第一篇：職稱英語閱讀理解題中常用詞匯總結(jié)

閱讀理解的題目中常出現(xiàn)的詞： 主旨題：

show說明，展示

mean意思是

purpose目的view看法

example例子

experment實驗

conducte行為

researcher研究者

meant目的conclusion結(jié)論

discuss討論

idea設(shè)想

main主要的mainly主要地

primarily主要地

topic話題

concemed討論

title標(biāo)題

replaced取代

article文章，項目

argues表明，認為，堅持，爭論 indicates表明

summary總結(jié)

leare from結(jié)論

attitude態(tài)度

toward對于

described描述

carry 表達，攜帶

message主旨，信息

lead to導(dǎo)致

cause原因

reason for原因

implied暗示，意味

infer推測

concluded推斷

suggest建議

advice勸告

詞義題

refers提到，引用，參考

stands for代表，象征

probably可能，大概

replaced取代

close接近的是非題

The least possible choice最不可能的選擇

true真空的correct正確的false不真實的mentioned提到的except除了

opposite對立

statement陳述

describes描述

因果題：

in that

as

due to

consequently因此

as a resulf

depehd on

because of

why

basis

reason理由

result結(jié)果

because

for

since

therefore

lead to導(dǎo)致

result in導(dǎo)致

result from起因于

all this

that is why

for these reasons

as reasons作為原因

比較題

first

major主要的，重要的，較多的none一點也不，沒有一個

only

aware of the risks了解到這些風(fēng)險

according根據(jù)，按照，相應(yīng)的，相符的centers on集中在。。上

envisions future展望將來

deals with與。。交易

expression表達

however不管怎樣，然而，可是

illustrates with闡明，舉例，說明

is aimede at其目的在于

problem問題

whether…or…是。。還是。。

whether or no不管怎樣

lies in在于

focus on針對，聚焦于，集中于

it comes to涉及到

it is essenhal to 最重要的是

likely可能

probably可能

possible可能的主旨題

By “…challenges explanation”(Line 2.pare.1)the author means that________goal

The author’s purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show children_________

view

The author gives an example in Paragraph * mainly to show that_______ The experment conducted by the researcher was meant to____________ The findings of the experiment show that__________ that

What is the one of the possible conclusions of the experiment_________ The passage mainly discusses______

about

The idea_________

the idea of________

The main idea of this passage is _____

What is the main topic of this passage?

What is the passage primarily concerned about?

Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?best replace the title

The best title for this passage might be________

Which is the best summary of ________

…..can we leare from this passage

The author’s attitude towards…..is______

writer’sto

The tone of this passage can be described as____________

describes描述

Which of the following may lead to(caust)_______

The main reason for…is _________

….mastly for________

It is implied in the passage that________

The passage implies(suggests)that________

as________suggest

It can be inferred from the passage that______

It can be concluded from the passage that_______

From the passage we can infer(draw the conclusion)that________ The passag

The passage appears to be(is most likely)a part of_________.Where would this passage most probably be found?

以上總結(jié)的資料，希望對大家有一點兒幫助。

第二篇：2013職稱英語押題閱讀理解

C級押題 Eat to Live A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it‘s not much fun — and it might not even be necessary.We may be able to hang on to most of that youthful vigor even if we don‘t start to diet until old age.Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse‘s liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins.Spindler‘s team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations3.Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old —

equivalent to about 70 human years.The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice.The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production 一

probably bad news for mouse health.In the mice that had dieted all their lives,27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes.But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes."This is the first indication that these effects kick in pretty quickly,‖ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington D.C.No one yet knows if calorie restriction works in people as it does in mice, but Spindler is hopeful.―There‘s attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,‖ he says.If it does work in people,there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver.As we get older, our bodies are less efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example.A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.But Spindler isn‘t sure the trade-off is worth it.―The mice get less disease, they live longer, but they‘re hungry,‖ he says.―Even seeing what a diet does, it‘s still hard to go to a restaurant and say: ?I can only eat half of that,.‖

Spindler hopes we soon won‘t need to diet at all.His company, Lifespan Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.詞匯：

meager adj.不足的 youthful adj.有青春活力的

vigor n.精力，活力

metabolize vt.使（一種物質(zhì)）進入新陳代謝過程

genetic adj.基因的 rejuvenation n.恢復(fù)活力，返老還童 注釋：

1.hang on to ：繼續(xù)保留。例如：You should hang on to that painting 一

it might be worth a lot of money one day.你應(yīng)該繼續(xù)保留那幅畫-----或許有一天它會值很多錢。

2.The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins：老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會逆轉(zhuǎn)老鼠在其他方面的老化，但卻有助于肝臟代謝藥物或除去毒素。other damage caused by time 歲月造成的莫他方面的破壞，即―其他方面的老化‖。metabolize drugs：代謝藥物，即―使藥物參與新陳代謝以提高藥效‖。get rid of：擺脫，除去。

3.half-ration和 half-feed 都是指―老鼠飼料正常定量（normal diet)的一半‖。

4.free radical production:指體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生(形成）。

5.kick in：意為―開始起作用‖。

如：We‘re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in.我們還在等著空調(diào)開始起作用。

6.be worth it：意為―值得，有益‖。如：They are expensive, but they are worth it.那些東西很貴，但劃得來。練習(xí)：

1.According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A Eating less than usual might make us live longer.B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.C Dieting might not be needed.D We have to begin dieting since childhood.2.Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A To describe the influence of old age on mice.B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.C To tell us how mice‘s liver genes behave.D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.3.What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A They will not experience free radical production.B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.4.According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?

A The mice that started dieting in old age.B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.C Calorie restriction that works in people.D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.5.According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people.B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal.C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life.D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.答案與題解：

1.D第一段第一句講―節(jié)食可能不是非做不可的事‖，第二句講―即使上了年紀(jì)再節(jié)食，我們

仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力‖，因此，―我們必須從小就開始節(jié)食‖是錯誤的，D是答案。

2.B第二段提及―一只髙齡老鼠‖的時候，作者談到，―只要連續(xù)四周限制它進食，它的肝臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力‖。據(jù)此，―為了描述節(jié)食對老鼠所產(chǎn)生的影響‖最好地回答了題干中的問題o 3.D 第四段提到，―正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠隨著年齡的增長有 46 條肝臟基因會發(fā)生變化，這種變化與炎癥和有機體組織無限激增有關(guān)‖，因此，D正確。

4.A 第四段最后一個句子講―但最驚人的發(fā)現(xiàn)是那些上了年紀(jì)才開始節(jié)食的老鼠也能從70%的基因變化中受益‖。―最驚人的‖自然是―最令研究人員感興趣的‖。

5.C 文章的最后兩段談及 Spindler 對節(jié)食的看法。首先，他不能肯定節(jié)食是否值得。.其次, 他希望在不久的將來，我們不必節(jié)食。所以我們可以推知，他認為節(jié)食不是得以健康長壽的好辦法。參考譯文

為生存而食

粗茶淡飯或許能給你健康和長壽，但這并不有趣——很有可能也沒必要。即便在年老以后才

開始節(jié)食我們也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。

加州大學(xué) Riverside 分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德爾及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，只要連續(xù)四周限制一些衰老的老鼠進食，它們的肝臟基因就會變得和衰老前一樣充滿活力。雖然老鼠的肝部基因恢復(fù)活力不會逆

轉(zhuǎn)它們在其他方面的老化，但是卻有助于這些老鼠的肝臟對藥物的新陳代謝和清除毒素。

斯潘德爾的隊員們一直給其中的三只老鼠正常量的飼料，而給另外三只老鼠正常量飼料的一半，給三只 34個月大的老鼠（相當(dāng)于人類年齡的 70歲）喂了一個月的半量飼料，之前這三只老鼠的飼料量是正常的。

研究者們檢查了這些老鼠肝臟的 11,000 種基因的活性，發(fā)現(xiàn)正常飼養(yǎng)的老鼠有46 種基因隨

年齡的改變而改變。這些改變都與體內(nèi)自由基的產(chǎn)生有關(guān)——這對老鼠的健康來說不是什么好消息。而對于那些終身都在節(jié)食的老鼠來說，那 46種基因中的 27 種仍然繼續(xù)保持著青春活力。但

是最令人吃驚的發(fā)現(xiàn)卻是那些只是在老年時期節(jié)食的老鼠們受益于 70%的基因變異。

―這只是第一個這些效果迅速起作用的暗示‖，來自華盛頓特區(qū)周邊的國家老年學(xué)學(xué)院的哈勃?華納說。

至今仍然沒有人清楚卡路里的控制對人類來說是否如同對老鼠那樣有效，但是斯潘德爾對此充滿了希望：―有足以引人注意的證據(jù)表明這同樣有效?！?如果這確實也對人類有效，我們有理由相信肝臟也可能恢復(fù)活力。舉個例子，隨著我們一天天衰老，我們的身體對藥物的新陳代謝越來越?jīng)]有效率。短時期內(nèi)的節(jié)食，斯潘德爾說到，完全足以保證藥效。

但是斯潘德爾并不確定這個方法值得嘗試。―老鼠患病少了，壽命延長了，但是它們很饑餓，‖他說，―即使能清楚地認識到節(jié)食的功效，人們?nèi)匀缓茈y在餐館中說自己只能吃一半的食物?！? 斯潘德爾希望我們根本就不用節(jié)食。他的公司，加利福尼亞州的壽命遺傳學(xué)公司，正在尋找有限制卡路里效能的藥物

C級押題 Common-cold Sense You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it.2 Maybe it got the name ―common cold‖ because it‘s more common in winter.The fact is, though, being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one 3.Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one4.Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults – an average of about eight per year.Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple.They haven‘t had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice.Being infected by one makes you immune to it – but only it.5

Colds are usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route.6 The highest concentration of cold viruses 7 anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.Hygiene is your best defense.Wash your‘ hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds.But even careful hygiene won‘t ward off 8 every cold.So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose 9 strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start.But you‘ll also find some of the folk remedies10 worth trying.Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey), lemon, and water have-real benefits.詞匯：

rhinovirus ／ n.鼻病毒

preferably ／adv.更可取地，更好地 virus ／n．病毒

disinfectant／n． 消毒劑，殺菌劑

immune／adj.免疫的，有免疫力的 prescription ／n．訣竅；處方，藥infect ／vt．傳染，侵染，感染

sneeze／vi．打噴嚏

remedy ／n．治療，治療法，藥品

thumbnail／n．拇指甲 注釋：

1．標(biāo)題―common-cold sense‖實際上是在單詞―commonsense‖（常識）中插入cold（感冒）一詞，意為―關(guān)于感冒的常識‖。2．―You can‘t beat it, but you don‘t have to join it‖字面上的意思是―你無法打敗它，但你并不是非得加入它的行列不可‖，實際上指的是目前尚沒找到徹底對付感冒的辦法，但至少我們可以試圖預(yù)防感冒。

3． ．．．being cold doesn‘t have anything to do with getting one。動名詞短語―being cold‖意思是―感到冷‖，在句中作主語；動詞短語―not have anything to do with something‖意思是―與某事無關(guān)‖，在句中作謂語；最后一個不定代詞―one‖指的是―一種感冒‖，作賓語。整句話的意思是―受涼和得感冒并沒有什么因果關(guān)系‖。

4.．．． medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.醫(yī)學(xué)與其說能教你如何擺脫感冒，不如說它能告訴你如何預(yù)防感冒。

5．Being infected by one makes you immune to it--but only it.被一種病毒感染過后使你對它產(chǎn)生免疫力——但只是對這種（病毒）而言。be immune to sth．意思是―對某物有免疫力‖或―不受某事的影響‖。

6.From another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route．這是一個倒裝句，按照正常語序句子應(yīng)該是The most common route is from another person‘s hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes，意為―最普通的（傳染）途徑是從別人的手傳到你的手中，再傳到你的鼻子或眼睛里去‖。

7．The highest concentration of cold viruses：感冒病菌最集中的地方 8．ward off:避開，防止 9．runny nose:流鼻涕

10．folk remedies:土藥方，偏方 全文翻譯

關(guān)于感冒的常識

目前尚沒有找到徹底對付感冒的方法，但至少我們可以預(yù)防感冒。感冒這一名稱的由來是因為這種病癥常見于冬天。而事實上受涼和感冒并沒有什么因果關(guān)系。感冒是由鼻病毒的傳播引起的，而且直到今天，醫(yī)學(xué)能告訴你的只是如何去預(yù)防而不是如何根治感冒。

感冒病毒經(jīng)常通過兒童傳染給成人，因為兒童易得感冒——平均一年里有8次左右。為什么小孩比父母更加容易得感冒？答案很簡單。兒童不可能對多種感冒病毒都具有免疫能力。

感冒病毒有150多種。一個人不可能兩次感染上同一病毒。被一種病毒感染后人體就會產(chǎn)生對它的免疫力。但這種免疫力只是針對這一種病毒。

感冒傳播的途徑通常不是打噴嚏和咳嗽，而是身體的直接接觸。最普通的途徑是從別人的手傳到你的手中，再傳到你的鼻子或眼睛里去。感冒病毒最集中的地方是小孩的拇指甲蓋里，盡管在皮膚等光滑表面上病毒也能存活幾個小時。

保持衛(wèi)生是最好的預(yù)防方法：經(jīng)常用消毒肥皂洗手，尤其是當(dāng)家里有小孩患感冒時。

然而即使注意衛(wèi)生也不能預(yù)防所有的感冒。當(dāng)你咳嗽、打噴嚏、流鼻涕時該怎么辦？

服兩片阿司匹林，大量喝水，睡一覺，這個老法子還是很有效的。也可以試試一些偏方，用熱開水加糖（或蜂蜜）和檸檬汁內(nèi)服，這個方法也很管用。練習(xí)：

1.According to the essay, you may have a cold because A

the weather is too cold.B

the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected.C another person‘s coughing passes the cold to you.D you wash your hands too often.2.The best way to keep yourself from getting colds is A to keep yourself clean.B

to use a disinfectant soap.C to take two aspirins every day.D to drink lots of water.3.Children have more colds because A

they are usually infected about eight times each year.B

they are not immune to many cold viruses yet.C

they never wash their hands so that their thumbnails are dirty.D

they don‘t like eating lemon.4.When you are having a cold, A

it is always the same kind of cold that you had last time.B

it may be the same kind of cold that ?you had last time.C

It is certainly not the same kind of cold that you had last time.D

it is probably not the same kind of cold that you had last time.5.When one is having a cold, he may often have all the following symptoms EXCEPT A coughing.B

Having a sore throat.C having a runny nose.D having a stomachache.答案與題解：

1．B 第一段雖然提到了感冒常發(fā)生于冬天，但緊接下去說得很清楚：受涼并不會導(dǎo)致感冒，所以A不是正確答案。文章第四段第一句說得明白：感冒通常是由于與感冒的人身體直接接觸而傳染的，而不是由打噴嚏或咳嗽傳染的，所以C項也不是正確答案。至于D更是錯誤。答案B與第一段第四句的意義相吻合，因此是正確答案。

2．A 第五段的第一句話―Hygiene is your best defense‖意思是―衛(wèi)生是你的最佳防御‖，與A項相吻合，因此A項是正確答案。同一段中提到的用消毒肥皂洗手，雖然也是保持衛(wèi)生的手段之一，但僅是一個具體措施，不是全部措施，所以B項不是正確答案oc項提到的服阿司匹林是治感冒的手段之一，而非預(yù)防手段（況且沒有說到―一天服兩片‖?。〥項提到的多喝水在文中也指治療手段，所以C和D都不是正確答案。

3．B 第二段中提到兒童平均一年得八次感冒，這是一個統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)而不是兒童得感冒的原因；文中并沒有說―兒童從不洗手‖；文中也沒有說―兒童不喜歡吃檸檬‖；所以A、C、D都不對。B項與第二段最后一句意思一樣，是正確答案。4．C 第三段提到有150多種感冒病毒，而人們絕不會被同一種病毒侵害兩次，因為得了一次感冒后對相應(yīng)的病毒就獲得了免疫力，所以只有C項才符合第三段的內(nèi)容。

5．D 本題談的是文中提及的感冒癥狀。文中并沒有提到得了感冒就胃疼，實際上文中根本就沒有―stomachache‖這個詞或相關(guān)的字眼，所以D項是正確答案。

C級押題

Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at

Bay Staying positive2 through the cold season could be your best defense against getting ill, new study findings suggest.In an experiment that exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus3, researchers found that people with a generally sunny disposition4 were less likely to fall ill.The findings, published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, build on evidence that a ―positive emotional style‖5 can help ward off the common cold and other illnesses.Researchers believe the reasons may be both objective as in happiness boosting immune function and subjective as in happy people being less troubled by a scratchy throat6 or runny nose.―People with a positive emotional style may have different immune responses to the virus,‖ explained lead study author Dr Sheldon Cohen of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh.―And when they do get a cold, they may interpret their illness as being less severe.‖

Cohen and his colleagues had found in a previous study that happier people seemed less susceptible to7 catching a cold, but some questions remained as to8 whether the emotional trait itself had the effect.For the new study, the researchers had 193 healthy adults complete standard measures of personality traits, self-perceived health and emotional ―style‖.Those who tended to be happy, energetic and easy-going were judged as having a positive emotional style, while those who were often unhappy, tense and hostile had a negative style.He researchers gave them nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.Over the next six days, the volunteers reported on any aches, pains, sneezing or congestion they had, while the researchers collected objective data, like daily mucus production.Cohen and his colleagues found that based on objective measures of nasal woes, happy people were less likely to develop a cold.詞匯：

bay／n．絕境，窮途末路

flu／（influenza的簡稱）n．流(行性)感（冒）virus ／n.病毒

disposition ／n．本性，性情

psychosomatic ／adj.心身的，身心的boost／vt．& n．提高，舉起 scratchy／adj．刺痛的，使人發(fā)癢的 runny／adj.流黏液的 Pittsburgh／n．匹茲堡（美國城市）

colleague／n．同事 susceptible／adj, 易感的，敏感的catch／vt．感染到 trait ／n.特質(zhì)；特性

perceive／vt．發(fā)覺，覺察；理解

energetic／adj.精力充沛的，精飽滿的 easy-going／adj．隨和的 tense ／adj.緊張的 hostile／adj.敵意的

nasal ／adj.鼻的 ache／n．（長時間連續(xù)的）疼痛，酸痛 sneeze ／vi．打噴嚏

congestion ／n.充血

mucus ／n．黏液

woe ／n.痛苦，苦惱；（復(fù)）災(zāi)難，苦頭 注釋：

1．Warm People Likely to Keep Cold at Bay：情緒樂觀的人不易患感冒。warm people原意是―熱心腸的人，情緒高昂的人‖，keep/hold..at bay是―使……走投無路，不使……接近‖的意思，因此本題目如果直譯則是―情緒高昂的人可能讓感冒不能得逞‖或―情緒高昂的人可能遠離感冒‖或―情緒高昂的人可能拒感冒于千里之外‖。

2．staying positive:保持積極向上（的情緒）

3．exposed healthy volunteers to a cold or flu virus：使健康的志愿者接觸感冒（病毒）或流感病毒。expose原意是―使暴露，使面臨‖，這里expose sb．to sth．是―使……接觸……‖的意思。4．sunny disposition:樂觀開朗的個性

5．positive emotional style:樂觀情緒型，情緒積極型 6．scratchy throat:嗓子痛

7．susceptible to:對……敏感的，容易受到……影響的 8．a(chǎn)s to: 關(guān)于，至于 全文翻譯：

樂觀情緒助你遠離感冒

最新研究顯示，保持樂觀積極的情緒是預(yù)防感冒的最佳途徑。一項令健康受試者接觸感冒病毒的實驗證明，積極情緒類型的受試者受感染的幾率相對較小。

這個名為―積極情緒可以幫助預(yù)防感冒及其他疾病‖的發(fā)現(xiàn)被刊登在《身心醫(yī)學(xué)》期刊上，而究其原因則分為客觀和主觀兩方面。客觀原因是積極樂觀的情緒有助于增強免疫系統(tǒng)的功能，而主觀原因則是：心情快樂的人較少受到咽痛和流鼻涕的困擾。

來自匹茲堡卡內(nèi)基，梅隆大學(xué)的Sheldon Cohen博土是此研究的主要參與者，他解釋道―積極情緒類型的人對于病毒的免疫反應(yīng)可能較常人不同‖，―而且當(dāng)患感冒時，他們往往不會把自己的病情想象得太糟糕?！?/p>

在此前一項更早的研究中，Cohen及其同事就曾經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，積極情緒型的人對感冒病毒似乎不太敏感，但當(dāng)時并不能確定引起這種區(qū)別的是性格特征因素。

在這次新的研究實驗中，研究者對193名健康的受試者進行了規(guī)范的性格測試，包括自我認為的健康程度以及情緒類型等。其中那些更傾向于心情愉快、精力充沛且平易近人的受試者為積極情緒型，而那些總是心情不快、緊張并對旁人心存敵意的受試者則屬于消極情緒類型。研究者給每位受試者提供了含有感冒病毒或某類流感病毒的滴鼻液，在接下來的六周里，每位受試者每天匯報他們各自的身體反應(yīng)，如疼痛、鼻塞、打噴嚏等。而研究者則要統(tǒng)計各種客觀數(shù)據(jù)，如受試者每日黏液分泌物化驗結(jié)果等。根據(jù)實驗的一些客觀統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)（如鼻涕化驗結(jié)果），Cohen及其同事發(fā)現(xiàn)，積極情緒類型的人患感冒的機會相對更小一些。練習(xí)：

1.According to a study author, when people with a positive emotional style do get a cold, they may think A

that their illness is very serious.B

That their illness is not so serious.C

that they do not get any illness at all.D

that the illness they get is not a mild one.2.People with a positive emotional style may have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT A happy.B selfish.C easy-going.D energetic.3.Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that people with a negative emotional style may have？ A Hostile.B Unhappy.C Warm-blooded.D Tense.4.How did the researchers test their volunteers? A

By giving everyone nasal drops containing either a cold virus or a particular flu virus.B

By giving everyone a medicine that help lessen the probability of catching cold.C

By giving everyone an injection boosting immune function.D

By investigating everyone‘s characteristics, interests and hobbies.5.Which of the following items is NOT included in the data that the researchers collected? A Mucus production.B Aches and pains.C

Sneezing or congestion.D Blood test.答案與題解：

1．B 本題答案來自第三段，其中第二句說：―當(dāng)他們的確患感冒時，他們認為病情并不太嚴重。

2．B 選項A、C、D在第五段第二句均提到，只有B項沒提到，而且從邏輯推理，情緒樂觀的人絕不會是―自私自利‖的人。

3．C 選項A、B、D也均在第五段第二句提到，而C項―熱情洋溢‖也不應(yīng)屬于情緒低落、消極的人所應(yīng)有的性格特征。

4．A 第六段第一句說的就是―研究者給這些志愿者一些含有感冒病毒或某種流感病毒的滴鼻劑‖，這正是本題答案。

5．D 選項A、B、C在第六段第二句均提到，而D項則不在其中之列。

第三篇：2014職稱英語押題 理工B 閱讀理解

閱讀理解：

第二十九篇 I’ll Be Bach（2014年新文章）

Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach1(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so be wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers1 brains work like big databases.First,they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally, they make new music from what is left.According to Cope，only the great composers axe able to create the database accurately,remember it,and form new musical patterns firom it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.1 he software analyzed the data： it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns.Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren’t good,but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyze more complex music.He also added many other composers，including his own work,to the database.A few years later，Cope’s computer program,called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Fallingttind it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!詞匯：

original /9 Vicinal/ adj.有獨創(chuàng)性

coHaboration /ka丨laebdreijan / n.合作 review/ ri'vju:/ n.評論

feedback /'fi:db?k / n.反饋 注釋：

1.J.S.Bach:約翰?塞巴斯蒂安?巴赫(德語:Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685 年3 月 31 日一 1750 年7月28 H),巴洛克時期的德國作曲家，杰出的管風(fēng)琴、小提琴、大鍵琴演奏家,同作曲家亨德

爾和泰勒曼齊名。巴赫被普遍認為是音樂史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊稱為“西方‘現(xiàn)代 音樂’之父”,也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。

練習(xí)：

1.The music composed by David cope is about

A classical music.B pop music.C drama.D country music.2.By developing a computer software,David Cope aimed A to be like Bach.B to study Bach.C to write an opera.D to create a musical database

3.What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain? A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.B It writes a computer program.C It can recognize any music patterns.D It creates an accurate database.4.Who is Emmy?

A a database

B a computer software C a composer who helped David

D an opera

5.We can infer from the passage that

A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach’s music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案與題解：

1.A第一段的第一句:David Cope發(fā)明了一個可以編寫出古典音樂的電腦軟件。2.C從第二段的第一句可以看出,David編寫電腦軟件的目的是寫歌劇。A、B和D都屬于創(chuàng)作歌劇的一部分。

3.D第二段的后半部分講的是偉大的歌劇作者與一般的歌劇作者的不同之處是通過對數(shù)據(jù) 進行淮確的構(gòu)建、記憶而后創(chuàng)作出新的音樂形式。

4.B從第五段第一句可知Emmy是一計笄機軟件。

5.D從本文第一句可知David是一個作曲家,不是計算機程序員,所以排除A;B、C內(nèi)容沒有 提及;從本文的第五段和第六段可知,Emmy大大提高了 David的創(chuàng)作速度。

我也能成為巴赫

作曲家大衛(wèi)?科普發(fā)明了一個電腦軟件，它能編寫出古典音樂的原創(chuàng)作品?？破栈?30年才 完成這個軟件，現(xiàn)在，科普的電腦寫出的作品與德國著名作曲家J.S.巴赫寫的作品很相似，很少 有人能分辨出其中不同。

這一切始于1980年的美國，那時科普正在寫一部戲劇，但是他無法創(chuàng)作出新的旋律.于楚他 編寫了一個電腦軟件來幫他編曲。最開始的時候，軟件寫出的樂曲并不動聽?？破帐窃趺醋龅哪兀?他幵始重新考慮人們作曲的方式。他認識到作曲家的大腦就像一個大數(shù)據(jù)庫，他們先是吸收他們 聽過的所有音樂，然后去除他們不喜歡的，最后再根據(jù)留下的音樂來創(chuàng)作出新的旋律?？破照J為，只有偉大的作曲家才能建立好的數(shù)據(jù)庫，并且能熟記于心，從而創(chuàng)造出新的音樂。

科普根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的音樂建立了龐大的數(shù)據(jù)庳，最開始的時候，數(shù)據(jù)庫包含了幾百部巴赫的作品。科普的軟件將這些數(shù)據(jù)進行分析：首先它將音樂拆解成小的片段，從中找出固定模式，然后將片 段組合成新的模式。不久，這個軟件就能夠?qū)懗龊桶秃诊L(fēng)格很像的小曲子。它們并不完美，但這 只是個開始?？破罩?，他要做的還有很多一他得寫出一整部歌劇。他進一步完普他的軟件，不久它就 能夠?qū)懗龈鼜?fù)雜的音樂了。他還在數(shù)據(jù)庫中加人了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。幾年后，科普的軟件“艾米”已經(jīng)能夠幫助他創(chuàng)作歌劇了。創(chuàng)作過程餹要作曲家和艾米共同 配合?？瀑橊雎牥讓懗龅囊魳菲危瑥闹羞x取他認為好的。有了艾米的幫助，科蓊只用了兩個 星期就完成了這部歌劇，叫做《搖籃墜落》。演出獲得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以來最高 的評價，但是沒有人知道他究竟是怎樣創(chuàng)作出這部歌劇的。

從那以后，艾米已經(jīng)寫了上千部作品?？破宅F(xiàn)在依然會給艾米反饋，吿訴她自己哪些音樂是 他喜歡的，哪些是不喜歡的，但是現(xiàn)在大部分艱巨的工作是由艾米來完成的！

第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience

Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback.The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robot is billed as an interactive “musical friend”.“Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music，” said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robot’s creator.He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco.A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements.Shimi is essentially a docking station with a “brain” powered by an Android phone.Once docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.In other words, if there’s an “app” for that, Shimi is ready.For instance, by using the phone’s camera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound.Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo.If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion.Once the music starts，Shimi dances to the rhythm.“Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph.D.candidate Mason Bretan.“Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive.’’Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume.The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user’s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities.“I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.” Weinberg said.Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech.Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season.“If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一small, entertaining and fun，，Weinberg said.“They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives.” 詞匯：

pump v.用抽水機抽;不斷播放（音樂）scan v.掃描;瀏覽 skip v.輕跳，跳躍

sync n.同步，同時;v.使同步 tempo n.速度;節(jié)奏 注釋：

1.Georgia Tech:全稱是Georgia Institute of Technology,佐治亞理工學(xué)院，建于1885 年，位于亞特蘭大市中心。佐治亞理工學(xué)齒是美國南部最大的公立理工學(xué)院,也是全美最頂尖的理工學(xué)院之一，排名僅次于麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)和加州理工學(xué)院(CalTech)。2.pump:不斷播放(音樂）。例如:This radio station recently pumps out pop music.(這家廣播電臺近來連續(xù)播放流行音樂。)3.smartphone-enabled:由智能手機系統(tǒng)支持的

4.is billed as:相當(dāng)于is advertised as，意為“被標(biāo)榜為”。5.docking station: 插接站,擴充基座，擴展插口

-6.Android:(科幻小說里的)機器人。本文指用于智能手機和便攜式計算機移動設(shè)備的一種以Linus為基礎(chǔ)的開放源代碼操作系統(tǒng)，通過接口和插槽連接多種外部設(shè)備。目前Android 尚未有統(tǒng)一中文譯名，國內(nèi)較多人翻譯成“安卓”或“安致”。據(jù)2012年2月數(shù)據(jù), Android 占據(jù)全球智能手機操作系統(tǒng)市場52.5%的份額,中國市場占有率為68.4%。7.dock：對接

8.the sensing and musical generation capabilities:傳感和音樂生成能力 9.app:應(yīng)用程序（=application)10.if the user taps a beat:如果用戶打出某個(音樂）拍子 11.in the works:正在準(zhǔn)備階段;在進行中或準(zhǔn)備中 12.intelligent service robots:智能服務(wù)型機器人 練習(xí)：

1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs? A Shimi is a one-foot tall robot.B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.C Shimi is a docking station with a“ brain” powered by an Android phone.D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.2.What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat? A It stores the beat in the musical library.B It transmits the beat to the docking station.C It positions its speakers for optimal sound.D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.3.Which of the following about Shimi is true? A Robots are limited by their programming instructions, and Shimi is no exception.B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song.C Existing apps allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume.D Shimi can be creative and interactive.4.What does the author want to tell us? A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi.B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech.to develop more apps for Shimi.C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization.D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes.5.Which of the following is Weinberg’s assertion?

A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones.B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.C Shimi's creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi.答案與題解：

1.B在前三段中均可找到與選項A、C、D相應(yīng)的句子，強調(diào)Shimi是一種電子設(shè)備;B與原文不符, Shimi不是該機器人的發(fā)明者,Gil Weinberg教授才是the robot’s creator。

2.D選項D簡要地表述了第三段的倒數(shù)第二句“If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思,所以是答案。選項A、B、C都不符合上述句子的含義。

3.D選項A的意思與原文相反。雖然人們認為機器人受到程序指令的限制，但Shimi卻表現(xiàn)出具有創(chuàng)造能力和互動能力，所以A不是答案。選項D的意思與原文相同，因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未來的應(yīng)用程序: future apps in the works,而選項B,C是指目前的應(yīng)用程序，兩者的表述均與原文有出入。4.A第三段介紹Shimi的多種功能，第四段和第五段說Weinberg還在開發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用程序來豐富Shimi的功能，還希望其他研發(fā)者也參與開發(fā)，因此，A是答案。選項B說Weinberg 僅僅希望Georgia Tech員工參與開發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用軟件，這與原文不符。文章最后一段告訴我們,Weinberg正在與Georgia Tech進行有關(guān)Shimi商業(yè)化的談判,選項C的意思與此相反，不會是答案。選項D也與原文不符。5.B選項A、C和D的內(nèi)容Weinberg都沒有說過。第三段告訴我們，Shimi是Android smart phone的擴充基座，并不適用于所有智能手機，所以A選項不正確；Shimi尚未進入市場，還談不上公眾對Shimi欣賞與否的問題，因此選項C不符合原意；Shimi正在進行商業(yè)化運作，但絕非已經(jīng)完成，所以D也不是正確選項。本題的答案是B,依據(jù)是最后一段倒數(shù)第二句。

譯文：

Shimi是由佐治亞理工大學(xué)音樂技術(shù)中心研發(fā)的一款音樂伴侶。它可以根據(jù)聽者的反饋推薦合乎節(jié)拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不斷播放音樂。這款髙1英尺的機器人是由智能手機系統(tǒng)支持的，因此被標(biāo)榜為“一個可以互動的音樂朋友”。

Gil Weinberg教授是該機器人的發(fā)明者，他解釋說：“Shimi設(shè)計的宗旨是改變?nèi)藗冃蕾p音樂、認識音樂的方式?！彼麑⒃诮衲?月27日在舊金山的谷歌I/O大會上展示這款機器人。一個由三個機器人組成的樂隊將為來賓演奏，并伴隨音樂起舞。而音樂是根據(jù)不同的運動形式編制的。

Shimi實際上是一個擴充基座，它的“大腦”由安卓手機控制。一旦連接上，機器人便從用戶的移動裝置獲得傳感和音樂生成能力。換言之，只要有應(yīng)用程序，機器人便能使用。例如，通過手機的照相機和辨認臉型的軟件，Shimi就能在房間周圍跟蹤到聽眾，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或揚聲器，以確保輸送最佳聲音。另外一種識別特征是基于節(jié)奏和速度。如果用戶打出某個（音樂）拍子，Shimi會對此進行分析，然后瀏覽手機的音樂庫，并立即演奏最符合要求的音樂。一旦音樂響起來，Shimi就隨韻律起舞。

“許多人認為機器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shiini給我們展示了機器人可以具有創(chuàng)造力和與人交互的能力?！币魳芳夹g(shù)博士研究生Mason Bretan如是說。正在研發(fā)中的程序?qū)⑹褂脩裟軠贤ㄟ^搖頭或擺手表示不同意，來提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增減音量。機器人還可根據(jù)用戶對歌曲的選擇推薦新音樂，并對音樂播放列表提供反饋。

Weinberg希望其他研發(fā)者會因此獲得靈感，開發(fā)更多的應(yīng)用程序，來擴展Shimi的創(chuàng)新和交互功能。他說：“我認為我們中心正在引領(lǐng)這場將更多機器人應(yīng)用到家庭中去的變革?！?Weinberg正在通過獲得佐治亞理工學(xué)院的獨家授權(quán)來對Shimi進行商業(yè)推廣。Weinberg希望到2013年的節(jié)日季消費者可購買到Shimi。Weinberg說：“如果機器人進入家庭，我們認為就應(yīng)該是這種類型的機器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它們能提高我們的生活質(zhì)量，為更多智能服務(wù)型機器人進人我們的生活做好準(zhǔn)備。

第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep

Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet． Yet，just a small fraction of the undcrwaler world has been uxplored． Now，Scientists at the Woods Hole1 Oceanographic Institution(WHOI)in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle hat will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters(21,320 feet)．The new machine，known as a manned submersible or human-operated vehicle(HOV)，will replace another one named Alvin2 which bas an amazing

record of discovery，playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions．Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters(14,784 feet)．It’s about time for an upgrade，WHOI researchers say．

Alvin was launched in 1964．Since then，Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year，says Daniel Fornari，a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI．During its lifetime，Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives． A newer，better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises ahout a world that is still full of mysteries，F(xiàn)ornari says．It might also make the job of exploration a little easier．“We take so much for granted on land,” Fornari says．“We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are． We can see colors，special arrangements．”

Size-wise，the new HOV will be similar to Alvin．It’ll be about 37 feet long．The setting area inside will be a small sphere，about 8 feet wide，like Alvin，it’ll carry a pilot and two passengers．It will be just as maneuverable．In most other ways，it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view，for one thing．Alvin has only three windows，the new vehicle will have five，with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing．

Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second，and its maximum speed is 2 knots(about 2．3 miles per hour)，while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second．It’ll reach speeds of 3 knots，or 3．5 miles per hour． 詞匯：

fraction/5frAkFEn/n．一部分 dive/daiv/v．＆ n．潛水；跳水

underwater/5QndE5wC:tE(r)/adj． bound/baund /adj．受約束的，一定的 水下的；adv．在水下

sphere/sfiE(r)/n．球體；范圍 manned/5mAnd/adj．載人的

maneuverable/mE5nu:vErEbl/adj． undersea/5QndEsi:/ adj．海底的，機動的，可調(diào)動的 submersible/sQb5mE:sEbl/n．潛艇；潛水器

overlap /5EuvE5lAp/v．＆ n．重疊 upgrade/5Qp^reid/n．升級 ascend/E5send/ v．上升 geologist/dVi5ClEdVist/n．地質(zhì)學(xué)家 注釋： 1． Woods Hole：美國馬薩諸塞州的一個漁村，但同時擁有許多重要研究機構(gòu)，如：the Marine Biological Laboratory，the Sea Education Association以及the Woods Hole Oceanographic lnstitution。

2． Alvin：世界上第一個深海潛水器，它最有名的深海探測包括1986年對泰坦尼克號殘骸的測量工作。練習(xí)：

1． What is Alvin?

A A research institute． B A transporting vehicle． C A submersible． D A scientist．

2． Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin? A It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters．

B It has played a key role in various important undersea expeditions C It was launched in the sixties of the twentieth century． D It has been used for more than 40 years．

3． “．．．a(chǎn) world that is still full of mysteries” refers to A the earth． B out space． C the ocean． D Mars．

4． In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar? A Size． B Speed． C Capacity． D Shape．

5． In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different? A Offering better views． B Speed． C Size．

D Both A and B．

答案與題解：

1． C 短文第一段的第四、第五句提供了答案

2． A 文章第一段從第三句開始說，科學(xué)家正在研制一艘可將研究人員帶到6 500米深處的潛水裝置，而它將替代Alvin，因為Alvin只能潛到4 500米深處。A不是事實，所以是正確選擇。

3． C 本文討論探索海底世界的潛水裝置，所以“充滿神秘色彩的世界”指的就是海洋。4． D 第三段的頭三個句子告訴我們，HOV和Alvin在體積上和容量上相似。所以D是正確選擇。

5． D 第三段最后兩句告訴我們，Alvin只有三個窗戶，而HOV有五個。最后一段告訴我們，兩艘潛水裝置的上下活動速度和行進速度有所差別。所以D是正確選擇。譯文： 深海探索器

海洋覆蓋了我們地球三分之二的面積，但被開發(fā)的地下水卻只有很小一部分。目前，馬薩諸塞木洞海洋研究所的科學(xué)家們正在開發(fā)一種能載探索家們深入水下6 500米(21 320英尺)的水下交通丁具。作為一種載人潛艇或人T操作丁具，這種新的機器將替代世界上第一個深海潛水器Alvin。Azui”潛水器已經(jīng)保持了驚人的紀(jì)錄，在各種重要的深?？疾熘邪l(fā)揮著重要作用。Alvin潛水器已經(jīng)運行了40年，但它只能深人水下4 500米(14 784英尺)。術(shù)洞海洋協(xié)會的研究家們說，潛水下具陔升級了。

Alvin潛水器下水始于1964年。海洋地質(zhì)學(xué)家兼木洞海洋學(xué)研究所深海探索協(xié)會主任Daniel其不意Fornari說，自1 964年后，Alvin潛水器每年運行200～250天。在整個航程巾，它載12 000人進行過3 000多次潛水。

Fornari說，新式的Aluin潛水器必將揭示這個依舊充滿神秘的水下世界的許多奇妙之處。它也可能會使水下探索更容易些。Fornari說：“我們在陸上把許多東兩想當(dāng)然，我們會四處行走，用我們的雙眼看周同的東兩的大小。我們會看到各種顏色，各種特殊的布置?！?/p>

這種新的人工操作機器與Aluin潛水器很相似，大小適中。長約37英，里面環(huán)境將是個小球體，約8英尺寬。和Azum一樣，它將載一名宇航員和兩名乘客。可淵動。其他方面。它將使乘客有更多機會欣賞風(fēng)景，閃為舊式Aluin潛水器只有三個窗，“，新式的將有五個窗戶，其中有很多折疊，乘客和宇航員可以看見相同的事物。

舊式Aluin抽潛水器可以每秒上下30米．最快時速是2節(jié)(約2．3英里／小時)；衙新式潛水器將能每秒上下44米，它最快時速將達到3節(jié)(3．5英曜/小時)。

第十八篇Thirst for Oil

Worldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil.Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet’s surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year, we just need to find an efficient way to use it.So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at.But as supplies dwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice.Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of our energy needs, but its use has been declining since we started pumping up oil.Coal is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are still plentiful: its reserves are five times larger than oil’s.Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, diesel oil and various other chemical substances, provides around 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles.The US consumes n quarter of all oil, and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.The majority of oil comes from the Middle East, which has half of known reserves.But other significant sources include Russia, North America, Norway, Venezuela and the North Sea.Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge1 could be a major new US source, to reduce reliance on foreign imports.Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years, though opinions and estimates vary.We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when

demand exceeds supply.As conventional reserves become more difficult to access, others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead.Petrol could also be obtained from coal.Since we started using fossil fuels, we have released 400 billion tonnes2 of carbon, and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 130 C.Among other horrors, this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all Arctic ice.注釋:

1.Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:美國阿拉斯加北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)。2001年，美國眾議院通過了一項基于布什提出的在那里進行石油開采的議案。該議案遭到環(huán)境保護主義組織的反對。因此，目前在該區(qū)禁止開采石油。

2.tonne:公噸(= 1,000公斤〉。不同于 ton。ton:在美國等于二千磅(=0.907公噸)，所以稱作 short ton:短噸。練習(xí): 1.“… we will need to cure our addiction to oil.”Why does the author say so? A Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.B Oil supply is increasing all the time.C Demand for oil is increasing all the time.D Oil supply is decreasing.2.Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the author, according to the second paragraph?

A Wood was the fuel of choice before coal.B The use of coal is declining.C Coal is the most environmentally unfriendly fuel next to oil.D Coal reserves are plentiful and will be likely to become the major fuel of choice.3.Which country is the biggest consumer of petroleum? A The United States.B Russia.C Norway.D Venezuela.4.What do experts say about the earth’s fuel reserves?

A The earth’s fuel reserves will be accessible for the next 50 years.B There will soon be an energy crisis.C Conventional reserves will soon become inaccessible.D Fuel demand will decline.5.What is NOT the result of consuming fossil fuels according to the last paragraph? A Rainforests will be destroyed.B Arctic ice will be melted.C The earth’s temperature will be raised.D The sea level will go up.答案與題解 : 1.D 答案在第一段昀后一句中。這里的 supplies指 oil supplies。

2.C短文的第二段告訴我們，木材曾經(jīng)是主要燃料來源，然后被煤所替代；自人們開始采油后，對煤的需求下降了，但因為媒的儲量遠大于石油，它可能又會成為主要燃料，盡管它對環(huán)境昀具破壞力。所以 A、B、D均是作者的意思，而 C不是。next to oil除石油以外。

3.A文章的第三段說，美國消耗全世界四分之一的石油。

4.B答案在第五段第二句中。該段第一句說，地球上的燃料儲量將在 50年內(nèi)耗盡，所以 A不是正確選擇；第三句的意思是，常規(guī)燃料的獲取將變得困難，而不是不可獲得，所以 C也不是正確選擇； D明顯不是作者的意思。

5.D 選項 A、B、C都是昀后一段中所表達的意思。所以 D是正確選擇。

譯文： 石油匱乏

全世界每天都要消耗相當(dāng)于億桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源來自于太陽。事實上，每分鐘到達地球表層的來自于太陽的能源就足已滿足我們一整年的需求，我們只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前為止，石油一直是一種較便宜、易獲得的能源。但當(dāng)供應(yīng)縮減時，情況就會改變，我們就不能像現(xiàn)在這樣不加節(jié)制地消耗石油了。

在蒸汽工業(yè)命時代，高能煤成為首選燃料之前，燃木能滿足大部分能源需求?，F(xiàn)在，煤仍然大量地運用于發(fā)電站，滿足我們四分之一的能源需求。但自從我們開始大量開采石油后，煤的使用就已經(jīng)在逐漸衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不環(huán)保的化石燃料，但因其供應(yīng)充足——煤的儲量是石油的6倍，煤的使用量又有所回升。

今天，石油作為一種從地表層挖掘出，用于生產(chǎn)汽油、柴油和其他各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)的礦物油，供應(yīng)著大約40%的世界能源需求，其中大部分用于供給機動車輛；美國消耗著世界四分之一的石油，同時排放出大約全球1/4的溫室氣體。

大部分的石油來自中東，牛東擁有50％的世界已勘探石油儲存量。其他的石油產(chǎn)地包括俄羅斯、北美、挪威、委內(nèi)瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北極國家野生動物保護區(qū)最新成為美國能源的又一主要供應(yīng)地，減少了美國對國外進口石油的依賴。

盡管意見和評價各有不同，但大多數(shù)專家預(yù)測人類將在50年之內(nèi)輕而易舉地耗盡現(xiàn)行的所有儲備石油。未來的幾十年，當(dāng)供不應(yīng)求時我們會很快陷入能源危機。當(dāng)常規(guī)能源不容易獲得時，代之使用的可能是諸如油頁巖和瀝青砂等能源。石油也可從煤中提煉獲得。

自從我們開始使用化石燃料，我們已經(jīng)釋放出4000億噸碳。當(dāng)化石燃料全部用完時，世界溫度將上升13攝氏度。更恐怖的是，這將會導(dǎo)致所有熱帶雨林的破壞和北極冰的溶解。

第二十七篇Driven to Distraction

Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s eat, starts up the car and heads to town.The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe.She isn’t real.Neither is the town.And Coyne isn’t really driving.Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University(ODU)examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting—or whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.“We’re looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers’ reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues.The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs.light traffic.Preliminary results show that as people “get into more challenging driving situations, they don’t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,” Baldwin said.But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said.This next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers’ mental workload.“Is it best if they see a picture…that shows their position, a map kind of display?” Baldwin said.“Is it best if they hear it?” navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route.“They’re very unforgiving,” Baldwin said.“If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.”

That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions.But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions, Baldwin said.Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey style, she said.Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said.This explains the classic little thing of why men don’t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.練習(xí)：

1.Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs? A.If Coyne had stopped the car in time, he wouldn’t have hit the woman.B.The woman would have been knocked over, if Coyne had followed the traffic regulations.C.Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman.D.If the woman had not crossed the street suddenly, Coyne would not have hit her.2.What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? A.Whether or not audible or written directions are distracting.B.how long it will take the driver to respond to auditory and visual stimuli.C.How the driver perform under certain metal workload.D.All of the above.3.What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? A.Drivers are afraid of getting into challenging driving situations.B.In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra energy to handle other things.C.In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else.D.Drivers’ mental load remains unchanged under different situations.4.The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers.A.is designing a visual navigational information system.B.is designing an audio navigational information system.C.is designing an audio-visual navigational information system.D.want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system.5.What kind of directions do men and women prefer?

A.Women prefer more general directions and men prefer route directions.B.Men prefer more general directions and women prefer route direction.C.Both men and women prefer general directions.D.Both men and women prefer route directions.答案與解釋 : 1.C 根據(jù)第一段和第二段的內(nèi)容，讀者可以知道，這不是 Coyne真實的駕車經(jīng)歷。第二段的第一句是虛擬語氣，意思是即使他沒有及時剎車，那位婦女也是安全的。因此 A、B和 D都不符合句意。

2.D 第三段告訴我們，研究者要了解什么樣的駕車指南會使回車者分心。第四段告訴我們，他們要研究駕車者在駕駛中的精神負荷，測試駕車者對聲音和圖像的反應(yīng)，包括反映時間和大腦活動。所以，D是正確選項。

3.C第五段昀后一句提供了答案。

4.D 根據(jù)本段第一句可以得知答案。

5.B 文章的昀后四段討論駕車指南的兩種類型：第九段使用的兩個表達是： general instructions和 route directions 即是第八段中的 point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route；第十段和第十一段使用的表達是：survey style 和 route style。因此，general instructions或 general directions指的是一種傳遞總體信息的駕車指南，point-by-point directions和 route style是一種傳遞具體路線信息的駕車指南。根據(jù)昀后一段的描述，大多數(shù)男士偏向于 general directions，而女士則偏向于 point-by-point directions，即 route style。

譯文：

分散注意力駕駛

JoeCoyne滑進駕駛室，發(fā)動汽車朝城里開去?？帐幨幍哪嵌沃蓦H公路結(jié)束了，進入到擁塞的城市。這時，一個行人突然從Coyne的車前穿過，他急忙緊急剎車。

但是，就算Coyne來不及剎車，那個婦女也不會有事兒。因為，她是一個假人。整座城市也是假的。Coyne并不是真的在開車。他只是在演示一個計算機操控的駕駛模擬器，幫助OldDominion大學(xué)的研究者們檢測車內(nèi)導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)如何影響開車人。

研究者們希望了解駕駛員在陌生環(huán)境里從這一系統(tǒng)提供的那些語音或書面的說明中得到的導(dǎo)路指南等益處是否抵消了這些東西引起的注意力不集中的問題。

主持研究的心理學(xué)副教授CarylBaldwin說：“我們一直關(guān)注著駕駛員的表現(xiàn)和精神負荷”這包括駕駛員在對聽覺和視覺提示做出反應(yīng)時的反應(yīng)時間和大腦活動。

研究人員剛剛完成了一項關(guān)于在不同環(huán)境中，如交通暢通或交通擁擠時駕駛員精神負

荷的調(diào)查。Baldwin說，初步的調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示人們“在更富有挑戰(zhàn)性的環(huán)境中駕駛時，并不會對周圍環(huán)境的變化做出更大的反應(yīng)?！?/p>

她說，兩種提示的交替使用還是有效的。下一步，他們將測試為駕駛員提供導(dǎo)向信息的不同方法以及這些方法如何改變駕駛員的精神負荷。

Baldwin說：“是給駕駛員看類似地圖那樣的顯示圖片好，還是讓他們聽到指示信息好呢？”

現(xiàn)在市場上的導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)會給出點對點的方向信息，同時還會提供預(yù)定的路線。Baldwin說：“這些系統(tǒng)通常不會原諒人的錯誤。如果駕駛員錯過了一個轉(zhuǎn)變，它們就會變得非常生氣。”

這種提供方向信息的方式通常會使更喜歡籠統(tǒng)信息的駕駛員產(chǎn)生一種受挫感。Baldwin說，籠統(tǒng)的信息卻會使更喜歡線路批示的駕駛員感到困惑。

她說，也許，是系統(tǒng)制造商們應(yīng)該允許駕駛員能夠選擇自己喜歡的指示方式，或者使系統(tǒng)能夠為更喜歡調(diào)查信息方式的駕駛員提供有用的信息。

有意思的是，其他研究者表示60%的男性更喜歡這種提供調(diào)查信息的導(dǎo)向系統(tǒng)，而60%的女性則更喜歡線路指示系統(tǒng)。Baldwin說，這也就可以解釋那個為什么女人喜歡下車問路，而男人卻不的經(jīng)典例子。

第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine

A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain.Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send.Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.The fMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen.Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume.The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region.And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood--and therefore, which parts are working to process information.An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain.The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading.By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits.The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at.Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity.The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures.Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image.This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image.For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.詞匯：

scan v.&n.掃描 visualize v.使可見；設(shè)想

neuron n.神經(jīng)元

注釋:

1.Mind-reading: 能讀出(猜出)人的想法的。mind-read: 可做動詞，如，As a successful salesman, he is able to mind-read his customers.2.FMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): 功能性磁振造影。這是一種新興的神經(jīng)影像學(xué)方式，其原理是利用磁振造影來測量神經(jīng)元活動所引發(fā)之血液動力的改變。

3.visualize: 意為make(something)visible to the eye，即“使可見，使顯現(xiàn)”。

練習(xí):

1.What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes? A）A small region of the brain.B）The central part of the brain.C）Neurons in the brain.D）Oxygen-rich blood.2.Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer? A）Ceils in your brain are called neurons.B）The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs.C）FMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information.D）fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.3.“Highlighting the areas of the brain at work” means

A）“marking the parts of the brain that are processing information”

B）“giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information” C）“putting the parts of the brain to work”

D）“stopping the parts of the brain from working”

4.What did the researchers experiment on? A）Animals, objects, and fruits.B）Two volunteers.C）fMRI machines.D）Thousands of pictures.5.Which of the following can be the best replacement of the tide? A）The Recent Development in Science and Technology.B）Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned.C）A Technological Dream.D）A Device that can Help You Calculate.答案與題解：

1.C 文章第二段的最后兩個句子提供了答案。Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processin9．這里的processin9指的就是上句中的內(nèi)容。

2.D 的電容文章中沒有出現(xiàn)。A的內(nèi)容在第二段可找到。B的內(nèi)容在第二段可找到。C的內(nèi)容在第五段可找到。

3.A highlight：使…顯得突出，標(biāo)出。at work：正在工作的。這里指正在處理信息的(大腦區(qū)域)。

4.B答案在文章的第六段中可以找到。實驗者讓兩個自愿受試者觀看許多照片，并用fMRI對設(shè)備測試他們的大腦在這一過程中的活動。

5．B

A論述的范圍太大。fMR技術(shù)已不再是夢想，所以C也不是正確選擇。D所述內(nèi)容與文章完全不符。B符合文章內(nèi)容，是最佳選擇。

譯文：

讀心機

一個加州的研究團隊開發(fā)了一種可以通過掃描人體大腦所發(fā)生的變化從而預(yù)測出這個人正在看一些什么樣的物體的方法。

當(dāng)你注視一些物體時，你的眼睛會發(fā)送一個關(guān)于該物體的信號到你的大腦中。大腦的不同區(qū)域處理眼睛發(fā)送的這些信號。大腦中負責(zé)這個過程的細胞叫做神經(jīng)元。

FMBI(功能性磁振造影)腦掃描可以大體地比較大腦中人們對所觀察物體基本形狀的電運動。

像身體中其他地方的細胞一樣，活躍的神經(jīng)元細胞也需要氧氣。血液為神經(jīng)元提供氧氣，神經(jīng)元越活躍，對氧氣量的需求越大。大腦中越是活躍的區(qū)域，它的神經(jīng)元也就越活躍，為此，更多的血液會流經(jīng)這一區(qū)域。那么通過使用FMBI，科學(xué)家可以使大腦中接收相對多的富氧血液的部分可視化。因此，可視化的部分就是處理信息的部分

FMRI機是一種可以掃描大腦和測量流向大腦的血液變化的設(shè)備。這項技術(shù)為研究者顯示，當(dāng)人們思考觀察進行像說話閱讀這樣的活動時，大腦運動的變化。通過突出顯示人們觀

看不同圖像時頭腦工作的區(qū)域，F(xiàn)MRI可以幫助科學(xué)家們確定與不同圖像相關(guān)的大腦活動的具體形式。

加州的研究者讓兩個志愿者觀察數(shù)百個諸如人、動物和水果這樣的日常事物。他們用這樣方式來測試大腦的活動?？茖W(xué)家使用FMRI機來記錄志愿者看每一張圖片時大腦的活動。顯示這一活動時，不同物體會使志愿者大腦的不同區(qū)域在掃描時亮度增加。科學(xué)家利用此信息來建立一種模式去預(yù)測大腦對所看到事物可能如何反映。

在第二個測試中，科學(xué)家讓志愿者看120個新圖像。和以前一樣，他們每看一張新圖像時大腦都被掃描一次。這次，科學(xué)家用他們的模式來比較FMRI掃描的圖像。例如，如果圖像在第二次測試顯示相同的形式的大腦活動，同時，該腦活動與在第一次測試中蘋果圖片有大關(guān)聯(lián)，那么這個模式可能會預(yù)測出志愿者們正在看一些蘋果。

第四篇：英語中詞的定義

、名詞

表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱的詞都叫做名詞。名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞。

名詞在句子中可擔(dān)任除謂語外的任何成分，即主語、標(biāo)語、賓語（動詞賓語和介詞賓語）、狀語、賓補、定語等。

【舉例】桌子，凳子，椅子，沙發(fā)，桌子

2、冠詞

冠詞是虛詞，本身無詞義，也不能單獨使用，它用在名詞前，幫助指明名詞的含義。冠詞只有三個，分別是定冠詞(the)和不定冠詞(a、an)【舉例】因無詞義，所以無法舉例

3、數(shù)詞

表示數(shù)目多少的詞叫做數(shù)詞。數(shù)詞可分為基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。

數(shù)詞在句子中可作主語、賓語、定語、表語和同位語（同位語僅限基數(shù)詞）

【舉例】一、二、三、第一、第二、第三

4、代詞

代詞是代替名詞的一種詞類。大多數(shù)代詞具有名詞和形容詞的功能。英語中的代詞，按起意義、特征及在句中的作用分為：人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關(guān)系代詞和不定代詞八種

【舉例】我、你、他的、我自己

5、形容詞

形容詞修飾名詞，說明事物/人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常，可將形容詞分為性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類，其位置不一定在名詞

形容詞可在句中可作表語、定語、賓補、狀語，需要注意的是作定語修飾名詞時，要放在名詞的前面。但是如果形容詞以-thing（如something）為字尾的詞語時，要放在這些詞語之后

【舉例】小的，大的（翻譯時詞尾一定是“的”）

6、副詞

副詞和形容此一樣，也具有修飾的功能。形容詞是修飾名詞，而副詞是修飾動詞，此外副詞還可以修飾形容詞和其它的副詞。副詞在句子中修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子。用來表示時間、場所、狀態(tài)、程度等。

副詞在句中可作定語、狀語、表語和賓補

【舉例】小心地，仔細地（翻譯時詞尾一定是“地”）

7、介詞

介詞是一種虛詞，它不能單獨擔(dān)任句子成分，必須和名詞或代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語或從句構(gòu)成介詞短語，才能擔(dān)任句子成分

【舉例】在……里，在……上

8、情態(tài)動詞

情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作的態(tài)度，認為“可能”、“必要”等。情態(tài)動詞有詞義，但詞義不完全，氣候一定要跟“不帶to”的動詞不定式（即動詞原形）（ought to除外）。另外情態(tài)動詞沒有數(shù)和人稱的變化

【舉例】can（能），may（可能）

1、主語

主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物，一般由名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，不定式等充當(dāng)。

Helikeswatch'ingTV.他喜歡看電視。

2、謂語

謂語說明主語的動作，狀態(tài)或特征。

一般可分為兩類：

1)，簡單謂語

由動詞(或短語動詞)構(gòu)成。

可以有不同的時態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣。

Westud'yforthepeo'ple.我們?yōu)槿嗣駥W(xué)習(xí)。

2)，復(fù)合謂語：情態(tài)動詞＋不定式

Icanspeakalit'tleEng'lish.我可以說一點英語。

3、表語

表語是謂語的一部分，它位于系動詞如be之后，說明主語身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語等充當(dāng)。

Mysis'terisanurse.我姐姐是護士。

4、賓語

賓語表示動作行為的對象，跟在及物動詞之后，能作賓語的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動詞不定式等。

WelikeEng'lish.我們喜歡英語。

有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語，往往一個指人，一個指物，指人的叫間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語。

Hegavemesom'eink.他給了我一點墨水。

有些及物動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語，意思才完整，賓語和它的補足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。如：

Wemakehimourmon'itor.我們選他當(dāng)班長。

5、定語

在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。

用作定語的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語時，通常放在被修飾的詞前面。

Heisanewstu'dent.他是個新生。

但副詞，動詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時，則放在被修飾的詞之后。

Thebikeintheroomismine.房間里的自行車是我的。

6、狀語 修飾動詞，形容詞，副詞以及全句的句子成分，叫做狀語。用作狀語的通常是副詞，介詞短語，不定式和從句等。狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語時可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。

HelivesinLon'don.他住在倫敦

句子成分

現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語、狀語和

補語。英語的基本成分有六種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語

（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）和狀語(adverbial)。

英語句子成分中,有些具有形態(tài)標(biāo)志。如第一人稱代詞作主語就用主格“I”，作賓語用賓格“me”，作定語用所有格“my”。這些形態(tài)變化對分析辨認成分

很有幫助。

漢語與英語就句子成分表面上看來差不多，實際上有不少差別。例如：

(1)Xiao Li went to bed as soon as he came home.小李回家后, 立刻就睡覺了。

(2)I'll go when I have had my dinner.我吃了飯就去。

在英語中，同一個主語在第二次出現(xiàn)時不能省略，必須把每個謂語所陳述的對象都表示出來。而在漢語中，同一個主語在句中第二次出現(xiàn)時，就可以省

略。如例（1）中，漢語說“小李回家后立刻就睡覺了”，省去了第二個分句的主語，倒可以避免造成誤解。若將第二次出現(xiàn)的主語補出來，說成“小李回

家后，他立刻就睡覺了”。聽的人反而可能把那個“他”誤會成另一個人。

英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。

英語五種基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一：SV（主＋謂）

基本句型二：SVP（主＋謂＋表）

基本句型三：SVO（主＋謂＋賓）

基本句型四：SVoO（主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓）

基本句型五：SVOC（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）

基本句型一

此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。

這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。

┏━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（不及物動詞）┃

┠———————————————┼———————————————┨

┃1.The sun│was shining.┃

┃2.The moon │rose.┃

┃3.The universe │remains.┃

┃4.We all │breathe, eat, and drink.┃

┃5.Who│cares?┃

┃6.What he said │does not matter.┃

┃7.They │talkedfor half an hour.┃

┃8.The pen│writessmoothly┃

1.太陽在照耀著。2.月亮升起了。

3.宇宙長存。4.我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。

5.管它呢？ 6.他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。

7.他們談了半個小時。8.這支筆書寫流利。

基本句型二

此句型的句子有一個共同的特點：句子謂語動詞都不能表達一個完整的意*

思，必須加上一個表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達完整的*

意思。這類動詞叫做連系動詞。系動詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一*

類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒*

有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動詞仍保持其部分詞義。

┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（是系動詞）│P┃

┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨

┃1.This │is│an English-Chinese dictionary.┃

┃2.The dinner │smells│good.┃

┃3.He │fell│in love.┃

┃4.Everything │looks │different.┃

┃5.He │is growing│tall and strong.┃

┃6.The trouble│is│that they are short of money.┃

┃7.Our well │has gone│dry.┃

┃8.His face │turned│red.┃

┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1.這是本英漢辭典。2.午餐的氣味很好。

3.他墮入了情網(wǎng)。4.一切看來都不同了。

5.他長得又高又壯。6.麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。

7.我們井干枯了。8.他的臉紅了。

基本句型三

此句型句子的共同特點是：謂語動詞都具有實義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動作，但不能表達完整的意思，必須跟有一個賓語，即動作的承受者，才能使意思完

整。這類動詞叫做及物動詞。

┏━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（及物動詞）│ O ┃

┠———————┼———————┼———————————————┨

┃1.Who│knows │the answer? ┃

┃2.She│smiled│her thanks.┃

┃3.He │has refused │to help them.┃

┃4.He │enjoys│reading.┃

┃5.They │ate │what was left over.┃

┃6.He │said│“Good morning.” ┃

┃7.I│want│to have a cup of tea.┃

┃8.He │admits│that he was mistaken.┃

┗━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

1.誰知道答案？ 2.她微笑表示感謝。

3.他拒絕幫他們的忙。4.他喜歡看書。

5.他們吃了剩飯。6.他說：“早上好！”

7.我想喝杯茶。8.他承認犯了錯誤。

基本句型四

此句型的句子有一個共同特點：謂語動詞必須跟有兩個賓語才能表達完整的意思。這兩個賓語一個是動作的直接承受者，另一個是動作的間接承受者。

通常這一間接承受者用一個介詞來連接，當(dāng)動作的間接承受者在動作的直接承

受者之前時，這一介詞往往被省略。

┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃S│V（及物）│ o（多指人）│ O（多指物）┃

┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨

1.She│ordered │herself │a new dress.┃

┃2.She│cooked│her husband │a delicious meal.┃

┃3.He │brought │you │a dictionary.┃

┃4.He │denies│her │nothing.┃

┃5.I│showed│him │my pictures.┃

┃6.I│gave│my car│a wash.┃

┃7.I│told│him │that the bus was late.┃

┃8.He │showed│me│how to run the machine.┃

┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1.她給自己定了一套新衣裳。2.她給丈夫煮了一餐美饌。

3.他給你帶來了一本字典。4.他對她什么都不拒絕。

5.我給他看我的照片。6.我洗了我的汽車。

7.我告訴他汽車晚點了。8.他教我開機器。

基本句型五

此句型的句子的共同特點是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個賓語還

不能表達完整的意思，必須加上一個補充成分來補足賓語，才能使意思完整。

┏━━━━┯━━━━━┯━━━━━━━┯━━━━━━━━━━━━┓

┃ S │V（及物）│ O（賓語）│C（賓補）┃

┠————┼—————┼———————┼————————————┨

┃1.They │appointed │him │manager.┃

┃2.They │painted │the door│green.┃

┃3.This │set │them│thinking.┃

┃4.They │found │the house │deserted.┃

┃5.What │makes │him │think so? ┃

┃6.We │saw │him │out.┃

┃7.He │asked │me│to come back soon.┃

┃8.I│saw │them│getting on the bus.┃

┗━━━━┷━━━━━┷━━━━━━━┷━━━━━━━━━━━━┛

1.他們?nèi)蚊?dāng)經(jīng)理。2.他們把門漆成綠色。

3.這使得他們要細想一想。4.他們發(fā)現(xiàn)那房子無人居住。

5.他怎么會這樣想？ 6.我們送他出去。

7.他要我早點回來。8.我看見他們上了那輛公共汽車。

但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語（modifier）而

加以擴大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是

各種類型的短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。下面以基本句

型五為例：

We found the hall full.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)禮堂坐滿了。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen-

ing to an important report.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽一個重要報告。

We found the great hall full of students and teachers listen-

ing to an important report made by a comrade from the People's

Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽人民日報的一位同志作有關(guān)

東歐局勢的重要報告。

不同的動詞使用的句型也不盡一樣，因此在學(xué)習(xí)動詞時，應(yīng)掌握動詞的類

型。以 get 為例：

He's getting angry.(S V C)

He got through the window.(S V M)

You'll get a surprise.(S V O)

He got his shoes and socks wet.(S V O C)

He got himself into trouble.(S V O M)

He got her a splendid present.(S V o O)

在句子中詞類和詞的位置也影響句子的句型和意思:

I found the book easily.我很容易地找到了這本書。（S V O M）

I found the book easy.我覺得這本書很容易。（S V O C）

I have to do something.我得做點事。

I have something to do.我有點事做。

表語從句就是“表句是個句子”,同理,賓語從句,定語從句都這樣理解.表語從句放在連系動詞之后,充當(dāng)復(fù)合句中的表語/

下面是我找到的材料,參考一下吧.================== 基本概念

1． 定義：用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。

2． 構(gòu)成：關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句

3． 引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類：

(1)從屬連詞that。如：

The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。

(2)從屬連詞whether, as, as if。如：

He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來還與十年前一樣。

The question is whether they will be able to help us.問題是他們是否能幫我們。

注：從屬連詞if一般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句，但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句，如：

All this was over twenty years ago, but it′s as if it was only yesterday.這都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一樣。

能跟表語從句的謂語動詞一般為系動詞be, seem, look等。如：

It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。

(3)連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever

連接副詞 where, when, how, why。

如：The problem is who we can get to replace her.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。

The question is how he did it.問題是他是如何做此事的。

That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。

重點疑難

1． 連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語從句。如：

I think it is because you are doing too much.我想這是因為你做得太多。

2． 在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中，謂語動詞用虛擬語氣。should+動詞原形表示，should可省略。如：

My suggestion is that we(should)start early tomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。

英語里的基本的6個時態(tài)一、一般現(xiàn)在時：

用動詞原型表示，但單數(shù)第三人稱后要加-s，在詞尾加-s時要注意： 1． 一般情況：加-s 例：reads，writes，says

2． 以s，x，ch，sh收尾的詞加-es 例：teaches，washes，guesses

3． 以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-es 例：try—tries，carry—carries。

這個時態(tài)的疑問句一般以句首加助動詞do，does構(gòu)成。句中動詞要用原型動詞be提前：

do you know it？

are you students？

does she have a pen？

1．一般現(xiàn)在時表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作：

we always care for each other and help each other。

they cycle to work every day。

2．現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)：

he loves sports。

do you sing？a little。

i major in english。

3． 遍真理：

light travels faster than sound。

two and four makes six。

the moon moves round the earth。

有些表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞常?？捎糜谝话悻F(xiàn)在時：be，love，like，hate，want，hope，need，prefer，wish，know，understand，remember，believe，recognize，guess，suppose，mean，belong，think（以為），feel，envy，doubt，remain，consist，contain，seem，look（看起來），see，fit，suit，owe，own，hear，find，suggest，propose，allow，show（說明），prove，mind（在意），have（有），sound（聽起來），taste（嘗起來），matter，require，possess，desire等等。

i feel a sharp pain in my chest。

the soup contains too much salt。

you see what i mean？

the coat fits you very well。

how do you find the book？

有些表示動作的動詞間或可用于這一時態(tài)，表示現(xiàn)刻的動作，由于動作持續(xù)時間機短，用于進行時不自然：

i send you my best wishes。

i salute your courage。

now i extend my heartfelt thanks to you。

在口語中這個時態(tài)用來表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排發(fā)生的情況（這是都有一個表示未來時間的狀語）：

when do the train leave（stop at jinan）？

the plane take off at 11 am。

tomorrow is saturday。

is there a firm on tonight？ 但這只限少數(shù)動詞，如begin，come，go，leave，sail，start，arrive，return，dine，end，stop，depart，open，close，be等。另外，在時間或條件從句中，將來動作或狀態(tài)多用這一時態(tài)表示：

tell her about that when she come。

turn off the light before you leave。

we?ll start as soon as you are ready。

在口語中，這個時態(tài)間或可以用來表示一個已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作（這個動作發(fā)生的時間在說話人腦中處于很不重要的地位）：

they say xiao wu is back。is that true？

xiao yu tells me you?re going abroad。

oh，i forget where he lives。

yes，you answer quite well。

此外一般現(xiàn)在時還多用于報刊、電影、電視解說等其他幾種情況。

二、現(xiàn)在進行時

現(xiàn)在進行時用助動詞be的人稱形式加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成，它的肯定、否定、疑問形式如下：

i am working。

i am not working。

am i working？

現(xiàn)在進行時主要表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進行的動作。

where are they having the basket-ball match？

they are putting up the scaffolding。

he?s showing a foreign guest round the city。

在不少情況下，表示正在進行的動作的漢語句子，并沒有“正在”這樣的字，在譯為英語時卻必須用進行時態(tài)：

how are you getting on with the work？

the work is going fairly smoothly。

you are making rapid progress。

it is blowing hard。

who are you waiting for？

whenever i see her，she is working in the garden。我每次看到她時，她總是在花園里干活。

在一般現(xiàn)在時所列的表示狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞，一般不能用于進行時態(tài)，因為他們不能表示正在進行的動作。但如果詞義轉(zhuǎn)變，能表示一個正在進行的動作，就能夠用于進行時態(tài)，試比較下面的句子：

do you see anyone over there？你看到那里有什么人嗎？

are you seeing someone off？你在給誰送行嗎？

i hear someone singing。我聽見有人唱歌。

they are hearing an english talk？他們在聽一個英語報告。

what do you think of it？你覺得這怎么樣？ what are you thinking about？你在想什么？

另外，表示無法持續(xù)動作的動詞，一般不宜用于進行時態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個時態(tài)表示重復(fù)、即將等：

he is jumping up and down。她一上一下地跳著。

the train is arriving?；疖嚲鸵M站了。

the old man is dying。老頭病危了。

現(xiàn)在進行時有時可用來表示一個在最近按計劃或安安排要進行的動作（這是多有一個表示未來時間的狀語）：

we are leaving on friday。

are you going anywhere tomorrow？

a foreign guest is giving a lecture in english this afternoon。

xiao hong！coming。

who is interpreting for you？

we are having a holiday next monday。

但這僅限于少量動詞，如go，come，leave，start，arrive，lunch，return，dine，work，sleep，stay，play，do，have，wear等。

另外，“be going+不定式”這個結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)常用來表示即將發(fā)生的事或打算（準(zhǔn)備）做的事：

i am afraid it is going to rain。

it is going to be rather cold tomorrow。

she is not going to speak at the meeting。

在這個結(jié)構(gòu)中過去有許多人不贊成用go和come這兩個動詞，感到很別扭，主張不說are you going to go anywhere tomorrow？而說are you going anywhere tomorrow？不說is she going to come？而說is she coming？但現(xiàn)在在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中用兩個動詞的人越來越多，這種用法基本上被大家接受了。

此外，在時間和條件狀語從句中，間或也可用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來的情況或一般情況：

do not mention this when you are talking with him。

remember that when you are taking a rest，some else is always working。

if she is still sleeping，do not wake her up。

現(xiàn)在進行時有時用來代替一般現(xiàn)在時，表示一個經(jīng)常性動作或狀態(tài)，這是或是為了表示一種感情（a）如贊嘆、厭煩等，或是為了強調(diào)情況的暫時性（b）。

a． how are you feeling today？（比how do you feel today？更顯親切）

xiao hua is doing fine work at school。（比xiao hua does fine work at school。更富贊美）

he is always thinking of his work。表贊許

he is constantly leaving his thing about。她老是亂扔?xùn)|西。（表不滿）

he is always boasting。他老愛說大話。（表厭煩）

b．he is sleeping in the next room now。他現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在是在隔壁房間睡了（不再原來房間睡了）。

the professor is typing his own letters while his secretary is ill。

where is he working？他現(xiàn)在在那里工作？（可能剛換工作）for this week we are starting work at 7：30。

he is walking to work because his bicycle is being repaired。

be間或可用于進行時態(tài)，表示一時的表現(xiàn)：

you are not being modest。

he is being silly。

she is being friendly。

xiao hong is being a good girl today。

do not talk rot。i am being serious。

注： 在there和here引起的句子中，?？捎靡话悻F(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在進行時：

here comes the bus。（=the bus is coming.）

there goes the bell.(=the bell is ringing.)

在某些情況下兩種情況都可以用，沒有多少差別：

i wonder(am wondering)how i should answer then.does your leg hurt?(is your leg hurting?)it itches(is itching)terribly.my back aches(is aching).i write(am writing)to inform you.不定代詞

是不指明代替任何特定名詞或形容詞的代詞，英語中不定代詞有：some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone），no（nothing，nobody，no one），every（everything，everybody，everyone），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either，neither等 物主代詞

表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞。物主代詞分為形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞兩種。物主代詞有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)的物主代詞還有性的變化

情態(tài)動詞

是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語氣的動詞,但不能單獨作謂語, 只能和其他動詞原形構(gòu)成謂語。

不定代詞：anything、everything、nothing 物主代詞：my mine his his her hers our ours their theirs 情態(tài)動詞：can could should may

小學(xué)差不多這個水平，其實情態(tài)動詞還有很多

第五篇：2014職稱英語閱讀理解翻譯

第二十九篇 I’ll Be Bach

練習(xí)：

1．The music composed by David cope is about ______.A Classical music B pop music C drama D country music

2．By developing a computer software，David cope aimed ______.A to be like Bach B to study Bach C to write an opera D to create a musical database

3．What did cope realize about a great composer’s brain? A It forms new musical patterns all by itself B It writes a computer program C It can recognize any music patterns D It creates an accurate database

4．Who is Emmy?

A a databaseB a computer software C a composer who helped David D an opera

5．We can infer from the passage that ______.A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach’s music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.第40篇（2012新增）Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety

教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮

在最新一項關(guān)于小學(xué)生學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的研究中，芝加哥大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家Sian Beilock和Susan Levine 發(fā)現(xiàn)，女教師的想法和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)之間有著驚人的聯(lián)系：如果女教師對自己的數(shù)學(xué)能力感到焦慮，她的女學(xué)生很可能認為男孩子數(shù)學(xué)比女孩學(xué)得更好。

“如果一直由對數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)，就會對她們的數(shù)學(xué)成績產(chǎn)生雪球效應(yīng)”，Levine說。換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。該研究表明，如果女孩子們在一個認為男孩比女孩數(shù)學(xué)好的環(huán)境中成長，那么她們的數(shù)學(xué)可能會不如在更自信的狀態(tài)下學(xué)得好。

如同學(xué)生，教師也會覺得某些學(xué)科難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的“焦慮”：不自在或擔(dān)心。此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，教師對數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學(xué)生們。該研究的研究對象包括65個女孩，52個男孩和17位在中西部教一二年級的教師。學(xué)生們在學(xué)年的開始和結(jié)束時都進行數(shù)學(xué)測試，研究者們比較得分。

研究者們測試學(xué)生是否認為數(shù)學(xué)明星一定會是男孩。然后研究者們測試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對數(shù)學(xué)感到焦慮，研究者們問教師們當(dāng)碰到數(shù)學(xué)問題諸如閱讀銷售清單時的感受，如果一位教師一看到銷售清單的數(shù)字就感到緊張，那么她很可能對數(shù)學(xué)存在焦慮。

平均來說，教師的焦慮不會影響到男孩子。但是，一般說來，如果教女孩子的教師有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥，那么女孩子們在學(xué)年結(jié)束時測試得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在關(guān)于是否認為數(shù)學(xué)明星應(yīng)該是男孩的測試中，有20個女孩認為男孩數(shù)學(xué)比女孩好，這20個女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥。來自密蘇里大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家David Geary說“這是一個有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結(jié)果，需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進行重復(fù)驗證”。1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? AGirls comfortable with their own math skills are better than boys at math.BGirls uncomfortable with their own math skills are not as good as boys at math.CFemale teachers' math skills have influence over girl students' math skills.DFemale teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph? AMath teachers,like math learners,do not like the subject due to its difficulty.BA difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.CTeachers are more anxious teaching math than their students learning math.DMath is so difficult that no teachers like to teach it.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt Anervous memorizing the numbers of a sales receipt.Bhelpless saving the numbers of a sales receipt.Cuneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.Dhopeless filling in the numbers of a sales report.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings

Aprove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math

achievements.Bshow that male students are less likely to be affected by their math anxiety than female students.Cprovide strong evidence that math superstars are more likely to be males than females.D discover a strong link between teachers' math anxiety and their students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that Athe study is interesting but it is based on unreliable research process.Bthe research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.Cthe research results need to be reinterpreted to be meaningful.Dthe study is well based and produces significant results.***第46篇（2012年新增）Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”

螞蟻作為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對環(huán)境影響巨大

?？怂固卮髮W(xué)所做的研究表明，螞蟻作為“生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”和食肉動物的行為對當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境影響巨大。該研究發(fā)表在動物生態(tài)雜志上，它表明螞蟻對當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境有兩大顯著的影響。

第一，通過筑巢而挪動土壤或采集食物，螞蟻影響土壤的營養(yǎng)水平。這可間接影響當(dāng)?shù)貜母锏绞澄镦湼邔拥脑S多動物種群的數(shù)量。

第二，它們捕食的動物種類很多，包括那些被大量工蟻攻擊的大獵物。

Dirk Sanders是該大學(xué)生態(tài)和保護中心所做的此項研究的作者，他說：“螞蟻是高效的食肉動物，而且能大量繁殖。它們具有很強的領(lǐng)地意識，并且會竭盡全力對抗其他的食肉動物來保衛(wèi)自己的領(lǐng)地。所有這些都意味著螞蟻對周圍環(huán)境影響巨大?！?/p>

“在該研究中，我們第一次對螞蟻帶來的影響程度及微妙程度進行研究。所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：盡管是食肉動物，螞蟻的出現(xiàn)能促使其他動物族群在數(shù)量和品種上的增長。并對當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境起到切實重要的作用，對大草原的食物鏈影響巨大。”Sanders說。該研究在德國進行，它對花園黑螞蟻和一般的紅螞蟻在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影響力進行研究。黑螞蟻和紅螞蟻在整個歐洲包括英國都能找到。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，一個地區(qū)的螞蟻密度小，而其他動物尤其是食草動物和腐生物的數(shù)量和種類會增多。如果螞蟻的密度大，就不可能產(chǎn)生同樣的影響，或者產(chǎn)生相反的影響，這表明，螞蟻的掠食活動會抵消螞蟻給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響。

Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他說：“我們的發(fā)現(xiàn)是：如果螞蟻的數(shù)量少，其對土壤的營養(yǎng)水平的影響會對動物族群產(chǎn)生積極的效果。如果螞蟻的數(shù)量增加，其捕食的影響會達到最大化，因此會抵消螞蟻通過生態(tài)工程給環(huán)境帶來的積極影響?！?/p>

螞蟻是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，不僅因為它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因為其作為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師的角色。螞蟻具有難以想象的多樣性，但極易受人類的影響，這就使它的多樣性有顯著的減少。然而，科學(xué)家還不消楚人類對螞蟻這種干擾如何破壞螞蟻對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的維護作用。螞蟻通過變動物理的和化學(xué)的環(huán)境，通過對植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影響而對生態(tài)環(huán)境起至關(guān)重要的作用。

練習(xí)： 1.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? ABecause they build their own nests.BBecause they collect food.CBecause their activity affects the environment.DBecause they are predators.2.As predators, ants Aprey on small as well as large animals.Bcollect nutritious food from the soil Ccollect food as decomposers.Dprey on species much higher up the food chain.3.Dir Sanders' study centered on how ants Acan manage to thrive in huge numbers.Bdefend their resources and territory against other predators.Cattack those invading animals for survival.Dproduce such a big impact on the environment.4.What does paragraph 6 tell us? AAnts bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small.BAnts bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small.CAnts' predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area.DAt higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area.5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? AWhat roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? BHow do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? CHow do human activities affect ants' influence on a given ecosystem? DHow do ants alter the physical and chemical environment?

***第48篇（2013新增）Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright

第四十八篇研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)人類開始直立行走的原因

我們大多數(shù)人每天都走路而且手里搬著東西。這樣的活動看似太簡單，大多數(shù)人沒有疑問。但是一個國際研究者（包括喬治?華盛頓大學(xué)哥倫比亞藝術(shù)與科學(xué)學(xué)院的Richmond博士）團隊已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類直

立行走可能源于數(shù)百萬年以前適應(yīng)搬運稀有的、高質(zhì)量的資源。這些來自美國、英國、日本和葡萄牙的研究者研究了當(dāng)代黑猩猩爭搶食物時的行為特征，試圖對什么樣的生態(tài)環(huán)境竟然導(dǎo)致大猿（一種我們與現(xiàn)存的黑猩猩一樣的600萬年前的祖先）直立行走作出解釋。

“這些黑猩猩居住的生態(tài)環(huán)境和我們最早的祖先開始直立行走時是相同的，” Richmond博士說。研究結(jié)果顯示，當(dāng)黑猩猩需要獨占一種資源時，它們就從四肢行走轉(zhuǎn)換為直立行走。由于直立行走可以解放它們的雙手，這使得它們能搬更多的東西。久而久之，雙足活動的強烈爆發(fā)可能導(dǎo)致了解剖學(xué)上的變化，因此這種變化也就成為自然選擇的主題，在那種情況下，對食物或其他資源的爭奪是十分激烈的。有兩項研究是在幾內(nèi)亞完成的。第一項研究是在京都大學(xué)博蘇森林的一塊天然空地——“室外實驗室”進行的。研究者們允許森林里的黑猩猩能得到兩種不同的堅果，一種叫油棕櫚堅果，自然界隨處可見，一種叫可樂果，自然環(huán)境中不常見。人們監(jiān)控黑猩猩在下列三種情形下的行為：(a)只有油棕櫚堅果；（b)只有少量的可樂果，大多數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果;(c)大多數(shù)是可樂果，少數(shù)是油棕櫚堅果。當(dāng)稀有的可樂果數(shù)量很少時，黑猩猩一次就會拿得多。同樣，當(dāng)大部分是可樂果時，黑猩猩對油棕櫚堅果根本視而不見。黑猩猩認為可樂果才是珍貴的資源，并為得到可樂果激烈競爭。

處于這種激烈競爭的環(huán)境中，黑猩猩直立行走的頻率增加了四倍。很顯然，雙足行走可以使它們拿走更多的稀有資源，而且，為了盡可能地一口氣多拿，它們積極利用可用到的任何方法，甚至嘴巴。

第二項研究是在牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)的Kimberley Hockings進行的。該研究歷時14個月，主題是博蘇的黑猩猩搶劫糧食，場景是它們不得不為稀有和不可預(yù)知的資源競爭。在這項研究中，黑猩猩35%的活動是直立行走。而這一次研究再一次證實了黑猩猩的直立行走與它們試圖一次搬走盡可能多的東西有關(guān)。

練習(xí)：

1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs? A Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.B Chimpanzee’s behaviors may suggest why humans walk on two legs.C Human walking upright is viewed as an adaptation to carrying precious resources.D Our ancestors' ecological conditions resembled those of modern-day chimpanzees.2.Dr.Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding A when humans began walking on two legs.B what made our ancestors walk upright.C what benefits walking upright brought to our ancestors.D how walking upright helped chimpanzees monopolize resources.3.Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees.A regarded both types of nut as priced resources.B preferred oil palm nuts to coula nuts.C liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.D ignored both types of nut altogether.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs during Kyoto University's experiment? A Because they imitated the human way of walking just for fun.B Because they wanted to please the researchers to get more coula nuts from them.C Because they wanted to get to die nut-rich forest faster by walking that way.D Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage? A Chimpanzees are in the same process of evolution as our ancestors were.B Chimpanzees are similar to humans in many behaviors.C Walking on two limbs and walking on four limbs each have their advantages.D Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.