the construction project passed muster.personage n.an important person.e.g.The ruling party invited some personages without party affiliation to discuss the new plan.Para: To make this happen, we only need to introduce gradually a scientific attitude towards moral questions to replace the traditional attitude(which is no more than a mixture of superstition and oppression)that some important people still regard as good.65.unrepentant adj.feeling no regret or sorrow.e.g.Some of the Fa Lun Gong practitioners are very unrepentant

66.futile adj.useless.e.g.Put down your arms!Resistance is futile.strife n.fight or quarrel;struggle;contention.e.g.A history of internal strife has left its mark on this tiny nation.67.orgy n.a display of excessive indulgence;a wild and drunken activity.e.g.At the party the youngsters engaged in various orgies such as drinking, joint-smoking(吸大麻), and sexual activity.68.afresh adv.again.e.g.Let's start afresh

The last paragraph seems to say that only the progress of reason and science can help improve our sense of morality.Though the power of reason is still weak today, Mr.Russell believes that it will become stronger and stronger in the future, and ultimately overwhelms unreason.Key to Vocabulary and Structure

A.1.wholesome 2.assiduous 3.subversive 4.wrongdoing 5.endorsed 6.breath 7.Undesirable 8.calculated 9.injustice 10.purifying

B.1.venturing 2.in relation to 3.follow suit 4.keep...out 5.keep track of 6.speaking of 7.on the grounds 8.derives from 9.abstain from 10.for fear that C.1.immoral 2.cruelty 3.irreproachable 4.revise 5.constructive 6.blameless 7.administered 8.guilty 9.equality 10.Justice

D.1.C.protected areas 2.A.As did 3.D.as opposed 4.A.Never having 5.A.would have married 6.D.for which 7.B.can he speak 8.A.we established 9.D.that 10.D.but also

E.1.recognized 2.came across 3.appeared 4.as 5.conceived 6.discovered 7.in 8.what 9.than 10.good 11.true 12.morally 13.At 14.comes 15.which 16.towards 17.other 18.such as 19.penalty 20.guilty Key to Translation A:

在政客圈子里，好人有他們的用處，其中最主要的就是充當(dāng)煙幕。其他人躲在煙幕背后就可以毫無顧忌地搞他們的活動了。好人從來不會懷疑他的朋友有不軌行為，這就是他的部分好處所在；好人也從來不會被公眾懷疑用他的優(yōu)點來庇護(hù)壞人，這是他的部分用處所在。

雖然傳統(tǒng)道德的衛(wèi)道士有時承認(rèn)，傳統(tǒng)的道德并不完美，但是他們極力爭辯說，任何的批評都將使整個道德體系分崩離析。如果批評是積極的和富有建設(shè)性的，那么情況不致如此，只有逞一時之快的批評，才會使道德體系崩潰。讓我們回過頭來看看邊沁的觀點吧。作為道德規(guī)范的基礎(chǔ)，他提倡“為最大多數(shù)的人謀求最大的幸?！?。按照這一原則行事的人，其一生要比僅僅遵循傳統(tǒng)戒律的人艱難得多。

Key to Translation B:

1.The so-called ideally good men may not necessarily be beneficial to society because people have different ideas about the standards of goodness.2.Good men must be morally irreproachable and they mustn't be indifferent to the things harmful to society.3.They see to it that their hard and earnest work helps them complete their task smoothly, and none of them thinks much of personal fame and position

4.Scandals can ruin a genuinely good man while flattery can make a bad man a good man.5.He cannot tell a good man from bad ones, so bad men often use him to screen their bad activities.6.They often elbow out the undesirables by making it impossible for them to continue with their work.7.Though threatened, he showed no fear and continued with his experiment which was calculated to be successful.(此處calculated用得很勉強(qiáng))

8.The poor man was sentenced to life imprisonment on the ground that he had stolen bread from a store.9.They have kept track of him but failed to detect any shady acts.10.Though many people are against him for his violation of conventional concepts, he still has some followers.（此處follow suit不合用）

Key to Reading Practice 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D

Unit Nine

Let the Computers Be the Bureaucrats

Oren Harare Notes:

1.All the 11th hour;mouth-to-mouth resusicitation of restructuring and “empowerment”: any last-minute effort of changing the structure or supplying the resources to your job || 11th hour: the last possible moment, only just in time.This phrase originates from the Bible, Matthew 20.2....you can hold off the inevitable until you retire---a rather forlorn wish.:...the inevitable(the day your job becomes obsolete)could be put off to the day you retire---but it is unlikely to happen.|| hold off: delay or put off e.g.Could you hold off(making)your decisions until next week? / He makes every excuse to hold off getting married/the wedding.|| a forlorn wish: idiom plan or undertaking that is almost certain not to succeed e.g.Going to their rescue in a rowing boat is a bit of a forlorn wish.e.g.: For him, a young man without formal education background, to find a good job during the recession is kind of a forlorn wish.3....preparing to obsolete your current work before it obsoletes you.:...you should get away from your present job and get prepared for a newly emerging job before your current job becomes out of date.Here obsolete is used as a verb, meaning “make out of date/put to rest, or end.” || obsolete a.: no onger used;out of date e.g.Many obsolete words can be found in this old text./ The horse-drawn plough is now obsolete in most European countries.4....what this drumroll is all about.:...what I want to say with this dramatic introduction(Rolling of drums is used to get an audience's attention.).|| Drumroll n.: sound make by beating drums 5.Bear with me.: Tolerate me patiently.|| Bear with: tolerate someone/sth patiently e.g.We must bear with her during this difficult period.6.move from: make a change from 7....hitherto sacred principles like volume, economies of scale, experience curves, mass production and mass marketing are becoming less and less useful if we're interested in competitive edge.:...those economic principles which used to be considered the best are becoming less useful in the competitive market.|| hitherto adv.: until now ||competitive edge: an advantage in a competition 8.Rapid collaborative application of intelligence is where it's at.: The competitive edge lies in the ability to quickly apply new knowledge and information.Here it refers to competitive edge.9.Some companies get it.: Some companies understand these new principles of competition.10....Microsoft achieved a 38 percent quarterly sales boost by adding $90 million to its top line:...by investing $90 million into its top product line Microsoft's sales increased by 38 percent quarterly.|| boost n.: increase;encouragement || give boost: give encouragement e.g.to give sb's confidence a boost || achieve a boost: see rapid increase e.g.This year the economy in Shanghai has achieved a 9.9 percent boost.|| top line: 公司常用的財務(wù)報表中，不論資產(chǎn)負(fù)債還是損益表，其第一行(top line)都是 revenue(收入)，top line growth 指盈收增長。

11.break even: balance income and expenditure;make neither a loss nor a profit 12.Launch one new interesting product: start to manufacture a new interesting product 13.miss the point: not see the main idea(the point)e.g.To say that the failure of the Chinese football team is caused by the poor ability of the foreign coach is to miss the point.e.g.: He made a long speech but most of the audience missed the point.14.EDS is successful despite its size.: Although EDS is a huge company, it has managed to achieve success.Here despite implies that its size is a disadvantage rather than an advantage for EDS.15.break down into: divide or be divided into parts e.g.Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages $10 m, raw materials $5m./ After bankruptcy the big company was broken down into several small ones and sold separately.16.Everyone else by and large executes.: All the other employees only carry out the orders or put the ideas to work.||by and large: in general, on the whole e.g.By and large, this company is pretty good to me./ The economy this year by and large has seen some improvement.|| execute v.: put(sth)into effect;carry out e.g.execute a plan;execute a piece of work;execute someone's orders Or: kill as a legal punishment e.g.The murderer was executed after he was convicted of having killed 10 children.17.bureaucracy kills: In a bureaucratic system in which people only do routine work passively, they lose all their imagination and initiative.18.nonhuman: not of human beings 19.Specifically: to be specific;to make it concrete e.g.Water is composed of two elements, specifically, oxygen and hydrogen.20.fit into: match well with e.g.This card fits nicely into that envelope.21.the ultimate bureaucrats: the most regulated, structured and least flexible workers 22.Even if you're smart enough to outsource such work, the question can still be aimed at the supplier.: Even if you are able to reassign bureaucratic work, the question can still be asked to those organizations who use people for bureaucratic jobs.|| outsource v.: delegate out to others（將...）外包給...23.valid a.: relevant;sound 24.handoff n.: handing or passing on work to other people 25.bureaucratic conduit-jobs: redundant routine work 26.Hence, organizations will no longer be able to subsidize processes and jobs that glorify hierarchical control but turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow.: Therefore organizations will not be able to support the growth of hierarchical management systems in which information is the privilege of a few authorities and not available to everyone.|| turn off the spigot on knowledge-flow: block the free flow of knowledge 27.converge v.: move toward the same point e.g.Our previously opposed views are biginning to converge.e.g.: Enthusiasts from around the world converge on Le Mans for the annual car race.28....flinging intelligence to the far reaches of the globe:...making information available in every part of the world, even the most remote areas || fling to: throw(sth)in a certain direction e.g.He flung the paper away in disgust./ He was flung into prison.29....where walls of secrecy and hoarding and egostatus come tumbling down.:...all the barriers to the free flow of information and intelligence are disappearing.Wall of secret means practices which prevent the free flow of information.|| hoard v.: hide e.g.He is hoarding some secret paper.|| tumble down: fall down in ruin;collapse e.g.The old barn we bought to convert into flats was practically tumbling down./ With the invasion of imperialists the once glorious empire slowly tumbled down.30.There's no place for human bureaucracy in this scenario.: In the future, there is no room for human bureaucratic work.scenario n.: imagined setting of future events 31.The sheer volume of information and knowledge available to any individual(and any competitor)will mean that talent, resourcefulness, energy and ingenuity will necessarily become an all-hands, collaborative affair, the responsibility of everyone on board.: There will be such a huge amount of information and technology in the future that only with the participation and cooperation of all the people in the company can smart solutions and ingenious breakthroughs come about.32.be set on a firm course: know without doubt the direction to go in e.g.The revolution set the country on the road to democracy./ We are set on a firm course to success.Key to the Translation from English to Chinese:

A

有些公司了解這一點。微軟即是其中之一。// 有些人認(rèn)為微軟能在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)世界里嶄露鋒芒，銳意發(fā)展是由于比爾·蓋茨的個人野心。// 簡言之，這種想法很荒謬。// 在1990年，微軟季度銷售量要增加38%，需要增加九千萬的收入，而在1995年，要達(dá)到同樣比例的季度銷售增幅，收益需要增加九億美元。// 現(xiàn)在，收益的增加標(biāo)準(zhǔn)越提越高。新的商機(jī)來自何處？規(guī)?；?jīng)營？還是低成本？這些都是無稽之談。// 新的商機(jī)只能來自于領(lǐng)導(dǎo)市場、受顧客歡迎的產(chǎn)品。// 即使要保持收支平衡，微軟也要至少每天創(chuàng)造一千五百萬美元的收益。// 如果沒有高速度和充分的想象力，它只有死路一條。B 這些趨勢在不斷擴(kuò)大，原因很簡單：信息就是力量，而技術(shù)的發(fā)展使得獲取信息變得民主化和全球化。// 因此，各種組織機(jī)構(gòu)將再也不能扶植那些美化等級特權(quán)并阻止信息交流的工作體系了。// 在未來學(xué)家喬治·吉爾德所描繪的世界中，經(jīng)濟(jì)是建立在沙子、玻璃和空氣的基礎(chǔ)上的。// 沙子即指制造芯片的硅。芯片（計算機(jī)世界的建筑材料）正以指數(shù)級的速度增長。每十八個月芯片的性能就要翻一番。

Key to the Translation from the Chinese into English 1.Such a job is doomed because in this field, manual work will be done by computers.2.The information-based network economy will bring about profound changes in society.Whether this change could benefit human beings or involve them in a chaotic situation needs our discussion.3.Because of the increasingly fierce competition and personalized product demand from customers, being able to supply personalized products has become the key to business success.4.The old way of management robs people of their imagination and curiosity, making them content with the present system and jobs and they make no progress.5.Those lacking in initiative and creativity can only fit into the traditional mode of work.Once the old mode is changed, they will be at a loss as to what to do.6.In the coming century the development of telecommunications will depend on optical fibers which carry information incomparable to the common phone lines.25 7.Since computers can replace people to do routine jobs, people can be freed of mundane business to do creative work.8.In future society, proprietary information will be less and less proprietary.What will this lead to? 9.Some social thinkers predict ominously that robots will become more and more independent and eventually uncontrollable.10.In the future, new jobs will be born.There is no need for people to worry excessively about unemployment.But they must keep learning about new technology.Key to vocabulary and structure A.1.sacred

2.secrecy 3.doomed

4.segment 5.hierarchy 6.ego 7.symptoms 8.chaotic

9.absurd 10.breakthrough

B.1.obsolete 2.boost 3.imagination 4.duplicate

5.subsidy 6.converge 7.tumbled down 8.automated 9.innovation 10.hold off C.1.personalized 2.intangibles;tangibles 3.prediction 4.ingenuous 5.flexibility 6.bureaucrat 7.innovation 8.glory 9.available 10.specified D.1.B that 2.D.little 3.C giving 4.D can she act 5.B must have been 6.C be 7.B whichever 8.B meaningful 9.D many of whose origins 10.B or E.1.about 2.organization 3.for 4.but 5.computers 6.In other words 7.that 8.In fact 9.simply 10.therefore 11.attach 12.within 13.definition 14.for 15.necessary Reading practice 1)D 2)D 3)C 4)A 5)B Unit Ten: Animal Research Is Vital to Medicine Jack H.Botting

Adrian R.Morrison Notes:

1.seek to do sth = try/attempt to do sth;// alleviate vt.to lessen or reduce(pain);to decrease(poverty).e.g.This medicine can only alleviate the symptoms of your problem, but not cure it.// The government is doing its best to alleviate the poverty in the mountainous areas.2.respond to = react to, answer, reply.e.g.Jane did not respond to her teacher's question.// emergence n.the act of rising/appearing.e.g.The constant emergence of promising players is characteristic of the Chinese ping pong team.// Cf.emergency n.a sudden, generally unexpected occurrence demanding immediate action.e.g.emergency department(of a hospital)// He is known for his ability to handle emergency cases.3.“research...is but one...” “but” here means “only”.complementary adj.making sb or sth better by stressing its good qualities or having qualities that other person or thing lacks.e.g.Irish farming and British industry are complementary.Each provides what the other needs.// complementary approaches = ways and methods that support each other.4.essential adj.absolutely necessary, indispensable, vital.e.g.Discipline is essential in an army.// It is essential to know all the facts.// vital adj.essential, indispensable, very important, full of life, of or concerned with life.e.g.The relationship between the teacher and student is of vital importance.// Easy access to information is vital for an informed public.// Mary is vital and attractive.// Pulse, heart beat, and blood pressure are vital signs of life.// Para: We plan to show you exactly why we believe that animal research has been important in the past and why it will continue to be important in the future.5.allot vt.to assign as one's share, make a distribution of.e.g.Can we finish the work within the time they have allotted to us?// They were allotted an apartment to live in.// allotment n.Para: To describe in detail all the progress that relied on animal research would require much more space(in the newspaper or magazine given to us(by the editors).In other words, we cannot describe in detail all the progress made so far because we do not have enough space.6.owe sth to sb/sth = be indebted to as the source of.e.g.He owes his success to good luck more than to ability.// To whom do we owe the discovery of penicillin?//

7.debilitate vt.to make weak, to weaken(the body);debilitating in the sentence is used as an adjective.e.g.a debilitating climate.// result from is followed by a cause whereas result in is followed by a result.e.g.Sickness often results from eating too much.// The accident resulted in 20 deaths.// bacterial adj.細(xì)菌的;bacterium n.細(xì)菌(pl.bacteria), e.g.bacterial infection(細(xì)菌感染);viral adj.病毒的, virus n.病毒;e.g.computer virus.para: Most diseases that make people physically weak or that make people lose their work ability are the results of bacterial or viral infections.8.derange vt.to make insane, to throw into confusion, to cause to go out of order.e.g.John is mentally deranged(He is insane/mad.)// derangement n.para: Most doctors believed that these diseases were caused by the disorders in the patients' internal organs(內(nèi)臟紊亂).9.derive from = to have as a source or origin, to get: e.g.Thousands of English words are derived from Latin.// She has derived little benefit from the medicine.// microorganism n.微生物;originate with/from sb, originate from/in sth = to have as a cause or beginning: e.g.The quarrel originated in rivalry between the two groups.// With whom did the proposal originate?// Louis Paster(路易?巴斯德).contemporary adj.of the time or period to which reference is being made, belonging to the same time;e.g.contemporary literature(當(dāng)代文學(xué))// Dickens was contemporary with Thackeray.// contemporary n.a person belonging to the same time with another/others;e.g.Dickens and Thakeray are contemporaries.// Para: The proof that such diseases were caused by external bacteria and/or viruses can be traced back to the pioneering work done by Pasteur and scientists of his time.10.contaminate vt.to make impure, corrupt, etc.by contact;to pollute;e.g.Flies contaminate food.The oil spill contaminated the river.// contamination n.contaminating or being contaminated;sth which contaminates;e.g.Milk should be kept very clean to avoid contamination.The contamination of the Pearl River made the water unfit to drink.// contaminant n.a contaminating substance;e.g.Dust and poisonous gas in the air are contaminants.// contaminating adj.e.g.contaminating diseases(接觸性傳染病)

11.chicken cholera 雞霍亂；anthrax 炭疽病.12.hypothesis n.an idea or suggestion put foward as a starting point for reasoning or explanation.e.g.Many people are trying to prove the hypothesis put forward by that famous economist.// gut n.[pl.] the intestine;[slang] daring, courage.e.g.During the war, Japanese soldiers took pleasure in sticking their bayonets into the guts of unarmed Chinese civilians.Bill is a man of guts.// microbe n.a microorganism, especially one causing disease;e.g.Microbes are tiny living creatures that can be seen only with the help of a microscope.// to grow sth in culture 把某物放在培養(yǎng)基中培養(yǎng)。

Para: To see whether his idea that microorganisms cause diseases is correct, Pasteur examined the things contained in the intestine of chickens suffering from cholera;he separated a microbe that might have caused the disease and grew it in culture.13.identify vt.to establish the identity of;to consider as being the same or as being necessarily associated.e.g.Mary identified the man as her attacker./ Peter identifies her happiness with his own.// identity n.who a person is, or what a thing is.e.g.an identity card(ID card 身份證).They don't trust him as his identity is still uncertain.// identification n.identifying or being identified, e.g.The identification of persons killed in the traffic accident proves rather difficult.// identical adj.the same;exactly alike;e.g.The fingerprints of no two persons are identical./ John and his brother are identical twins.// The identical twins were asked to show their identity cards in the swimming contest because the officials there had trouble identifying them.Para: Pasteur had correctly established the identity of the microbe that caused chicken cholera.14.by chance = by accident, not by desing or on purpose.e.g.The farmer discovered a sword that dates back to pre-Qin period quite by chance.15.be resistant to = resisting.e.g.Many insects are resistant to DDT.// batch n.one set, lot or group.e.g.Mother always tells me to buy the freshest batch of bread.Batch number is printed on the back of the box.// be lethal to = be deadly to.e.g.Drugs are lethal to all people.//

Para: But birds(chickens)taking the cultured microbes that had lost their ability to infect were not affected by new batches of microbes that would have killed those birds(chickens)if they had not received the weakened form of microbes earlier.16.recur vi.to come, happen again;be repeated.e.g.I felt very sorry when I learned that his disease had recurred.If this cheating recurs, you will be expelled from school.// recurrence n.recurring, repetition.e.g.The frequent recurrence of these headaches makes her life miserable.// recurrent adj.e.g.His illness is likely to be recurrent.17.administer vt.to manage, look after business affairs;to apply, put into operation.e.g.to administer law;to administer a country;to administer punishment to sb;The doctor told me to administer the lotion to the wound three times a day.// administration n.management of public affairs;application of medicine, relief, a punishement.e.g.His sister is studying administration at Cornell University.The administration of eye drops must be done very carefully.// administrator n.e.g.A friend of mine is an administrator in a prestigious college.// administrative adj.e.g.He has a lot of administrative work to do.// induce vt.to produce, cause, etc.e.g.This medicine induces sleep.His illness was induced by overwork.// induced labor 引產(chǎn).immunity n.the state of being temporarily or permanently able to resist an infection;exemption from a tax, duty or jurisdiction.e.g.Immunity may be acquired.// be immune to/from = protected or safe from a danger, etc.;exempt;e.g.He is immune to TB/small pox.Foreign funded companies in that country are immune from income taxation for three years.// immune system = 免疫系統(tǒng)// immunization n.免疫接種 Para: With the use(application)of a form of ineffective culture of the disease-causing bacteria, doctors might be able to cause their patients to acquire a resistance to infectious diseases.18.Guinea pigs are not pigs.They are the white mice used in scientific experiments.19.vaccine n.a preparation of weakened microorganisms that are administered so as to produce or increase immunity to/against a particular disease 疫苗（制劑）.e.g.Scientists have been trying to develop an effective vaccine against AIDS.20.to an/some/a certain extent = in some degree, partly.e.g.Ghana is industrialized to some extent.21.prominent adj.distinguished, famous, leading.e.g.Albert Einstein is a prominent physicist.// Jean has a promiment part in the play.prominence n.|| Joseph Lister(1827-1912), English surgeon.On the basis of Pasteur's research into fermentation, he introduced the principles of disinfection and antisepsis into surgery.|| carbolic acid: 石炭酸。sterilize vt.to rid(surgical instruments, dressings etc.)of living microorganisms;to make incapable of producing offspring.e.g.To sterilize anything is to kill the germs on it, usually by boiling.// He did not want to have any more children, so he had an operation to have himself sterilized.suture n.the thread or wire used in a surgical operation（手術(shù)用線）;the stitching together of the two edges of a wound or incision（手術(shù)縫合）;vt.to sew up(a wound).|| dressings n.繃帶 Para: Pasteur's findings affected the opinion of Joseph Lister, a famous British surgeon, who was the first to use carbolic acid to kill micororganisms on intruments, threads and wound dressings used in surgical operation.22.address vt.to speak/write to.e.g.Mr.Green will now address the meeting.vivisection n.the performance of scientific experiments involving surgical operation on living animals for medical or other research（活體解剖）.vivisect vt.Para: to make a speech at the Royal Commission that was investigating into the horrible practices, the killing of living animals.23.condemn vt.to blame, criticize severely;punish.e.g.Most people condemn war.// The judge condemned the criminal to ten years in jail.// condemnation n.Para: to say some words to criticize vivisection, the horrible practices that kill animals.24.Quaker n.a member of the Society of Friends（公誼會/貴格會成員）.25.sovereign n.a king, queen or emperor.e.g.King George was the sovereign of England.// adj.the highest power(of a nation, state, ruler).e.g.China is a sovereign state.26.testimony n.a statement made under oath to establish a fact;any form of evidence.e.g.A witness gave testimony that Mr.Smith was at home from 9 to 12 p.m.// The witness's testimony is false.// testify vt.& vi.to give evidence, especially under oath in court.e.g.The fingerprint expert was asked to testify at the trial.// He hated to testify against a friend.27.asepsis n.freedom from bacterial infection;the method or process of excluding bacteria, esp.in surgery（無菌/無菌操作）.aseptic adj.28.diphtheria n.白喉;tetanus n.破傷風(fēng);rabies n.狂犬病;tuberculosis n.結(jié)核病;poliomyelitis n.脊髓灰質(zhì)炎;measles n.麻疹.29.candidate microorganisms = microorganisms that might be the causes of diseases.30.contract vt.to catch(a disease);to enter into a contract.e.g.My son contracted a severe fever.// The farmer contracted to lease his land.31.antibacterial adj.that checks the growth or effect of bacteria（抗菌的）n.抗菌劑/物.antibiotic n.any of certain substances capable of destroying or weakening bacteria（抗菌素，抗生素）adj.抗菌的，抗生的.The prefix anti means: 1.against, hostile to;2.that operates against;3.that prevents, cures or neutralizes;4.opposite, reverse;5.rivaling

32.trivial adj.insignificant, of very little importance or value.e.g.His work is the most important thing, beside it all else is trivial.// triviality n.e.g.She only talks about the trivialities of life.33.amputate vt.to cut off(an arm, a leg), esp.in surgery.e.g.His injured arm was amputated.// amputation n.e.g.Doctors tried their best to keep his legs injured by a land mine before they resorted to amputation.34.puerperal sepsis: 產(chǎn)后膿毒病。

35.sulfonamide drugs: 磺胺類藥物。

Para: When doctors started to use sulfonamides, the rate of mothers dying from puerperal sepsis dropped sharply.36.a range of = a row, line or series of.e.g.a range of mountains.37.compound n.復(fù)/化/混合物。e.g.APC compound// adj.復(fù)/化/混合物的，復(fù)方的。

Gerhard Domagk:(1895-1964), a German chemist.Bayer Laboratories: 拜爾實驗室/制藥公司。

screen vt.to test;to sift through a screen.e.g.He was well screened before he took the job.mouse protection test: 小鼠保護(hù)實驗。agar plates: 瓊脂培養(yǎng)基。

Notice: The objective clause following “insist” is in subjunctive mood.Para: The research group led by Gerhard Domagk at Bayer Laboratories...insisted that all possible compounds get tested on mice infected with the disease instead of on bacteria grown in culture.38.perspicacity n.quickness to judge and understand.e.g.Her perspicacity in times of danger has saved us a lot of trouble.// perspicacious adj.[formal] keen;quick to judge and understand.e.g.John is a perspicacious boy.prontosil n.百浪多息（一種磺胺類藥的商品名）。

potent adj.(of reasons, charms, drugs, remedies)powerful, effective.e.g.M.Ali is a potent boxer.// This drug is potent against cholera.in vitro adj.or adv.in glass;outside a living body and in an artificial environment.// Cf.in vivo adj.or adv.in the living body of a plant or animal.sulfanilamide n.對氨基苯磺酰胺。

Para: Domagk's wise decision was lucky for us because prontosil, a compound, though very effective in killing the bacteria in mice, could not kill the bacteria grown in glass plates(on agar plates).The effective antibacterial sulfanilamide originated from prontosil in vivo rather than in vitro.39.synthesize vt.to combine parts or elements so as to form a whole.e.g.No one has synthesized gold.// Some hormones can be synthesized.// synthetic adj.e.g.During the 20th century, many synthetic products have replaced natural ones.// synthetic leather// synthesis n.e.g.Plastic is produced by synthesis.// Now that we have succeeded in

isolating this drug, our next problem is to plan its synthesis in the laboratory.40.penicillin n.盤尼西林/青霉素。

Para: A lack of proper animal experiments unfortunately postponed the use of the wonderful new drug: penicillin.41.Sir Alexander Fleming(1881-1955), a British bacteriologist.42.toxic adj.poisonous.e.g.toxic gas// Some substances produced by bacteria in plants and animals are very toxic.// toxin n.any of several intensely poisonous substances produced by certain bacteria.e.g.The toxins contained in spoiled food can cause diseases.// toxicity n.毒性.e.g.Mr.Wang, a Ph.D student, is studying the toxicity of insecticides.43.Sir Howard W.Florey(1898-1968), a British pathologist.// Ernst Boris Chain(1906-?)a Germany born British biochemist.44.malaria n.瘧疾。

45.strain n.種、菌株。e.g.Yuan Longping has developed a new strain of rice that can increase food production nationwide.46.routine n.a fixed and regular way of doing things.e.g.business routine// Going to the bank every morning is part of the routine of his work.// We are bored with the routine of campus life.// adj.ordinary, regular.e.g.Mopping the floor and washing the dishes are my routine duties// A routine medical checkup is advisable at least once a year for the middle-aged scientists.thanks to = owing to;with the help of.e.g.Thanks to the teacher's help, I passed my mid-term English test.Para: As a result of(owing to)20 years of animal research by..., open heart operation（開心手術(shù)）is now common(a daily practice).47.kidney failure = renal failure（腎衰竭）.48.kidney dialysis = 腎透析；kidney transplant = 腎移植。

49.severe hemorrhage = 大出血;hypertension = high blood pressure（高血壓）;diabetes = 糖尿病。

50.heparin n.肝素。

extract vt.to draw out by effort;to obtain by pressing, distilling, etc.e.g.to extract sugarcane/beet for sugar// The surgeon extracted a bullet lodged in his chest.// Iron is extracted from the iron ore by heating the ore with coke and limestone.// extraction n.Her teeth are so bad that she needs five extractions.animal tissues = 動物組織;however, tissue paper = 面巾紙。

anesthetize vt.to cause a partial or total loss of the sense of pain, touch, etc.in...// anesthesia n.麻醉.e.g.local anesthesia = 局部麻醉;total anesthesia = 全身麻醉;Many doctors from the third world countries come to China to learn acupuncture

anesthesia（針刺麻醉）.// anesthetic adj.麻醉的；n.麻醉藥/劑// anesthetist n.麻醉師// anesthesiologist n.麻醉專家// e.g.Before a surgical operation, an anesthetist/anesthesiologist anesthetizes the patient so that he/she does not feel the pain.For a small operation, local anesthesia is administered;if the operation is a big one, total anesthesia is preferred.The dosage of anesthetics used depends on the age, weight, and physical condition of the patient.In China, doctors also use acupunture anesthesia in surgical operations.51.a host of = a great number of.e.g.They defeated a host of enemies in battle.// similar expressions: a series/range/variety/plethora of, an array of.// However, “host” in the next sentence means “宿主”.complication n.new illness, or new development of an illness, that makes treatment more difficult(并發(fā)癥)。

instrumental adj.helpful, serving as an instrument or means;of or for musical instruments.// e.g.Dr.Deal is instrumental in finding a well-paid job for George.// instrumental music（器樂曲）.Para: To transplant a kidney or any major organ into a patient is likely to cause a lot of new problems that make the treatment more difficult.Animal experiments have been very helpful in developing new therapies and techniques for these problems.52.blood vessels: 血管;donor organ: 捐贈器官。

withstand vt.to hold out against(pressure, attack).e.g.They withstood the attackers for 48 hours before retreat.// Nobody can withstand her charms.artery n.any of the large tubes carrying blood from the heart（動脈，Cf.vein: 靜脈）;a main road or channel.e.g.The Yangtze is one of the transportation arteries in China.// arterial adj.Trans: 將宿主的血管和捐贈器官牢固縫合，以便使血管能夠承受動脈的壓力。

53.suppress vt.to restrain;to keep from being known or published;to put down by force.e.g.The police are trying to suppress the sale and use of illegal drugs.// You cannot suppress the truth for long.// She suppressed a laugh.// The army suppressed a revolt in the provinces.54.reject vt.to refuse to take, use, believe, agree to, etc.e.g.The committee rejected his application for studying abroad.// The patient's body rejected the heart transplant.// rejection n.55.insulin n.a life-saving hormone(胰島素).56.pancreas n.脾臟

57.diagnosis n.the act of deciding the nature of a disease, situation, problem, etc.by examination and analysis;the resulting decision（診斷 [pl.] diagnoses）.e.g.The two doctors made different diagnoses of my disease.// diagnose vt.& vi.to determine the nature of(a disease)from its symptoms.e.g.The doctor diagnosed his disease as measles.// diagnostic adj.malignant adj.very harmful;causing or likely to cause death.e.g.She is suffering from a malignant tumor.// malignance or malignancy n.prognosis n.a prediction, esp.of the course of a disease(預(yù)后).e.g.The prognosis of

her case is not very bright.// prognostic adj.precede vt.& vi.to come, be, or go before in time, place, rank, etc.e.g.The playing of the national anthem precedes all sports events.//The movie star entered the room preceded by her little dog.// A major precedes a captain in rank.// precedence n.e.g.Economic problems must take precedence of other issues.// precedent adj.& n.If he is allowed to do this, it will serve as a precedent for others.// It is something without precedent in history.devastate vt.to lay waste, destroy, overwhelm.e.g.The typhoon devastated the coastal area in Guangdong.// devastation n.The devastation caused by the landslide left 30 people homeless.Para: The determination of malignant hypertension often meant that the patient would die within a year.Before his/her death, he/she would experience very painful headaches and lose his/her sight too.58.herald vt.to announce, foretell, etc.e.g.The singing of the birds heralds the day.// n.a forerunner;one who announces important news.e.g.The returning swallows are heralds of spring.// A good newspaper should be a herald of truth.// The New York Herald Tribune（《紐約先驅(qū)論壇報》）.59.transgenic adj.轉(zhuǎn)基因的, e.g.transgenic foods.60.mutation n.a sudden variation in some inheritable characteristic of a plant or animal.// mutant adj.of mutation;n.an animal or plant with inheritable characteristics that differ from those of the parents.// mutable adj.that can change or be changed.// mutate vi.& vt.a wealth of = a lot of.It can be used to modify both countable and uncountable nouns.e.g.She has a wealth of knowledge about China.// The speaker gives a wealth of examples to illustrate his point.61.trauma n.a bodily injury/wound;an emotional shock/blow.e.g.Time will heal her trauma.// traumatic adj.e.g.His traumatic experience in the war lasted through his life.// traumatize vt.Everyone felt traumatized during the Cultural Revolution.the central nervous system: 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)。

62.dogma n.a doctrine, belief;a body of theological doctrines strictly adhered to(教條)./ dogmatic adj.dogmatism n.教條主義/ dogmaticist n.教條主義者 || mammalian adj.哺乳動物的;mammal n.哺乳動物 || spinal cord n.脊髓

assess vt.to evaluate.e.g.The value of the property has been assessed at RMB2000 yuan.// The prefix “re” in reassess means “again”.e.g.We have to reassess the situation now since many things have changed in the past few days.|| in the light of = as a result of taking into consideration.e.g.In the light of these changes, we must revise our plan.|| regenerate vt.to give new life or vigor to;to grow(a new part)to replace a lost or injured one.e.g.Worldwide bumper harvest regenerated hopes of resolving the economic crisis.// If a crab loses a claw, it wil often regenerate a new one.// regeneration n.e.g.The successful regeneration of the waterfront has brought in many tourists.||

Para: Recent animal research indicates that it is indeed possible to make damaged nerve cells in mammalian spinal cord to function again.According to this research finding, the old teaching/doctrine that it is impossible to...has to be reevaluated and

changed.Key to the paragraph translation into Chinese: 在解決現(xiàn)有的醫(yī)學(xué)難題方面，動物實驗依舊是必不可少的嗎？那些因攜帶一個突變基而產(chǎn)生基因轉(zhuǎn)變的動物，已經(jīng)向我們提供了大量的有關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)功能及其在疾病中所起的作用的新信息。毫無疑問，動物實驗將繼續(xù)為我們提供這類信息。我們還期待著在中樞神經(jīng)損傷的治療方面取得重大進(jìn)展。鑒于近來的動物研究表明，神經(jīng)的再生確有可能，因此原本認(rèn)為哺乳動物脊髓中的神經(jīng)細(xì)胞受損后功能無法復(fù)原的教條，必須予以重新評價。治療何時生效，只是一個時間問題。||我們很難想象，將來如果沒有動物實驗，怎么能夠在這個領(lǐng)域以及生物和醫(yī)學(xué)等諸多其他領(lǐng)域取得進(jìn)展。

索爾克和疫苗這兩個詞，就象弗萊明和盤尼西林、愛因斯坦和相對論那樣，緊緊地結(jié)合在一起。因此，當(dāng)最早研制出可以有效預(yù)防小兒麻痹癥的疫苗的喬納斯? 索爾克博士于八年前宣布，他將重新出山專攻愛滋病難題的時候，許多人，特別是那些與日俱增的HIV病毒感染者，都?xì)g呼雀躍起來。除了這位征服過一種惡名遠(yuǎn)揚(yáng)的兒童痼疾的高手，誰還比他更有資格擔(dān)當(dāng)向當(dāng)前的瘟疫——愛滋病發(fā)起沖鋒的領(lǐng)軍人物呢？然而在科學(xué)界，憂慮卻多過期望。愛滋病這個目標(biāo)，要比小兒麻痹癥難攻得多，所以很少有專家相信索爾克的疫苗研制方法能夠取得成功。然而這位醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的開拓者，并沒有因為他人的懷疑而氣餒，而是知難而上，和一家私人公司聯(lián)手研發(fā)他的治療方法?，F(xiàn)今80高齡的索爾克，也許有機(jī)會向世人證明，他的白大褂的衣袖里，藏了不止一種醫(yī)學(xué)奇跡。

Key to Translation B:

1.Rabies is an infectious disease of the central nervous system, caused by a virus spread chiefly by domestic dogs and wild flesh-eating animals.2.Each year about 6,500 Americans contract liver caner, and for all but a relative few the prognosis is grim.3.It is one thing to locate oil, but it is quite another to extract it from the earth and transport it to the industrial centers.4.In the light of recent animal research, we have become convinced that the vaccine can boost patients' weakening immune system and decrease the amount of virus circulating in the blood.5.Earlier he spoke publicly against the proposal for increasing trade between the two countries, but now he is inclined to support it.6.There is no powerful medicine for curing the mysterious strain of influennza with its complications, for it is resistant to current antibiotics.7.Since he was elected, the president has been faced with a host of serious social problems such as runaway inflation, large-scale unemployment, and teenage crime.8.A famous French chemist named Louis Pasteur discovered and proved after many

years of careful experiments on animals that microorganisms are responsible for certain infectious diseases.9.The four problems in question are how to prevent various epidemics, alleviate existing ailments, conquer malignant tumors, and respond to the emergence of new diseases respectively.10.Before the introduction of penicillin, a life-saving antibiotic, many patients with tuberculosis typically died from the disease.Vocabulary and structure A.1.suppress 2.Amputation 3.donor 4.recurrence 5.heralded 6.alleviate 7.batches 8.reject 9.lethal 10.potent B.1.a.immunized B.immunity 2.a.diagnostical b.diagnosed 3.a.recurrent b.recurrence

4.a.vaccinating b.Vaccination

5.a.infect b.infective 6.a.contracted b.contractible 7.a.toxin b.toxicity 8.a.surgery b.surgeon 9.a.administration b.administered 10.a.preceded b.preceding

C.1.originated with 2.a host of 3.immune to 4.are resistant to 5.protected against 6.In the light of 7.speak against 8.points to 9.in question 10.were responsible for D.1.few?little 2.impossible?possible 3.was?/ 4.itself?themselves 5.from?in 6.As?/ 7.This?It 8.to?/ 9.dish?mould 10.seems?seemed E.1.indeed 2.control 3.particularly 4.living 5.producing 6.character 7.discovery 8.supported 9.co-operation 10.prevented Reading practice 1.F 2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F

Unit Eleven: Should English Be the Law

Robert D.King

Explanation of the Text

1.race riots: riots resulting from racial animosity(仇恨)種族騷動

2.draft riots: riots resulting from conscripting men into military service征兵騷動 3.secession: n.formally leaving an organization.4.anti-war protests: anti-war demonstrations 5.language riot: riot resulting from making English the official language of the United States 6.is alien(to): is strange(to);is unnatural(to)e.g.When I first went to New York, it all felt very alien to me.I find the idea of sending young children off to boarding school totally alien.It's a country that has had an alien government and an alien language imposed on it by force.7.the appeal to the Supreme Court: the turning over of the case to the Supreme Court appeal(to): n.&v 1)an earnest request e.g.She made one last appeal to her father for permission to go to the party.The appeal for funds for the orphanage was highly successful.The children appeal to their mother to know what to do on a rainy day.(v.)an appeal to a higher court for a reversal of the decision

2)attraction e.g.Television has a great appeal for most young people.Blue and red appeal to me but I don't like grey or yellow.(v.)8.ruling: n.decision, judgment

e.g.The court's final ruling on the case was that the companies had acted illegally.9.strike down: legally cancel;overthrow;kill e.g.strike down a law The racists attempted to strike down the opposition of the blacks by threatening to storm.One pedestrian was unfortunately struck down by lightning.10.how divisive a public issue language could become in America: language could become a very divisive public issue in American.11.be taken seriously: be considered to be important and worth a lot of attention;take sth/sb seriously e.g.The police have to take any terrorist threat seriously.These young actors take themselves so seriously.37 12.the American way: the American custonm/customary behavior way n.: method;aspect e.g.He wants his own way all the time.他總是一意孤行。Do it your own way.He has more power in many ways than the President.13.be silent on language: give no view on language be silent on/about: give no opinion on

e.g.The minister was silent on/about his plan for the future.14.in order to make it in America: in order to be very successful in America make it(to the top): be very successful

e.g.She's very ambitious but, I don't think she'll ever really make it(to the top).The charts showed we had made it, and big.圖表顯示我們成功了，大大地成功了。

15.in the wake of the anything-goes attitudes and the celebration of cultural differences arising: because of attitudes promoting and accepting, any kind of thought or cultural differences “Anything Goes”: a title of a song written by Cole Porter, 1934.It means that one person can do whatever she/he wants.e.g.He blamed the ever-increasing crime rate on the media, and the anything-goes attitudes of the sixties.go v.be acceptable e.g.My parents don't worry too much about what I am up to, and most of the time anything goes.Just remember that I'm the boss and what I say goes.(=You have to accept what I say.)16.bilingual ballot: ballot using two languages 17.selected language groups:groups of people chosen according to their languages 18.Bilingual education became a byword of educational thinking : Bilingual education became an integral part educational discussion.19.scattered demands:demands which come from various locations but are few and somewhat random 20.The sentence “It was...that the movement...arose” is an emphatic sentence.21.U.S.English: an organization whose purpose is to promote English as an official language of the United States 22.Official English initiatives: proposals made by voters/citizens to make English an official language of the United States 23.In 1987 U.S.English installed as its president Linda Chavez: In 1987 U.S.English made Linda Chavez its president install v.settle(sb)in an official position, esp.with ceremony

e.g.Every four years, an American President is installed into office in January.38 24.overtones n.(often pl.)implications;hints

e.g.Although the concert was supposed to be an event to raise money for charity, it had strong political overtones.Feminists have criticized the TV commercials for its sexist overtones.25.the advisory board: the board which gives advice 26.allude to :refer(indirectly)to;mention: Though she didn't say Mr.Smith's name, it was clear she was alluding to him.His wife's death made him very sad;don't allude to it when you meet him.27.CEO of U.S.English: It means chief executive officer of U.S.English 28.The popular wisdom is that conservatives are pro and liberals con: Most people think that conservatives are supporters and liberals are opponents.popular wisdom: conventional/received wisdom e.g.The popular wisdom has it that women are more emotional than men, but in my experience it just often isn't the case.pro and con: for and against but when it is used as noun, it means “advantage and disadvantage”.e.g.Are you pro or con nuclear disarmament? We considered all the pros and cons very carefully before deciding to buy a bigger house.29.But would anyone characterize as conservatives the present and past U.S.English board members Alistair Cooke, Walter Cronkite, and Norman Cousins? But would anyone describe the present and past U.S.English board members Alistair Cooke, Walter Cronkite, and Non-nan Cousins(three public figures usually considered to be liberal in their views)as conservatives? || characterize someone as sth: describe someone as typical of sth;describe someone by stating his/her main qualities e.g.In her essay, she characterized the whole era as a period of radical change.I would characterize Captain Hill as a born leader of men.30.a strain of: a particular type or quality of e.g.There's a strain of

eccentricity(古怪)in that family.A strain of Puritanism（嚴(yán)格的道德及宗教觀念)runs through all her work.31.specifies English as the official language of government: states that English is the official language of government 32.Exceptions are made for the teaching of foreign languages: make an exception破例，作為例外 e.g.You will make an exception of my son's case, won't you? You must all be here at 8 a.m., we can make no exceptions.33.What are the chances that some version of Official English wiR become federal law? What is the probability that some form of Official English initiatives will become federal law? 39 34.among them a desire by Republicans not to alienate the growing number of Hispanic Republicans, most of whom are uncomfortable with mandated monolingualism: among the various reasons, a desire that Republicans not separate themselves from the growing number of Hispanic Republicans, most of whom are uncomfortable with officially requiring that only English(and not Spanish)be used.35.force its citizens to use certain languages in preference to others: force its citizens to use certain languages rather than others in preference to: rather than e.g.He studied chemistry in preference to physics at university.36.discourage people from speaking a language: prevent people from speaking a language discourage...from: prevent...from e.g.Her parents discouraged her from majoring in drama courses because they thought she'd never get a job.What discourages me from going camping is all the insects.37.Wise governments keep their hands off language to the extent that it is politically possible to do so: Wise governments don't interfere politically with language if at all possible.keep one's hands off: refrain from;avoid 38.living out a slow, inexorable decline: experiencing a slow relentless decline 39.a means of communion: Here communion means a close understanding of each other 40.We are Americans;We are different: We are Americans.We have our own traditions and history.We are different from people of other countries.Key to the Translation

A.Key to the translation from English to Chinese:

A.1995年10月，也就是向最高法院上訴這前，聯(lián)邦上訴法庭以6對5票通過一項裁決，廢除了亞利那州的這項法規(guī)。這些事件暗示語言在美國可能成為引起公眾分歧的問題，即使至今這點還沒有受到重視。

普遍認(rèn)為保守主義是支持派，自由主義專欄者是反對派。這種說法可以說是對的。象喬治.威爾和威廉.巴科利，他們寫了很多文章，支持官方英語。但是不是任何人都會把現(xiàn)在和過去美國英語委員會都描述為保守主義者呢？

關(guān)于語言和政府，歷史給了我們一個很清楚的教訓(xùn)：一個自由國家的政府無法有效地改變語言的規(guī)律與應(yīng)用；無法迫使它的公民使用某些語言而不用另一些語言；無法要求人們不要講他們希望繼續(xù)講的語言。

B.Key to the translation from Chinese to Englsih:

1.Many issues intersect in the controversy over second language acquisition, such as teaching method, cultural background, and individual learners' differences.2.In China, most schools have legislation that requires all the teachers to give lessons in Putonghua.3.Most young people are now studying foreign languages very hard in order to make it in the challenge of society.4.There have always been two viewpoints, conservatives versus liberals, about whether to legislate that English be the official language of the United States or not.5.He appealed against the severity of the punishment to the Supreme Court.He won his appeal in the end and the sentence was halved.6.Developing students'non-intelligence factors, or advocating quality-oriented education, is a byword of current educational thinking.7.In the United States, the Presidential power was reduced by a constitutional amendment in 1991.8.All the materials in the listening textbook are in authentic English, which is helpful to learners.9.Rod Ellis has written many books on second language acquisition, and he has been prominent in research in it.10.A language riot is in essence an ethnic conflict.Therefore, it will threaten to split a country and should be taken seriously.Key to Vocabulary and Structure A.1.controversy 2.chances 3.undertone 4.fuss 5.partisan 6.conservative 7.endorse 8.neglected 9.legislation 10.credentials B.1.love affair with 2.struck down 3.in the wake of 4.Popular wisdom 5.pros and cons 6.a strain of 7.have made it 8.allude to 9.alien 10.facing tough odds C.1.secede 2.prohibition 3.Predictably 4.typifies 5.outweigh 6.immigrants 7.tolerance 8.pro-abortionists 9.diversity 10.Conservationists

D.1.D.many of which 2.A.to have been 3.C.to another 4.C.suspected criminals 5.D.Portugal's 6.B.there to be 7.C./ 8.D.it does 9.D.did he come to 10.C.what E.1.countries 2.and 3.Two 4.language 5.are 6.four 7.but 8.never 9.Contrary 10.with 11.recognizes 1 2.constitution 13.India 14.than 15.independence 16.because 17.split 18.well 19.demands 20.time Key to Reading Practice 1.D 2.A 3.C 4.D 5.C

Unit 12 Rich North, Hungry South

Notes to the Texts

1.The South's weakling sweatshops = the factories in the poor south countries, where workers are employed for long hours, at low wages, or under unfavorable conditions.|| weakling adj: weak, not strong.E.g.: Some boys in the class were weakling and they were frightened of getting in fights.|| weakling n.a person who is physically or morally weak, e.g.: She has a reputation on the committee for being a weakling when decisions have to be made.2.nothing more than = nothing more or less than 完全是 = only E.g.: You're not fit for such a climb and it's nothing more or less than folly to attempt it.3.far from = by no means, absolutely not E.g.: Are you tire? Far from it./ He is not a fool.Far from it 4.fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite = This fear has now been replaced by a pessimism which is just as strong but for a completely different reason.|| give way to = be gradually replaced by sth newer, better, or different.E.g.: With the population growth, hunting and fishing settlements gave way to small towns./ After a while his anger gave way to depression./ Nowadays letter writing as a means of communication is giving way to sending e-mails./ We mustn't give way to unreasonable demands.5 this view contains an iota of truth = there is hardly any truth in this idea.|| an iota of = a very small quantity of E.g.: As I know, he hasn't an iota of proof./ It's no use talking to him;it won't make an iota of difference.6.enough to lend plausibility = enough to make it seem reasonable

7.it is a hysterical exaggeration = It is an unreasonably exaggerated statement 8.tacitly affirmed = implicitly declared 心照不宣地肯定|| tacit= understood without being put into words E.g.: tacit consent, tacit agreement 默許，默契 9.Starting from there = On that basis 10.have a better platform = have a better chance to illustrate their argument 11.Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new onslaught.= Crucial interests compel the rich countries to protect their industries from new, large-scale competition(from developing counties).|| onslaught n.= large scale attack 43 12.this idea may sell = this idea may win approval and acceptance || sell vi.= gain acceptance / be accepted E.g.: The war program won't sell with the public.13.The grip that this thinking already has on = The influence that this thinking already has on popular opinion has little relationship with economic history or theories.|| have a grip on = influence;hold the attention of;control E.g.: Computer science is having a profound grip on modern society./ The speaker had a good grip on the audience.14.expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another = expresses the strong belief that development in one part of the world must be achieved by handicapping another part of the world.|| conviction n.= a firmly established belief or opinion;a decision in a court of law that sb is guilty of a crime E.g.: The conviction that their country will prosper overwhelms its people./ The trial and conviction of the killer took half a year.|| at the expense of = with the loss, injury, or sacrifice of = so as to be paid for by 以...為代價，由...負(fù)擔(dān)費用 E.g.: He became a brilliant scholar, but only at the expense of his health./ Peter took a trip to Beijing at company's expense./ Economic development should not be achieved at the expense of moral decline.15.Lending useful support to this first error is a second—the idea that there is only so much work to go round.= The second erroneous way of thinking, which supports the first error, is the idea that there is only limited employment for everyone.|| lend...support to= give support to || so much = a limited amount of E.g.: Sometimes students wonder if the teacher knows they have only so much time to do their lessons.16.render some jobs obsolete = cause some jobs out of date 17.in excess of = to a greater amount or degree than 18.At the core of both fallacies is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.= The essence of the two false ideas is not realizing the fact that a market economy has the power to change so as to be suitable and successful in new and different situations.|| market economy = a system of producing wealth based on the free operation of business and trade without government control || be blind to = be unable to see effects / to judge or understand well 19 an army of = a large number of 20.dwindled to nearly nothing = became less and almost disappeared 21.stand at v.phr.= be at a particular level or amount 22 alongside = adv.close to the side of(a ship or a pier)23.Put carefully, their case goes as follows = Considered carefully, the reasoning these alarmists' offer can be expressed in the following way.44 24.The breadth and intensity of third-world competition is increasing.= Third-world competition is spreading to more areas and growing keener.25.Wages there are being forced down and jobs lost.= In the developed countries, wages are being forced to go down and jobs are disappearing.26.are no longer equipped to withstand such strains.= are not able to endure such pressure any more.|| strain n.tension or pressure E.g.: The less developed countries have large populations that put great strain on land and other resources.27.social distress = social suffering 28.at length = in detail, thoroughly 29 stiffer competition = tougher, more severe competition 更激烈的競爭 30 physical and human capital = natural resources and labour 31 stand to gain = be likely to gain 32 of scale = extensively

33.outweigh = be more important or valuable than sth else 34.the gains = the profits 35.consolation = giving comfort or sympathy to sb who is unhappy or disappointed 36.It would follow that = It seems to be true(as a logical result of sth else that is true)that...37.is an even more powerful engine of economic change = is an even more powerful factor that causes economic change 37A.strike a bargain = reach an agreement 38.along the way = during the process 39.alarmists =(derog.)persons who alarm others unnecessarily or excessively 危言聳聽者

40.not yet argued for prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving innovation = not yet given reasons why there should be high taxes on all types of labor-saving innovation || prohibitive taxes = taxes which are levied intended or tending to prevent the use or purchase of sth 寓禁稅 41.wrecking = destroying 42.punitive = so severe that people find it very difficult to pay

43.So it will prove with trade with the developing world = Trade with the third world will also show that the benefits outweigh the costs.44.accommodating = adjusting to 45.at large = in general 46.gains ground = become accepted or believed by more people E.g.: The practice of buying houses on loan is gaining ground.47.fail in that challenge = are unable to protect the losers without refusing the benefits to people in general

48.It will not do to provide a welfare system that pays a subsistence income to those whose jobs disappear, for boredom and idleness, even at a bearable standard of living, are socially corrosive.= It will not be acceptable to provide welfare to support people who lose their jobs, because even if the welfare payments are high enough to allow a decent standard of living, the boredom and idleness of being on welfare are destructive to society.Key to the translation from English to Chinese

A.盡管在學(xué)科目標(biāo)和所達(dá)到的理論發(fā)展水平之間存在著差異，但理論在經(jīng)濟(jì)、地理和經(jīng)濟(jì)地理領(lǐng)域里起著相同的作用。不管其內(nèi)容如何，理論研究的目的是把各種各樣的細(xì)節(jié)整理歸納出一種現(xiàn)象之間的清晰的、有恒定關(guān)系的模式。理論的發(fā)展要求事先作出選擇，哪些特征需要檢驗，哪些關(guān)系需要探討，整個現(xiàn)實情況中哪些方面需要解釋以及需要提出怎樣的假設(shè)。

也許理論的萌芽階段是由偶然的觀察和經(jīng)歷促使形成的。在對這種理論進(jìn)行初期的探索中，描述一種事實花費了絕大部分的精力。問題的日益復(fù)雜性和理論描述的嚴(yán)密性導(dǎo)致了人們越來越關(guān)心使用精心選擇的數(shù)據(jù)和各種統(tǒng)計技術(shù)來對初步的理論進(jìn)行測試。在后來的這些發(fā)展中，學(xué)科的內(nèi)容越趨于理論化和具有演澤性，而不是具有經(jīng)驗性或描述性。

Key to the translation from Chinese to English

B.1.In the aggregate, the benefits to the Chinese people brought forth in the economic reform have greatly outweighed their costs.2.Unless you are thoroughly prepared in all respects, you will be at a disadvantage in dealing with problems that occur suddenly.3.We have formed the unshakable conviction that man should not exploit the natural resources at the expense of other species.46 4.If no effective measures had been taken to control its population growth in the past several years, the growth rate in the country would have been pushed to something in excess of 4%.5.It is a deeply rooted prejudice to think that innovation constitutes a great threat to social harmony and unity because technological progress has been indeed destroying many employment opportunities and therefore bringing misery to thousands of people.6.Undoubtedly, the world's economic development greatly rests on economic cooperation and interaction between the developed countries and the developing countries.7.After a long negotiation, the two companies struck a bargain to cooperate in the exploitation and utilization of natural gas.8.Many sociologists believe that the old notion of family may well change and the home will become the center of leisure, consumption and creativity in the next century.9.As the government's new economic policy gains ground, a sound and moderate development of the economy will be ensured.10.As far as I'm concerned, it's absurd to put prohibitive taxes on all forms of labor-saving technological innovation.Key to Vocabulary and Structure Vocabulary A.1.hysterical 2.conviction 3.obsolete 4.suffice 5.distress 6.outweigh 7.oversight 8.misery 9.innovation 10.explicit B.1.a.jeopardy 2.a.prohibiting b.jeopardized b.prohibition 3.a.subsidized 4.a.adaptability b.subsidies b.adapt 5.a.impoverishment 6.a.innovative b.impoverished b.innovators 7.a.affirmations 8.a.integrated b.affirmative b.integration 9.a.subsistence 10.a.plausible b.subsistence b.plausibly C.1.go round 2.part and parcel of 3.in excess of 4.at the expense of 5.at a disadvantage 6.given way to 7.rests on 8.at length 9.gain ground 10.in aggregate D.1.was originated?originated 2.them?it 3.sustaining?sustained 4.steady?steadily 5.freely?free 6.on?in 7.With?Without 8.made?make 9.qualified?quality 10.if?unless E.1.industrialized 2.dependent 3.core 4.providing 5.claim 6.simultaneously

7.financed

8.poorer

9.last 10.relationship

11.exploit 12.essence 13.maintain 14.theorists 15.primarily

Key to Reading Practice

1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 48

第四篇：法律英語大賽參考譯文點睛

法律英語大賽參考譯文點睛

1.Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.譯文：任何一方未經(jīng)事先書面同意，不得將其在本協(xié)議項下的任何和全部權(quán)利和權(quán)益讓與及將其在本協(xié)議項下的責(zé)任委托給任何第三方。點睛：考察人稱代詞的譯法。法律文件屬正式文體，不能將人稱代詞對等的譯為“它”“它們”之類的代詞，用一個“其”字代替最合適。2.Neglect of duty is good cause for removal of a trustee.譯文：理事玩忽職守，理應(yīng)解除其職務(wù)。

點睛：考察詞語的翻譯。Good cause 表示 a legally sufficient reason（法律上有充分理由），應(yīng)譯為“理應(yīng)”。

3.The failure of either party at any time or times to require performance of any provision hereof shall in no manner affect its right at a later time to enforce the same.譯文：任何一方在任何時候未要求另一方履行本協(xié)議任一條款，并不影響其以后強(qiáng)制執(zhí)行該條款的權(quán)利。

點睛：考察增詞的譯法?！皉equire performance”的確切意思是require the other patry to perform, 因此在譯文中應(yīng)增加“另一方”才能明確表達(dá)這個意思。

4.This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the People’s Republic of China.譯文：本合同受中華人民共和國法律管轄并依其解釋。

點睛：被動語態(tài)的譯法。由于法律文件屬正式文體，因而不顯示主語的被動句很多，翻譯被動語態(tài)不必拘泥于表現(xiàn)其被動形式，更多的是要考慮用地道的漢語表達(dá)方式譯出其意思。凡可以用被動式翻譯的，直接譯成被動句，否則用主動句加以處理，使譯文既忠實于原句的意思，又符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。該語句即可直接譯為被動句。5.Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests hereunder without the other Party’s prior written consent, which shall not be unreasonably withheld.本協(xié)議任何一方未經(jīng)另一方事先書面同意（該另一方不得無理拒絕同意），不得轉(zhuǎn)讓本協(xié)議或其在本協(xié)議項下的任何權(quán)利和利益。點睛：考察定語從句的譯法。該句屬于非限定性定于從句，一般不譯為前置定語，應(yīng)譯為并列分句。

6.Each of the parties do hereby waive any proof that such breach will cause irreparable injury to such party or that there is no adequate remedy at law.譯文：各方謹(jǐn)此表示不要求另一方進(jìn)行舉證，以證明一方違約將給該另一方造成不可彌補(bǔ)的損害或根據(jù)法律得不到足夠的救濟(jì)。點睛：考察同位語從句的譯法。翻譯同位語從句，一般應(yīng)將同位語從句與同位的名詞分開，單獨譯成一個句子。

7.Unless otherwise provided for herein, failure or delay on the part of any party to exercise any right, power or privilege under this Agreement shall not operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege preclude further exercise thereof or exercise of any other right, power or privilege.譯文：除非本協(xié)議另有規(guī)定，任何一方未能或延遲行使其在本協(xié)議項下的任何權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)，不應(yīng)視為其放棄該權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)；單項或部分行使該權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)或行使其他權(quán)利、權(quán)力或特權(quán)。點睛：考察詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換。該句中紅體字的名詞應(yīng)譯為動詞才更符合漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣。

8.If party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B or its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract.If Party B materially breaches this Contract, Parry A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach within fifteen(15)days upon receiving such notice.If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen(15)-day period, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract.譯文：如果甲方實質(zhì)性違反本合同，乙方或其權(quán)益繼承人有權(quán)終止本合同或要求得到損害賠償。如果乙方實質(zhì)性違反本合同，甲方經(jīng)發(fā)出書面通知，有權(quán)要求乙方在收到書面通知后十五（15）天內(nèi)改正違約行為。如果乙方在十五（15）天期限內(nèi)未予改正，甲方則有權(quán)解除合同并要求得到違約賠償。

點睛：該句雖然較長，但較簡單，注意紅體字部分的譯文即可。9.This agreement shall take effect on the Effective Date and shall continue for a period of ten(10)years.This Agreement shall be automatically renewed for one-year terms thereafter unless and untill terminated by either Party hereto by giving six(6)months’ written notice to the other.譯文：本協(xié)議自生效日起生效，有效期為十（10）年。此后，除非一方提前六（6）個月向另一方發(fā)出終止本協(xié)議的書面通知，本協(xié)議逐年自動延長一年。

點睛：考察一些詞語的譯法。

10.The Parties shall execute and do and procure all other third parties, if necessary, to execute and do all such acts, deeds, assurances and things as may be reasonably required so that full effect may be given to the terms and conditions of this Agreement.譯文：各方應(yīng)簽署和執(zhí)行，并在必要時保證所有其他第三方簽署和進(jìn)行可能合理要求的一切行動、契約、保證和事宜，以使本協(xié)議的條款和條件可以具有完全的效力。

點睛：考察紅體字部分的譯法，該句不應(yīng)拘泥于原句的句式，應(yīng)按漢語表達(dá)習(xí)慣換個說法，會使譯文更通順。

第五篇：英語譯文

一．

從前在美國中心有一個小鎮(zhèn)，那里的萬物看上去都與其四周的環(huán)境融洽相處。小鎮(zhèn)的四周是像棋盤交錯的生意盎然的農(nóng)莊，還有一塊塊的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果園。春天來了，白色的鮮花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡樹、楓樹和樺樹色彩斑斕，在一片松樹林間火焰般地燃燒與跳躍。小山上狐貍吠叫,田野間小鹿靜靜地躍過，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄霧中半隱半現(xiàn)。

在路的兩旁，一年中許多時候，月桂樹、莢蓮、榿木、蕨類植物和各樣的野花都能讓過往的行人賞心悅目。即使是冬天，路邊的景色依舊是美不勝收，那里無數(shù)的小鳥來覓取漿果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的種子。事實上，這鄉(xiāng)村正是由于鳥類的數(shù)量和種類之繁多而出名的。在候鳥群潮涌而來的春秋季節(jié)，人們從大老遠(yuǎn)的地方慕名前來欣賞。還有的人來這里的小溪垂釣。清冽的溪水從山中流出，溪水中有許多鱒魚藏身的背陰的水潭。所以，從許多年前開始，第一批居住者就在這里蓋房挖井，搭起了自己的谷倉。后來，一種奇怪的摧毀力悄然襲擊了這個地區(qū)，所有的一切都開始變了。某種邪惡的符咒籠罩了這個社區(qū)：神秘的疾病攻擊了雞群，牛、羊也紛紛病死，到處都有一層死亡的陰影。農(nóng)夫們談?wù)撝抑械脑S多疾??；鎮(zhèn)上的醫(yī)生也越來越因病人中出現(xiàn)的新的病癥而感到迷惑。在成人和孩子中發(fā)生了好幾起突發(fā)的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，幾小時后就死去了。

這里是一派奇怪的寂靜。就說鳥兒們吧---它們都去哪兒了？許多人說起鳥兒的時候都充滿了迷惑與不安。他們后院的飼養(yǎng)站已經(jīng)沒有鳥兒光顧了。隨處能見到的幾只鳥都奄奄一息。他們猛烈地顫抖，卻飛不起來。這是一個無聲的春天。曾經(jīng)是震動著畫眉鳥、貓鳥、鴿子、樫鳥、歐鷦和許多鳥兒的黎明合唱聲的清晨如今卻寂然無聲。田野間、樹林中和沼澤地里也是一片寂靜。

在農(nóng)莊，母雞下蛋卻孵不出小雞。農(nóng)夫們抱怨無法養(yǎng)豬，因為剛生下的豬崽太小了，小豬也只能活幾天的功夫。蘋果樹開花了，可是沒有蜜蜂在花叢中嗡嗡地采蜜，沒有蜜蜂的授粉，也就沒有任何果子。曾經(jīng)是如此迷人的路旁如今卻鋪著黑黑的枯干的草木，仿佛是被一場大火燒過一般。那里也是一片寂靜，因為所有的生物都遺棄了它。即使是溪流中也沒有了生命。因為所有的魚都已經(jīng)死了，垂釣者也就不再來

了。

在屋檐下的天溝里，屋頂?shù)哪就咧g仍舊可見幾片白色的粒狀的粉末。幾個星期之前，它像白雪一樣灑在了屋頂上、草地上、田野里和溪流里。

在這個遭受襲擊的地球上，沒有巫術(shù)，也沒有敵自20世紀(jì)40年代中期起，人們制造了500多種基本的化學(xué)藥品來殺死在現(xiàn)代語言中被稱作“害蟲”的昆蟲、雜草、嚙齒動物和其他的生物體，以幾千種的品牌名稱

來出售它們。

人的行動抑制了新生命的復(fù)蘇；這一切都是人自身造成的。

這些液體噴劑、粉末和霧狀噴劑現(xiàn)在幾乎普遍使用于農(nóng)莊、花園、森林和家庭。非選擇性的化學(xué)藥品能殺死每只昆蟲（不管是“好”的還是“壞”的），能使鳥兒不再歌唱，溪流中的魚兒不再跳躍，能在樹葉上覆蓋一層致命的薄膜，并能存留在土地中。而造成這一切的預(yù)定的目標(biāo)可能僅僅是一些雜草和昆蟲。難道真的有人認(rèn)為，我們在地球的表面撒下如此多的毒藥，同時還能使它繼續(xù)成為一個任何生命都能存活的地方嗎？ 這個小鎮(zhèn)事實上并不存在，但是在美國或地球的別的地方我們能輕易地找到一千個與它對應(yīng)的地方。我知道沒有一個社區(qū)經(jīng)歷了我所描述的所有不幸，但是其中的每一個災(zāi)難都已經(jīng)在某個地方發(fā)生了，許多社區(qū)已經(jīng)遭受了相當(dāng)多的災(zāi)難。一個冷酷的幽靈幾乎是在不經(jīng)意間已悄悄向我們走來了，而這個想像的悲劇也許很容易就成為一個我們都應(yīng)該知道的嚴(yán)酷的事實。

三．

He worked himself to death, finally and precisely, at 3:00 A.M.Sunday morning.最終，他于星期天凌晨3點工作致死。

The obituary didn't say that, of course.當(dāng)然，訃告上沒有這樣寫。It said that he died of a coronary thrombosis--I think that was it--but everyone among his friends and acquaintances knew it instantly.訃告上寫的是死于冠狀動脈血栓證，但他的好友和熟識的人都心知肚明。He was a perfect Type A, a workaholic, a classic, they said to each other and shook their heads--and thought for five or ten minutes about the way they lived.他們互相握著手，搖頭嘆息地說他是一個追求完美的A型血人，一個典型的工作狂，然后用幾分鐘時間來反思自己的生活方式。

This man who worked himself to death finally and precisely at 3:00 A.M.這個男人最終在星期天凌晨三點整工作致死。Sunday morning--on his day off--was fifty-one years old and a vice-president.星期天的早上，這天剛好是這個51歲的副總裁的休息日。He was, however, one of six vice-presidents, and one of three who might conceivably--if the president died or retired soon enough--have moved to the top spot.Phil knew that.他是公司六位副總裁之一，也是副總裁中三位最讓人信任的人之一，如果總裁已經(jīng)逝世或者退休的話，他已經(jīng)成為了最高職位。菲爾清楚這一點。

He worked six days a week, five of them until eight or nine at night, during a time when his own company had begun the four-day week for everyone but the executives.他一周工作六天，其中五天工作到夜里八九點，他的公司里除了高級官員，其他人都已經(jīng)開始四天工作制。He worked like the Important People.他工作起來像一個重要人物。He had no outside “extracurricular interests,” unless, of course, you think about a monthly golf game that way.當(dāng)然，就像你想象中那樣，他每月打一次高爾夫球，他沒有其他的愛好。To Phil, it was work.對菲爾而言，高爾夫是工作。He always ate egg salad sandwiches at his desk.He was, of course, overweight, by 20 or 25 pounds.他總是在他的桌前吃著吃雞蛋沙拉三明治，他難免有點發(fā)福，超重了20-25磅。He thought it was okay, though, because he didn't smoke.他想這沒什么關(guān)系，因為他從不抽煙。

On Saturdays, Phil wore a sports jacket to the office instead of a suit, because it was the weekend.星期六，菲爾換下西服，穿著運動衫去上班，因為這是周末。

He had a lot of people working for him, maybe sixty, and most of them liked him most of the time.他有大約60個人為他效力，大部分人在大部分時候覺得他很不錯。Three of them will be seriously considered for his job.其中三位緊盯著他的職位。The obituary didn't mention that.訃告上沒有提及這些。

But it did list his “survivors” quite accurately.但是訃告詳細(xì)地介紹了他的遺孀。He is survived by his wife, Helen, forty-eight years old, a good woman of no particular marketable skills, who worked in an office before marrying and mothering.他的妻子，海倫，一個48歲的好女人，沒有什么特別的市場能力，在結(jié)婚生子之前在一家公司上班。She had, according to her daughter, given up trying to compete with his work years ago, when the children were small.她說，在女兒的記憶里，她很多年前，當(dāng)孩子們還很小的時候，就放棄了和他工作的抗?fàn)?。A company friend said, “I know how much you will miss him.” And she answered, “I already have.” 一個工作伙伴說，“我知道你將對他有多思念”，她回答到，“我一直都很想他?！?/p>

“Missing him all these years,” she must have given up part of herself which had cared too much for the man.She would be “well taken care of.” “想了他這么多年了，”她如此在乎的這個男人，必須放棄她，以后她將會被“好好的照顧”。

His “dearly beloved” eldest of the “dearly beloved” children is a hard-working executive in a manufacturing firm down South.他的“最愛的”孩子們中“最愛的”長子是南方某制造公司努力工作的經(jīng)理。In the day and a half before the funeral, he went around the neighborhood researching his father, asking the neighbors what he was like.They were embarrassed.在葬禮前的一天半里，他走訪鄰居詢問鄰居們詢問鄰居對他的印象。他們很尷尬。

His second child is a girl, who is twenty-four and newly married.他的第二個孩子是一個女孩，24歲了，剛剛結(jié)婚。She lives near her mother and they are close, but whenever she was alone with her father, in a car driving somewhere, they had nothing to say to each other.她和媽媽住的很近，很親密，但是無論什么時候，當(dāng)她和爸爸獨處的時候，哪怕是在一輛車中，他們互相沒有什么言語。

The youngest is twenty, a boy, a high-school graduate who has spent the last couple of years, like a lot of his friends, doing enough odd jobs to stay in grass and food.最小的是一個男孩，20歲，高中畢業(yè)生，像很多他的朋友一樣，做一些零工，吃喝玩樂。He was the one who tried to grab at his father, and tried to mean enough to him to keep the man at home.他是唯一一個能夠抓住父親的人，嘗試把父親留到家里。He was his father's favorite.Over the last two years, Phil stayed up nights worrying about the boy.他是他父親最喜歡的兒子，在生命的最后兩年里，菲爾整夜擔(dān)心這個孩子。

The boy once said, “My father and I only board here.” 他曾說過，“父親和我只是在這里寄宿”

At the funeral, the sixty-year-old company president told the forty-eight-year-old widow that the fifty-one-year-old deceased had meant much to the company and would be missed and would be hard to replace.在葬禮上，60歲的總裁安慰48歲的遺孀說，這位51歲的死者對公司的貢獻(xiàn)巨大，沒有人可以替代他的位置。The widow didn't look him in the eye.這位遺孀不敢直視他眼睛。She was afraid he would read her bitterness and, after all, she would need him to straighten out the finances--the stock options and all that.她害怕他可以讀出她的苦痛，畢竟，她需要他幫忙清理丈夫的財政—股票什么的。

Phil was overweight and nervous and worked too hard.菲爾超重、焦慮、工作強(qiáng)度太大。If he wasn't at the office he was worried about it.如果他不在公司，就會擔(dān)心公司的工作。Phil was a Type A, heart-attack natural.You could have picked him out in a minute from a lineup.菲爾是一個A型血，先天易發(fā)心臟病。在人群中，你可以一眼就把他認(rèn)出來。

So when he finally worked himself to death, at precisely 3:00 A.M.Sunday morning, no one was really surprised.所以當(dāng)他最終因工作死于星期天凌晨三點整，沒人感到意外。

By 5:00 P.M.the afternoon of the funeral, the company president had begun, discreetly of course, with care and taste, to make inquiries about his replacement.One of three men.He asked around: “Who's been working the hardest?” 葬禮過后的下午5點，公司總裁已經(jīng)開始謹(jǐn)慎地，帶著小心和鑒賞，審視著三位可以代替他職位的人。他問到“誰工作最努力？”

四．

愛爾伯特·愛因斯坦是世界上最偉大的科學(xué)家之一，但如果要我用一個詞來概括他這個人的品質(zhì)，那我會選“質(zhì)樸”。也許一個小故事能讓我們略知一二。有一次，天降大雨，愛因斯坦躲之不及，于是他摘下了帽子，把它夾在外衣下。當(dāng)別人問他為什么要這么做時，他解釋說，雨水會弄壞他的帽子，但是他的頭發(fā)濕了不會有什么大礙。他的邏輯真是無懈可擊。他這種本能地把握事物本質(zhì)的能力正是他能夠做出重大科學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)的秘訣所在，除此之外，還有他對美的那種非凡的感覺。我第一次見到愛因斯坦是在1935年，在位于新澤西的著名的普林斯頓大學(xué)高級研究中心。他是最早被邀請到該中心的科學(xué)家之一。薪水方面，研究中心讓他自己全權(quán)決定。但讓研究中心主任感到沮喪的是，愛因斯坦開出了一個讓人無法接受的數(shù)目：他要的實在是太少了。中心主任不得不懇求他接受一份更高的工資。我對愛因斯坦充滿了敬畏，因此當(dāng)我想就一些我正在研究的問題與他探討時，一直猶豫不決。最終我還是鼓起勇氣我敲了門，里面?zhèn)鱽砹朔浅睾偷穆曇簦赫堖M(jìn)---他說這個詞的時候聲調(diào)上揚(yáng)，聽起來即像是歡迎又像是在提問。我進(jìn)到他的辦公室，發(fā)現(xiàn)他正坐在桌旁，抽著煙斗，演算一個問題。他的衣服很不合身，頭發(fā)亂蓬蓬的。他朝我微笑，表示對我的熱忱的歡迎。他的自然隨意立刻讓我放松了。當(dāng)我開始向他解釋我的想法時，他讓我把方程寫在黑板上，這樣讓他能看到每一步的推演。然后他提出了一個讓我極其震驚同時又備感親切的要求：“請講得稍微慢一點，我理解問題的速度比較慢”。這種話出自愛因斯坦之口！他說這話時非常溫和，我不由得笑了。從此，我對他的畏懼之心煙消云散。

和愛因斯坦的合作是讓人終身難忘的經(jīng)歷。1937年，我和波蘭物理學(xué)家列奧潑德·英費爾德問他是否可以和他合作，他欣然應(yīng)允，因為他有一個重力方面的問題，有待仔細(xì)的研究。于是，我們有機(jī)會認(rèn)識了愛因斯坦作為一個普通人和朋友的一面，我們還了解了他作為一個科學(xué)家的職業(yè)素養(yǎng)。

他極度的專注，全身心的投入，讓人嘆為觀止。當(dāng)他處理一個難題的時候，他努力思索，就像動物撕咬獵物。通常，當(dāng)我們碰到一個似乎是無法逾越的難題時，他會站起來，把煙斗放在桌子上，用他那口音古怪的英語說：“我要稍微思考一下?！比缓笏诜块g里來回踱步，食指捻弄著他那長而灰白的發(fā)卷。他臉上會有一種恍惚出神而又深邃的表情。沒有專著的神情，也沒有皺眉---只有寧靜的內(nèi)心的交流。時間一分一秒過去，突然他會停止自己的腳步，臉上浮現(xiàn)出溫和的微笑。他已經(jīng)找出了問題的答案。有的時候，答案非常簡單，我和英費爾德都會自責(zé)我們怎么會想不到呢。愛因斯坦在他的腦海深處，施展了外人無法看見的魔法，這個高深的過程是我們無法理解的

愛因斯坦還是一位出色的業(yè)余音樂家。我們那時常進(jìn)行二重奏，他拉小提琴，我彈鋼琴。有一天他說莫扎特是所有作曲家中最偉大的一位，這讓我吃驚不小。他認(rèn)為貝多芬的音樂是“創(chuàng)造”出來的，而莫扎特的音樂是如此純凈和優(yōu)美，讓人感覺他只是在哪兒“發(fā)現(xiàn)”了它---它一直是宇宙內(nèi)在的美的一部分，一直存在著，等待著我們?nèi)グl(fā)現(xiàn)。

這種莫扎特式的淳樸正是大部分愛因斯坦理論的最顯著特點。比如他1905年提出的相對論就是建立在兩個簡單的假說之上的。一個是所謂的相對原則，粗略的說，就是我們無法判斷自己是否是靜止還是在平穩(wěn)的移動。另一個假定是：不管產(chǎn)生它的物體速度如何，光的速度是恒定的。如果你用一根木棍攪動湖水，你就會知道這個假定是多么的有道理。不管你是在一個靜止的碼頭，還是在飛馳的高速游艇上攪動棍子，波浪一旦產(chǎn)生，就不受外界的影響，它的速度和木棍沒有任何關(guān)系。

這兩個假定，分開來看，都是合理的，而看上去又如此明顯，自然，無須證明。但是如果把這兩個假定放在一起，它們之間便有了強(qiáng)烈的矛盾，一個二流的物理學(xué)家會丟掉其中一個，落荒而逃。愛因斯坦很大膽，一個都沒有放棄，從而使物理學(xué)發(fā)生了翻天覆地的變化。因為他證明如果我們放棄我們原先持有的關(guān)于時間性質(zhì)的觀念，這兩個假設(shè)是可以和諧地共存的。

科學(xué)就好像是由很多撲克牌建成的房屋，時間和空間的概念是最底下的那兩張。對時間的胡亂干預(yù)會讓大半個房屋倒塌，正是這一點讓愛因斯坦的工作顯得舉足輕重，同時也極具爭議性。在普林斯頓舉行的慶祝他70大壽的會議上，其中一位發(fā)言人，是諾貝爾獎獲得者，當(dāng)他試圖表述愛因斯坦卓絕非凡的成就時，他找不到合適的詞句，于是無助地聳了一下肩，指了指他的手表，說：“所有的一切都來自于此”。語氣中充滿了敬畏和驚異。他的語屈詞窮恰恰是我聽過的對愛因斯坦天才的最為深刻的褒獎。愛因斯坦身上有讓人難以捉摸的古怪的一面。我最為喜歡的一個關(guān)于他的逸事很好的說明了這一點。據(jù)說這是他在普林斯頓的第一年，圣誕前夜，幾個孩子在他的屋外唱起了圣誕節(jié)頌歌。唱完之后，他們敲門告訴他，他們在籌錢買圣誕禮物。愛因斯坦聽了之后說：“等一下”。他穿上外套，從琴盒里取出小提琴。然后他和他們一起走家串戶，他們唱“寂靜的夜”，他用小提琴給他們伴奏。能夠認(rèn)識愛因斯坦這個人，了解他的工作，這對我來說意味著什么呢？我應(yīng)該如何表述呢？和那個無助的指著自己手表的諾貝爾獎獲得者一樣，我找不到合適的詞句。好像是一件偉大的藝術(shù)作品給人的啟示，讓你看到了原來看不到的東西。比如，當(dāng)我走在一片人跡稀少的沙灘，想起他對簡單宇宙的不懈追求，于是眼前的風(fēng)景便具有了一種更為深沉的美。